DOCSLIB.ORG

Scientific Forestry and the Rise of Modern Chinese Environmentalism, 1864 - 1937

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Scientific Forestry and the Rise of Modern Chinese Environmentalism, 1864 - 1937 Seeing the Forest from the Trees: Scientific Forestry and the Rise of Modern Chinese Environmentalism, 1864 - 1937 By Larissa Noelle Pitts A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Wen-hsin Yeh Professor Alexander Cook Professor Lynn Huntsinger Summer 2017 Seeing the Forest from the Trees: Scientific Forestry and the Rise of Modern Chinese Environmentalism, 1864 - 1937 ©2017 by Larissa Noelle Pitts Abstract Seeing the Forest from the Trees: Scientific Forestry and the Rise of Modern Chinese Environmentalism, 1864 - 1937 by Larissa Noelle Pitts Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor Wen-hsin Yeh, Chair This dissertation narrates the rise of Chinese scientific forestry during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Focusing primarily on central officials in Beijing and local officials in Jilin Province, it argues that forestry served as the lens through which Chinese officials first engaged with the ecological, cultural, and economic dimensions of international environmentalism. This meant that they saw forest cover as indicative of the quality of a nation’s culture, as well as the health of its land and economy. For the first time, Chinese officials sought to manage timber as a national resource. In so doing, they revealed the importance of environmental perceptions and realities to shaping global modernity. China gained international notoriety for its deforested landscapes around the turn of the twentieth century. The Taiping Rebellion and other wars of the nineteenth century had resulted in a dramatic loss in China’s forest cover. Nevertheless, foreign observers and Chinese literati uniformly blamed China’s deforestation on its inferior culture. Under the leadership of Yuan Shikai and the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, Republican officials sought to solve the forest problem with the help of American-trained foresters such as Ling Daoyang and Han An. This meant that central officials became newly responsible for managing the entire nation’s timber resources. Forestry’s proponents argued this would salvage China’s international reputation. Just as importantly, they argued that efficient forest management would foster the nation’s ecological health and economic self-sufficiency. In other words, they developed a style of Chinese environmental nationalism tied to forestry. The Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce imported the American tradition of Arbor Day in order to transmit this new ideology to the Chinese public. Henceforth, all local and provincial governments throughout the Chinese nation would conduct reforestation projects as part of the Arbor Day celebration. This was to be done regardless of the suitability of local climates, soils, and social conditions to planting trees. For some officials, reforestation necessitated a struggle to tame the land to support trees. For 1 others, it meant guarding trees against banditry, warfare, animals, or even small children. For some, reforestation meant reinvigorating traditionally forested areas, such as sacred mountains, temples, and riverbeds. For others, it meant establishing economic tree farms and modern parks. Those who succeeded in growing and maintaining China’s forest cover displayed a commitment to creating a China that was as ecologically modern as they imagined the landscapes throughout the world to be. Forestry thus served as the lens through which Chinese officials from Beijing to rural Jilin engaged with the cultural and economic dimensions of global environmentalism. 2 Acknowledgements It feels impossible to adequately thank all the many people who have helped me along the long road to completing my dissertation. First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor Wen-hsin Yeh. Few graduate students are blessed enough to have someone in their corner as insightful, diligent, and compassionate as Prof. Yeh. Any mistakes and shortcomings that remain in my dissertation fall unequivocally on my own shoulders. Thank you, Prof. Yeh, for all the guidance and encouragement over the years. I would also like to thank my other dissertation advisors: Alexander Cook and Lynn Huntsinger. Thank you, Prof. Cook, for always asking me to think globally and to interrogate modernity. Thank you, Prof. Huntsinger, for pushing me outside of my comfort zone in the humanities. Both of your perspectives and, just as importantly, words of encouragement have been invaluable. I am also deeply indebted to the many archivists and librarians in Taiwan and the PRC who helped me find the materials needed to complete my dissertation. On Taiwan, the archivists at the Institute of Modern History at Academia Sinica, the Guomindang Party Archives, and Academia Historica worked tirelessly to sift through the many, many documents I printed. The librarians at Academia Sinica and the National Central Library were always welcomed me with a smile. In the PRC, the archivists at the First Historical Archives ensured that my short stay went as smoothly as possible. Above all, I must thank the archivists at the Jilin Provincial Archives, who were extremely patient with my daily disruptions of their efforts to digitize their sizable collection. They further endeavored to make my time there as comfortable as possible, even as the dreaded Manchurian winter raged outside. I am eternally grateful for all of your help. Many of my colleagues have been gracious enough to comment on early and oftentimes incoherent drafts of my work. At Berkeley, James Lin, Peiting Li, Linh Vu, Jonathan Tang, Jeffrey Weng, Caleb Ford, Serena Wu, Matthew Berry, Patricia Yu, Eloise Wright, Lisa Hoffman-Kuroda, Trenton Wilson, Jon Soriano, and Jon Pitt have overwhelmed me with their generosity of time and spirit. Outside of Berkeley, Christopher Atwood, David Bello, Kalyanakrishnan Sivaramakrishnan, Ian Matthew Miller, Zhu Ye, Sakura Christmas, John Lee, David Fedman, Seonmin Kim, Mark Sokolsky, as well as the students and faculty at the Departments of History at Sichuan University and Northeast Normal University have all taken time out of their busy schedules to offer me excellent feedback and guidance. More still have offered me encouragement and excellent conversation over the years. Margaret Tillman, William Ma, Zhu Ye, and Sakura Christmas have time and time again astounded me with their sempaily devotion. Paulina Hartono was a voice of cheer when times were tough. Peter Zinoman, Rodolfo Alaniz, Eloise Wright, Jesse Watson, Eric Schluessel, David Porter, Amy Gordanier, Cyrus Chen, Yu Welch, Andrea Horbinski, Charlotte Cowden, Kevin Landdeck, Antonio Mendoza, Evelyn Shih, Du Heng, Ti Ngo, Jamie Yoo, Zhang Meng, Chi Xiang, Robert Cole, Cai Chang, Suzanne Penuel, Henry Antkiewicz, Kevin Li, Giuliana Perrone, Albert Fang, Sarah Gold McBride, Jess Purkis, Beatrice Schraa, and countless others have all brightened my days and inspired great i thoughts. My new colleagues at Austin College, including Jennifer Johnson-Cooper, Mindy Landeck, and Scott Langton, have given me the brightest light at the end of the tunnel I could ever imagine. The memory of Jeffery Hadler’s joy and passion burns strong within me. Kai Filipiak, Calvin Chen, Sigrid Schmalzer, Alice Kao, Wang Ying, Jerry Dennerline, and Jonathan Lipman all helped guide me toward graduate school and gain confidence in Chinese. My sisters at Mount Holyoke, including Lisa Bobroskie, Shinohara Emi, Megan Chen, Eva Pan, Lindsey Scannell, Nguyen Dieu, Yao Songqiao, Sarah Ng, Cui Zilin, Anna Wei, Vanessa Fong, Crystal DeCell, and Felipa Quiroz, gave me the support I needed to take the leap into my new career. Joo-Hyung Lee and Kathleen Buckingham helped me proofread my graduate school application and made my time at IUP Tsinghua even more delightful. Finally, countless people outside of the academic world have helped me sojourn on. Ryan Dell offered sage advice as only high school classmates can. Fang Lu brightened the cold, dark days in Changchun with her laughter. Hou Yanzhuo made Beijing feel like home. Nadine Scotland encouraged me to make time for the hot springs in Taipei. Anh, Dori, Ute, Kathi, and Marie all gave me a family during my time as an undergraduate student in Leipzig. My family has given me unconditional love and support, no matter how far I ventured or how emotionally distant my work made me. Last, but not least, I want to thank my husband TJ, who believes in me far more than anyone rightfully should. There are no words to express the kind of love and devotion that it takes to leave the comfort of San Francisco for a studio in freezing Changchun. There he discovered just why exile to Manchuria was one of the crueler Qing punishments. Deprived of a strong expat community, air conditioning in the summer, and a proper bathroom, he devoted himself to supporting my career. He learned basic Chinese, maintaining our blanket supply, keeping me up-to-date on the news and weather, ensuring we had our daily helping of baozi, bringing laughter into the home, and maintaining our pulmonary health. This dissertation is as much a product of his sweat, tears, shivers, and blood as it is my own. I promise that one day my work will be worthy of such love and sacrifice. ii Table of Contents: Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Knowing Forests Before the Age of Global Timber: The 23 Pre-Ideas of Modern Chinese Forestry Chapter 2: Timber! The Growth of a Modern Chinese Obsession in 62 Global Context, 1842 – 1915 Chapter 3: The Ubiquitous Borders: Understanding Forests and 98 Deforestation in Qing and Republican Jilin Chapter 4: The Panacea for the Land: Premodern Forestry in a 181 Modern Context, 1912 – 1937 Chapter 5: Pedagogy and Desire: Arbor Day and the Popularization of 212 the Chinese Forest, 1915 - 1937 Chapter 6: Implementing the Forest: Reforesting and Afforesting 250 Republican China Conclusion 283 Bibliography 288 iii Introduction: On May 21, 2017, a Chinese student named Yang Shuping gave a speech at the University of Maryland’s commencement ceremony.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939
    Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939 William M. Coleman, IV Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Columbia University 2014 © 2013 William M. Coleman, IV All rights reserved Abstract Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939 William M. Coleman, IV This dissertation analyzes the process of state building by Qing imperial representatives and Republican state officials in Batang, a predominantly ethnic Tibetan region located in southwestern Sichuan Province. Utilizing Chinese provincial and national level archival materials and Tibetan language works, as well as French and American missionary records and publications, it explores how Chinese state expansion evolved in response to local power and has three primary arguments. First, by the mid-nineteenth century, Batang had developed an identifiable structure of local governance in which native chieftains, monastic leaders, and imperial officials shared power and successfully fostered peace in the region for over a century. Second, the arrival of French missionaries in Batang precipitated a gradual expansion of imperial authority in the region, culminating in radical Qing military intervention that permanently altered local understandings of power. While short-lived, centrally-mandated reforms initiated soon thereafter further integrated Batang into the Qing Empire, thereby
    [Show full text]
  • Manchus: a Horse of a Different Color
    History in the Making Volume 8 Article 7 January 2015 Manchus: A Horse of a Different Color Hannah Knight CSUSB Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/history-in-the-making Part of the Asian History Commons Recommended Citation Knight, Hannah (2015) "Manchus: A Horse of a Different Color," History in the Making: Vol. 8 , Article 7. Available at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/history-in-the-making/vol8/iss1/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in History in the Making by an authorized editor of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Manchus: A Horse of a Different Color by Hannah Knight Abstract: The question of identity has been one of the biggest questions addressed to humanity. Whether in terms of a country, a group or an individual, the exact definition is almost as difficult to answer as to what constitutes a group. The Manchus, an ethnic group in China, also faced this dilemma. It was an issue that lasted throughout their entire time as rulers of the Qing Dynasty (1644- 1911) and thereafter. Though the guidelines and group characteristics changed throughout that period one aspect remained clear: they did not sinicize with the Chinese Culture. At the beginning of their rule, the Manchus implemented changes that would transform the appearance of China, bringing it closer to the identity that the world recognizes today. In the course of examining three time periods, 1644, 1911, and the 1930’s, this paper looks at the significant events of the period, the changing aspects, and the Manchus and the Qing Imperial Court’s relations with their greater Han Chinese subjects.
    [Show full text]
  • Writing Modern Chinese History Inside out : New Relational Approaches to (Un)Thinking the Nation‑State, Diaspora, and Transnationalism
    This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Writing modern Chinese history inside out : new relational approaches to (un)thinking the nation‑state, diaspora, and transnationalism van Dongen, Els 2019 van Dongen, E. (2019). Writing modern Chinese history inside out : new relational approaches to (un)thinking the nation‑state, diaspora, and transnationalism. Twentieth‑Century China, 44(3), 362‑371. doi:10.1353/tcc.2019.0035 https://hdl.handle.net/10356/144278 https://doi.org/10.1353/tcc.2019.0035 © 2019 Twentieth Century China Journal, Inc. All rights reserved. This paper was published by Johns Hopkins University Press in Twentieth‑Century China and is made available with permission of Twentieth Century China Journal, Inc. Downloaded on 26 Sep 2021 02:18:15 SGT The final version of this article was published in Twentieth-Century China 44.3 (October 2019): 362-371. Review Essay Writing Modern Chinese History Inside Out: New Relational Approaches to (Un)Thinking the Nation-State, Diaspora, and Transnationalism Els van Dongen Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Abstract Engaging with earlier scholarship that probes the linearity of the nation-state, recent works employ new relational approaches and foreground “Chinese” perceptions of “China.” They approach modern Chinese history through the lens of the emigrant-homeland dynamic, advocating a localized transnationalism and exploring the implications of the transnational turn on temporality. Also, situating the nation-state within history, they argue for a “shifting” China based on questions of ethnicity and cultural exchange. This essay discusses the following works. Shelly Chan. Diaspora’s Homeland: Modern China in the Age of Global Migration.
    [Show full text]
  • Application to Become a Member of International Safe Community Network
    Application to Become a Member of International Safe Community Network Wanlian Subdistrict, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning, China October, 2010 1 1. Overview of Wanlian Subdistrict Located in the central part of Shenhe District of Shenyang City, Wanlian Subdistrict covers an area of 1.004 square kilometers with four communities. By February 2010, there are 16,921 households and 38,398 residents, among which 8,277 old people account for 21.5% of total residents; 3,126 children 8.1%; 514 disabled people 1.3%; 339 poor people 1.9%. （Community Figure of Wanlian Office ） Population Statistics of Wanlian Community from 2007 to 2009 Population 2007 2008 2009 Statistics vs Age Groups 0－14 4221 4247 4590 15－24 4493 4521 4886 25－64 29545 29724 32120 65－79 5430 5464 5904 80－ 943 949 1025 1 Total 44632 44905 48525 The community is abundant in science, technology and education resources. There are such large scientific research units as 606 Institute, Middling Shenyang Design Academy, Photosensitive Academy, Vacuum Academy and so on with the military unit- Shen Kong Headquarters. There are all kinds of schools and 18 kindergartens as well as 363 small medium and large sized enterprises and public institutions. The community health station can provide services for the whole community, which develops the six-in-one hygienic service integrating prevention, medical care, recovery, healthy education and family planning at regular intervals. The citizen fitness ground is the largest one in Shenyang, which covers an area of 10,000 square meters in the community. Almost 5,000 exercisers are attracted by 354 fitness facilities every day.
    [Show full text]
  • Taiping Rebellion PMUNC 2017
    Taiping Rebellion PMUNC 2017 Princeton Model United Nations Conference 2017 The Taiping Rebellion Chair: Nicholas Wu Director: [Name] 1 Taiping Rebellion PMUNC 2017 CONTENTS Letter from the Chair……………………………………………………………… 3 The Taiping Rebellion:.…………………………………………………………. 4 History of the Topic………………………………………………………… 4 Current Status……………………………………………………………….7 Country Policy……………………………………………………………… 9 Keywords…………………………………………………………………...11 Questions for Consideration………………………………………………...12 Positions:.………………………………………………………………………. 14 2 Taiping Rebellion PMUNC 2017 LETTER FROM THE CHAIR Dear Delegates, Welcome to PMUNC 2017! This will be my fourth and final PMUNC. My name is Nicholas Wu, and I’m a senior in the Woodrow Wilson School, pursuing certificates in American Studies and East Asian Studies. It’s my honor to chair this year’s crisis committee on the Taiping Rebellion. It’s a conflict that fascinates me. The Taiping Rebellion was the largest civil war in human history, but it barely receives any attention in your standard world history class. Which is a shame — it’s a multilayered conflict. There are ethnic, economic, and religious issues at play, as well as significant foreign involvement. I hope that you all find it as interesting as I do. On campus, I’m currently figuring out how to write my thesis, and I’m pretty sure that I’m going to be researching the implementation of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA). I’m also involved with the International Relations Council, the Daily Princetonian, the Asian American Students Association, and Princeton Advocates for Justice. I also enjoy cooking. Best of luck at the conference! Please don’t hesitate to reach out if you have any questions. You can email me anytime at [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Hwang, Yin (2014) Victory Pictures in a Time of Defeat: Depicting War in the Print and Visual Culture of Late Qing China 1884 ‐ 1901
    Hwang, Yin (2014) Victory pictures in a time of defeat: depicting war in the print and visual culture of late Qing China 1884 ‐ 1901. PhD Thesis. SOAS, University of London http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/18449 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. VICTORY PICTURES IN A TIME OF DEFEAT Depicting War in the Print and Visual Culture of Late Qing China 1884-1901 Yin Hwang Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the History of Art 2014 Department of the History of Art and Archaeology School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 2 Declaration for PhD thesis I have read and understood regulation 17.9 of the Regulations for students of the School of Oriental and African Studies concerning plagiarism. I undertake that all the material presented for examination is my own work and has not been written for me, in whole or in part, by any other person.
    [Show full text]
  • Did the Imperially Commissioned Manchu Rites for Sacrifices to The
    religions Article Did the Imperially Commissioned Manchu Rites for Sacrifices to the Spirits and to Heaven Standardize Manchu Shamanism? Xiaoli Jiang Department of History and Culture, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China; [email protected] Received: 26 October 2018; Accepted: 4 December 2018; Published: 5 December 2018 Abstract: The Imperially Commissioned Manchu Rites for Sacrifices to the Spirits and to Heaven (Manzhou jishen jitian dianli), the only canon on shamanism compiled under the auspices of the Qing dynasty, has attracted considerable attention from a number of scholars. One view that is held by a vast majority of these scholars is that the promulgation of the Manchu Rites by the Qing court helped standardize shamanic rituals, which resulted in a decline of wild ritual practiced then and brought about a similarity of domestic rituals. However, an in-depth analysis of the textual context of the Manchu Rites, as well as a close inspection of its various editions reveal that the Qing court had no intention to formalize shamanism and did not enforce the Manchu Rites nationwide. In fact, the decline of the Manchu wild ritual can be traced to the preconquest period, while the domestic ritual had been formed before the Manchu Rites was prepared and were not unified even at the end of the Qing dynasty. With regard to the ritual differences among the various Manchu clans, the Qing rulers took a more benign view and it was unnecessary to standardize them. The incorporation of the Chinese version of the Manchu Rites into Siku quanshu demonstrates the Qing court’s struggles to promote its cultural status and legitimize its rule of China.
    [Show full text]
  • Manchu Grammar (Gorelova).Pdf
    HdO.Gorelova.7.vw.L 25-04-2002 15:50 Pagina 1 MANCHU GRAMMAR HdO.Gorelova.7.vw.L 25-04-2002 15:50 Pagina 2 HANDBOOK OF ORIENTAL STUDIES HANDBUCH DER ORIENTALISTIK SECTION EIGHT CENTRAL ASIA edited by LILIYA M. GORELOVA VOLUME SEVEN MANCHU GRAMMAR HdO.Gorelova.7.vw.L 25-04-2002 15:50 Pagina 3 MANCHU GRAMMAR EDITED BY LILIYA M. GORELOVA BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON • KÖLN 2002 HdO.Gorelova.7.vw.L 25-04-2002 15:50 Pagina 4 This book is printed on acid-free paper Die Deutsche Bibliothek – CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Gorelova, Liliya M.: Manchu Grammar / ed. by Liliya M. Gorelova. – Leiden ; Boston ; Köln : Brill, 2002 (Handbook of oriental studies : Sect.. 8, Central Asia ; 7) ISBN 90–04–12307–5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gorelova, Liliya M. Manchu grammar / Liliya M. Gorelova p. cm. — (Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section eight. Central Asia ; vol.7) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 9004123075 (alk. paper) 1. Manchu language—Grammar. I. Gorelova, Liliya M. II. Handbuch der Orientalis tik. Achte Abteilung, Handbook of Uralic studies ; vol.7 PL473 .M36 2002 494’.1—dc21 2001022205 ISSN 0169-8524 ISBN 90 04 12307 5 © Copyright 2002 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by E.J. Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers MA 01923, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Ming China As a Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, and Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620 Weicong Duan Washington University in St
    Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations Arts & Sciences Winter 12-15-2018 Ming China As A Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, And Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620 Weicong Duan Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds Part of the Asian History Commons, and the Asian Studies Commons Recommended Citation Duan, Weicong, "Ming China As A Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, And Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620" (2018). Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1719. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds/1719 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Arts & Sciences at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY Dissertation Examination Committee: Steven B. Miles, Chair Christine Johnson Peter Kastor Zhao Ma Hayrettin Yücesoy Ming China as a Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, and Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620 by Weicong Duan A dissertation presented to The Graduate School of of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2018 St. Louis, Missouri © 2018,
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    INDEX Aodayixike Qingzhensi Baisha, 683–684 Abacus Museum (Linhai), (Ordaisnki Mosque; Baishui Tai (White Water 507 Kashgar), 334 Terraces), 692–693 Abakh Hoja Mosque (Xiang- Aolinpike Gongyuan (Olym- Baita (Chowan), 775 fei Mu; Kashgar), 333 pic Park; Beijing), 133–134 Bai Ta (White Dagoba) Abercrombie & Kent, 70 Apricot Altar (Xing Tan; Beijing, 134 Academic Travel Abroad, 67 Qufu), 380 Yangzhou, 414 Access America, 51 Aqua Spirit (Hong Kong), 601 Baiyang Gou (White Poplar Accommodations, 75–77 Arch Angel Antiques (Hong Gully), 325 best, 10–11 Kong), 596 Baiyun Guan (White Cloud Acrobatics Architecture, 27–29 Temple; Beijing), 132 Beijing, 144–145 Area and country codes, 806 Bama, 10, 632–638 Guilin, 622 The arts, 25–27 Bama Chang Shou Bo Wu Shanghai, 478 ATMs (automated teller Guan (Longevity Museum), Adventure and Wellness machines), 60, 74 634 Trips, 68 Bamboo Museum and Adventure Center, 70 Gardens (Anji), 491 AIDS, 63 ack Lakes, The (Shicha Hai; Bamboo Temple (Qiongzhu Air pollution, 31 B Beijing), 91 Si; Kunming), 658 Air travel, 51–54 accommodations, 106–108 Bangchui Dao (Dalian), 190 Aitiga’er Qingzhen Si (Idkah bars, 147 Banpo Bowuguan (Banpo Mosque; Kashgar), 333 restaurants, 117–120 Neolithic Village; Xi’an), Ali (Shiquan He), 331 walking tour, 137–140 279 Alien Travel Permit (ATP), 780 Ba Da Guan (Eight Passes; Baoding Shan (Dazu), 727, Altitude sickness, 63, 761 Qingdao), 389 728 Amchog (A’muquhu), 297 Bagua Ting (Pavilion of the Baofeng Hu (Baofeng Lake), American Express, emergency Eight Trigrams; Chengdu), 754 check
    [Show full text]
  • The China Relief Expedition Joint Coalition Warfare in China Summer 1900
    07-02574 China Relief Cover.indd 1 11/19/08 12:53:03 PM 07-02574 China Relief Cover.indd 2 11/19/08 12:53:04 PM The China Relief Expedition Joint Coalition Warfare in China Summer 1900 prepared by LTC(R) Robert R. Leonhard, Ph.D. The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory This essay reflects the views of the author alone and does not necessarily imply concurrence by The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) or any other organization or agency, public or private. About the Author LTC(R) Robert R. Leonhard, Ph.D., is on the Principal Professional Staff of The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory and a member of the Strategic Assessments Office of the National Security Analysis Department. He retired from a 24-year career in the Army after serving as an infantry officer and war planner and is a veteran of Operation Desert Storm. Dr. Leonhard is the author of The Art of Maneuver: Maneuver-Warfare Theory and AirLand Battle (1991), Fighting by Minutes: Time and the Art of War (1994), The Principles of War for the Informa- tion Age (1998), and The Evolution of Strategy in the Global War on Terrorism (2005), as well as numerous articles and essays on national security issues. Foreign Concessions and Spheres of Influence China, 1900 Introduction The summer of 1900 saw the formation of a perfect storm of conflict over the northern provinces of China. Atop an anachronistic and arrogant national government sat an aged and devious woman—the Empress Dowager Tsu Hsi.
    [Show full text]
  • Commander's Corner
    Generals Ward & Chennault & LT Helseth China Post 1® Poop Sheet Commander’s Corner By 龙老板 Scott Riebel, Commander Hello Comrades, I hope you all had a Merry Christmas and wishing you all a happy, healthy, and prosperous new year. On January 25th, we will ring in the year of the Rat. Each new year brings us new opportunities, and this year will be no different. The vision of the future of China Post 1 looks bright, the Post is fiscally sound, our membership renewal rate remains strong with nearly 90% of our members having renewed this year, and the Post enjoys the overwhelming support of the members for our shared vision of the future of the Post. Part of that vision is developing a sound relationship with the owners of the Old Post Home at 209 Fuzhou Lu, Shanghai and establishing a long-term sustainable Post presence in China. We’ve achieved tangible results in that arena. During the second week of December 2019, Joe Gentile and I traveled to China with the hopes of opening a dialog between the Director of Cultural resources, Shanghai, the U.S. Consulate and China Post 1. This edition of the Poop Sheet contains an abbreviated copy of our trip report detailing our efforts and successes. We will be returning in February to finalize plans for the Post to present the plaque celebrating our 100th anniversary, scheduled for April 20, 2020. We have invited several dignitaries including the C.E.O. of the Chennault Aviation Museum in Monroe, LA and granddaughter of Claire Chennault, Ms.
    [Show full text]