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Model-Based Design and Experimental Validation of Multi-Domain Dynamic Energy Conversion Devices by MARK ELLIOT HOFACKER Disser

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Model-Based Design and Experimental Validation of Multi-Domain Dynamic Energy Conversion Devices by MARK ELLIOT HOFACKER Disser Model-Based Design and Experimental Validation of Multi-Domain Dynamic Energy Conversion Devices BY MARK ELLIOT HOFACKER Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Mechanical Engineering May, 2014 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: Dr. Eric J. Barth Dr. Michael Goldfarb Dr. Pietro Valdastri Dr. Robert J. Webster III Dr. Kenneth Pence Acknowledgements I would like to thank my advisor Eric Barth for giving me the opportunity to work on fascinating projects and helping me develop as an engineer. The fifth floor of Olin Hall is a place that I will fondly remember due to the unique environment created by Dr. Barth, Dr. Goldfarb, Dr. Webster, Dr. Valdastri, Dr. Withrow, Don Truex, Dr. Frampton, Dr. Sarkar, and many more. The floor is productive and enjoyable, and it has provided me with some of my closest friends. Vanderbilt University employs some of the kindest people that I have met, and I am grateful for the deep consideration of Dr. Pence, Suzanne Weiss, Myrtle Daniels, and Jean Miller. The Laboratory for the Design and Control of Energetic Systems has an unforgettable, relaxed environment and I am fortunate to have worked with Alex Pedchenko, Chao Yong, Danny Whitney, Andy Willhite, John Tucker, Nithin Kumar, Jose Riofrio, Alia Farhana Abdul Ghaffar, James Kong, Ricardo Reina, and David Comber. They are excellent engineers, and I am glad to have known them. I would like to thank my undergraduate advisor Dr. Korde and my internship mentor Dr. Kaul. Their joy and deep appreciation of research inspired my decision to pursue graduate school and a career in research and development. Their thoughtful approach to work and life is apparent in every conversation, paper, and email. I often consider things that they have said and I am grateful to have worked under them. My parents have been extremely supportive of me and have encouraged me to pursue graduate school. It has been a joy to share my research with my father because of his exceptional understanding and appreciation of my work. My mother’s passion as teacher has shaped the way I value a graduate education. I owe a tremendous amount to my biological brother Peter Hofacker as well as non-biological brothers Skyler Dalley, Alex Pedchenko, Chao Yong, Kevin Ha, and Nithin Kumar. This document may not exist if not for their guidance and support. Alex and Nithin made significant contributions to many of the manuscripts in this dissertation. Working closely with them was rewarding and something that I will miss greatly when I leave Nashville. I hope to assist them in their careers as much as they have helped mine. Finally, I would like to thank Vanessa Li for taking care of me throughout graduate school and for agreeing to marry me next summer. Her artistic skills are chiefly responsible for the more attractive figures in this document. Her generosity and kindness was felt by many in our department by hosting dinner parties, continuously providing treats, and by generally being a wonderful person. ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................. iii List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................ v List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................ ix Chapter 1. Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 10 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 10 Background and Significance ............................................................................................................. 11 Project Overview: Bridge Vibration Energy Harvester ......................................................................... 17 Project Overview: Free Piston Engine Compressor ............................................................................ 20 Project Overview: Controlled Stirling Thermocompressor ................................................................... 24 Document Organization ..................................................................................................................... 27 References ........................................................................................................................................ 29 2. Experimental Research Platform for Structural Health Monitoring ............................................... 32 Prologue ............................................................................................................................................ 32 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. 33 I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 33 II. Derivation of Control Law ............................................................................................................... 34 III. Simulation Results ........................................................................................................................ 38 IV. Experimental setup and results ..................................................................................................... 40 V. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 45 References ........................................................................................................................................ 45 3. Multi-Domain Impedance Matching Applied to a Bridge Vibration Energy Harvester .................. 47 Prologue ............................................................................................................................................ 47 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. 48 I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 48 II. Dynamic Model of Electromagnetic Vibration Energy Harvester ...................................................... 49 III. Experimental Setup ....................................................................................................................... 50 IV. Active Load Adjustment Control ..................................................................................................... 53 V. Broad-Bandwidth Stable Controller ................................................................................................ 58 VI. Simulated Results ......................................................................................................................... 59 VI. Conclusions .................................................................................................................................. 61 References ........................................................................................................................................ 62 4. Design and Validation of a Figure-Eight Free-Liquid-Piston Engine Compressor for Compact Robot Power ........................................................................................................................................ 64 Prologue ............................................................................................................................................ 64 I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 64 II. Evolution of the Device................................................................................................................... 67 III. Experimental Results .................................................................................................................... 68 Acknowledgment ............................................................................................................................... 69 References ........................................................................................................................................ 69 5. An Experimentally Validated Figure-Eight Free-Liquid Piston Engine Compressor.................... 71 Prologue ............................................................................................................................................ 71 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. 73 iii I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 73 II. Experimental Setup ........................................................................................................................ 76
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