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Critical Review of Robots and Humans Interaction http://www.inosr.net/inosr-applied-sciences/ Henry et al INOSR APPLIED SCIENCES 4(1): 22-29, 2018 ©INOSR PUBLICATIONS International Network Organization for Scientific Research ISSN: 2705-165X Critical Review of Robots and Humans Interaction Henry Anthony, Maddison Luna and Joseph Penelope Computer science Colombia University New York, USA ABSTRACT This article shows the critical review of advantage of the many benefits it offers. robots and human interaction. A robot is a Manufacturers in the UK are starting machine especially one programmable by invest more in the technology in a computer capable of carrying out a preparation for our departure from the complex series of actions automatically EU, allowing them to maintain their The idea of automata originates in the competitive edge in the market. Naturally, mythologies of many cultures around the not everyone has been convinced of the world. Engineers and inventors from advantages robotic automation can ancient civilizations, including Ancient deliver. There is still some cautiousness China,[16] Ancient Greece, and Ptolemaic about adapting an existing production Egypt, attempted to build self-operating line, with some reasonable objections machines, some resembling animals and posed by those yet to try the technology. humans. The growing popularity of robotic To address both sides of the discussion, we automation across a wide range of sectors have put together a few brief advantages looks set to continue over the next few and disadvantages of using robotic years, as businesses look to take automation. Keywords: Critical, review, Robots, Humans, interaction. INTRODUCTION A robot is a machine especially one robots, UAV drones such as General programmable by a computer capable of Atomics MQ-1 Predator, and even carrying out a complex series of actions microscopic nano robots. By mimicking a automatically [1]. Robots can be guided lifelike appearance or automating by an external control device or the movements, a robot may convey a sense control may be embedded within. Robots of intelligence or thought of its own. may be constructed on the lines of human Autonomous things are expected to form, but most robots are machines proliferate in the coming decade,[2] with designed to perform a task with no regard home robotics and the autonomous car as to their aesthetics. Human robot some of the main drivers [3]. interaction has been a topic of both The branch of technology that deals with science fiction and academic speculation the design, construction, operation, and even before any robots existed. Because application of robots,[4] as well as HRI depends on a knowledge of computer systems for their control, (sometimes natural) human sensory feedback, and information communication, many aspects of HRI are processing is robotics. These technologies continuations of human communications deal with automated machines that can topics that are much older than robotics. take the place of humans in dangerous Robots can be autonomous or semi- environments or manufacturing autonomous and range from humanoids processes, or resemble humans in such as Honda's Advanced Step in appearance, behavior, or cognition. Many Innovative Mobility (ASIMO) and TOSY's of today's robots are inspired by nature TOSY Ping Pong Playing Robot (TOPIO) to contributing to the field of bio-inspired industrial robots, medical operating robotics. These robots have also created a robots, patient assist robots, dog therapy newer branch of robotics: soft robotics. robots, collectively programmed swarm With the advances of artificial 22 http://www.inosr.net/inosr-applied-sciences/ Henry et al INOSR APPLIED SCIENCES 4(1): 22-29, 2018 intelligence, the autonomous robots could space or the bottom of the sea. There are eventually have more proactive behaviors, concerns about the increasing use of planning their motion in complex robots and their role in society. Robots unknown environments. These new are blamed for rising technological capabilities keep safety as the primary unemployment as they replace workers in issue and efficiency as secondary. To increasing numbers of functions [7]. The allow this new generation of robot, use of robots in military combat raises research is being conducted on human ethical concerns. The possibilities of detection, motion planning, scene robot autonomy and potential reconstruction, intelligent behavior repercussions have been addressed in through task planning and compliant fiction and may be a realistic concern in behavior using force control (impedance the future. or admittance control schemes). The origin of HRI as a discrete problem From the time of ancient civilization there was stated by 20th-century author Isaac have been many accounts of user- Asimov in 1941, in his novel I, Robot. He configurable automated devices and even states the Three Laws of Robotics as, automata resembling animals and A robot may not injure a human humans, designed primarily as being or, through inaction, allow a entertainment. As mechanical techniques human being to come to harm. developed through the Industrial age, A robot must obey any orders there appeared more practical given to it by human beings, applications such as automated machines, except where such orders would remote-control and wireless remote- conflict with the First Law. control. A robot must protect its own The term comes from a Czech word, existence as long as such robota, meaning "forced labor";[5] the protection does not conflict with word 'robot' was first used to denote a the First or Second Law. fictional humanoid in a 1920 play R.U.R. These three laws of robotics determine (Rossumovi Univerzální Roboti - Rossum's the idea of safe interaction. The closer the Universal Robots) by the Czech writer, human and the robot get and the more Karel Čapek but it was Karel's brother intricate the relationship becomes, the Josef Čapek who was the word's true more the risk of a human being injured inventor. Electronics evolved into the rises. Nowadays in advanced societies, driving force of development with the manufacturers employing robots solve advent of the first electronic autonomous this issue by not letting humans and robots created by William Grey Walter in robots share the workspace at any time. Bristol, England in 1948, as well as This is achieved by defining safe zones Computer Numerical Control (CNC) using lidar sensors or physical cages [8]. machine tools in the late 1940s by John T. Thus the presence of humans is Parsons and Frank L. Stulen. The first completely forbidden in the robot commercial, digital and programmable workspace while it is working. robot was built by George Devol in 1954 The goal of HRI research is to define and was named the Unimate. It was sold models of humans' expectations regarding to General Motors in 1961 where it was robot interaction to guide robot design used to lift pieces of hot metal from die and algorithmic development that would casting machines at the Inland Fisher allow more natural and effective Guide Plant in the West Trenton section of interaction between humans and robots. Ewing Township, New Jersey [6]. Research ranges from how humans work Robots have replaced humans in with remote, tele-operated unmanned performing repetitive and dangerous vehicles to peer-to-peer collaboration with tasks which humans prefer not to do, or anthropomorphic robots. Many in the are unable to do because of size field of HRI study how humans limitations, or which take place in collaborate and interact and use those extreme environments such as outer 23 http://www.inosr.net/inosr-applied-sciences/ Henry et al INOSR APPLIED SCIENCES 4(1): 22-29, 2018 studies to motivate how robots should humans"[12] The robot has to adapt itself interact with humans. to our way of expressing desires and History of Robots and Human orders and not the contrary. But every Interaction day environments such as homes have The idea of automata originates in the much more complex social rules than mythologies of many cultures around the those implied by factories or even world. Engineers and inventors from military environments. Thus, the robot ancient civilizations, including Ancient needs perceiving and understanding China,[9] Ancient Greece, and Ptolemaic capacities to build dynamic models of its Egypt, attempted to build self-operating surroundings. It needs to categorize machines, some resembling animals and objects, recognize and locate humans and humans. Early descriptions of automata further their emotions. The need for include the artificial doves of Archytas, dynamic capacities pushes forward every [10] the artificial birds of Mozi and Lu sub-field of robotics. Ban, a "speaking" automaton by Hero of Furthermore, by understanding and Alexandria, a washstand automaton by perceiving social cues, robots can enable Philo of Byzantium, and a human collaborative scenarios with humans. For automaton described in the Lie Zi. Robots example, with the rapid rise of personal are artificial agents with capacities of fabrication machines such as desktop 3d perception and action in the physical printers, laser cutters, etc., entering our world often referred by researchers as homes, scenarios may arise where robots workspace. Their use has been can collaboratively share control, co- generalized in factories but nowadays ordinate and achieve tasks together. they tend to be found in the most Industrial robots have already been technologically advanced societies in integrated into industrial assembly lines such critical domains as search and
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