Study the Effect of Internet on the Human Abilities in Future

International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences , 2( 5) 2015, Pages: 1 -5

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Study the effect of internet on the human abilities in future

Aldrich Aegerter *, Anna Susanna Benziger

University of Neuchâtel, Rue Pierre à Mazel 7, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: The article analyses the modern developmental trends of information Received 20 November 2014 technology in the context of its humanitarian expertise. The main growth and Received in revised form development nodal points of modern technologies are distinguished, in 25 March 2015 particular, the global industrial networks, smart products creation, Internet Accepted 27 March 2015 of Things, the concept of smart environment. The formation effect of the Internet of Things and smart environment paradigm on the individual and Keywords: society is examined . Industries Technologies Environment © 201 5 IASE Publisher All rights reserved.

1. Introduction 2. Methodology *In the late 20th century many countries, such as the USA and Japan, set an objectives of forcing the Methodological component of the research is innovative development, meanwhile in scientific based on the tradition of humanitarian expertise, literature the models of scientific and innovative developed mainly in the framework of philosophical activity were actively developing, in terms of which research. This results from the fact that the production was given great importance. Thus, in philosophical approach can be the basis for the triple helix model proposed by H. Etzkowitz and interdisciplinary integration of humanities related to L. Leydesdorff, the industry is considered as an equal the understanding of essence of the modern member of scientific and technological development, breakthrough technologies, the specificity of their the generator of knowledge, moreover, only in this interaction with the individual and social case the creation of knowledge-based economy as transformations, which may be caused by them. opposed to politically organized economy is possible Humanitarian expertise is treated in this regard as a (Leydesdorff, 2012). social technology of anticipatory response to the Innovative focus of scientific and economic policy possible negative implications of social and to a large extent determined the fundamental technological innovations in the context of changes in scientific and technical programs, which irreducible multiplicity of moral perspectives and currently are not limited to purely applied problems, expert examinations. but include the attempts of socio-cultural studies The complexity of humanitarian expertise of and analysis. The modern ambitious lines of modern technology arises from several factors, breakthrough technological research are based on primarily, from the disparity between the conceptual grounds, affecting the nature and future philosophical understanding of technology and of man, social relations, values, ideology. Hence the practices of its implementation. At the same time, situation of need of the philosophical understanding social or psychological examinations are already and humanitarian expertise inside technological or insufficient, as technology not only affect the human industrial projects arises. This is most noticeable environment, but also human’s body, mind, values, with regard to programs that define the current state life world, and these changes require philosophical of scientific, technical and industrial development as reflection. The specifics of the current situation is a revolution. At least three such approaches can be that it is insufficient to discuss these issues in distinguished: the program of NBIC-convergence philosophical debates or in the articles, as the (Roco, Bainbridge, 2003), a project of the fourth situation itself requires practical results, the industrial revolution Industry 4.0. (Kranenburg, application of which should provide optimal use of 2008) and the concept of smart environment. technological innovations, especially if they affect the nature and essence of the person. Therefore, it can be argued that humanitarian expertise is a synthetic form that combines philosophical analysis, * Corresponding Author. scientific data, anticipatory methods, ethical Email Address: [email protected]

1 Aldrich Aegerter, Anna Susanna Benziger / International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 2(5) 2015, Pages: 1-5 guidelines and practical recommendations. A The purpose of scientific and technological distinctive feature of the proposed approach is that development is also changed, being already we propose to consider conjugated technologies i.e. understood not as the conquest of nature or the ways of interaction between man and society stimulation of demand. The NBIC-convergence with technology, as well as the results of these program declares improving quality of life, physical, interactions, and the changes caused by these intellectual and social potential as the main task of interactions, as the subject of humanitarian science and technology. There are different expertise. interpretations of this idea, from creating favourable ecological environment, transition to a knowledge 2.1. Convergent technologies society, to the reconstruction of individual, or even the creation of a “post-beings” (Bensaude-Vincent, In 2002, M. Roko and V. Bainbridge group’s 2008). As well the difference between European and report outlined the main peculiarities of the American NBIC programs, which have different integration process of the largest modern understanding of strategic objectives of convergent technological developments, known as NBIC- technologies development, shall be taken into convergence. It implies converging, synthesis of account. In the USA, the founders and leaders of nano-, bio-, information and cognitive technologies convergent technologies see their development path that are critical to the scientific, economic, in transformation of individual and strengthening his technological and social development of society. capabilities, the rhetoric in this area is relying upon Formation of technology convergence was the terms “reconstruction of man” and “post human”. conditioned primarily by setting the goals of European view is expressed with the expression complex objects research and reflects fundamental “convergent technologies for the European feature of the present stage of development of knowledge society”. This program is based on the scientific and technical knowledge, reflected in the idea of social constructivism, the joint action of integration of private areas, cross-disciplinary technology and society to improve the quality of collaboration, using of complex, systemic research human life, highlighting that social values have methods. priority over technology. At present stage the growth points of both Despite the differences, all the concepts of technical and scientific knowledge are focused in the converging technologies coincide in understanding field of convergence of nano-, bio-, information and the revolutionary significance of these processes for cognitive technologies. The specificity of objects of the process of scientific and technological scientific knowledge, distribution and translation of development, human and social evolution. One of the basic and applied knowledge in the designated by most noticeable demonstrations of NBIC- NBIC program areas changes. They include, in fact, convergence was the intensification of discussions one research area – cognitive. The program’s relating to the boundaries of permissible impact of creators indicate its role in the structure of technology on the worldview, the body and the convergent studies, arguing that if the person's lifestyle. Development of converging representatives of the cognitive sciences manage to technologies can serve as a basis for the practical invent, then nanotechnologists will manage to build, implementation of Trans humanistic ideas of human biotechnologists will manage to realize, and experts transformation (Nesterov, 2013), which will in the field of information technology will manage to undoubtedly require serious ethical analysis. monitor and control (Roco and Bainbridge, 2003). Thus, a basic, fundamental level of scientific 2.2. Industry 4.0: industrial networks and the knowledge is associated with cognitive research, Internet of Things priority of which is conditioned by the study of important issues related to the understanding of Modern periodization's are based on the brain activity, cognitive processes, behaviour, traditional recognition of introduction of industrial communication, etc. Nanotechnologies, based on the production in the 19th century, conveyor invention idea of the world’s unity at a nano-scale, appeared to and automation as the first, second and third be classical applied knowledge, enabling to use industrial revolution, respectively. There is a debate understanding of nature for creating artificial about the expediency of detachment of objects. Biotechnologists represent modern, non- manufacturing automation in a separate stage. Thus, classical practical knowledge, as far as become the the American economist J. Rifkin doesn’t treat it as a condition and the basis for fundamental research in separate revolution, considering the development of their field, integrate not only the functions of devices computerized management systems as a preparation and tools, but also of management, monitoring, to modern, third industrial revolution, which, in his modelling. Information technology becomes a opinion, is based on the convergence of new universal tool for fundamental and applied research; communications and energy (Rifkin, 2012). The moreover, they become meta-technologies used at main difference of the companies of 21st century is all cognitive levels and stages. Later, social in replacement of predominantly hierarchically technologies are added to NBIC structure, making a organized areas of industrial management and project of NBIC-convergence as it is. interaction with horizontal ones that provide the possibility of collaborative action. In the field of 2

Aldrich Aegerter, Anna Susanna Benziger / International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 2(5) 2015, Pages: 1-5 industrial communication strict, subordination- Industrial networks, currently successfully based ways of managing slow down the dynamics of implemented at the level of separate countries, such the business development, therefore the as Germany and Japan, are not oriented on creation organizational style becomes dispersed, horizontal, of a more global network similar to the Internet. and network-based. Moreover, in a number of Rather, the local structures will associate with each important contemporary areas such as global other by means of successfully existing World Wide logistics, information technology, only this one can Web. This implies a number of significant changes in yield. Another important feature is replacing of the Internet, which is right now not simply a exhaustible energy sources with new types of sub network banding people together. In the middle of allocated energy resources and technologies. the 2000s the number of devices using it exceeded Traditional manufactures using oil, gas, coal, are not only the number of people using the global web, becoming more expensive and lose their but also the population of the planet. Detectors, competitiveness. Allocated resources, such as energy sensors, robots, gadgets have become similar of solar, wind, geothermal underground water participants of the information exchange. sources, biomass, etc. become prominent. This phenomenon is reflected in the concept of The European approach, presented, primarily in the Internet of Things, which was developed in the Germany, is based on the traditional distinguishing late 90s at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, of three industrial revolutions in history, and but only last few years has reached a maturity stage considers the present stage as a fourth, known as and became a technology that could have significant Industry 4.0. The concept of the fourth industrial impact on technique and society. Its implementation revolution is based on the fact that automation of implies two main directions, namely, the production, being carried out actively in the 20th organization of a new type of industry in which the century, had a local nature. Management systems products with sensors can manage their have been developed for each area, and often for manufacturing, and integration of technical objects, each enterprise separately and have generally been surrounding the person into the global network, incompatible with each other. In the 2000s, in the establishment a common information environment wake of introduction of new business management for them. programs many systems have provided the The forecasts of leading companies, developing opportunity to interact, but at the level of the direct foresights for this sphere, such as Cisco, Ericsson, manufacturing the automated networks were still Google, and others, indicate that a total of 15 – 60 local. The advent of the fourth industrial revolution billion devices connected to the Internet are is associated with the development of global expected by 2015 according to different estimates industrial networks, to which all the production (Drozdov and Zolotarev, 2012). These figures processes of a wide variety of enterprises will be represent the minimum possible values, as currently connected. the problem of providing micro devices with power The Internet history obviously demonstrates the is not solved. Its solution is a determinant objective social and economic transformations that of the fourth industrial revolution. Development of communication networks are able to produce. technologies enabling micro- and nano-devices to Nowadays a number of projects of global industrial receive energy from the environment by themselves networks are being launched, to which the advent of to meet their needs is a turn that will fundamentally fourth industrial revolution is connected. Integration change the manufacturing, the use of products as of manufacturing and smart technologies must come well as technical and technological, communication to a level that would allow the manufactured living environment. The new machines will not only products to interact with any necessary object in the get the ability to communicate with people and global network. The actors of this network are smart artefacts, but also self-support of the existence, products that manage to control their own autotrophy, a higher degree of independence from production in independent and decentralized way the man. using sensors and communication systems. The Internet of the 2000s was influenced by people’s product is given the functions of the source of needs, the main its newly acquired feature were information, changes in its environment, control social networks. The current changes of global over the process of its manufacturing, and network- network are of more drastic nature, they affect the based interaction with other elements of production. fundamental principles and technology of hardware It is no longer the implementation of the paradigm of and software. In order to provide the interaction of human-machine communication, stated in an era of billions of devices, the protocols of user registration, automation, but the construction of medium of data transfer and storage are changed. For the machine-machine interaction, linking technical Internet of Things the human being and device are facilities in the same way as the Internet nowadays equal actors. It can be argued that the current unite people. This will allow even the largest priority of network development is not an industries to increase the flexibility and efficiency of association of people, but an integration of technical the work which was previously an advantage of environment in global communication. The most small companies or that ones that not involved in amazing fact concerning the Internet of Things is the manufacturing management. invisibility of its formation for the majority of people, who virtually live in network every day, but do not 3

Aldrich Aegerter, Anna Susanna Benziger / International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 2(5) 2015, Pages: 1-5 realize that the number of user-machines in it exceed Since its inception, the idea of artificial the number of people. Rob van Kranenburg notes intelligence developed in parallel with its artistic that the most profound technologies are those that perception, a keynote of which was the fear of are not visible; they weave themselves into the fabric machine riot, a rebellion of smart devices against of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from their creator. History has shown that behind such it (Kranenburg, 2008). alarmism more significant challenges that require in- Thus, the smart objects require minimal control depth examination may be lost from view. The main both at the manufacturing stage and in operation; danger of smart environment concept is considered providing them with a network machine-machine to be the creation of environment of total control interaction and introduction of universal standards over the man, exercised by his own phones, pads, air for information processes in the Internet are the conditioners, and even irons. bases of the fourth industrial revolution. As a result, For the successful implementation of smart computer interaction environment is developed environment program in addition to hardware and around the modern human. The devices around us software the following two conditions should be become more functional and independent, and their fulfilled, namely a person's readiness to living in a connection into a network will undoubtedly lead to smart environment, and the development of robust qualitative changes in the techno sphere, one of technologies to protect personal information which may be the creation of an intellectual (Sinitsyn and Nikiforov, 2013). The introduction of environment of human existence, which is smartphones tabs and application development for intensively discussed in modern computer sciences. them have shown that a great many of people are now ready to live in an open environment. The 2.3. From the paradigm of artificial intelligence Internet of 90s was a medium of anonymity that was to the concept of a smart environment considered a primary objective. Now, when it became clear that any action on the network, One of the innovative brainstorms of the 20th whether posting pictures or sending a message is century was artificial intelligence development perpetuated, reasonable openness, the existence on program, proposed in the 50s. Its weak version, own behalf, honesty and commitment to the posted which implements the task of developing devices content is becoming the best way to behave. capable of performing a number of the human R. van Kranenburg describes two utopias, intellectual operations, in fact, is the basis of showing options for the man and smart environment cognitive and information revolution of the end of coexistence. The first he calls a City of Control, the century. The strong version, as the concept of already described by J. F. Orwell and F. Zamyatin. creating of thinking machines, has been extremely The alternative may be a City of Trust. The difference productive for philosophy, not only setting between them is rather in access to multiply interesting problems, but also opening a new surveillance devices than in presence or absence of approach to the traditional philosophical questions, them. The City of Control requires that the such as the problem of consciousness. The third competence to use the data from cameras and other direction in artificial intelligence, known as Ambient devices is vested to the police, security services and Intelligence, which is based on the task of creating state, which explain the limited access of ordinary self-government, capable of autonomous existence people as being in interests of their safety, but in environment, is currently emerging. reality, create a world of total control. The second The paradigm of the fourth industrial revolution approach envisages the possibility for all residents to implies a new approach to the information use the data. For example, the car could request classification and management that treats the information from the cameras for laying the route to buildings, automobiles, consumer goods, and people avoid traffic jams, the baby carriage could scan if it is as the information spaces. One of the main ideas of safe round the corner before turning, and so on, that smart environments concept is turning the data that is to say, the city is built more on trust than control people usually perceive as background noise or does (Kranenburg, 2008). not perceive at all into the information. In most cases the man cannot monitor and analyse the excursions 3. Findings of temperature, humidity, audio noise, wind, electromagnetic fields, and many other sources. The A converse, an apparatus for creating life-support smart environment can use them to address variety environment for a new-born baby, is becoming an of tasks, from maintaining desired conditions in the image of modernity; it symbolizes the ontological room to the prediction of climate change. Unlike unity of man with techno environment (Alekseeva et devices the modern man used to deal with, that al., 2013). Since long ago man has been virtually computer technologies withdraw into the shadows, unable to live in the natural world, not adapted by becoming invisible, dissolve in the medium. They technologies for his needs. The feature of our time is will not require permanent human monitoring and that the techno sphere becomes a kind of a new control. This, in turn, states a number of problems, ecosystem with its processes of self-regulation and primarily related to the reliability of technologies, derivative laws. security and preparedness of the people to interact Technicalization problems of human life world, with them. which raised fears in the 20th century, nowadays 4

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