http://www.inosr.net/inosr-applied-sciences/ Henry et al INOSR APPLIED SCIENCES 4(1): 22-29, 2018 ©INOSR PUBLICATIONS International Network Organization for Scientific Research ISSN: 2705-165X

Critical Review of and Humans Interaction

Henry Anthony, Maddison Luna and Joseph Penelope

Computer science Colombia University New York, USA ABSTRACT This article shows the critical review of advantage of the many benefits it offers. robots and human interaction. A is a Manufacturers in the UK are starting machine especially one programmable by invest more in the technology in a computer capable of carrying out a preparation for our departure from the complex series of actions automatically EU, allowing them to maintain their The idea of automata originates in the competitive edge in the market. Naturally, mythologies of many cultures around the not everyone has been convinced of the world. Engineers and inventors from advantages robotic can ancient civilizations, including Ancient deliver. There is still some cautiousness China,[16] Ancient Greece, and Ptolemaic about adapting an existing production Egypt, attempted to build self-operating line, with some reasonable objections machines, some resembling animals and posed by those yet to try the technology. humans. The growing popularity of robotic To address both sides of the discussion, we automation across a wide range of sectors have put together a few brief advantages looks set to continue over the next few and disadvantages of using robotic years, as businesses look to take automation. Keywords: Critical, review, Robots, Humans, interaction. INTRODUCTION A robot is a machine especially one robots, UAV drones such as General programmable by a computer capable of Atomics MQ-1 Predator, and even carrying out a complex series of actions microscopic nano robots. By mimicking a automatically [1]. Robots can be guided lifelike appearance or automating by an external control device or the movements, a robot may convey a sense control may be embedded within. Robots of intelligence or thought of its own. may be constructed on the lines of human Autonomous things are expected to form, but most robots are machines proliferate in the coming decade,[2] with designed to perform a task with no regard home and the autonomous car as to their aesthetics. Human robot some of the main drivers [3]. interaction has been a topic of both The branch of technology that deals with science fiction and academic speculation the design, construction, operation, and even before any robots existed. Because application of robots,[4] as well as HRI depends on a knowledge of computer systems for their control, (sometimes natural) human sensory feedback, and information communication, many aspects of HRI are processing is robotics. These technologies continuations of human communications deal with automated machines that can topics that are much older than robotics. take the place of humans in dangerous Robots can be autonomous or semi- environments or manufacturing autonomous and range from humanoids processes, or resemble humans in such as Honda's Advanced Step in appearance, behavior, or cognition. Many Innovative Mobility (ASIMO) and TOSY's of today's robots are inspired by nature TOSY Ping Pong Playing Robot (TOPIO) to contributing to the field of bio-inspired industrial robots, medical operating robotics. These robots have also created a robots, patient assist robots, dog therapy newer branch of robotics: soft robotics. robots, collectively programmed swarm With the advances of artificial

22 http://www.inosr.net/inosr-applied-sciences/ Henry et al INOSR APPLIED SCIENCES 4(1): 22-29, 2018 intelligence, the autonomous robots could space or the bottom of the sea. There are eventually have more proactive behaviors, concerns about the increasing use of planning their motion in complex robots and their role in society. Robots unknown environments. These new are blamed for rising technological capabilities keep safety as the primary unemployment as they replace workers in issue and efficiency as secondary. To increasing numbers of functions [7]. The allow this new generation of robot, use of robots in military combat raises research is being conducted on human ethical concerns. The possibilities of detection, motion planning, scene robot autonomy and potential reconstruction, intelligent behavior repercussions have been addressed in through task planning and compliant fiction and may be a realistic concern in behavior using force control (impedance the future. or admittance control schemes). The origin of HRI as a discrete problem From the time of ancient civilization there was stated by 20th-century author Isaac have been many accounts of user- Asimov in 1941, in his novel I, Robot. He configurable automated devices and even states the Three Laws of Robotics as, automata resembling animals and  A robot may not injure a human humans, designed primarily as being or, through inaction, allow a entertainment. As mechanical techniques human being to come to harm. developed through the Industrial age,  A robot must obey any orders there appeared more practical given to it by human beings, applications such as automated machines, except where such orders would remote-control and wireless remote- conflict with the First Law. control.  A robot must protect its own The term comes from a Czech word, existence as long as such robota, meaning "forced labor";[5] the protection does not conflict with word 'robot' was first used to denote a the First or Second Law. fictional humanoid in a 1920 play R.U.R. These three laws of robotics determine (Rossumovi Univerzální Roboti - Rossum's the idea of safe interaction. The closer the Universal Robots) by the Czech writer, human and the robot get and the more Karel Čapek but it was Karel's brother intricate the relationship becomes, the Josef Čapek who was the word's true more the risk of a human being injured inventor. Electronics evolved into the rises. Nowadays in advanced societies, driving force of development with the manufacturers employing robots solve advent of the first electronic autonomous this issue by not letting humans and robots created by William Grey Walter in robots share the workspace at any time. Bristol, England in 1948, as well as This is achieved by defining safe zones Computer Numerical Control (CNC) using lidar sensors or physical cages [8]. machine tools in the late 1940s by John T. Thus the presence of humans is Parsons and Frank L. Stulen. The first completely forbidden in the robot commercial, digital and programmable workspace while it is working. robot was built by George Devol in 1954 The goal of HRI research is to define and was named the Unimate. It was sold models of humans' expectations regarding to General Motors in 1961 where it was robot interaction to guide robot design used to lift pieces of hot metal from die and algorithmic development that would casting machines at the Inland Fisher allow more natural and effective Guide Plant in the West Trenton section of interaction between humans and robots. Ewing Township, New Jersey [6]. Research ranges from how humans work Robots have replaced humans in with remote, tele-operated unmanned performing repetitive and dangerous vehicles to peer-to-peer collaboration with tasks which humans prefer not to do, or anthropomorphic robots. Many in the are unable to do because of size field of HRI study how humans limitations, or which take place in collaborate and interact and use those extreme environments such as outer

23 http://www.inosr.net/inosr-applied-sciences/ Henry et al INOSR APPLIED SCIENCES 4(1): 22-29, 2018 studies to motivate how robots should humans"[12] The robot has to adapt itself interact with humans. to our way of expressing desires and History of Robots and Human orders and not the contrary. But every Interaction day environments such as homes have The idea of automata originates in the much more complex social rules than mythologies of many cultures around the those implied by factories or even world. Engineers and inventors from military environments. Thus, the robot ancient civilizations, including Ancient needs perceiving and understanding China,[9] Ancient Greece, and Ptolemaic capacities to build dynamic models of its Egypt, attempted to build self-operating surroundings. It needs to categorize machines, some resembling animals and objects, recognize and locate humans and humans. Early descriptions of automata further their emotions. The need for include the artificial doves of Archytas, dynamic capacities pushes forward every [10] the artificial birds of Mozi and Lu sub-field of robotics. Ban, a "speaking" automaton by Hero of Furthermore, by understanding and Alexandria, a washstand automaton by perceiving social cues, robots can enable Philo of Byzantium, and a human collaborative scenarios with humans. For automaton described in the Lie Zi. Robots example, with the rapid rise of personal are artificial agents with capacities of fabrication machines such as desktop 3d perception and action in the physical printers, laser cutters, etc., entering our world often referred by researchers as homes, scenarios may arise where robots workspace. Their use has been can collaboratively share control, co- generalized in factories but nowadays ordinate and achieve tasks together. they tend to be found in the most Industrial robots have already been technologically advanced societies in integrated into industrial assembly lines such critical domains as search and and are collaboratively working with rescue, military battle, mine and bomb humans. The social impact of such robots detection, scientific exploration, law have been studied [13] and has indicated enforcement, entertainment and hospital that workers still treat robots and social care [11]. entities, rely on social cues to understand These new domains of applications imply and work together. a closer interaction with the user. The On the other end of HRI research the concept of closeness is to be taken in its cognitive modelling of the "relationship" full meaning, robots and humans share between human and the robots benefits the workspace but also share goals in the psychologists and robotic researchers terms of task achievement. This close the user study are often of interests on interaction needs new theoretical models, both sides. This research endeavours part on one hand for the robotics scientists of human society. For effective human – who work to improve the robots utility interaction[3] numerous and on the other hand to evaluate the communication skills[4] and related risks and benefits of this new "friend" for features should be implemented in the our modern society. design of such artificial agents/systems. This research is focusing on one part Advantages of robots towards the safest physical interaction The people should know the importance but also on a socially correct interaction, of robots to help them to determine when dependent on cultural criteria. The goal is to use and when to not use robots, Robots to build an intuitive, and easy can go to the planets, They can be used to communication with the robot through explore the space, They can spy on the speech, gestures, and facial expressions. people in ways the people can’t move and Dautenhahn refers to friendly Human– from views the humans can’t reach. robot interaction as "Robotiquette" Robots can go far down into the unknown defining it as the "social rules for robot places where the humans would be behaviour (a ‘robotiquette’) that is crushed, They can give us the information comfortable and acceptable to that the humans can’t get, They can work

24 http://www.inosr.net/inosr-applied-sciences/ Henry et al INOSR APPLIED SCIENCES 4(1): 22-29, 2018 at places 24/7 without any salary and maintenance and they can be more food, Plus they don’t get bored. productive than the people. Robots can perform the tasks faster than Robots cannot tremble or shake as the the humans and much more consistently human hands do, They can have much and accurately, They become more smaller & versatile moving parts than the common each and every day, The robotic people, They have performed medical pets can help the patients with depression surgeries because they can be faster and and they keep them active. more precise than the people. Most of robots are automatic so, they can Robots are designed to work in harsh move without any human interference, environments like in space, without the They can entertain us and they can help air, underwater & in the fire, They can be us in certain tasks, You can send them to used instead of the people when the a dangerous environment such as the human safety is a concern, They can come deep sea or the war-zones. in any size, Whatever size needed for any You can use robots to produce the task can be created. products in the factories such as Robots can do the jobs that the people are assembling the cars, They can also be unwilling to do, many robotic probes have used to build the parts for many products been sent throughout the solar system to such as the plane parts, the car parts & never return back to Earth, They can be the construction supplies. stronger than the people, Robots in the Robots do anything which we need to be warfare eliminate putting more people at precise & accurate, New jobs are created risk. because the people have to fix and design Disadvantages of robots robots, Robots can work without sleep, Robots need a supply of power, The So, they can work 24/7/365. people can lose jobs in factories, They Robots can endure a hostile environment need maintenance to keep them running, of interplanetary space, They are made It costs a lot of money to make or buy that the planetary atmospheres do not robots, The software and the equipment affect their physical state & performance, that you need to use with the robot cost They can replace the human beings in much money. many areas of work, They can shoulder Robots cost much money in maintenance greater responsibilities and they can be & repair, The programs need to be programmed to manage themselves. updated to suit the changing Robots can be programmed to reach the requirements, the machines need to be Earth’s nadir, They can be used to dig for made smarter, In case of breakdown, the the fuels, They can be used for mining cost of repair may be very high, The purposes, They can be harnessed for procedures to restore lost code or data exploring the depths of oceans, They can may be time-consuming & costly. be used to overcome the limitations that Robots can store large amounts of data humans have. but the storage, access, retrieval is not as Robots can be used in carrying out effective as the human brain, They can repetitive & time-consuming tasks perform repetitive tasks for a long time efficiently, They are used to do dangerous but they do not get better with experience tasks, They can adjust their parameters such as the humans do. like their speed & time, They can act Robots are not able to act any different quickly, unaffected by the factors that from what they are programmed to do, affect the humans. With the heavy application of robots, the Robots do not require to sleep or take humans may become overly dependent on breaks, They are able to function without the machines, losing their mental stopping, When employed to carry out capacities, If the control of robots goes in dangerous tasks, the risk to the human the wrong hands, Robots may cause the health & safety is reduced, They can work destruction. a long time without service or Robots are not intelligent or sentient, they can never improve the results of their

25 http://www.inosr.net/inosr-applied-sciences/ Henry et al INOSR APPLIED SCIENCES 4(1): 22-29, 2018 jobs outside of their predefined move heavy objects and operate often programming, They do not think, They do dangerous and sharp tools, quickly and not have emotions or conscience, This with force. As a result, this presents a limits how the robots can help & interact potential threat to the people who work in with people. the same workspace [14]. Robots can take the place of many Medical Robots humans in factories, So, the people have Researchers from University at Texas to find new jobs or be retrained, They can demonstrated a rehabilitation robot in take the place of the humans in several helping hand movements. A rehabilitation situations, If the robots begin to replace robot is an example of a robot-aided the humans in every field, They will lead system implemented in health care. This to unemployment. type of robot would aid stroke survivors Humans fear robots, Robots inspire two or individuals with neurological types of fear: firstly, that they might take impairment to recover their hand and over our jobs, and secondly, that they finger movements. In the past few could take over the world, Robots will decades, the idea of how human and steal our jobs, Robots have the effect of robot interact with each other is one increasing productivity rather than factor that has been widely considered in eliminating jobs. the design of rehabilitation robots. For Robotics become increasingly present in instance, human-robot interaction plays our everyday life, with household robots, an important role in designing medical, industrial, on production lines, exoskeleton rehabilitation robots since not to mention airports, banks, and the exoskeleton system makes direct hotels, So, Robots may dominate the contact with humans’ body [15]. human species. Companion Robot Applicable Areas of Robots Nursing robots are aimed to provide The application areas of human-robot assistance to elderly people who may interaction include robotic technologies have faced a decline in physical and that are used by humans for industry, cognitive function, and, consequently, medicine, and companionship, among developed psychosocial issues [16]. By other purposes. assisting in daily physical activities, Industrial Robots physical assistance from the robots would This is an example of industrial allow the elderly to have a sense of collaborative robot, Sawyer, on the autonomy and feel that they are still able factory floor working alongside humans. to take care of themselves and stay in Industrial robots have been implemented their own homes. [17] to collaborate with humans to perform This is an exhibition at the Science industrial manufacturing tasks. While Museum, London that demonstrates the humans have the flexibility and the robots for Autism children as their toys in intelligence to consider different hopes for helping autism children to pick approaches to solve the problem, choose up social cues from the facial expression the best option among all choices, and [18]. then command robots to perform Social Robots assigned tasks, robots are able to be more Over the past decade, human-robot precise and more consistent in interaction has shown promising performing repetitive and dangerous outcomes in autism intervention. Children work. Together, the collaboration of with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are industrial robots and humans more likely to connect with robots than demonstrates that robots have the humans, and using social robots is capabilities to ensure efficiency of considered to be a beneficial approach to manufacturing and assembling. However, help these children with ASD. However, there are persistent concerns about the social robots that are used to intervene in safety of human-robot collaboration, children's ASD are not viewed as viable since industrial robots have the ability to treatment by clinical communities

26 http://www.inosr.net/inosr-applied-sciences/ Henry et al INOSR APPLIED SCIENCES 4(1): 22-29, 2018 because the study of using social robots GPS information and quality search video, in ASD intervention, often, does not to support humans performing the search follow standard research protocol. In and rescue work efficiently in the given addition, the outcome of the research limited time. The project "Moonwalk" is could not demonstrate a consistent aimed to simulate the manned mission to positive effect that could be considered Mars and to test the robot-astronaut as evidence-based practice (EBP) based on cooperation in an analogue environment. the clinical systematic evaluation. As a Space Exploration result, the researchers have started to Humans have been working on achieving establish guidelines which suggest how to the next breakthrough in space conduct studies with robot-mediated exploration, such as a manned mission to intervention and hence produce reliable Mars [5]. This challenge identified the data that could be treated as EBP that need for developing planetary rovers that would allow clinicians to choose to use are able to assist astronauts and support robots in ASD intervention. their operations during their mission. The Automatic Driving collaboration between rovers, unmanned A specific example of human-robot aerial vehicles, and humans enables interaction is the human-vehicle leveraging capabilities from all sides and interaction in automated driving. The goal optimizes task performance of human-vehicle cooperation is to ensure The ideal balance between robots and safety, security, and comfort in humans automated driving systems. The The automation of employment aims to continued improvement in this system optimize human resource management. and the progress in advancements This is completely in contrast to the fear towards highly and fully automated of being replaced by technological vehicles aim to make the driving advancements. Today the challenge is to experience safer and more efficient in create the perfect hybrid between humans which humans do not need to intervene in and robots. the driving process when there is an This is called the ´creative economy´ unexpected driving condition such as a because creative jobs require the use of pedestrian walking across the street when cognitive abilities that only humans it is not supposed to [2]. This drone is an possess. Artificial Intelligence research example of UAV that could be used to has shown that there are cognitive locate a missing person in the mountain functions of humans that are impossible for example. to replicate. Automation, robotics and Search and Rescue Artificial Intelligence then, once applied Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) and to everyday life, will give birth to new Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUV) categories of employment. have the potential to assist search and The application of intelligent rescue work in wilderness areas, such as technologies, robots, automated systems, locating a missing person remotely from computer programs, and mathematical the evidence that they left in surrounding algorithms require human automation, areas. The system integrates autonomy and vice versa, Creativity is the key. and information, such as coverage maps, CONCLUSION Without a doubt, robots are here to stay, robots and humans—neither can exist and they are only becoming smarter. without the other. When banks first Disruptive technologies have transformed installed ATMs, employees were not left the way we work in many areas: without tasks. Instead, their function was administrative tasks, customer service, redefined, so that they could focus on along with the banking, transportation, more complex, customized tasks. When E- tourism industries, E-commerce, and commerce was born, along with municipal services, among others. Today accounting and administrative software, it we speak of the hybridization between did not cause brick and mortar stores to

27 http://www.inosr.net/inosr-applied-sciences/ Henry et al INOSR APPLIED SCIENCES 4(1): 22-29, 2018 close. Self-driving vehicles are not used doctors, and these examples repeat across by themselves, robots do not apply all industries biomedicine without the guidance of REFERENCES 1. Aggogeri, Francesco; Mikolajczyk, prioritized indexing for wilderness Tadeusz; O’Kane, James 2019. search and rescue". Proceeding of "Robotics for rehabilitation of hand the 5th ACM/IEEE international movement in stroke survivors". conference on Human-robot Advances in Mechanical interaction - HRI '10. Osaka, Japan: Engineering. 11 (4).. ACM Press: 227. 2. Oña, Edwin Daniel; Garcia-Haro, 9. Bernard, Tiziano; Martusevich, Juan Miguel; Jardón, Alberto; Kirill; Rolins, Armando A.; Spence, Balaguer, Carlos (2019-06-26). Isaac; Troshchenko, Alexander; "Robotics in Health Care: Chintalapati, Sunil (2018-09-17). "A Perspectives of Robot-Aided Novel Mars Rover Concept for Interventions in Clinical Practice Astronaut Operational Support on for Rehabilitation of Upper Limbs". Surface EVA Missions". 2018 AIAA Applied Sciences. 9 (13): 2586. SPACE and Astronautics Forum and 3. Robinson, Hayley; MacDonald, Exposition. Orlando, FL: American Bruce; Broadbent, Elizabeth Institute of Aeronautics and (November 2014). "The Role of Astronautics. Healthcare Robots for Older People 10. Akins, Crystal. "5 jobs being at Home: A Review". International replaced by robots". Excelle. Journal of Social Robotics. 6 (4): Monster. Archived from the 575–591. original on 2013-04-24. 4. Curtis, Sophie (2017-07-28). "This 11. Hoy, Greg 2014. "Robots could creepy-looking humanoid robot cost Australian economy 5 million has a very important purpose". jobs, experts warn, as companies mirror. Retrieved 2019-10-28. look to cut costs". ABC 5. Begum, Momotaz; Serna, Richard News. Australian Broadcasting W.; Yanco, Holly A. 2016. "Are Corporation. Archived from the Robots Ready to Deliver Autism original on 29 May 2014. Interventions? A Comprehensive 12. Polk, Igor (2005-11- Review". International Journal of 16). "RoboNexus 2005 robot Social Robotics. 8 (2): 157–181. exhibition virtual tour". Robonexus 6. Biondi, Francesco; Alvarez, Exhibition 2005. Archived from the Ignacio; Jeong, Kyeong-Ah (2019- original on 2007-08-12. 07-03). "Human–Vehicle 13. Harris, Tom (2002-04-16). "How Cooperation in Automated Driving: Robots Work". How Stuff A Multidisciplinary Review and Works. Archived from the original Appraisal". International Journal of on 2007-08-26. Human–Computer Interaction. 35 14. Needham, Joseph (1991). Science (11): 932–946. and Civilisation in China: Volume 7. Goodrich, M. A.; Lin, L.; Morse, B. S. 2, History of Scientific Thought. 2012. "Using camera-equipped Cambridge University mini-UAVS to support collaborative Press. ISBN 978-0-521-05800-1. wilderness search and rescue 15. Currie, Adam (1999). "The History teams". 2012 International of Robotics". Archived from the Conference on Collaboration original on 18 July 2006. Technologies and Systems (CTS): Retrieved 2007-09-10. 638–638. 16. Deborah Levine Gera 8. Morse, Bryan S.; Engh, Cameron H.; (2003). Ancient Greek Ideas on Goodrich, Michael A. (2010). "UAV Speech, Language, and Civilization. video coverage quality maps and Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-

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