DOCSLIB.ORG

Timeline of Events

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Timeline of Events appendix 2 Timeline of Events 1839–42 First Opium War. 1850–64 Taiping Rebellion. 1853–54 Commodore Perry shells the Japanese harbour town of Uraga. Signs Con- vention of Kanagawa between United States and Japan. 1856–60 Second Opium War. 1866 Korea executes French missionaries and many Korean Christians. US armed merchantman General Sherman is destroyed near Pyongyang. French pun- itive expedition against Korea. 1868 Meiji Restoration begins Japan’s modernisation. 1871 US punitive expedition against Korea. 1876 Japan-Korea Treaty of Amity and Commerce. 1882 United States-Korea Treaty of Peace, Amity, Commerce and Navigation. 1883–85 Sino-French War. 1884 Kapsin coup by Korean reformers, supported by Japan, suppressed by Chi- nese troops. 1894 Tonghak Uprising in Korea, government asks China for help. Outbreak of Sino-Japanese War. Sun Yat-sen forms Revive China Society. 1895 April: Treaty of Shimonoseki ends Sino-Japanese war. China cedes Taiwan and the Liaodong Peninsula to Japan. Triple Intervention by Russia Ger- many and France forces Japan to return Liaodong. October: Japanese min- ister in Korea organises the assassination of the Korean Queen. 1898 Scramble for Concessions in China. Russia takes Port Arthur, Britain takes Weihaiwei, Germany takes Qingdao and France takes Guangzhouwan. Fail- ure of the Hundred Days Reform movement in China. Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao flee China. Beginning of the Boxer Uprising. The United States annexes Hawaii and seizes the Philippines and Guam in the Spanish- American war. 1899 The United States begins a three-year counterinsurgency campaign in Phil- ippines that claims 200,000 lives. US Secretary of State, John Hay, an- nounces the Open Door Policy in diplomatic notes to the major powers. 1900 Occupation of Beijing by Eight-Nation Alliance. Looting of Summer Pal- ace. 1902 Anglo-Japanese Alliance signed. 1904–05 Russo-Japanese War. Japan imposes protectorate on Korea. Sun Yat-sen forms Tongmenghui. 1905 Revolution in Russia. © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2019 | doi:10.1163/9789004280670_022 320 appendix 2 1905–11 Korean Righteous Armies revolt against Japanese rule. Revolt strengthened by influx of army officers after Japan disbands the Korean army in 1907. 1910 Japan annexes Korea. 1910–11 Japan Treason Trial. Twelve radicals hanged for alleged plot to assassinate the emperor. 1911 Chinese Revolution overthrows last emperor. Mongolia declares independ- ence under the Bogda Khagan. 1912 August: Kuomintang formed in Beijing. December: Kuomintang wins na- tional assembly elections. 1913 Yuan Shikai organises the assassination of Kuomintang leader Song Jiaoren and disperses parliament. 1914 On the outbreak of World War One, Japan seizes Qingdao and the Yap archipelago from Germany. Henk Sneevliet and others form Indies Social Democratic Association, forerunner of the Indonesian Communist Party. 1915 Japan presents 21 demands to China. 1917 February–October: Russian Revolution. April: United States enters the World War. July: Coup in Beijing briefly restores Qing dynasty. August: China declares war on Germany and Austria-Hungary. December: Bolshev- iks issue appeal to the Muslims of Russia and the East. 1918 January: Woodrow Wilson sets out his Fourteen Point Peace Plan in a speech to Congress. March:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk is signed. May: Revolt of Czech Legion in Siberia. July–September: Rice riots in Japan lead to resig- nation of government. Arrival of Intervention forces in Russia. November: Kiel Mutiny, outbreak of the German Revolution, Kaiser abdicates. 1919 January: Spartacist uprising in Germany. Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Lieb- knecht murdered. March: First Comintern Congress. March First Move- ment in Korea. May: May Fourth Movement in China. June: Versailles Treaty signed. July: Soviet foreign minister Karakhan renounces Tsarist-era unequal treaties with China. October: Mongolian Revocation of Autonomy, Chinese Army retakes Urga. Sun Yat-sen re-launches Kuomintang. 1920 February: Capture and execution of Admiral Kolchak. April: American Expeditionary Force leaves Siberia. Formation of Far Eastern Republic. Comintern agent Grigory Voitinsky travels to China for discussions with Chen Duxiu on establishing a communist party. May: Indies Social Demo- cratic Association changes name to Communist Union of the Indies and appoints Semaun party chairman. July: Second Comintern Congress adopts Lenin’s theses on the national and colonial questions. 1920–21 White General Roman von Ungern Sternberg occupies Mongolia. 1921 March: Defeat of March Action in Germany. Kronstadt rebellion. New Eco- nomic Policy approved. June: Free City Incident, clash between Korean.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Japan Between the Wars
    JAPAN BETWEEN THE WARS The Meiji era was not followed by as neat and logical a periodi- zation. The Emperor Meiji (his era name was conflated with his person posthumously) symbolized the changes of his period so perfectly that at his death in July 1912 there was a clear sense that an era had come to an end. His successor, who was assigned the era name Taisho¯ (Great Righteousness), was never well, and demonstrated such embarrassing indications of mental illness that his son Hirohito succeeded him as regent in 1922 and re- mained in that office until his father’s death in 1926, when the era name was changed to Sho¯wa. The 1920s are often referred to as the “Taisho¯ period,” but the Taisho¯ emperor was in nominal charge only until 1922; he was unimportant in life and his death was irrelevant. Far better, then, to consider the quarter century between the Russo-Japanese War and the outbreak of the Manchurian Incident of 1931 as the next era of modern Japanese history. There is overlap at both ends, with Meiji and with the resur- gence of the military, but the years in question mark important developments in every aspect of Japanese life. They are also years of irony and paradox. Japan achieved success in joining the Great Powers and reached imperial status just as the territo- rial grabs that distinguished nineteenth-century imperialism came to an end, and its image changed with dramatic swiftness from that of newly founded empire to stubborn advocate of imperial privilege. Its military and naval might approached world standards just as those standards were about to change, and not long before the disaster of World War I produced revul- sion from armament and substituted enthusiasm for arms limi- tations.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Appraisal
    Serial No.: N24 Historic Building Appraisal Pak Tsz Lane, Sheung Wan, Hong Kong Located in the bustling Central district, Pak (Tsz Lane 百子里) can Historical arguably be considered to be a cradle for the 1911 Chinese Revolution under Interest th the leadership of Dr. Sun Yat-sen (Sun Yixian, 孫逸仙). During the late 19 and early 20th centuries, it was a meeting place for the Chinese revolutionaries notably Tse Tsan-tai (Xie Zantai, 謝纘泰) and Yeung Ku-wan (Yang Quyun, 楊衢雲 ) for discussion of political affairs and plotting rebellions that eventually led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. Yeung Ku-wan (楊衢雲) founded Foo Yan Man Ser (Furen wenshe, 輔仁 文社, “Literary Society for the Promotion of Benevolence”) (the Society) in the premises of No. 1 Pak Tsz Lane on 13 March 1892, and the Society’s motto was “Ducit Amor Patriae” (in English: “Love of country leads [me]”). The sixteen members of the Society , who always held meetings in private to discuss political issues and the future of China, had all been educated in Hong Kong and most of them were employed as teachers or clerks in government offices or shipping companies. Several of these men joined Hsing Chung Hui (Xingzhonghui, 興中會, “Revive China Society ”) when it was founded in 1895, and Yeung was the President of the Hong Kong bra nch of Hsing Chung Hui. Yeung Ku-wan was shot dead in his residence in No. 52 Gage Street, at the end of Pak Tsz Lane. The murder took place in the evening of 10 January 1901, when he was holding his English class for boys.
    [Show full text]
  • THE DREAM HOTEL Representatives of Japan and China Signed The
    CHAPTER SIX THE DREAM HOTEL Representatives of Japan and China signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki on 17 April 1895, bringing the Sino-Japanese War to an end and alerting the world to Japan’s emergence as a military power in East Asia and its suc- cess, after a mere three decades, in the project of modernisation and industrialisation. Shumpanrō, the Japanese inn where the cosignatories gathered, was only a few steps away from the house acquired by Holme, Ringer & Co. in 1890 to serve as a residence for their agent in Shimonoseki (see Chapter 8). In addition to recognition of Korean independence, the terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki included China’s cession of Formosa (Taiwan) and the Penghu (Pescadores) Islands to Japan, as well as rights to the stra- tegic Liaotong (Liaodong) Peninsula. China also granted permission for Japanese companies to operate ships on the Yangtze River and establish manufacturing facilities in Shanghai and other treaty ports, advantages similar to those won by Britain in the wake of the Opium Wars. China had to pay a crushing war indemnity of some 200 million silver taels, again simulating the terms of the Treaty of Nanking and Treaty of Tientsin ear- lier in the century. Victory brought Japan headlong into the commercial, political and military maelstrom of East Asia and translated into a sharp boost in Nagasaki’s fortunes as the closest port to China and a coal depot, supply harbour and rest place for foreign warships and merchantmen. In early 1896, the local English-language newspaper reported that: During the year 1895 no less than 160 different men-of-war of all nationalities visited Nagasaki.
    [Show full text]
  • French Journal of Japanese Studies, 4 | 2015, « Japan and Colonization » [En Ligne], Mis En Ligne Le 01 Janvier 2015, Consulté Le 08 Juillet 2021
    Cipango - French Journal of Japanese Studies English Selection 4 | 2015 Japan and Colonization Édition électronique URL : https://journals.openedition.org/cjs/949 DOI : 10.4000/cjs.949 ISSN : 2268-1744 Éditeur INALCO Référence électronique Cipango - French Journal of Japanese Studies, 4 | 2015, « Japan and Colonization » [En ligne], mis en ligne le 01 janvier 2015, consulté le 08 juillet 2021. URL : https://journals.openedition.org/cjs/949 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/cjs.949 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 8 juillet 2021. Cipango - French Journal of Japanese Studies is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 1 SOMMAIRE Introduction Arnaud Nanta and Laurent Nespoulous Manchuria and the “Far Eastern Question”, 1880‑1910 Michel Vié The Beginnings of Japan’s Economic Hold over Colonial Korea, 1900-1919 Alexandre Roy Criticising Colonialism in pre‑1945 Japan Pierre‑François Souyri The History Textbook Controversy in Japan and South Korea Samuel Guex Imperialist vs Rogue. Japan, North Korea and the Colonial Issue since 1945 Adrien Carbonnet Cipango - French Journal of Japanese Studies, 4 | 2015 2 Introduction Arnaud Nanta and Laurent Nespoulous 1 Over one hundred years have now passed since the Kingdom of Korea was annexed by Japan in 1910. It was inevitable, then, that 2010 would be an important year for scholarship on the Japanese colonisation of Korea. In response to this momentous anniversary, Cipango – Cahiers d’études japonaises launched a call for papers on the subject of Japan’s colonial past in the spring of 2009. 2 Why colonisation in general and not specifically relating to Korea? Because it seemed logical to the journal’s editors that Korea would be the focus of increased attention from specialists of East Asia, at the risk of potentially forgetting the longer—and more obscure—timeline of the colonisation process.
    [Show full text]
  • The Kokuryūkai and the Russo-Japanese
    Anti-Russian Secret Actions – The Kokuryūkai and the Russo-Japanese War by Frank Jacob INTRODUCTION The image of a country is mainly a construction of its popular perception.1 Many stereotypes2 are just the consequence of prejudices or single experiences, which have been made public and are responsible for the creation of resentment with regard to a particular country. Russia. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Russia became Japan’s number one enemy for a possible forthcoming war. This image was mainly created and supported by the nationalist circles, led by the Amur society (Kokuryūkai),3 which was founded to enforce a war against Russia. This society tried to influence Japanese politicians as well as public opinion by reporting about Russia and frequently demanding a more aggressive course against the tsarist enemy. Russia’s expansive course in East Asia was stigmatized as a threat to Japanese imperial aspirations with regard to the Asian mainland, especially for its influence in Korea. A war was declared to be suitable, and for the Kokuryūkai’s planning a war seemed to be sure. Its leader, Uchida Ryōhei (1873–1937),4 published 1 For this topic see Anderson 2006. 2 For a general introduction see Qeybullayeva 2010. 3 The works on the Kokuryūkai in Western languages are Jacob 2013 and Jacob 2014. 4 For a detailed biography of Uchida the before mentioned works of Jacob are recommended. Saggi/Ensayos/Essais/Essays N. 11 – 05/2014 111 pamphlets and books5 that underlined the anti-Russian ideology of the society and helped broaden support for a war against the tsarist empire.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes and References
    Notes and References Front and Introduction 1. Hu Yaobang's interview with Selig Harrison, Far Eastern Economic Review, 26 July 1986. 2. Ma Ying-cheou's interview with the author, Taipei, June 1989. 1 Geography and Early History On Taiwan's topography, see Anon. (1960) and Hseih (1964). On pre-history, see Chai (1967), Davidson (1988) and God­ dard (1966). Early contacts with the mainland Davidson (1988), Goddard (1966) and Reischauer and Fair­ bank (1958). Early foreign contacts Davidson (1988), Goddard (1966), Hsu (1970) and Reischauer and Fairbank (1958). Taiwan under the Dutch Campbell (1903), Davidson (1988) and Goddard (1966). The Koxinga interregnum Croizier (1977), Hsu (1970) and Kessler (1976). The 'Wild East' Davidson (1988), Goddard (1966) and Gold (1986). Taiwan joins international politics Broomhall (1982), Davidson (1988), Hibbert (1970), Hsu (1970), Wang and Hao (1980) and Yen (1965). Early modernisation Goddard (1966), Gold (1986) and Kerr (1974). 246 Notes 247 The Japanese annexation Davidson (1988), Hsu (1970), Jansen (1980), Kerr (1974), Li (1956), Reischauer and Fairbank (1958), Smith and Liu (1980) and Wang and Hao (1980). Taiwan under the Japanese Behr (1989), Davidson (1988), Gold (1986), Ho (1978), Kerr (1974) and Mendel (1970). REFERENCES l. The 'Dragon Myth' is cited in Davidson (1988). 2. Quoted in Campbell (1903). 3. Quoted in Hsu (1970). 4. Quoted in Gold (1986). 5. Quoted in Davidson (1988). 6. Fairbank (1972). 2 The Kuomintang The Kuomintang in 1945 Belden (1973), Bianco (1971), China White Paper (1967), Harrison (1976), Kerr (1974), Loh (1965), Seagrave (1985) and Tuchman (1972). Sun Yat-sen and the origins of the KMT Bianco (1971), Chan (1976), Creel (1953), Fairbank (1987), Gold (1986), Harrison (1976), Hsu (1970), Isaacs (1951), Schiffrin (1968), Spence (1982) and Tan (1971).
    [Show full text]
  • Transformation of the Dualistic International Order Into the Modern Treaty System in the Sino-Korean Relationship
    International Journal of Korean History (Vol.15 No.2, Aug.2010) 97 G Transformation of the Dualistic International Order into the Modern Treaty System in the Sino-Korean Relationship Song Kue-jin* IntroductionG G Whether in the regional or global scale, the international order can be defined as a unique system within which international issues develop and the diplomatic relations are preserved within confined time periods. The one who has leadership in such international order is, in actuality, the superpowers regardless of the rationale for their leading positions, and the orderliness of the system is determined by their political and economic prowess.1 The power that led East Asia in the pre-modern era was China. The pre- modern East Asian regional order is described as the tribute system. The tribute system is built on the premise of installation, so it was important that China designate and proclaim another nation as a tributary state. The system was not necessarily a one-way imposition; it is possible to view the system built on mutual consent as the tributary state could benefit from China’s support and preserve the domestic order at times of political instability to person in power. Modern capitalism challenged and undermined the East Asian tribute GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG * HK Research Professor, ARI, Korea University 98 Transformation of the Dualistic International Order into the ~ system led by China, and the East Asian international relations became a modern system based on treaties. The Western powers brought the former tributary states of China into the outer realm of the global capitalistic system. With the arrival of Western imperialistic powers, the East Asian regional order faced an inevitable transformation.
    [Show full text]
  • German Policy and the Russo-Japanese War
    7 German Policy and the Russo-Japanese War GERHARD KREBS THE GERMAN ATTITUDE BEFORE THE OUTBREAK OF WAR t first glance, Germany was in no way involved in the Russo-Japanese AWar, having promised to observe strict neutrality, though without issuing an official declaration.1 If one examines the political context more closely, however, one finds that Germany had been trying for several years to turn Russia against Japan. These attempts had been successful as early as 1895 with the Triple Intervention against the peace treaty of Shimonoseki, when Germany had succeeded in inciting Russia against Japan, with France falling into line, so that Japan had to return the Liaotung Penisula to China. When Germany acquired Kiaochow/Tsingtao in 1898, Russia responded to this provocation with the lease of Liaotung with Port Arthur, while Great Britain took over Weihaiwei. The connec- tion from Siberia to Port Arthur was established via railway. After the Boxer War in 1900, Russia kept her hold on Manchuria, the vast Chinese area through which the railway ran, in contradiction to international commit- ments – thereby provoking not only Japan but also the United States which had extensive economic interests in the area under occupation. Emperor Wilhelm understood from an interview with his cousin Tsar Nicholas II that the Russian monarch was following developments in East Asia with special interest considering the consolidation and expan- sion of Russian influence there as the key task of his government. The tsar was clearly irritated by Japan not only because of the rival claims to Korea but also because he himself as crown prince had been the victim of an assassination attempt and was wounded during a visit in 1891 to Japan.2 It is unlikely, however, that Nicholas reckoned with an outright war since, to Germany’s disappointment, his attitude thereafter tended to be hesitant rather than intensifying tensions with Japan.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of the Manchurian Incident and Pan
    Imperial Japan and English Language Press: An Analysis of the Manchurian Incident and Pan-Asianism By Garrett Weeden A thesis submitted to the Graduate School School-Newark Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Master of Arts Graduate Program in World Comparative History Written under the direction of Daniel Asen And approved by _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ Newark, New Jersey January 2017 Copyright Page: © 2017 Garrett Weeden ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Abstract of the Thesis Imperial Japan and English Language Press: An Analysis of the Manchurian Incident and Pan-Asianism By Garrett Weeden Thesis Director: Daniel Asen Abstract This thesis seeks to use English language publications to help shine a light on Pan-Asianism as an ideology in regards to Manchuria and the Empire as a whole. The Japanese Empire was a transnational one and one that existed during a time of increasing internationalism. In the field there has not been as much attention to the role that Pan-Asianism has played in the foreign relations of Japan. I will study this by using English language Pan-Asianist texts as well as Japanese governmental and semi- governmental publication cross-referenced with United States Department of State archive to see the effect of such texts on the ideology. The effect was usually negligible, but the reasons and avenue that it was pursued may be even more important and interesting. The focus is on the time period from 1931 until 1934 because that it when the massive changes occurred in Japan within a rapidly changing international environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction Empires and Indigenous Peoples, Global Transformation and the Limits of International Society
    Introduction Empires and Indigenous Peoples, Global Transformation and the Limits of International Society PROLOGUE: THE WUSHE REBELLION AND INDIGENOUS RENAISSANCE IN TAIWAN On October 27, 1930, terror visited the small community of Japanese settler- expatriates in the picturesque resort town of Wushe, an administrative center nestled on a plateau in the central mountains of Taiwan.1 On that day, some 300 indigenes led by Mona Ludao raided government arsenals, ambushed isolated police units, and turned a school assembly into a bloodbath. All told, Mona’s men killed 134 Japanese nationals by day’s end, many of them butchered with long dag- gers and beheaded. Alerted by a distressed phone call from an escapee, the Japanese police apparatus, with backing from military units stationed in Taiwan, responded with genocidal fury. Aerial bombardment, infantry sweeps, and local mercenaries killed roughly 1,000 men, women, and children in the ensuing months. A cor- nered Mona Ludao removed to the countryside and then killed his family and hanged himself to avoid capture. Subsequently, the Japanese government relocated the remaining residents of Mona’s village, Mehebu, forever wiping it off the map.2 Over the course of Japanese rule (1895–1945), the Taiwan Government- General forcibly relocated hundreds of other hamlets like Mehebu. The invasive and exploitative policies that provoked Mona and his confederates also eroded pre- colonial forms of social organization, authority, and ritual life among Taiwan’s indigenes. As it severed bonds between indigenes and their lands, in addition to prohibiting or reforming folkways it deemed injurious to its civilizing mission, the government-general nonetheless laid the groundwork for the emergence of Taiwan Indigenous Peoples as a conscious and agentive historical formation.
    [Show full text]
  • 251 1. Wushe Is in Today's Ren'ai Township in Nantou Prefecture
    Notes INTRODUCTION 1. Wushe is in today’s Ren’ai Township in Nantou Prefecture, Taiwan. 2. Taiwan sōtokufu keimukyoku, ed., Takasagozoku chōsasho dai go hen: Bansha gaikyō, meishin (Taipei: Taiwan sōtokufu keimukyoku, 1938), 132–33. 3. Ronald Niezen, The Origins of Indigenism: Human Rights and the Politics of Identity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003); James Clifford, Returns: Becoming Indig- enous in the Twenty-First Century (Harvard University Press, 2013). 4. Laura R. Graham and H. Glenn Penny, “Performing Indigeneity: Emergent Identity, Self-Determination, and Sovereignty,” in Performing Indigeneity: Global Histories and Con- temporary Experiences, ed. Laura R. Graham and H. Glenn Penny (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2014), 1–5. 5. Wang Fu-chang, Zokugun: Gendai Taiwan no esunikku imajineeshon, trans. Matsuba Jun and Hung Yuru (Tokyo: Tōhō shoten, 2014), 86–87. 6. Anthropologist Scott Simon writes that “ . today’s political debates about Indigenous rights are rooted in an unfolding political dynamic that predates both the global indigenous rights movement and even the arrival of the ROC on Taiwan. What we know today as Indigenous Formosa is a co-creation of the resulting relationship between the Japanese state and diverse political constellations among many Austronesian peoples across the is- land.” From “Making Natives: Japan and the Creation of Indigenous Formosa,” in Japanese Taiwan: Colonial Rule and Its Contested Legacy, ed. Andrew Morris (London: Bloomsbury Press, 2015), 75. 7. “Taiwan Indigenous Peoples” is an English translation of Taiwan Yuanzhuminzu, the officially adopted name for indigenous peoples in Taiwan. This book will use the term indigenes to avoid awkward constructions and wordiness.
    [Show full text]
  • A RE-EVALUATION of CHIANG KAISHEK's BLUESHIRTS Chinese Fascism in the 1930S
    A RE-EVALUATION OF CHIANG KAISHEK’S BLUESHIRTS Chinese Fascism in the 1930s A Dissertation Submitted to the School of Oriental and African Studies of the University of London in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy DOOEUM CHUNG ProQuest Number: 11015717 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11015717 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 2 Abstract Abstract This thesis considers the Chinese Blueshirts organisation from 1932 to 1938 in the context of Chiang Kaishek's attempts to unify and modernise China. It sets out the terms of comparison between the Blueshirts and Fascist organisations in Europe and Japan, indicating where there were similarities and differences of ideology and practice, as well as establishing links between them. It then analyses the reasons for the appeal of Fascist organisations and methods to Chiang Kaishek. Following an examination of global factors, the emergence of the Blueshirts from an internal point of view is considered. As well as assuming many of the characteristics of a Fascist organisation, especially according to the Japanese model and to some extent to the European model, the Blueshirts were in many ways typical of the power-cliques which were already an integral part of Chinese politics.
    [Show full text]