JLJ) Pi Pi VOLUME XI
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Trinity Site July 16, 1945
Trinity Site July 16, 1945 "The effects could well be called unprecedented, magnificent, beauti ful, stupendous, and terrifying. No man-made phenomenon of such tremendous power had ever occurred before. The lighting effects beggared description. The whole country was lighted by a searing light with the intensity many times that of the midday sun." Brig. Gen. Thomas Farrell A national historic landmark on White Sands Missile Range -- www.wsmr.army.mil Radiation Basics Radiation comes from the nucJeus of the gamma ray. This is a type of electromag individual atoms. Simple atoms like oxygen netic radiation like visible light, radio waves are very stable. Its nucleus has eight protons and X-rays. They travel at the speed of light. and eight neutrons and holds together well. It takes at least an inch of lead or eight The nucJeus of a complex atom like inches of concrete to stop them. uranium is not as stable. Uranium has 92 Finally, neutrons are also emitted by protons and 146 neutrons in its core. These some radioactive substances. Neutrons are unstable atoms tend to break down into very penetrating but are not as common in more stable, simpler forms. When this nature. Neutrons have the capability of happens the atom emits subatomic particles striking the nucleus of another atom and and gamma rays. This is where the word changing a stable atom into an unstable, and "radiation" comes from -- the atom radiates therefore, radioactive one. Neutrons emitted particles and rays. in nuc!ear reactors are contained in the Health physicists are concerned with reactor vessel or shielding and cause the four emissions from the nucleus of these vessel walls to become radioactive. -
Gar Alperovitz and the Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb
Advances in Historical Studies 2013. Vol.2, No.2, 46-53 Published Online June 2013 in SciRes (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ahs) DOI:10.4236/ahs.2013.22008 Reclaiming Realism for the Left: Gar Alperovitz and the Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb Peter N. Kirstein History Department, St. Xavier University, Chicago, USA Email: [email protected] Received December 24th, 2012; revised February 14th, 2013; accepted February 22nd, 2013 Copyright © 2013 Peter N. Kirstein. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons At- tribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Sixty-seven years after the decision to use the atomic bomb in World War II, controversy remains whether the United States was justified in using fission bombs in combat. Gar Alperovitz, the great revi- sionist historian, in his Atomic Diplomacy and The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb transformed our knowledge of the geopolitical motives behind the atomic attack against Japan at the end of World War II. These uranium and plutonium-core bombs were political, not primarily military in purpose and motive behind their deployment. His analysis will be compared to realists such as Hans Morgenthau, Kenneth Waltz, Henry Kissinger and George Kennan who for the most part questioned unrestrained violence and offered nuanced views on the wisdom of using such indiscriminate, savage weapons of war. The paper will explore Alperovitz’s classic argument that out of the ashes of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the A-bomb drove the incipient Cold War conflict. American national-security elites construed the bomb as a political- diplomatic lever to contain Soviet power as much as a military weapon to subdue Japan. -
Commencement, 1997 Marshall University
Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar Marshall University Commencement University Archives 1997 Commencement, 1997 Marshall University Follow this and additional works at: https://mds.marshall.edu/commencement Part of the Higher Education Commons Recommended Citation Marshall University, "Commencement, 1997" (1997). Marshall University Commencement. 35. https://mds.marshall.edu/commencement/35 This Program is brought to you for free and open access by the University Archives at Marshall Digital Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Marshall University Commencement by an authorized administrator of Marshall Digital Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. ----------~---------~~-----~~-~-----------~-----.------~--~--~------- ·1 ! Commencement 1997 Marshall University The One Hundred Sixtieth Commencement Marshall University Alma Mater Marshall Gracious Alma Mater, May the years be kind to Marshall; We thy name revere: May she grow in fame; May each noble son and daughter May her children fail her never Cherish thine honor dear. True to her beacon flame. May thy lamp be ever bright May her spirit brave and strong Guiding us to truth and light; Honor right and conquer wrong; As a beacon o~ er dark water This the burden of our song This is for thee our prayer. Ever her truth proclaim. C.E. and James Haworth tllnrlnnM ot hnht 3d i"fl>3'( ssh '<:nM ,,.33nM nmlA woi:>n"fV lln.ni'tnM (3ffln' sti WOT& ~i '(l)M :s,-s\13,. ~nn '<:'h sW "f3'\13ff "f~ lint ns,.hli.rb "fsn '<:nM "f33~nh hnn noi 3ldon .sl:>n3 '(l>M •~ no:>nsd ,.s.r\ o3 smT •,-nsh 'tono.sl 3sti.rh .rl ihs.sl~ ~no"f3i hnn swnd thiqi "ts.sl '(l>M trl~hd 't3113 sd qmnl '(th '<:nM ,~no'tW "f3»pst0:> hnn t.sl~h i-onoH ,trlgil hnn rltmt ot w "3stmiuv ~noi "fUO '\o nsh,-ud 3'l3 ii.slT ,-smw >(,.nh ,-3'0 no:>n3d n ?.A .mmbo,-q ,bu-rt ,.~ ,-s113 .1'3'(:l>"f<l 'tUO 33.rb "fOl il ii.r\T -..-----•--~-• •-~-~-•-•-----•••----,---•~•.,•-•-•~-~-"'•••••a•••• . -
The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb” Is a Short History of the Origins and Develop- Ment of the American Atomic Bomb Program During World War H
f.IOE/MA-0001 -08 ‘9g [ . J vb JMkirlJkhilgUimBA’mmml — .— Q RDlmm UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ,:.. .- ..-. .. -,.,,:. ,.<,.;<. ~-.~,.,.- -<.:,.:-,------—,.--,,p:---—;-.:-- ---:---—---- -..>------------.,._,.... ,/ ._ . ... ,. “ .. .;l, ..,:, ..... ..’, .’< . Copies of this publication are available while supply lasts from the OffIce of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. BOX 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Attention: Information Services Telephone: (423) 576-8401 Also Available: The United States Department of Energy: A Summary History, 1977-1994 @ Printed with soy ink on recycled paper DO13MA-0001 a +~?y I I Tho PROJEOT UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY F.G. Gosling History Division Executive Secretariat Management and Administration Department of Energy ]January 1999 edition . DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, make any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. I DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. 1 Foreword The Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977 brought together for the first time in one department most of the Federal Government’s energy programs. -
Thomas J. Farrell, Administrator: His Views on the Schools of His Time
Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1994 Thomas J. Farrell, administrator: his views on the schools of his time Joan C. Boscia Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the Education Commons Recommended Citation Boscia, Joan C., "Thomas J. Farrell, administrator: his views on the schools of his time" (1994). Dissertations. 3037. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/3037 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1994 Joan C. Boscia LOYOLA UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THOMAS J. FARRELL, ADMINISTRATOR; HIS VIEWS ON THE SCHOOLS OF HIS TIME A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND POLICY STUDIES BY JOAN C. BOSCIA CHICAGO, ILLINOIS JANUARY 1994 j Copyright 1994 by Loyola University of Chicago All rights reserve. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS At first and special thank you to Dr. Joan K. Smith, for graciously taking on the t~sk of chairperson for my dissertation committee. Her caring commitment saw this through to completion. My gratitude to Fr. Michael Perko, who not only read and commented on my draft copies but also always lent an understanding hand. Dr. John Wozniak rounded out a perfect committee by also reading and commenting on draft copies but also lending his quiet kindness. -
An Oral History of the Manhattan Project
An Oral History of The Manhattan Project By M. Abend February 2, 2002 TABLE OF CONTENTS • Statement of Purpose • Biography • Historical Contextualization • Interview Transcription • Interview Analysis • Works Consulted STATEMENT OF PURPOSE The purpose of this oral history is to provide a more thorough understanding of the Manhattan Project through an interview with James Pickard, an electrical engineer who worked on the project. The interview not only verifies known facts, but also adds personal emotion and feeling to the history of the project. ‡ TABLE OF CONTENTS BIOGRAPHY James K. Pickard was born on April 4, 1919 in Abilene, Texas. He and his family lived in Abilene throughout the depression while his father worked in town as a doctor. In his childhood years, Mr. Pickard spent his days at home with his family playing tennis on their homemade, backyard court. For his high school education, he attended the New Mexico Military Institute and then proceeded to attend the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.) for college in 1941. At M.I.T., Mr. Pickard received his BS and MS degrees in electrical engineering. In the last three years of his schooling at M.I.T., Mr. Pickard worked part-time for the General Electric Company. After his graduation from M.I.T., he began to work full time for General Electric in their electrical engineering department, making and designing equipment. At the outbreak of World War II, Mr. Pickard applied to the navy. He, however, had trouble getting a commission because of his colorblindness. Instead, the General Electric Company recommended that Mr. -
Oak Ridger, Fred Vaslow, Witnessed July 16, 1945 Trinity Nuclear Test (As Published in the Oak Ridger’S Historically Speaking Column on July 16, 2020)
Oak Ridger, Fred Vaslow, witnessed July 16, 1945 Trinity nuclear test (As published in The Oak Ridger’s Historically Speaking column on July 16, 2020) This Historically Speaking column will reflect on the amazing experiment at the Trinity Site on July 16, 1945. It seems well to include such an article at on the 75th anniversary of the world’s first atomic explosion, ushering in the Nuclear Age. It also seems appropriate that the key figure in this article is an Oak Ridger, Fred Vaslow, who lived to be 100 years old. Just a few weeks ago, I was contacted by a National Geographic writer who was searching for the last surviving person who was at the Trinity test on July 16, 1945, and he thought that might be Fred Vaslow. I agreed to see if I could locate Fred for him. When I went to Fred’s house, his neighbor told me that he had passed away in March of this year and that his wife had just passed away the previous Monday. I contacted the National Geographic writer with the sad news. He was, of course, disappointed and I expressed to him that I sure wish he had contacted me sooner. So, in Fred’s memory, Carolyn Krause asked me if we might publish a Historically Speaking column featuring Fred Vaslow and his experience at the Trinity Site. I agreed, and I know you will enjoy Carolyn’s tribute to Fred.: *** One of, if not, the longest living of the witnesses of the world’s first atomic bomb test 75 years ago was Fred Vaslow, who died in March in Oak Ridge at the age of 100. -
National Security History Series
National Security History Series The Manhattan Project 5 Visit our Manhattan Project web site: http://www.cfo.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/index.htm 5 DOE/MA-0002 Revised National Security History Series The Manhattan Project F. G. Gosling Office of History and Heritage Resources Executive Secretariat Office of Management Department of Energy January 2010 5 National Security History Series Volume I: The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb Volume II: Building the Nuclear Arsenal: Cold War Nuclear Weapons Development and Production, 1946-1989 (in progress) Volume III: Nonproliferation and Stockpile Stewardship: The Nuclear Weapons Complex in the Post-Cold War World (projected) The National Security History Series is a joint project of the Office of History and Heritage Resources and the National Nuclear Security Administration. 5 Foreword to the 2010 edition In a national survey at the turn of the millennium, journalists and historians ranked the dropping of the atomic bomb and the surrender of Japan to end the Second World War as the top story of the twentieth century. The advent of nuclear weapons, brought about by the Manhattan Project, not only helped bring an end to World War II but ushered in the atomic age and determined how the next war—the Cold War—would be fought. The Manhattan Project also became the organizational model behind the impressive achievements of American “big science” during the second half of the twentieth century, which demonstrated the relationship between basic scientific research and national security. This edition of the Office of History’s perennial “bestseller” is part of a joint project between the Office of History and Heritage Resources and the National Nuclear Security Administration to produce a three- volume National Security History Series documenting the Department of Energy’s role in developing, testing, producing, and managing the Nation’s nuclear arsenal. -
America's Greatest Projects and Their Engineers
America’s Greatest Projects and their Engineers - II Course No: B05-003 Credit: 5 PDH Dominic P. Perrotta, P.E. Continuing Education and Development, Inc. 22 Stonewall Court Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677 P: (877) 322-5800 [email protected] America's Greatest Projects & Their Engineers-II 1. The Manhattan Project This course traces technological events leading up to the dropping of the first two atomic bombs on Japan, including the ideas and the attempts by other nations to develop similar weapons that could ultimately make them the world's strongest military powers. This course describes efforts of many individual U.S. engineers and scientists to achieve this engineering feat. A. Early Events B. The United States Plan C. U.S. Race to Completion D. Result/Summary 1 Introduction A lot has been made about the fact that the two atomic bombs dropped over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, while they likely brought a quick end to World War II, also killed nearly 130,00 Japanese civilians as well as an estimated 20,000 Japanese soldiers. Unless your Uncle Tony was a part of the U.S. Infantry that battled the Japanese in the Pacific Theater and suffered the trauma and deprivation at the hands of the heinous Japanese military, you might wonder if there could have been a better (more humane) way to end the war. Indeed that is a fair question to ask about the carnage that was wreaked on the mostly innocent Japanese population. However, this course deals with the achievements and successes of the many engineers and scientists who put their lives on temporary hold in order to assure that the worst criminal in world history, Adolph Hitler, would never have the opportunity to reign supreme. -
Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Part of the Pacific War, World War II Atomic bomb mushroom clouds over Hiroshima (left) and Nagasaki (right) Date August 6 and August 9, 1945 Location Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan Result Allied victory Belligerents United States Japan United Kingdom Commanders and leaders William S. Parsons Shunroku Hata Paul W. Tibbets, Jr. Units involved Manhattan District: Second General Army: 50 U.S., 2 British Hiroshima: 40,000 509th Composite Group: 1,770 Nagasaki: 9,000 U.S. Casualties and losses 90,000–166,000 killed in Hiroshima 20 U.S., Dutch, British 39,000–80,000 killed in prisoners of war killed Nagasaki Total: 129,000–246,000+ killed v 1 t e Pacific War Central Pacific Hawaii Marshalls-Gilberts raids Doolittle Raid Coral Sea Midway RY Solomons Gilberts and Marshalls Marianas and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu Carolines Southeast Asia Indochina (1940) Franco-Thai War Thailand Dutch East Indies Malaya Hong Kong Burma (1941–42) Singapore Burma (1942–43) Burma (1944) Burma (1944–45) Indochina (1945) Malacca Strait Tiderace Zipper Indian Ocean (1940–45) Strategic bombing (1944– 45) Southwest Pacific Philippines 1941–42 Dutch East Indies 1941–42 Portuguese Timor Australia New Guinea 2 Philippines 1944–45 Borneo 1945 North America Aleutian Islands Attack on Pearl Harbor Operation K Ellwood Estevan Point Lighthouse Fort Stevens Lookout Air Raids Fire balloon Project Hula Japan Air raids Mariana Islands Volcano & Ryukyu Is Tokyo Starvation Naval bombardments Yokosuka Sagami Bay Kure Downfall Hiroshima & Nagasaki Kurils Japanese surrender Manchuria Manchuria (1945) Sakhalin Kuril Islands Shumshu Second Sino-Japanese War In August 1945, during the final stage of the Second World War, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. -
Life at Trinity Base Camp HSR 2001
Life at Trinity Base Camp Thomas Merlan Prepared by Human Systems Research, Inc. Prepared for White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico March 2001 LIFE AT TRINITY BASE CAMP by Thomas Merlan Prepared for White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico Contract No. DAAD07-97-D-0104 Delivery Order No. 30 Submitted by Human Systems Research, Inc. Tularosa, New Mexico HSR Report No. 9831 White Sands Missile Range Archaeological Research Report No. 01-07 March 2001 Approved for public release. Cover photograph: Aerial photograph of Trinity Base Camp, July 1945. Courtesy National Archives, College Park, Maryland PREFACE Numerous books and articles have been published about the Manhattan Project, Los Alamos, and the Trinity Test, the detonation of the first atomic bomb. Secrecy and security were essential to the project, indicated by the isolated location of the Los Alamos laboratory for the manufacture and assembly of the weapon. For the Trinity Test site, a very remote and isolated location in central New Mexico was selected. The soldiers assigned to the Trinity Test site did not know their final destination when they received their travel orders to New Mexico. With a few rare exceptions, the soldiers and other personnel who set up the experiment did not know the purpose of their work until the actual explosion took place. To maintain this high level of secrecy, a base camp, the headquarters of the McDonald Brothers Ranch, was established a few miles southwest of Ground Zero. While the soldiers and scientists developed the necessary infrastructure for the test, Trinity Base Camp was their home. Because of the high level of security, the soldiers never left Base Camp during the seven months prior to the Trinity event. -
The Manhattan Project: Exploding Into the Nuclear Age
The Manhattan Project: Exploding Into the Nuclear Age Michael Amin and David Youssef Junior Group Website Annotated Bibliography Works Cited Primary Sources Books Fermi, Laura. Atoms in the Family: My Life with Enrico Fermi. Chicago, IL: U of Chicago, 1954. Web. This book is by Enrico Fermi’s wife Laura Fermi. We used this book starting from page 97, because the beginning is mostly about his early life. The book explains Enrico Fermi’s clearly vast role in thethe bombardment of the uranium nucleus. It also explains his work in the Chicago Pile1. This book mainly helps us with our Origin and Exploration pages. Frisch, Otto Robert. What Little I Remember. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1979. Web. Otto Frisch is credited with the naming the process of bombarding neutrons, “nuclear fission” while skiing with his Aunt Lise Meitner. In this book, Frisch talks about his discovery along with his role in the Manhattan Project. Frisch also explains the that the scientists “did not believe in the atom.” We used this for our origin and exploration page. Groves, Leslie R. Now It Can Be Told; the Story of the Manhattan Project. New York: Harper, 1962. Print. In this book, General Leslie R. Groves talks about the Manhattan Project as a whole and the specific role he had in the making of the atomic bomb. He also tells us problems he faced while managing the Manhattan Project, which clearly affected him emotionally, physically, and psychologically. This book is good for our research because it is specific, and some of the other sources we used are more general.