La Gouvernance Du Sport Au Tchad : Une Mise En Scène Entre Contraintes Internationales Et Réalités Locales

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La Gouvernance Du Sport Au Tchad : Une Mise En Scène Entre Contraintes Internationales Et Réalités Locales 10e congrès international de la Société de sociologie du sport en langue française Bordeaux 21, 22 et 23 mai 2019 Pratiques sportives, logiques sociales et enjeux territoriaux La gouvernance du sport au Tchad : une mise en scène entre contraintes internationales et réalités locales Nétcho ADAM, Laboratoire Sport et Sciences sociales, Université de Strasbourg. Inspiré du modèle français d’avant la décentralisation, le modèle d’organisation du sport en Afrique francophone en général ––et particulièrement au Tchad–– est marqué par une domination de l’État avec une délégation des pouvoirs au mouvement sportif. Cette action publique du sport se caractérise par une forte bureaucratisation (Bouchet & Kaach, 2004) même si, dans les pratiques ordinaires, il est observé des « entorses » aux règles bureaucratiques (Olivier de Sardan, 2008). En s’inspirant de la théorie de l’action de Bourdieu (1994), la communication propose de mettre en exergue l’un des fondements de l’action publique, à savoir ce que les propriétés des agents et la logique de leur relation induisent en termes de prises de positions et de pratiques (Dubois, 2010). La cogestion de l’organisation du sport entre les pouvoirs publics et le mouvement sportif suivant des logiques différentes (logique de service public et logique associative) permet le déploiement des stratégies autour des enjeux transformant l’espace sportif tchadien en un champ où s’affrontent et/ou coopèrent divers acteurs. Loin d’être homogène, l’institution sportive reflète la diversité des espaces socioéconomiques qui structurent la société et celle des intérêts de ses agents (Gasparini, 2002). Aussi, cette étude qualitative fondée sur des entretiens semi-directifs avec les principaux acteurs (dirigeants sportifs, cadres du ministère des sports) s’est intéressée aux catégories de pensées et aux trajectoires qui structurent l’organisation sportive. Ces entretiens ont été complétés par l’observation des pratiques liées à la gouvernance du sport au Tchad. Ce sont ces données empiriques qui ont permis de mettre en évidence le fait que le service public du sport au Tchad s’exécute dans un double jeu qui est mis en scène par les acteurs au pouvoir : derrière une organisation du sport présentée comme suivant des normes ou des exigences internationales, les agents du ministère des sports et ceux du mouvement sportif poursuivent des profits individuels et/ou collectifs. Ainsi, des politiques ou programmes tels que « le sport pour tous », « le sport de haut niveau » ou « l’olympisme » sont autant de politiques de communication, issues du vocabulaire des institutions sportives internationales mais qui demeurent « des coquilles vides ». En réalité, elles ne sont pas mises en œuvre au niveau local et ne servent que de façades. Face à la corruption, au clientélisme et à la mauvaise gouvernance, ces acteurs se servent de l’organisation du sport comme une source de profits politique, économique et symbolique. 10e congrès international de la Société de sociologie du sport en langue française Bordeaux 21, 22 et 23 mai 2019 Pratiques sportives, logiques sociales et enjeux territoriaux Le développement durable, « nouvelle frontière » de la gouvernance du sport ? L'intégration de l'environnement dans le droit des compétitions sportives Carlos Manuel ALVES, CRDEI, Université de Bordeaux. Dans un contexte de crise de la gouvernance du sport, « verdir » les grands évènements sportifs constitue à l'évidence un bon moyen de redonner des couleurs au sport. À cet égard, il est loisible de forger l'hypothèse selon laquelle le développement durable et notamment l'environnement pourraient être érigés en « nouvelle frontière » de la gouvernance internationale du sport. Au-delà de la dimension tactique, voire du soupçon de green-washing, il existe des facteurs propices à une connivence « naturelle ». Tout comme l'environnement, le sport est symptomatique de la mondialisation du droit, à savoir un phénomène sans frontières et ce à deux égards. D'une part, la gouvernance sportive est non seulement internationale mais aussi transnationale (gouvernance hybride publique/privée). D'autre part, elle s'échelonne du global au local. Par exemple, les compétitions sportives font partie des politiques territoriales. Dans le sillage du Sommet de la Terre à Rio en 1992, le mouvement sportif a intégré l'environnement, notamment à l'échelle internationale. Ainsi, l'environnement est devenu, depuis 1994, une nouvelle dimension de l'olympisme aux côtés des missions traditionnelles. Une logique de conciliation est venue se substituer à une logique de confrontation. Toutefois, l'intégration de l'environnement n'est pas un long fleuve tranquille. Ainsi, les bilans environ- nementaux sont très contrastés d'une édition des Jeux Olympiques à l'autre (Pékin vs Sotchi par exemple). Force est de constater que la montée en puissance de la lutte contre le change- ment climatique conjuguée à l'exigence de réforme de la gouvernance sportive précédemment évoquée constituent des facteurs de nature à influencer l'intégration de l'environnement dans la perspective des prochains grands évènements sportifs (Coupe du monde de rugby, Coupe du monde de football féminine ou encore les Jeux Olympiques de Paris). 10e congrès international de la Société de sociologie du sport en langue française Bordeaux 21, 22 et 23 mai 2019 Pratiques sportives, logiques sociales et enjeux territoriaux “On se faisait plaisir“ : des parties libres de football à la pratique sportive encadrée Yacine AMENNA, Centre Norbert Elias, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales. « Tout ce que j’ai appris dans le ballon, je l’ai appris là », c’est-à-dire sur la place Tartane où Zinedine Zidane débute, au pied de son immeuble, la pratique du sport qui le rendra célèbre. Si cette assertion est incomplète et, certainement, romancée, elle pose la question des premières formes d’apprentissages sportifs en dehors des clubs de football, qui constituent l’une des voies vers l’inscription institutionnelle (Zotian, 2011) et participent à la construction du processus vocationnel. Dans un premier temps, cette communication interroge l’apprentissage multi-situé du football et analyse l’évolution de ces premières pratiques sportives. De quelles manières les jeunes individus débutent-ils le football ? Sur quels espaces géographiques et sous quelles modalités se déroule cette pratique (stades de quartiers ; cours d’écoles ; places publiques) ? Comment s’ensuit, ou est conjointement pensé, l’entrée dans un club ? La question de l’engagement sportif (Callède, Ferréol, 2016) est interrogée afin de saisir les ressorts de l’inscription sportive à partir des parties libres du football. La deuxième partie de la communication reviendra sur l’apport de cette formation à la pratique encadrée dans les clubs, ainsi que sur son exploitation par les jeunes joueurs. De quelles manières la pratique sur des espaces de jeu réduits et des sols durs favorise le développement d’une technique de jeu particulière, notamment celle du dribble, liée aux quartiers populaires ? De cette question découle celle d’un « plaisir populaire » évoqué par mes enquêtés, et que développe Hoggart (1970 : 156) quand il analyse la « ruse » du sportif et la liberté permise par ces jeux sans arbitres. Enfin, comment les éducateurs réapprennent-ils aux joueurs un football institutionnalisé (Juskowiak, 2011) ? Selon les encadrants de ce sport, la fréquentation de ces parties libres est en baisse en France comme en Allemagne, ce qui provoquerait un affaiblissement du niveau technique des joueurs dans les clubs. Il s’agira de revenir en conclusion sur le développement du futsal en France, et sur la manière dont les centres de formations tendent à favoriser sa pratique afin de travailler la technique et le jeu sur des espaces réduits. Cette communication s’appuie sur deux enquêtes ethnographiques mobilisant des observations in situ et des entretiens auprès des différents acteurs de ces pratiques footballistiques (joueurs, entraineurs, recruteurs...). La première, en cours de réalisation dans le cadre de ma thèse, porte sur la formation sportive et les stratégies de recrutement des clubs de football professionnels en Provence et à Berlin. La seconde a été menée, en 2016, sur la genèse et le développement du futsal en Provence. 10e congrès international de la Société de sociologie du sport en langue française Bordeaux 21, 22 et 23 mai 2019 Pratiques sportives, logiques sociales et enjeux territoriaux Apprentissage de la natation et développement des compétences langagières en Français. Enjeux pédagogiques et sociologiques dans les piscines couvertes des régions du Maroc Fatima BAKAZZA, Institut Royal de Formation des Cadres, Centre Moulay Rachid, Rabat La construction des piscines couvertes dans différentes régions du Maroc est une opportunité pour développer la natation et élargir la base des pratiquants. En l’occurrence, cette implantation se heurte à plusieurs contraintes. Entre autres, le problème de l’encadrement, qui est une condition capitale pour le fonctionnement de toutes infrastructures sportives. Le présent travail a pour objectif de solliciter l’apport de la natation dans l’amélioration de la compétence langagière en langue française. Or, nous ne pratiquons pas le sport uniquement pour se divertir. Ses fonctions dépassent amplement la perception rudimentaire dévolue à ses vertus, qui devancent l’affect pour agir sur l’intellect. Certes, la natation s’inscrit dans un contexte réel, authentique impliquant l’apprenant-nageur dans une mouvance d’interaction
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