Brig. Gen. Thomas Lf Arreh

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Brig. Gen. Thomas Lf Arreh "The effects could well be called unprecedented, magnificent, beautiful, stupendous and terrifying. No man-made phenomenon of such tremendous power had ever occurred before. The lighting effects beggared description. The whole country was lighted by a searing light with the intensity many times that of the midday sun." -Brig. Gen. Thomas lfarreH Follow us: wsmrpublicaffairs @wsmrpao ~ WhiteSandsMissileRangePAO ~ WSMR flickr whltesandsmissilerange www.wsmr.army.mil RADIATION BASICS Radiation comes from the nucleus of heavy clothing. individual atoms. Simple atoms like oxygen The third form of nuclear radiation is are very stable. Its nucleus has eight pro­ the gamma ray. This is a type of electro­ tons and eight neutrons and holds together magnetic radiation like visible light, radio well. waves and X-rays. They travel at the speed The nucleus of a complex atom like of light. It takes at least an inch of lead or uranium is not as stable. Uranium has eight inches of concrete to stop them. 92 protons and 146 neutrons in its core. _ Finally, neutrons are also emitted by These unstable atoms tend to break down some radioactive substances. Neutrons are into more stable, simpler forms. When this very penetrating but are not as common happens the atom emits subatomic particles in nature. Neutrons have the capability of and gamma rays. This is where the word striking the nucleus of another atom and "radiation" comes from -- the atom radiates changing a stable atom into an unstable, particles and rays. and therefore, radioactive one. Neutrons emitted in nuclear reactors are contained in A tom Emissions the reactor vessel or shielding and cause the vessel walls to become radioactive. --- Health physicists are concerned Radioactive elements emit these radia­ with four emissions from the nucleus of tions until they have reached a stable state. these atoms. One of these radiations is the For some man-made radioactive materials alpha particle which is relatively large and this occurs in a few seconds. For other travels fairly slowly compared to other atom­ elements a small amount can emit radiation ic particles. Alpha particles are composed of for thousands of years. As they break down two protons and two neutrons. They travel they turn into other elements. about one to three inches in the air and are At ground zero, the elements emitting easily stopped by a sheet of paper. gamma rays and alpha and beta particles Another radiation is the beta particle, are Europium, Cesium, Cobalt, Strontium basically a very light electron that moves at and Plutonium. less than the speed of light. These particles Sources for information about radiation are more energetic than alpha particles, but are the American Nuclear Society, www. can be stopped by a thin sheet of metal or ans.erg, and the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, www.nrc.gov. pagel RADIATION AT TRINITY SITE Radiation levels in the fenced, lirems of exposure every year compared ground zero area are very low. The maxi­ to living in a frame house. Finally, flying mum levels are only 1O times greater than coast to coast by jet gives an exposure of the region's natural background radiation. about two millirems. Many places on Earth are naturally more One source of radiation exposure radioactive than Trinity Site. not considered in old calculations is from A one-hour visit to the inner fenced radon gas. Scientists now estimate that area will result in a whole body exposure Americans average 200 millirems of expo­ of one-half to one millirem. The levels sure per year from radon. vary from place to place, depending on Trinitite, the green glassy substance the concentration of Trinitite buried at any found in the ground zero area, contains one spot. several radioactive elements and is an To put this in perspective, Americans alpha and beta particle emitter. receive an average of 620 millirems every Although radiation levels at ground year from natural and medical sourc- zero are low, some feel any extra expo­ es. For instance, the American Nuclear sure should be avoided. The decision is Society estimates we receive between yours. 20 and 70 millirems every year from the Typical radiation exposures per year sun, depending on what elevation we live. for U.S. citizens according to the Ameri­ We receive about 40 millirems every year can Nuclear Society are listed in the chart from our food. Living in a brick, stone, below. adobe or concrete house adds seven mil- Facts albout iradnatfton * One hour at Trinity Site ground zero = one half mrem * Cosmic rays from space = 47 mrem at Denver, 28 mrem at St Louis * Radioactive minerals in rocks and soil = 63 mrems on Colorado Plateau * Radioactivity from air, water and food = about 240 mrem *A chest X-ray= 10 mrem and a CAT Scan= 700 mrem * Watching television = less than one mrem per year * Wearing a plutonium-powered pacemaker =100 mrem * Coast to coast commercial flight= two mrem page2 Trinity Site N ationail Historic Landbrnairk Trinity Site is where the first atomic electromagnetic process plants were built to bomb was tested at 5:29:45 a.m. Mountain separate uranium 235 from its more com­ War Time on July 16, 1945. The 19-kilo­ mon form, uranium 238. Hanford, Washing­ ton explosion not only led to a quick end to ton, became the home for nuclear reactors the war in the Pacific but also ushered the which produced a new element called pluto­ world into the atomic age. All life on Earth nium. Both uranium 235 and plutonium are has been touched by the event, which took fissionable and can be used to produce an place here. atomic explosion. The 51,500-acre area was declared Los Alamos National Lab was es­ a national historic landmark in 1975. The tablished in northern New Mexico with a pri­ landmark includes base camp, where the mary purpose of designing and building the scientists and support group lived; ground bomb. At Los Alamos many of the greatest zero, where the bomb was placed for the scientific minds of the day labored over the explosion; and the Schmidt/McDonald ranch theory and actual construction of the de­ house, where the plutonium core to the vice. The group was led by Dr. J. Robert bomb was assembled. Visitors to a Trinity Oppenheimer who is credited with being Site Open House are given the opportunity the driving force behind building a workable to visit ground zero and the ranch house. bomb by the end of the war. In addition, one of the old instrumentation bunkers is visible beside the road just west he theory of ground zero. T Los Alamos scientists devised two designs for an atomic bomb--one The Manhattan Project using uranium 235 and another using plutonium. The uranium bomb was a --The story of Trinity Site begins with simple design and scientists were confi­ the formation of the Manhattan Project in dent it would work without testing. The June of 1942. The project was given overall plutonium bomb was more complex and responsibility for designing and building an worked by compressing the plutonium into atomic bomb. At the time it was a race to a critical mass to sustain a chain reaction. beat the Germans who, according to in­ The compression of the plutonium ball telligence reports, were building their own was to be accomplished by surrounding atomic bomb. it with lense-shaped charges of conven­ Under the Manhattan Project three tional explosives. They were designed to large facilities were constructed. At Oak all explode at the same instant. The force Ridge, Tennessee huge gas diffusion and would be directed inward, thus smashing page3 the plutonium from all sides. could be used as a weapon of war. From a In an atomic explosion, a chain reac­ list of eight sites in California, Texas, New tion picks up speed as atoms split, releas­ Mexico and Colorado, Trinity Site was cho­ ing neutrons plus great amounts of energy. sen as the test site. The area was already The escaping neutrons strike and split more controlled by the government because it atoms, thus releasing still more neutrons was part of the Alamogordo Bombing and and energy. In a nuclear explosion this all Gunnery Range which was established in occurs in a millionth of a second with bil­ 1942. lions of atoms being split. The secluded Jornada del Muerto was perfect as it provided isolation for se­ Building the test site crecy and safety, but was still close to Los Alamos for easy commuting back and forth. _ Project leaders decided a test of In the fall of 1944 soldiers started arriving at the plutonium bomb was essential before it Trinity Site to prepare for the test. Through- • ·· Eal The Fat Man bomb case was built In the late 1940s, during World War II. It was used for training air and ground crews that handled nuclear weapons. The bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan August 9,1945. This type of bomb was tested at Trinity Site In southern New Mexico July 16, 1945. •Weight -10,800 pounds • Length-128 Inches Subcritlcal mass • Diameter - 60 Inches • !}e+1•T" equivalent to 21,000 tons · · ~ • Flsalle material - Plutonlum-239 Fat Man was a complicated Chemical plutonium weapon. One of the two explosive original bomb designs, Fat Man was named for Prime Minister Winston Fat Man1 which was designed and Churchill, the wartime British bullt at LOS Alamos, was an leader. Implosion-type bomb. It consisted of a core of plutonlum-239 surrounded by explosive chemicals. When t he explosives were detonated proper!~ the shock compressed the flsslonable m aterial at the core, Increasing Its density and m aking It supercrltlcal, or able to sustain an explosive nuclear reaction.
Recommended publications
  • Doctor Atomic
    What to Expect from doctor atomic Opera has alwayS dealt with larger-than-life Emotions and scenarios. But in recent decades, composers have used the power of THE WORK DOCTOR ATOMIC opera to investigate society and ethical responsibility on a grander scale. Music by John Adams With one of the first American operas of the 21st century, composer John Adams took up just such an investigation. His Doctor Atomic explores a Libretto by Peter Sellars, adapted from original sources momentous episode in modern history: the invention and detonation of First performed on October 1, 2005, the first atomic bomb. The opera centers on Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer, in San Francisco the brilliant physicist who oversaw the Manhattan Project, the govern- ment project to develop atomic weaponry. Scientists and soldiers were New PRODUCTION secretly stationed in Los Alamos, New Mexico, for the duration of World Alan Gilbert, Conductor War II; Doctor Atomic focuses on the days and hours leading up to the first Penny Woolcock, Production test of the bomb on July 16, 1945. In his memoir Hallelujah Junction, the American composer writes, “The Julian Crouch, Set Designer manipulation of the atom, the unleashing of that formerly inaccessible Catherine Zuber, Costume Designer source of densely concentrated energy, was the great mythological tale Brian MacDevitt, Lighting Designer of our time.” As with all mythological tales, this one has a complex and Andrew Dawson, Choreographer fascinating hero at its center. Not just a scientist, Oppenheimer was a Leo Warner and Mark Grimmer for Fifty supremely cultured man of literature, music, and art. He was conflicted Nine Productions, Video Designers about his creation and exquisitely aware of the potential for devastation Mark Grey, Sound Designer he had a hand in designing.
    [Show full text]
  • Building 9731 – Secret City Festival’S Y-12 Public Tour Or: Building 9731 to Be Featured in Secret City Festival's Public Tour (Title Provided by the Oak Ridger)
    Building 9731 – Secret City Festival’s Y-12 public tour Or: Building 9731 to be featured in Secret City Festival's public tour (title provided by The Oak Ridger) In March 1943 the very first structure to be completed at the newly emerging Y-12 Electromagnetic Separation Plant was Building 9731. It was only a little over a month earlier that ground had been broken for the first of nine major buildings designed to hold cautrons (CALifornia University Cyclotron). But the real push had been to complete the construction of a smaller building, one with a high bay and especially designed to house four very special units of newly designed equipment using huge magnets. The Alpha Calutron magnets stand well over 20 feet tall and are still standing there today―the only ones in the world! For the first time ever, the public will have a chance to see these huge magnets and will also be able to tour inside historic Building 9731. This historic event is a part of the Secret City Festival this year. On Saturday, June 19, 2010, from 9:00 AM to 4:00 PM, a major part of the Y-12 public tour will include Building 9731. The public will be allowed to see inside the historic structure and view the magnets of both the two Alpha and two Beta calutrons. These calutron magnets have been designated as Manhattan Project Signature Artifacts by the Depart- ment of Energy’s Federal Preservation Officer in the DOE Office of History and Heritage Resources. The building is being submitted for Historical Landmark status on the National Register of Historic Places.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Effort to Achieve World
    Marshall and the Atomic Bomb Marshall and the Atomic Bomb By Frank Settle General George C. Marshall and the Atomic Bomb (Praeger, 2016) provides the first full narrative describing General Marshall’s crucial role in the first decade of nuclear weapons that included the Manhattan Project, the use of the atomic bomb on Japan, and their management during the early years of the Cold War. Marshall is best known today as the architect of the plan for Europe’s recovery in the aftermath of World War II—the Marshall Plan. He also earned acclaim as the master strategist of the Allied victory in World War II. Marshall mobilized and equipped the Army and Air Force under a single command, serving as the primary conduit for information between the Army and the Air Force, as well as the president and secretary of war. As Army Chief of Staff during World War II, he developed a close working relationship with Admiral Earnest King, Chief of Naval Operations; worked with Congress and leaders of industry on funding and producing resources for the war; and developed and implemented the successful strategy the Allies pursued in fighting the war. Last but not least of his responsibilities was the production of the atomic bomb. The Beginnings An early morning phone call to General Marshall and a letter to President Franklin Roosevelt led to Marshall’s little known, nonetheless critical, role in the development and use of the atomic bomb. The call, received at 3:00 a.m. on September 1, 1939, informed Marshall that German dive bombers had attacked Warsaw.
    [Show full text]
  • Leslie Richard Groves, Jr. Years
    Name: Leslie Richard Groves, Jr. Years: August 17, 1896 – July 13, 1970 Residence: Albany, New York; Brief Biography: Leslie Richard Groves, Jr. was born to Leslie Richard Groves, Sr. and Gwen Griffith. Groves attended both the University of Washington and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology before he attended the U.S. Military Academy in 1916-1918. After his graduation from U.S. Military Academy, Groves spent an additional year at the Engineer School at the Camp A.A. Humphreys when he was made a second lieutenant of engineers. This was followed by a brief tour with the American Expeditionary Force in France soon after the end of World War I. In 1921 he graduated from the Engineer School. In 1922, Groves married Grace Wilson with whom he had two children with. From 1921-1931 Groves traveled extensively to Hawaii, San Francisco, Texas, Delaware, and ending up in Nicaragua in 1931. The work he conducted in Nicaragua led him to receive, from the Nicaraguan government, the medal of merit. Ambition led Groves to attend and graduate from the Command and General Staff College, in 1936, and the Army War College, in 1939. He then received the ranks of lieutenant colonel, which lead him to the War Department where he became the head of the Operations Branch, Corps of Engineers. During this time Groves became responsible for the design of the new Pentagon Building. During World War II he was picked to lead the Manhattan Engineer District, what would later be referred to as the Manhattan Project. Groves involvement in this project resulted in the a promotion to the rank of brigadier general.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2013.Pdf
    ATOMIC HERITAGE FOUNDATION Preserving & Interpreting Manhattan Project History & Legacy preserving history ANNUAL REPORT 2013 WHY WE SHOULD PRESERVE THE MANHATTAN PROJECT “The factories and bombs that Manhattan Project scientists, engineers, and workers built were physical objects that depended for their operation on physics, chemistry, metallurgy, and other nat- ural sciences, but their social reality - their meaning, if you will - was human, social, political....We preserve what we value of the physical past because it specifically embodies our social past....When we lose parts of our physical past, we lose parts of our common social past as well.” “The new knowledge of nuclear energy has undoubtedly limited national sovereignty and scaled down the destructiveness of war. If that’s not a good enough reason to work for and contribute to the Manhattan Project’s historic preservation, what would be? It’s certainly good enough for me.” ~Richard Rhodes, “Why We Should Preserve the Manhattan Project,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May/June 2006 Photographs clockwise from top: J. Robert Oppenheimer, General Leslie R. Groves pinning an award on Enrico Fermi, Leona Woods Marshall, the Alpha Racetrack at the Y-12 Plant, and the Bethe House on Bathtub Row. Front cover: A Bruggeman Ranch property. Back cover: Bronze statues by Susanne Vertel of J. Robert Oppenheimer and General Leslie Groves at Los Alamos. Table of Contents BOARD MEMBERS & ADVISORY COMMITTEE........3 Cindy Kelly, Dorothy and Clay Per- Letter from the President..........................................4
    [Show full text]
  • Everyone in the World, and in That Sense a Completely Common Problem
    " . .When you come right down to it the reason that we did this job is because it was an organic necessity. If you are a scientist you cannot stop such a thing . You believe that it is good to find out how the world works . [and] to turn over to mankind at large the greatest possible power to control the world and to deal with it according to its lights and its values. " . I think it is true to say that atomic weapons are a peril which affect everyone in the world, and in that sense a completely common problem . I think that in order to handle this common problem there must be a complete sense of community responsibility. " . The one point I want to hammer home is what an enormous change in spirit is involved. There are things which we hold very dear, and I think rightly hold very dear; I would say that the word democracy perhaps stood for some of them as well as any other word. There are many parts of the world in which there is no democracy . And when I speak of a new spirit in international affairs I mean that even to these deepest of things which we cherish, and for which Americans have been willing to die—and certainly most of us would be willing to die—even in these deepest things, we realize that there is something more profound than that; namely the common bond with other men everywhere . .“ J. Robert Oppenheimer speech to the Association of Los Alamos Scientists Los Alamos November 2, 1945 Excerpts from a speech to the Association of Los Alamos Scientists in Los Alamos, New Mexico, on November 2, 1945.
    [Show full text]
  • Bob Farquhar
    1 2 Created by Bob Farquhar For and dedicated to my grandchildren, their children, and all humanity. This is Copyright material 3 Table of Contents Preface 4 Conclusions 6 Gadget 8 Making Bombs Tick 15 ‘Little Boy’ 25 ‘Fat Man’ 40 Effectiveness 49 Death By Radiation 52 Crossroads 55 Atomic Bomb Targets 66 Acheson–Lilienthal Report & Baruch Plan 68 The Tests 71 Guinea Pigs 92 Atomic Animals 96 Downwinders 100 The H-Bomb 109 Nukes in Space 119 Going Underground 124 Leaks and Vents 132 Turning Swords Into Plowshares 135 Nuclear Detonations by Other Countries 147 Cessation of Testing 159 Building Bombs 161 Delivering Bombs 178 Strategic Bombers 181 Nuclear Capable Tactical Aircraft 188 Missiles and MIRV’s 193 Naval Delivery 211 Stand-Off & Cruise Missiles 219 U.S. Nuclear Arsenal 229 Enduring Stockpile 246 Nuclear Treaties 251 Duck and Cover 255 Let’s Nuke Des Moines! 265 Conclusion 270 Lest We Forget 274 The Beginning or The End? 280 Update: 7/1/12 Copyright © 2012 rbf 4 Preface 5 Hey there, I’m Ralph. That’s my dog Spot over there. Welcome to the not-so-wonderful world of nuclear weaponry. This book is a journey from 1945 when the first atomic bomb was detonated in the New Mexico desert to where we are today. It’s an interesting and sometimes bizarre journey. It can also be horribly frightening. Today, there are enough nuclear weapons to destroy the civilized world several times over. Over 23,000. “Enough to make the rubble bounce,” Winston Churchill said. The United States alone has over 10,000 warheads in what’s called the ‘enduring stockpile.’ In my time, we took care of things Mano-a-Mano.
    [Show full text]
  • Manhattan Park Map
    Manhattan Project National Historical Park - Los Alamos National Park Service 475 20th Street, Suite C U.S. Department of the Interior Manhattan Project National Historical Park Los Alamos, NM 87544 Los Alamos, New Mexico 505-661-MAPR (6277) Project Y workers with the Norris Bradbury with Thin Man plutonium gun the Trinity device. device at Gun Site. In 1943, the United States government’s Manhattan Three locations comprise the park: Project Y at Los Alamos, Project built a secret laboratory at Los Alamos, New New Mexico; Site X at Oak Ridge, Tennessee; and Site W at site map SITES ON THIS PAGE Mexico, for a single military purpose—to develop the Hanford, Washington. The Manhattan Project National world’s first atomic weapons. The success of this Historical Park legislation references 17 sites at Los Alamos NOT CURRENTLY unprecedented, top-secret government program National Laboratory, as well as 13 sites in downtown Los forever changed the world. Alamos. These sites represent the world-changing history of Original Technical Area 1 OPEN TO THE PUBLIC (TA-1); see reverse. the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos. Their preservation and In 2004, the U.S. Congress directed the National Park interpretation will show visitors the scientific, social, Service and the Department of Energy to determine political, and cultural stories of the men and women who the significance, suitability, and feasibility of including ushered in the atomic age. signature facilities in a national historical park. In 2014, the National Defense Authorization Act, signed by President Obama, authorized creation of the Park. This The properties below are within the legislation stated the purpose of the park: “to improve Manhattan Project National Historical Park 4 the understanding of the Manhattan Project and the boundaries on land managed by the legacy of the Manhattan Project through Department of Energy.
    [Show full text]
  • Museum Newsletter Issue 3 2019
    MUSEUM OF HERITAGE & ARTS September 2019 Gerald Armijo Art Exhibit Location September 14 - November 2, 2019 Los Lunas Museum of Heritage & Arts 251 Main St. SE Los Lunas, NM 505-352-7720 Museum Hours Tuesday 10:00am to 5:00pm Wednesday 10:00am to 5:00pm Thursday 10:00am to 5:00pm Friday 10:00am to 5:00pm Gerald Armijo, Artist Saturday 10:00am to 5:00pm Sunset in Arizona (acrylic) Check us Out!!! Local artist Gerald Armijo won the Los Lunas Museum of Heritage & Art's Visit the Exhibits Attend a Public Program 2018 Juried Art Show entitling him to a solo exhibition. The art on exhib- Research Local & State it is in a variety of media that express the area’s rich history as well as History portraits and other subject matter that displays Gerald's artistic talent. Find Your Family History His work will be on display September 14 - November 2, 2019. Contribute Your History 7th Annual Juried Art Show Applications For information on Deadline October 12, 2019 programs & collections please contact: The Los Lunas Museum of Jan Micaletti, BA Heritage & Arts is accept- Museum Specialist ing submissions for the [email protected] Seventh Annual Juried Art Rebecca Ortiz, ABS Exhibit "Frontiers of New Museum Technician Mexico." Selected entries [email protected] will be displayed from November 9, 2019 to Christina Marshall, BFA Museum Technician January 10, 2020. The [email protected] entry deadline is October 12, 2019. Encino Ranch House Enhanced photo by Cynthia J. Shetter Page 2 September 2019 Museum of Heritage & Arts The Preservation of the Abo Ruins & History of Federico Sisneros September 21, 2019 2:00 PM - 4:00 PM The San Gregorio de Abo Mission of Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument sits west of the town of Mountainair, New Mexico, and contains approximately 370 acres.
    [Show full text]
  • Trinity Site July 16, 1945
    Trinity Site July 16, 1945 "The effects could well be called unprecedented, magnificent, beauti­ ful, stupendous, and terrifying. No man-made phenomenon of such tremendous power had ever occurred before. The lighting effects beggared description. The whole country was lighted by a searing light with the intensity many times that of the midday sun." Brig. Gen. Thomas Farrell A national historic landmark on White Sands Missile Range -- www.wsmr.army.mil Radiation Basics Radiation comes from the nucJeus of the gamma ray. This is a type of electromag­ individual atoms. Simple atoms like oxygen netic radiation like visible light, radio waves are very stable. Its nucleus has eight protons and X-rays. They travel at the speed of light. and eight neutrons and holds together well. It takes at least an inch of lead or eight The nucJeus of a complex atom like inches of concrete to stop them. uranium is not as stable. Uranium has 92 Finally, neutrons are also emitted by protons and 146 neutrons in its core. These some radioactive substances. Neutrons are unstable atoms tend to break down into very penetrating but are not as common in more stable, simpler forms. When this nature. Neutrons have the capability of happens the atom emits subatomic particles striking the nucleus of another atom and and gamma rays. This is where the word changing a stable atom into an unstable, and "radiation" comes from -- the atom radiates therefore, radioactive one. Neutrons emitted particles and rays. in nuc!ear reactors are contained in the Health physicists are concerned with reactor vessel or shielding and cause the four emissions from the nucleus of these vessel walls to become radioactive.
    [Show full text]
  • The Los Alamos Thermonuclear Weapon Project, 1942-1952
    Igniting The Light Elements: The Los Alamos Thermonuclear Weapon Project, 1942-1952 by Anne Fitzpatrick Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STUDIES Approved: Joseph C. Pitt, Chair Richard M. Burian Burton I. Kaufman Albert E. Moyer Richard Hirsh June 23, 1998 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: Nuclear Weapons, Computing, Physics, Los Alamos National Laboratory Igniting the Light Elements: The Los Alamos Thermonuclear Weapon Project, 1942-1952 by Anne Fitzpatrick Committee Chairman: Joseph C. Pitt Science and Technology Studies (ABSTRACT) The American system of nuclear weapons research and development was conceived and developed not as a result of technological determinism, but by a number of individual architects who promoted the growth of this large technologically-based complex. While some of the technological artifacts of this system, such as the fission weapons used in World War II, have been the subject of many historical studies, their technical successors -- fusion (or hydrogen) devices -- are representative of the largely unstudied highly secret realms of nuclear weapons science and engineering. In the postwar period a small number of Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory’s staff and affiliates were responsible for theoretical work on fusion weapons, yet the program was subject to both the provisions and constraints of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, of which Los Alamos was a part. The Commission leadership’s struggle to establish a mission for its network of laboratories, least of all to keep them operating, affected Los Alamos’s leaders’ decisions as to the course of weapons design and development projects.
    [Show full text]
  • Gar Alperovitz and the Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb
    Advances in Historical Studies 2013. Vol.2, No.2, 46-53 Published Online June 2013 in SciRes (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ahs) DOI:10.4236/ahs.2013.22008 Reclaiming Realism for the Left: Gar Alperovitz and the Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb Peter N. Kirstein History Department, St. Xavier University, Chicago, USA Email: [email protected] Received December 24th, 2012; revised February 14th, 2013; accepted February 22nd, 2013 Copyright © 2013 Peter N. Kirstein. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons At- tribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Sixty-seven years after the decision to use the atomic bomb in World War II, controversy remains whether the United States was justified in using fission bombs in combat. Gar Alperovitz, the great revi- sionist historian, in his Atomic Diplomacy and The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb transformed our knowledge of the geopolitical motives behind the atomic attack against Japan at the end of World War II. These uranium and plutonium-core bombs were political, not primarily military in purpose and motive behind their deployment. His analysis will be compared to realists such as Hans Morgenthau, Kenneth Waltz, Henry Kissinger and George Kennan who for the most part questioned unrestrained violence and offered nuanced views on the wisdom of using such indiscriminate, savage weapons of war. The paper will explore Alperovitz’s classic argument that out of the ashes of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the A-bomb drove the incipient Cold War conflict. American national-security elites construed the bomb as a political- diplomatic lever to contain Soviet power as much as a military weapon to subdue Japan.
    [Show full text]