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Home , Kenneth Bainbridge, Leslie Groves, McDonald Ranch House, Raemer Schreiber, Robert Bacher, Thomas Farrell (general)

Site , 1945

"The effects could well be called unprecedented, magnificent, beauti­ ful, stupendous, and terrifying. No man-made phenomenon of such tremendous power had ever occurred before. The lighting effects beggared description. The whole country was lighted by a searing light with the intensity many times that of the midday sun." Brig. Gen.

A national historic landmark on White Sands Missile Range -- www.wsmr.army.mil Basics

Radiation comes from the nucJeus of the . This is a type of electromag­ individual atoms. Simple atoms like oxygen netic radiation like visible light, radio waves are very stable. Its nucleus has eight protons and X-rays. They travel at the speed of light. and eight and holds together well. It takes at least an inch of lead or eight The nucJeus of a complex atom like inches of concrete to stop them. is not as stable. Uranium has 92 Finally, neutrons are also emitted by protons and 146 neutrons in its core. These some radioactive substances. Neutrons are unstable atoms tend to break down into very penetrating but are not as common in more stable, simpler forms. When this nature. Neutrons have the capability of happens the atom emits subatomic particles striking the nucleus of another atom and and gamma rays. This is where the word changing a stable atom into an unstable, and "radiation" comes from -- the atom radiates therefore, radioactive one. Neutrons emitted particles and rays. in nuc!ear reactors are contained in the Health are concerned with reactor vessel or shielding and cause the four emissions from the nucleus of these vessel walls to become radioactive. atoms. One of these is the alpha Radioactive elements emit these radia­ particle which is relatively large and travels tions until they have reached a stable state. fairly slowly compared to other atomic For some man-made radioactive materials particles. Alpha particles are composed of this occurs in a few seconds. For other two protons and two neutrons. They travel elements a small amount can emit radiation about one to three inches in the air and are for thousands of years. As they break down easily stopped by a sheet of paper. they turn into other elements. Another radiation is the , At , the elements emitting basically a very light that moves at gamma rays and alpha and beta particles are less than the speed of light. These particles , Cesium, Cobalt, Strontium and are more energetic than alpha particles, but . can be stopped by a thin sheet of metal or Sources for information about radiation heavy clothing. are the American Nuclear Society and the The third form of nuclear radiation is U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Radiation at Trinity Site

Radiation levels in the fenced, ground concrete house adds seven millirems of zero area are very low. The maximum levels exposure every year compared to living in a are only 10 times greater than the region's frame house. Finally, flying coast to coast natural . Many places by jet gives an exposure of about two on Earth are naturally more radioactive than millirems. Trinity Site. One source of radiation exposure not A one-hour visit to the inner fenced considered in old calculations is from radon area will result in a whole body exposure of gas. Scientists now estimate that Americans one-half to one millirem. The levels vary average 200 millirems of exposure per year from place to place, depending on the from radon. concentration of buried at any one Trinitite, the green glassy substance spot. found in the ground zero area, contains To put this in perspective, Americans several radioactive elements and is an alpha receive an average of 620 millirems every and beta particle emitter. year from natural and medical sources. For Although radiation levels at ground instance, the American Nuclear Society zero are low, some feel any extra exposure estimates we receive between 26 and 96 should be avoided. The decision is yours. millirems every year from the sun, depend­ Typical radiation exposures per year ing on what elevation we live. We receive for U.S. citizens according to the American about 40 millirems every year from our Nuclear Society are listed in the chart food. Living in a brick, stone, adobe or below.

* One hour at Trinity Site ground zero = one half mrem * Cosmic rays from space = 47 mrem at Denver, 28 mrem at St. Louis * Radioactive in rocks and soil = 63 mrems on Colorado Plateau * Radioactivity from air, water and food =about 240 mrem * A chest X-ray =six mrem and a CAT Scan =110 mrem * Watching television = less than one mrem per year * Wearing a plutonium-powered pacemaker = 100 mrem * Coast to coast commercial flight = two mrem Trinity Site National Historic Landmark

Trinity Site is where the first atomic tromagnetic process plants were built to bomb was tested at 5:29:45 a.m. Mountain separate uranium 235 from its more com­ War Time on July 16, 1945. The 19-kiloton mon form, uranium 238. Hanford, Wash. not only led to a quick end to the became the home for nuclear reactors which war in the Pacific but also ushered the world produced a new element called plutonium. into the . All life on Earth has Both uranium 235 and plutonium are fis­ been touched by the event, which took place sionable and can be used to produce an here. atomic explosion. The 51,500-acre area was declared a Los Alamos was established in north­ national historic landmark in 197 5. The ern to design and build the landmark includes base camp, where the bomb. At Los Alamos many of the greatest scientists and support group lived; ground scientific minds of the day labored over the zero, where the bomb was placed for the theory and actual construction of the device. explosion; and the Schmidt/McDonald The group was led by Dr. J. ranch house, where the plutonium core to Oppenheimer who is credited with being the the bomb was assembled. Visitors to a driving force behind building a workable Trinity Site Open House see ground zero bomb by the end of the war. and the ranch house. In addition, one of the old instrumentation bunkers is visible beside the road just west of ground zero. ( ___Th_e_t_he_or_y __) Los Alamos scientists devised two G-he Manhattan Projec!) designs for an atomic bomb--one using uranium 235 and another using plutonium. The story of Trinity Site begins with The uranium bomb was a simple design and the formation of the in scientists were confident it would work June 1942. The project was given overall without testing. The plutonium bomb was responsibility for designing and building an more complex and worked by compressing atomic bomb. At the time it was a race to the plutonium into a to sustain beat the Germans who, according to intelli­ a chain reaction. The compression of the gence reports, were building their own plutonium ball was to be accomplished by atomic bomb. surrounding it with lense-shaped charges of Under the Manhattan Project three conventional . They were de­ large facilities were constructed. At Oak signed to all explode at the same instant. Ridge, Tenn., huge gas diffusion and elec- The force would be directed inward, thus smashing the plutonium from all sides. chosen as the test site. The area already was In an atomic explosion, a chain reac­ controlled by the government because it was tion picks up speed as atoms split, releasing part of the Alamogordo Bombing and neutrons plus great amounts of energy. The Gunnery Range which was established in escaping neutrons strike and split more 1942. The secluded was atoms, thus releasing still more neutrons and perfect as it provided isolation for secrecy energy. In a this all and safety, but was still close to Los Alamos occurs in a millionth of a second with for easy commuting back and forth. billions of atoms being split. Project leaders decided a test of the (Building the test site) plutonium bomb was essential before it could be used as a weapon of war. From a In the fa ll of 1944 soldiers started list of eight sites in , Texas, New arriving at Trinity Site to prepare for the Mexico and Colorado, Trinity Site was test. Marvin Davis and his military police

Sgt. Marvin Davis with police horses Argo and Peergo at basecamp. unit arrived from Los Alamos at the site on pronghorn. The meat was then cooked in Dec. 30, 1944. The unit set up security the mess hall. Leftovers went into soups checkpoints around the area and had plans which Davis said were excellent. to use horses to ride patrol. According to Of course, some of the soldiers were Davis the distances were too great so they from cities and unfamiliar with being out­ resorted to jeeps and trucks for transporta­ doors a lot. Davis said he went to relieve a tion. The horses were sometimes used for guard at the Mockingbird Gap post and the polo, however Davis said Capt. Howard soldier told Davis he was surprised by the Bush, base camp commander, somehow got number of "crawdads" in the area consider­ the men real polo equipment to play with ing it was so dry. Davis gave the young but they preferred brooms and a soccer ball. man a quick lesson on scorpions and warned Other recreation at the site included him not to touch. volleyball and hunting. Davis said Capt. Throughout 1945 other personnel Bush allowed the soldiers with experience arrived at Trinity Site to help prepare for the to use the Army rifles to hunt deer and test. Carl Rudder was inducted into the

Camp engineers (from Sgt. Carl Rudder's scrap book) are labeled: 1st row -- Kilmer, Frenchie, Bontley, Leary, Spry, Raub, Kemp, Stockton and Rauldolph. 2nd row -- Gorden, Cox, Harrison, King, Bres, Sigler, Matthews, "Weadle-Walve" and Capt. Gueary. A view of the east side of base camp. In the left foreground is the Dave McDonald ranch house, not to be confused with the George McDonald ranch where the bomb's core was assembled.

Army on Jan. 26, 1945. He said he passed station sergeant at Los Alamos before being through four camps, took basic for two days sent to Trinity Site in April 1945. In a letter and arrived at Trinity Site on Feb. 17. On Bourg said, "I was sent down here to take arriving he was put in charge of what he over the fire prevention and fire department. called the "East Jesus and Socorro Light and Upon arrival I found I was the fire depart­ Water ." It was a one-man opera­ ment, period." tion -- himself. He was responsible for As the soldiers at Trinity Site settled in maintaining generators, wells, pumps and they became familiar with Socorro. They doing the power-line work. tried to use the water out of the ranch wells A friend of Rudder's, Loren Bourg, had but found it so alkaline they couldn't drink a similar experience. He was a fireman in it. In fact, they used Navy saltwater soap civilian life and ended up trained as a for bathing. They hauled drinking water fireman for the Army. He worked as the from the fire house in Socorro. Gasoline and diesel was purchased from the Standard there would be a conventional explosion bulk plant in Socorro. involving the TNT and, then, a fraction of a According to Davis, they established a second later, the nuclear explosion, if a post office box, number 632, in Socorro so chain reaction was maintained. The scien­ getting their mail was more convenient. The tists were sure the TNT would explode, but trips into town also offered them the chance were initially unsure of the plutonium. If to get their hair cut in a real barbershop. If the chain reaction fa iled to occur, the TNT they didn 't use the shop, Sgt. Greyshock would blow the very rare and dangerous used horse clippers to trim their hair. plutonium all over the countryside. Because of this possibility, Jumbo was ( ___J_ u_m_bo__ ) designed and built. Originally it was 25 feet long, 10 feet in diameter and weighed 214 The bomb design to be used at Trinity tons. Scientists were planning to suspend Site actually involved two . First the bomb in the center of this huge steel jug

Jumbo is unloaded at the railroad siding called Pope, N.M. Jumbo was manufactured in Ohio by Babcock and Wilcox. because it could contain the TNT explosion trace amounts of radiation. if the chain reaction failed to materialize. This would prevent the plutonium from ( __B_om_b_a_s_se_m_b_ly_) being lost. If the explosion occurred as planned, Jumbo would be vaporized. On July 12 the two hemispheres of Jumbo was brought to Pope, N.M., by plutonium were carried to the George rail and unloaded. A specially built trailer McDonald ranch house two miles from with 64 wheels was used to move Jumbo the ground zero. At the house, Brig. Gen. 25 miles to Trinity Site. Thomas Farrell, deputy to Maj. Gen. Leslie As confidence ih the plutonium bomb Groves, was asked to sign a receipt for the design grew it was decided not to use plutonium. Farrell later said, "I recall that I Jumbo. Instead, Jumbo was placed under a asked them if I was going to sign for it, steel tower about 800 yards from ground shouldn't I take it and handle it. So I took zero. The blast destroyed the tower, but this heavy ball in my hand and I felt it Jumbo survived intact. growing warm. I got a certain sense of its Today Jumbo rests at the entrance to hidden power. It wasn't a cold piece of ground zero so all can see it. The ends are metal, but it was really a piece of metal that missing because, in 1946, the Army deto­ seemed to be working inside. Then, maybe nated eight 500-pound bombs inside it. for the first time, I began to believe some of Because Jumbo was standing on end, the the fantastic tales the scientists had told bombs were stacked in the bottom and the about this ." asymmetry of the explosion blew the ends At the McDonald ranch house the off. master bedroom had been turned into a To calibrate the instruments which clean room for the assembly of the bomb would be measuring the atomic explosion core. According to , a mem­ and to practice a countdown, the Manhattan ber of the assembly team, they tried to use Project scientists ran a simulated nuclear only tools and materials from a special kit. blast on May 7. They stacked 100 tons of Several of these kits existed and some were TNT onto a 20-foot wooden platform just already on their way to , the island in southeast of ground zero. Louis the Pacific which was the base for the Hempelmann inserted a small amount of bombers. The idea was to test the proce­ radioactive material from Hanford into tubes dures and tools at Trinity, as well as the running through the stack of crates. The bomb itself. scientists hoped to get a feel for how the At one minute past midnight on Friday, radiation might spread in the atomic test by July 13, the assembly left Los analyzing this test. The explosion destroyed Alamos for Trinity Site. Later in the morn­ the platform, leaving a small crater with ing, assembly of the plutonium core began. According to , Robert Bacher was the advisor and and had overall responsibility. Louis Slatin, Boyce McDaniel and Cyril Smith were responsible for the mechanical assembly in the ranch house. Later Holloway was responsible for the mechanical assembly at the tower. In the afternoon of the 13th the core was taken to ground zero for insertion into the bomb mechanism. The bomb was assembled under the tower on July 13. The plutonium core was inse1ted into the device with some difficulty. On the first try it stuck. After letting the temperatures of the plutonium and casing equalize the core slid smoothly into place. Once the assembly was complete many of the men took a welcome relief and went swimming in the water tank east of the McDonald ranch house. The next morning the entire bomb was raised to the top of the 100-foot steel tower and placed in a small shelter. A crew then attached all the detonators and by 5 p.m. it was complete.

The 100-foot steel tower at ground zero. At the top is a small shelter to protect the bomb during final assembly. The bomb was not dropped from the tower but was stationary at detonation. The tower was vaporized in the blast. dark --overshadowed the shock wave (.....__ __T_h_e _te_st__ ) and sound that arrived later. Many wit­ nesses remember the sound bouncing off the Three observation points were estab­ mountains creating an echoing effect. lished at 10,000 yards from ground zero. , one of the contributing None of the manned bunkers are left. scientists, wrote "it looked like a giant These were wooden shelters protected magnesium flare which kept on for what by concrete and earth. The south bunker seemed a whole minute but was actually one served as the control center for the test. The or two seconds. The white ball grew and automatic firing device was triggered from after a few seconds became clouded with there as key men such as Dr. Robert dust whipped up by the explosion from the Oppenheimer, head of Los Alamos, ground and rose and left behind a black _trail watched. of dust particles." Many scientists and support personnel, Joe McKibben, another scientist, said, including Maj. Gen. , head of "We had a lot of flood lights on for taking the Manhattan Project, watched the explo­ movies of the control panel. When the sion from base camp which was ten miles bomb went off, the lights were drowned out southwest of ground zero. All the buildings by the big light coming in through the open at base camp were removed after the test. door in the back." Most visiting VIPs, like , Others were impressed by the heat they watched from Compania Hill, 20 miles immediately felt. Military policeman Davis northwest of ground zero. said, "The heat was like opening up an oven The test was scheduled for 4 a.m. July door, even at 10 miles." Dr. Phillip 16, but rain and early that morning Morrison said, "Suddenly, not only was caused it to be postponed. The device could there a bright light but where we were, 10 not be exploded under rainy conditions miles away, there was the heat of the sun on because rain and winds would increase the our faces .... Then, only minutes later, the danger from radioactive fallout and interfere real sun rose and again you felt the same with observation of the test. At 4:45 a.m. heat to the face from the sunrise. So we saw the crucial weather report came through two sunrises." announcing calm to light winds with broken Visitors sometimes ask about soldiers clouds for the following two hours. watching the test from trenches. That took At 5: 10 a.m. the countdown started place during tests in , not at Trinity and at 5:29:45 the device exploded success­ Site. Personnel were at least 10,000 yards fully. from ground zero and they were in bunkers. To most observers the brilliance of the The test was conducted to see if the bomb light from the explosion--watched through would work and to measure its yield.

feet in diamter. Most eyewitnesses describe ( After the explosion ) the area as more of a small depression instead of a distinct crater. Although no information on the test The heat of the blast vaporized the steel was released until after the atomic bomb tower and melted the sand and turned was used as a weapon against , people it into a green glassy substance. It was in New Mexico knew something had called Trinitite and small pieces can still be happened. The shock wave broke windows seen in the area. At one time Trinitite 120 miles away and was felt by many at covered much of the depression made by the least 160 miles away. Army officials explosion. Afterwards the depression was simply stated that a munitions storage area fi lled and much of the Trinitite was taken had accidently exploded at the Alamogordo away by the Atomic Energy Commission. Bombing Range. To the west of the monument is a low The explosion did not make much of a structure which is protecting an original crater. It was about four feet deep and 240 portion of the crater area ..

This Carl Rudder photo shows an unidentified soldier at ground zero. He is inspecting one of the footings from the 100-foot tower. In 2004 members of the missile range's the ground but by a rain of material injected Public Affairs Office began assisting Los into the fireball that melted, fell back, and Alamos National Lab scientists Robert collected on the hot sand to form the ob­ Hermes and William Strickfaden in a fresh served puddles of Trinitite, especially within look at Trinitite and how it was formed. The the radius of the hottest part of the event," two published the results of their investiga­ the study concluded. "After falling to the tion in the Fall 2005 issue of "Nuclear ground, the top surface of the Trinitite layer Weapons Journal." was still heated somewhat by the fireball The two scientists were puzzled by and thus developed a smooth surface." spheroids within pieces of Trinitite. The "We calculated an average fireball spheroids looked like little droplets and temperature of 8,430 Kelvin," they reported. suggested that instead of being baked below That's 14,710 degrees Fahrenheit. the explosion like a giant trinitite brulee, the The new theory explains the tiny desert sand was first scooped up into the spheres of found onsite as drops that fireball. Inside the fireball, the melted sand cooled and hardened enough to keep their behaved just as water does in a regular shape when they hit the ground. It also cloud: tiny droplets aggregated into bigger explains why there was Trinitite found on droplets that became too heavy to remain top of the outer edges of the asphalt used suspended and fell as a rain of molten glass. around the 100-foot tower and on some "Much of the layer was formed not on objects left in the ground zero area.

Soldiers and scientists relax in the McDonald water tank. Q:t's the Schmidt hous~ Inside the house the northeast room (the master bedroom) was designated the The George McDonald ranch house sits assembly room. Workbenches and tables within an 85'x85' low stone wall. The house were installed. To keep dust and sand out of was built in 1913 by Franz Schmidt, a instruments and tools, the windows were German immigrant. An addition on the north covered with plastic. Tape was used to side was constructed in the 1930s by the fasten the edges of the plastic and to seal McDonalds. A display about the Schmidt doors and cracks in the walls. family is in the house during each open The explosion, only two miles away, house. did not significantly damage the house. The ranch house is a one-story, 1, 7 50 Most of the windows were blown out, but square-foot building. It is built of adobe the main structure was intact. Years of rain which was plastered and painted. An ice water dripping through holes in the roof did house is located on the west side along with much more damage. The barn did not do as an underground cistern which stored rain well. During the Trinity test the roof was water running off the roof. At one time the bowed inward and some of the roofing was north addition contained a toilet and bathtub blown away. The roof has since collapsed. which drained into a septic tank northwest The house stood empty and deteriorat­ of the house. ing until 1982 when the U.S. Army stabi­ There is a large, divided water storage lized the house to prevent any further tank and a Chicago Aeromotor windmill damage. Shortly after, the Department of east of the house. The scientists and support Energy and U.S. Army provided the funds people used the north tank as a swimming for the to completely pool during the long hot summer of 1945. restore the house. The work was done in South of the windmill are the remains of a 1984. All efforts were directed at making bunkhouse and a barn which was part the house appear as it did on July 12, 1945 garage. Further to the east are corrals and when the house was used in the assembly holding pens. The buildings and fixtures process. east of the house were stabilized to prevent further deterioration. ( Afterwards ) The ranch was abandoned in 1942 when the Alamogordo Bombing and Gun­ The story of what happened at Trinity nery Range took over the land to use in Site did not come to light until after the training World War II bombing crews. The second atomic bomb was exploded over house stood empty until the Manhattan , Japan, on August 6. President Project support personnel arrived in early Truman made the announcement that day. 1945. Three days later, August 9, the third atomic bomb devastated the city of , and War II. The land, including Trinity Site and on August 14 the Japanese surrendered. the old Alamogordo Bombing Range, came Trinity Site became part of what was under the control of the new rocket and then White Sands Proving Ground. The missile testing facility. proving ground was established on July 9, Interest in Trinity Site was immediate. 1945 as a test facility to investigate the new In September 1945 press tours to the site rocket technology emerging from World started. One of the famous photos of ground zero shows Groves and Oppenheimer surrounded by a small group of reporters as they examine one of the footings to the 100-foot tower on which the bomb was placed. That picture was taken Sept. 11. The ex­ posed footing is still visible at ground zero. On Sept. 15-17 George Cremeens, a young radio reporter from KRNT in Des Moines, visited the site with soundman Frank Lagouri. They flew over the crater and interviewed Dr. Ken neth Bainbridge, Trinity test director, and Bush, base camp com­ mander. Back in Iowa, Cremeens created four 15-minute reports on his visit which aired Sept. 24, 26, 27 and 29. A 15-minute composite was made and aired on the ABC Radio Network. For his work Cremeens re­ ceived a local Peabody Award for "Outstanding Reporting and Dr. , left, is interviewed Interpretation of the News." by George Cremeens from KRNT radio, Des At first Trinity Site was Moines, Iowa. encircled with a fence and radiation warning signs were posted. The series of tests has been completed and a data site remained off limits to military and report has been delivered to the customer. civilian personnel of the proving ground and Between the beginning and the end of closed to the public. the test program, be it the Army Tactical In 1952 the Atomic Energy Commis­ Missile System or newly designed automo­ sion let a contract to clean up the site. biles, range employees are involved in every Much of the Trinitite was scraped up and operation connected with the customer and buried. In September 1953 about 650 his product. The range can and does pro­ people attended the first Trinity Site open vide everything from rat traps to telephones, house. A few years later a small group from from equipment hoists and flight safety to Tularosa visited the site on the anniversary microsecond timing. of the explosion to conduct a religious We shake, rattle and roll the product, service and prayer for peace. Similar visits roast it, freeze it, subject i.t to nuclear radia­ were made annually in recent years on the tion, dip it in salt water and roll it in the first Saturday in October. mud. We test its paint, bend its frame and In 1967 the inner oblong fence was find out what effect its propulsion material added. In 1972 the corridor barbed wire has on flora and fauna. fence which connects the outer fence to the In the end, if it's a missile, we fire it, inner one was completed. Jumbo was record its performance and bring back the moved to the parking lot in 1979. pieces for postmortem examination. All test Trinity Site open houses are now data is reduced and the customer receives a conducted in April and October because it is full report. generally very hot on the Jomada del For more information on White Sands Muerto in July. Missile Range or Trinity Site contact: Public Affairs Office (WS-PA) (white Sands Missile Rang~ White Sands Missile Range, N.M. 88002-5047 White Sands Missile Range has devel­ Phone# is (575) 678-1134 oped from a simple desert testing site for the Visit the Public Affairs web pages for V-2 into one of the most sophisticated test the most up-to-date official information facilities in the world. The mission of about Trinity Site or the missile range White Sands Missile Range begins with a at: customer - a service developer, or another www.wsmr.anny.mil federal agency, which is ready to find out if Use the links to get to the Public engineers and scientists have built some­ Affairs homepage where you will find thing which will perform according to job a table of contents. specifications. It ends when an exhaustive Reading List

The Day the Sun Rose Twice by Ferenc Szasz, University of New Mexico Press, 1984

Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb by Vincent Jones, Center of Military History, U.S. Army

Trinity by Kenneth Bainbridge, Los Alamos publication (LA-6300-H)

The Making of the Atomic Bomb by , Simon and Schuster, 1986

Now It Can Be Told by Leslie Groves, Da Capo Press, 1975

Day One by Peter Wyden, Simon and Schuster, 1984

City of Fire: Los Alamos and the Atomic Age. 1943 - 1945 by James Kunetka, University of New Mexico Press, 1978

Los Alamos 1943 - 1945: The Beginning of an Era Los Alamos publication (LASL-79-78)

Day of Trinity by Lansing Lamont, Atheneum

Radiological Survey and Evaluation of the Fallout Area from the Trinity Test: Chupadera Mesa and Wbite Sands Missile Range. N.M. Los Alamos publication (LA-10256-MS)

Life Magazine, August 20 and September 24, 1945 Time Magazine, August 13 and 20, 1945 This is a drawing of the patch which was issued to military personnel who participated in the Manhattan Project. The background of the patch is blue to represent the universe. A white cloud and a lightning bolt form a question mark which symbolizes the unknown • results and the secrecy surrounding the project. The lightning bolt extends down to split a yellow atom, which represents atomic fission and the expected success of the test. A red and blue star in the center of the question mark is the insignia for the to which soldiers working on the Manhattan Project were assigned. Mileage Chart to Stallion exit 12 Carrizozo to Stallion exit 53 ~ Highway 380 to Stallion 5 Fannan Bomb Casing Stallion to Trinity Site 17 San Antonio to Socorro 10 0 Footing from _..-o 6 San Antonio to Albuquerque 81 ~0 100-ft. Tower Ground Zero San Antonio to Las Cruces 130 Shelter Monument San Antonio to El Paso 175 Protecting Carrizozo to Tularosa 46 Portion of Carrizozo to Alamogordo 56 Original Crater Carrizozo to El Paso 146 Trinity Site to Alamogordo 85 via the caravan Removal To Albuquerque of Trinitite Prohibited

Stallion Range Center

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1/4 Mile Walk to Ground ~ from Parking Lot Jumbo Toilets

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Tularosa McDonald Ranch Bus