Archaeolo No. 42 ISSN 0701-1176 Spring 2005

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Contents 2 Provincial Society Officers 2004- Features 2005 5 Alberta Fieldwork News 2004 10 SCAPE Report of Activities 2004 News & Short Reports 15 Searching for David Thompson 3 Editor's Note 20 Alberta Archaeological Review 3 In Memory Index: Issues 1-41 4 Scanning the Literature 30 A History of the Archaeological Society in Lethbridge ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ALBERTA Charter #2805, registered under the Societies Act of Alberta on February 7, 1957

PROVINCIAL SOCIETY OFFICERS 2004-2005 RED DEER CENTRE: President: Karen Kehoe President Dr. Shawn Bubel 3706-43 Avenue Department of Geography Red Deer AB T2N 3B6 University of Lethbridge Phone: 403-358-2391 Lethbridge AB T1K3M4 [email protected] Phone: 403-329-2531 Provincial Rep: Jean Kaufmann [email protected] SOUTHEASTERN ALBERTA Past-President Kate R. Chapman ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY: R.R.#2, Lacombe AB President: Janice Andreas T4L 2N2 46 Rossland Crescent SE Phone: 403-885-2924 Medicine Hat AB T1B 2B6 k_r_chapman @ hotmail.com Phone: 403-526-3346 Provincial Rep: Ray Lusty Executive/ Jim McMurchy Secretary/ 97 Eton Road West STRATHCONA CENTRE; Treasurer Phone:403-381-2655 President: George Chalut [email protected] 14716-65 Street Edmonton AB T5A 2E1 Alberta Dr. John Dormaar Phone:780-431-2329 Archaeological Research Centre Email: Review: Agr. & Agri-Food Canada [email protected] Editor PO Box 3000 Provincial Rep: Lethbridge AB T1J4B1 [email protected] Alberta Archaeological Review

Alberta Carol McCreary Editor: John Dormaar ([email protected]) Archeological Box 611 Layout & Design: Sonia Zarrillo ([email protected]) Review: Black Diamond AB TOL OHO Distribution: Carol McCreary ([email protected]) Distribution Phone:403-933-5155 [email protected] Members of the Archaeological Society of Alberta of Al­ berta receive a copy of the Alberta Archaeological Re­ REGIONAL CENTRES & MEMBER SOCIETIES view. Non-members and institutions may subscribe to the AAR for $15 per calender year. Cheques should be BODO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY made payable to the Alberta Archaeological Review and President Kim Larson sent to Carol McCreary, Box 611, Black Diamond, AB c/o Leila Grobel TOL OHO. P.O. Box 1436 Provost, AB TOB 2S0 The AAR welcomes submissions concerning Alberta ar­ [email protected] chaeology or of special interest to practising or avoca­ Provincial Rep: Beth Mann tional archaeologists in Alberta. Contributions may be submitted to the AAR Editor at the address above. Arti­ CALGARY CENTRE: cles should be submitted on disk together with a hard President: Brian Vivian copy in either WordPerfect or Microsoft Word. A clean 48 Cumberland Drive NW typewritten copy is also acceptable. Please contact the Calgary AB T2K 1T1 Editor for information of formatting, etc. The Editor re­ Phone:403-276-5910 serves the right to send out the paper for review. Email: [email protected] Provincial Rep: Anne English Communications regarding membership in the Archaeo­ logical Society of Alberta or other Society matters should LETHBRIDGE CENTRE: be addressed to the Executive Secretary/Treasurer at President: Dr. Shawn Bubel the address given above. Department of Geography University of Lethbridge Views expressed in the ARR are those of the writers and Lethbridge AB T1K3M4 do not necessarily reflect those of the Archaeological Phone: 403-329-2531 Society of Alberta. We welcome healthy debate. [email protected] Provincial Rep: Jim McMurchy Our Cover: See article on page 15

2 The Alberta Archaeological Review Editor's Note Robson Bonnichsen (1940-2004) By John Dormaar Rob died in his sleep on December 25, 2004 while holidaying in Bend, Oregon. He was born in Twin Falls, Most of you will by now be aware of the exciting work Idaho on December 3, 1940. He received his bache­ that Dr. Shawn Bubel and students are carrying out at lor's degree in anthropology from Idaho State Univer­ the Fincastle site (see Issues No. 40 and 41). Unfortu­ sity in 1965 and his doctorate from the University of nately, looters are a real problem. "Bones are tossed Alberta in 1974. At one point in his studies he took a around willy-nilly. They're destroying the site and the year off to master the art of flint-knapping. He directed scientific knowledge in the process", even though loot­ the Centre for the Study of the First Americans, which ing an archaeological site is illegal under the Alberta's he moved to Oregon State University in 1991 from the Heritage Resources Act with fines up to $50,000 or a University of Maine. In 2002 Bonnichsen relocated the year in jail. It is truly disheartening. centre to Texas A&M University, where he was profes­ sor of anthropology. Visit the Archaeological Society of Alberta During the past 46 years Bonnichsen conducted ar­ Website: www.debitage.ca chaeological investigations in the United States, Can­ ada, South America, Russia and China. He authored This Website ought to be another venue for the ar­ or co-authored 34 refereed journal articles, 31 refereed chaeological community here in Alberta to learn about book chapters, five books and edited five books. In what is going on in Alberta, archaeologically speaking. 1999 he organised the "Clovis and Beyond" archaeo­ The various Chapters will be able to advertise what is logical conference in Santa Fe, NM, which drew more going on in their various corners of the Province. than 1,400 participants. He helped spur huge ad­ vances in molecular archaeology. He also helped pio­ As I look out of the window, there are many signs of neer a technique for using single hairs to get DNA se­ spring, such as the gulls and robins are back, the quence carbon dates. Rob, mostly bald, found laughs weeping willow starts to show a light green tinge, the in the irony that so much of his work was based on pigeons are courting. That means that soon we will be hair. able to get around, learn more about Alberta's land­ scape and how people used it, traveled over it, and Rob was committed to sharing the story of the first lived on it. When you come across something that was Americans and the excitement associated with the of interest to you, submit your observations and im­ quest for this knowledge with the public. He was a ages on paper and share them with other members of dedicated teacher. Jim Chatters, an anthropologist the archaeological community in Alberta via the Re­ who collected the Kennewick bones in 1996, remi­ view. nisced that "when he was only 12 years old, and many of those working there treated me as an annoying little kid, Rob was very patient with me and taught me a lot; In Memory he helped influence me to get into this field."

Joan (June) Winnifred Carpenter (1915-2005) Bonnichsen was one of eight anthropologists who led Charter Member and former Secretary, Newsletter edi­ a successful eight-year legal battle to study the 9,300- tor, and amazing recaller of the affairs of the Alberta year-old skeleton called Kennewick Man. They argued Archaeological Society - Lethbridge Centre. She also that Kennewick Man was a national treasure that could received the Alberta Archaeological Society Distin­ provide important information about the peopling of the guished Service Award in 1993. June was also pas­ Americas and should not be turned over to tribes for th sionate about music and was involved with the Kiwanis burial without being studied. The U. S. 9 Circuit Court Music Festival in Lethbridge for over 40 years. Last of Appeals ruled in the scientists' favour last year, and year June started to compile a history of the Archaeo­ negotiations about a study are continuing. logical Society of Alberta - Lethbridge Chapter. The reader will find it on page 30 in this issue. Rob is survived by his wife, Peggy Hays, and three sons, Sven, Shield and Max. The Newsletter of the Archaeological Society of Al­ berta, Lethbridge Centre further comments on the life of June Carpenter. June and her husband were found­ ing members, hard workers and very staunch support­ ers of the Lethbridge Centre. They worked closely on The Calgary Chapter reports that Marshall Dzurko, all the projects the club worked on and published. This past Calgary Centre and Provincial President, passed included typing and reproducing the results of the away on the 14th April, 2005. Our sympathies go to mappings into written reports and generally creating his family. A full obituary will appear in the Fall Re­ entire publications into booklet form. view.

No. 42 Spring 2005 3 SCANNING THE LITERATURE some palaeontologists have long thought, people were not to blame, at least not initially. It is not argued that Science 12 November, 2004 early human populations had no impact on bison popu­ Pleistocene brown bears in Mid-continent of North lations, but it is suggested that whatever events insti­ America. gated the decline of bison populations occurred well Matheus, P., Burns, J., Weinstock, J., and Hofreiter, M. before large numbers of humans had settled in the region. DNA analyses depict a large diverse population A well-preserved cranial fragment of a brown bear, until around 37,000 years before present, when the retrieved from fluvial gravels near Edmonton, Alberta, population's genetic diversity began to decline dramati­ in 1997 and housed in the Provincial Museum at Ed­ cally. This timing correlates with the onset of the last monton, has shed light on the ancestry of modern glacial cycle. The presence of large populations of hu­ brown bears (Ursus arctos). Two accelerator radiocar­ mans in Eastern Beringia did not occur until more than bon dates on collagen returned ages of 23,210 ± 560 15,000 years later. years and 27,410 ± 200 years. This indicates that brown bears reached areas south of Beringia well be­ There are two recent articles giving further information fore the postglacial period and before the coalescence on The Littlest Human: of the Laurentide and Cordilleran glaciers. As well, mitochondrial DNA was extracted from the root of the Wong, K. 2005. The littlest human: a spectacular find specimen's second molar. It showed that the Edmon­ in Indonesia reveals that a strikingly different hominid ton skull fossil belongs to the same genetic group as shared the earth with our kind in the not so distant modern brown bears. This also means that the south­ past. Scientific American (February 2005): 56-65. ern bears are very distinct from Alaskan bears. Morwood, M., Sutikna, T., and Roberts, R. 2005. World Science 303: 1561-1565 (2004) of little people: diminutive hominids make a big evolu­ Rise and fall of the Beringian steppe bison. tionary point - humans aren't exempt from natural se­ Shapiro, B. et al. (There are 26 authors involved, lection. National Geographic 207 (4): 2-27. among others Michael C. Wilson, James A. Burns [see James' article in Alberta Archaeological Review 37: There are two articles in the scientific literature: 15-16], Jonathan C. Driver, and Duane G. Frouse). Brown, P. et al. 2004. A new small-bodied hominid The pounding hooves of bison stampeding across the from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia. Nature plains is an enduring symbol of the American West. (October 28) 431: 1055-1061. Once numbering in the tens of millions, these 1-tonne shaggy beasts dwindled to less than 1,000, hunted for Morwood, et al. 2004. Archaeology and age of a new sport, hides, and meat during the 1800s. Thousands of hominid from Flores in eastern Indonesia. Nature years earlier, bison in the northern reaches of North (October 28) 431: 1078-1091. America suffered a similar decline. But despite what Archaeology in Alberta: A View from the New Millennium

Jack W. Brink and John F. Dormaar, editors, 2003.

A publication of the Archaeological Society of Alberta. Soft cover, 347 pages, 103 figures. ISBN 0-7785-2853-7

The first major update on the archaeology of Alberta since Worm­ ington and Forbis's 1965 classic An Introduction to the Archaeology of Alberta, Canada. Twelve original papers on topics ranging from ancient environments, culture history, stone features, innovation, migration, technological and artistic achievement, and an Aboriginal perspective. Essential reading for all interested in Alberta's past, written for both the general public and for the professional audience.

ORDERS Canadian: $30.00 plus $7.00 postage, add $2.00 postage for each additional book. No GST! U.S. and all other countries: $25.00 US plus $6.00 US postage, add $2.00 US postage for each additional book.

If you wish to order this book, please use the order form and mailing address on the back of this publication—page 40.

4 The Alberta Archaeological Review Plains Anthropological Conference Annual Meeting of the Plains Anthropological Society 63rd Annual Plains Conference Edmonton, Alberta Oct 19-23 at the Fantasy Land Hotel

Co-hosted by:

Dr. David Link Dr. John. W. Jack Ives, Dr. Trevor R. Peck Archaeological Survey of Alberta Heritage Resource Management Branch Alberta Community Development Old St. Stephen's College 8820 112th Street 8820 112th Street Edmonton, AB T6G 2P8 Edmonton AB T6G 2P8 780-427-2022 Email: [email protected] Fax: 780-427-2022 Email:[email protected]

Concurrent sessions including symposia, contributed papers, poster papers, and roundtable luncheons allow members to keep current with fieldwork, research, and preservation activities throughout the Great Plains. Ab stracts of all papers are printed in the conference program.

Each year's conference is attended by a broad spectrum of anthropologists: professionals, avocationals, and stu­ dents. The Society encourages students to attend and present papers at the Conference.

Alberta Fieldwork News 2004

Compiled by Alwynne B. Beaudoin, with contributions from Joan Damkjar, Terry Gibson, Rod Heitzmann, Brian Reeves with Carmen Olsen and other staff at Lifeways of Canada, Martina Purdon, and Brian Ronaghan.

In total, 505 archaeological permits were issued for Fort Hills, Fort McMurray Area (Permit 04-192) archaeological work in Alberta in 2004. This is the Submitted by Brad Somer greatest number of permits issued in any one year so far. Work under permit resulted in the discovery of This spring saw the continuation of the HRIA and miti­ 1,329 new sites, and 412 sites were revisited. The in­ gation studies for Syncrude's Aurora Mine North. A ventory of archaeological sites in Alberta now (March total of 28 previously unrecorded archaeological sites 2005) totals 31,839. were located along the southern slopes of the Fort Hills, in the Fort Hills Uplands and in a portion of the Lifeways of Canada Limited lowlands east of the Athabasca River. In addition to this, eight sites in the area were subject to mitigation. Permit holders for Lifeways carried out numerous ar­ chaeological investigations in Alberta during the 2004 Fox Creek Area (Permit 04-313) field season. The majority of these studies were His­ Submitted by Brad Somer torical Resource Impact Assessments for resource companies (forestry, oil and gas, oil sands, and power Late summer brought an HRIA for Alberta Newsprint generation) and residential and light industrial land Company's planned forestry developments. Many ar­ developers. Mitigative excavations were completed eas in the Alberta Newsprint Forestry Management prior to the following development projects: oil sands Area, south of Fox Creek, as well as portions of the W- mine development and expansion, residential subdivi­ 6 Quota, south of Edson, were examined. A total of 24 sion and light industrial land development, and oil and Precontact archaeological sites and two historic sites gas pipeline installation. Some of the activities of the were located. 2004 field season are highlighted below.

No. 42 Spring 2005 5 Muskeg River Valley, Fort McMurray Area ways staff have recorded over 350 previously unre­ (Permit 04-235) corded sites in the last four years through the direct Submitted by Nancy Saxberg application of their historical resources potential model to forestry developments in the Weldwood FMA, indi­ In the 2004 season mitigative excavations were con­ cating the strength of the potential model and commit­ ducted at selected sites recorded during the Muskeg ment of Weldwood to the protection of historical re­ Valley Limestone Quarry Project in 2003. This project sources. The data sets created by the HRIA work have is located in the oil sands region and the study area provided valuable settlement data, have led to the contains two outcrops of fine-grained Beaver River creation of new tool typologies, and are currently being Sandstone and a series of large, contiguous early Pre­ manipulated for presentation and publication. These contact stone workshops and other smaller sites. The data will be augmented by excavation data from an settlement pattern is evidence of a period of intensive important site in the region in the upcoming field sea­ resource use. Excavations were conducted at 24 sites, son. including a large quarry complex, the Bertha Ganter site (HhOv-305), and HhOv-323, which produced a Rossdale Site, Edmonton lanceolate projectile point that tested positive for mam­ Submitted by Nancy Saxberg moth protein residue, and another quarry complex, HhOv-319, which is partially stratified, containing at Ongoing monitoring of construction and maintenance least two occupations. A survey of the Hammerstone projects at the Rossdale site (FjPi-63) in the City of Project area to the south, also completed in 2004, re­ Edmonton did not yield any new information regarding vealed a more dispersed pattern of small occupations, the fur trade or Precontact occupations of the site. concentrated along a high ridge running down the east side of the study area. Thirty-nine new sites were re­ Genesee Area (Permits 03-307 and 04-206) corded. Submitted by Brian Vivian

Hinton/Edson Area Over the course of the past year extensive field studies (Permits 04-213, 04-0344, and 04-381) associated with the Luscar Genesee Coal Mine contin­ Submitted by Dr. Dan Meyer ued. Several field inventories have been conducted and another 55 Precontact sites have been found in a In the foothills, apart from a brief stint in the Crowsnest previously unexamined portion of the mine lease per­ Pass, Dr. Dan Meyer continued his primary HRIA work mit area. A radiocarbon date of 9910±10 (Beta - with forestry companies in the west-central part of the 186173) was reported for a wood sample retrieved province. This year marked the first year of HRIA work from a deep backhoe test in a peat bog, and research in the Sundance Forestry Management Agreement is now progressing on a full pollen analysis of a sedi­ area. Working in conjunction with Sundance planners, ment core collected from this same location, with the Dr. Meyer and assistant Jason Roe surveyed in a intent of reworking the regional cultural/climatic model. number of different parts of the FMA, which covers an A second radiocarbon date, of 9640±90 (Beta - area bound roughly by the Pembina River in the north, 201162) has been recovered from the same area. the Blackstone and Brazeau Rivers in the south, the Coal Branch area to the west, and the Brazeau Reser­ Calgary Area Projects voir to the east. During the HRIA a total of 25 archaeo­ Submitted by Brian Vivian logical sites were recorded including 5 campsites, 1 workshop, 9 artifact scatters, 8 isolated finds, and 2 Over the last eighteen months a number of small sur­ historic cabins. Ten of the sites were considered to be veys and various excavations in and around the City of worthy of additional investigation but were avoided by Calgary were undertaken. Principal sites excavated redesign of harvest areas. One of the highlights of this included a regionally significant large multi-component year's program was the recovery of a mid-shaft frag­ campsite on Jumpingpound Creek and a historic ring ment of a Clovis point from a site in the uplands site near Balzac where a complete iron projectile point around the Brazeau River. was found in context with a hearth in the centre of one of the rings. Faunal analysis of a historic kill site exca­ In the Weldwood Forestry Management Agreement vated in the summer/fall of 2003 at a subdivision in area, Dr. Meyer continued the successful HRIA work of Bearspaw north of Highway 1A was completed. Exca­ the past few years. In this area centered around Hin­ vations at the Crestmont subdivision in N.W. Calgary ton, Meyer and Roe recorded a total of 117 archaeo­ revealed an assortment of stone, iron and copper pro­ logical sites, in addition to revisiting and/or re- jectile points, a glass trade bead, a brass button, iron recording 8 others. Of the new sites, a total of 14 file and an elk tooth pendant found in association with campsites, 13 workshops or quarries, 37 artifact scat­ an extensively butchered bone bed. Analysis of the ters, 41 isolated finds, and 12 historic sites were ob­ bone under the supervision of Amanda Dow indicates served. Thirty-nine of these sites were recommended that over 86 bison of a mixed cow/calf herd were killed for additional investigation, and all of them were and butchered sometime during the summer to early avoided in forestry planning. With the strong support fall. The number and type of historic trade items found and participation of Weldwood, Dr. Meyer and the Life-

6 The Alberta Archaeological Review here suggests this kill event most likely dates to some­ In July 2005 Brian Ronaghan and Jack Ives of the Ar­ time between 1820 and 1840. chaeological Survey, Alberta Community Develop­ ment, participated in a multidisciplinary resource inven­ Wind Farm Project, Fort Macleod, Alberta tory undertaken by Alberta's Parks and Protected Ar­ (Permit 2004-196) eas Division within the newly created Birch Mountains Submitted by Brian Reeves Wildland Provincial Park. The Park encompasses 1,445 km2 situated atop a major erosional uplands A HRIA was undertaken for a proposed wind farm lo­ complex in northeastern Alberta and reflects the eco­ cated in the MD of Willow Creek, south of the town of logical diversity of region, including the several large Fort Macleod. Field studies focused on unbroken lands fish bearing lakes. Prior surveys (Donahue 1976; Ives that had not previously been the subject of archaeo­ 1980, 1981) and research excavations (Sims 1976; logical studies. Five archaeological sites were re­ Ives 1977) had identified a relatively rich record of pre­ corded, four of which were Precontact sites and one historic occupation in the area, concentrating on Fish historic site. Of the Precontact sites, two were region­ Lakes and their associated drainage systems. ally significant trail segments of the Old North Trail network with associated cairns and tipi rings, also re­ Over a period of ten days, five previously recorded corded were an isolated tipi ring and a buried camp­ sites were revisited and tested and eight new sites site. Measures to avoid vehicular impacts to the Old were recorded. For logistical reasons a focus on lake North Trail and associated features have been recom­ shores was maintained and our results in these situa­ mended. tions enhanced regional site distribution information. In addition, a severe fire two years previously afforded Waterton Southeast 3D Project (Permit 2004-195) unusually high surface visibility on a series of linear Submitted by Brian Reeves glacial flute features paralleling the shores of one of the major lakes (Namur). Numerous small artifact scat­ A HRIA was undertaken for Shell Canada Limited's ters identified on these features indicate opportunistic Waterton South 3D Seismic Program in June and July, use of exposed, glacially transported source materials, 2004. Field studies focused on the location and re­ well removed from the lake shores and suggest expo­ cording of stone features and other archaeological sure due to fire or other factors may have been more sites. Thirteen recent archaeological sites of presumed common in the past. post-contact/historic age were recorded and 54 Pre­ contact and post-contact Native sites were recorded. Bar U Ranch National Historic Site of Canada The historic sites include: 3 ranch/homesteads, a Submitted by Rod Heitzmann, Parks Canada, Calgary 1930s oil well drill camp, 5 Alberta-British Columbia Boundary Commission survey cairns, 3 other cairn/ On-going restoration of historic buildings necessitated stone structures and segments of the old Waterton additional archaeology in 2004 at Bar U Ranch Na­ Lakes National Park Boundary Patrol Trail. Recorded tional Historic Site of Canada, near Longview, Alberta. Native sites consist of isolated tipi rings, a complex of Work focussed on two buildings: the Cookhouse and tipi ring and cairn sites associated with the Old North the Foreman's House. Trial, surface and buried artifact scatters, and the great majority of the sites are stone features (n=47). Many of Cookhouse the stone feature sites associate with the Old North The Cookhouse was a central building of the ranch Trail or vision questing (n=21). that served as a residence and dining room for the ranchhands and riders. The existing Cookhouse was The 2003 and 2004 Shell Waterton 3D archaeological built in 1910 after a fire destroyed two earlier buildings programs have further contributed to the understand­ (Cookhouse and Bunkhouse) which served from 1882 ing of Precontact Native activities in the foothills and to 1910. The original buildings were built of logs placed mountains in this district. Little evidence was found for on local sandstone block foundations. The later Cook­ occupancy and resource harvesting in the foothills and house (1910 to present) was built of dimension lumber. mountain valleys. Piikani elders who were interviewed Some of the foundations of the earlier buildings were believed that during the summer for those bands who reused for the replacement. However, because it had stayed in the foothills and mountains rather than fol­ an overall different shape and size, sections of con­ lowing the buffalo eastward camped in the Waterton crete foundations were also added. and St. Mary areas. Similarly during cold weather the winter camps were on the Oldman, Waterton, Belly Because of the importance of the building it was al­ and St. Mary river valleys at/or below the mountain most immediately rebuilt following the disasterous fire fronts. Evidence was found however, that the foothills of 1910. Much of burned debris was left where it fell ridges as well as mountain ridges and peaks were im­ with the new structure built over the old. As a result a portant vision questing and ceremonial locales. large assemblage of artifacts was recovered. Many of these were fragile and are rarely found in archaeologi­ Birch Mountains Wildland Provincial Park cal sites. These include fragments of burned clothing, Submitted by Brian Ronaghan newspaper, and a circus poster and book. From the fully carbonized pages it was possible to identify the

No. 42 Spring 2005 7 book as A Florida Enchantment by Archibald Clavering refurnished to tell the story of the foremen and their Gunter and Fergus Redmond, The Home Publishing families who lived at the ranch. Company, New York (1892). Fieldwork in the Bodo Locality in 2004 Submitted by Terry Gibson The location of artifacts was mapped in detail and their distribution indicates that the functional use of the early Terry Gibson and Elizabeth Mann conducted fieldwork Cookhouse was duplicated in the current Cookhouse. in the Bodo Archaeological Locality from the end of For example, in the eastern portion of the early Cook­ May to the end of August in 2004. This work was sup­ house leisure items were recovered including a clay ported by the University of Alberta, the Bodo Archaeo­ smoking pipe, tobacco seals and a playing card. The logical Society and Alberta Western Heritage. An intro­ eastern half of the later Cookhouse was the lounge ductory field school program began on May 24 and ran area were ranchhands played cards and spent some for six weeks, being completed on July 2. Fifteen un­ of their leisure time. dergraduate students took part in the course, which emphasized terrain survey and inspection, subsurface The current Cookhouse has now been repositioned test assessment and detailed excavation and re­ atop replacement concrete foundations and the above cording techniques. A laboratory training component ground portions of the Cookhouse will be restored and was also included as part of the course, conducted in refurnished to present the story of cowboy life at the the extensive laboratory and teaching facilities avail­ Bar U Ranch. able at the recently renovated Bodo Community School complex. Foreman's House Restoration requirements for the Foreman's House The survey and test assessment components were required an archaeological assessment of the impacts focussed on finding the eastern boundary of FaOm-22. to archaeological resources. The Foreman's House A number of new localities were defined, and subsur­ was a small rectangular log cabin constructed in 1919 face assessment revealed more evidence of the pro­ at the western end of the Bar U Ranch headquarters. lific late precontact components found throughout the In 1946 this cabin was moved to the eastern end of the Bodo Locality, and of one or more deeper, older com­ headquarters to access better quality water. ponents. One biface fragment from a lower palaeosol may represent a Pelican Lake projectile point. If so, The second location of the Foreman's House was not this would be the first evidence of an occupational without its own history. About 1909 a large barn called bridge between the Middle precontact period the "Show Horse Barn" was constructed as part of (represented by excavated Oxbow and surface recov­ George Lane's percheron horse breeding operations. ered Duncan and McKean diagnostic materials) and This was large frame barn built on sandstone block the late precontact period in the Bodo Locality. foundations. However, its lifespan was brief as it burned down around 1927. Detailed excavation was undertaken once again in Locality 70, first inspected in 2002. This time, a large The primary archaeological objective at the Foreman's block excavation was centered in an area where previ­ House was to locate and record portions of Show ous excavation revealed a densely occupied living Horse Barn foundations located under and adjacent to floor covered in smashed bone and varieties of stone the Foreman's House as these would be adversely tools, debitage and pottery fragments. It was sus­ affected. This objective was achieved by locating por­ pected that this may have been a remnant residence tions of the sandstone foundations that were located of some type at the time expanded excavation was along the south and east sides of the Foreman's initiated. However, after 12 square metres were exca­ House. Monitoring during the lifting of Foreman's vated (some to 75 cm depth) and the main occupation House and during the subsequent removal of its con­ level fully exposed, it became apparent that the area crete foundation enabled the identification of a portion was more characteristic of a disposal location. of the sandstone foundation that also extended under the structure. There appears little doubt that a residential area is lo­ cated nearby, but no evidence of it was found in 2004. Most of the recovered artifacts resulted from the struc­ In fact, Locality 70 is quite large (a flat area located ture of the barn and had survived the effects of the fire. between elevated dunes measuring roughly 100 m x Most were metal, such as nails and hinges. Other evi­ 100) and test assessment from 2002 suggests there dence of the fire consisted of sections of charred and are many different activities taking place there. Conse­ burned structure. Some of the artifacts also derive quently, in 2004 an experimental application of ground from the post 1946 occupation of the Foreman's penetrating radar was used to try and identify concen­ House. trations of bone and other cultural remains. George Mason of Maverick Inspection Ltd. spent several days The Foreman's House has now undergone structural calibrating and testing new high resolution mapping restoration and has been replaced on new concrete equipment, with the intent of adapting Maverick's footings. The interior of the Foreman's House will be methods (usually focused on detection of anomalies in concrete and asphalt) to the detection of near-surface

8 The Alberta Archaeological Review cultural remains buried in sand. Approximately 400 square metres of ground were assessed in some de­ tail, anomalies flagged, and some of these were sub­ References sequently excavated as one metre units by students. Initial results were ambiguous; clearly the radar tech­ Donahue, P. nique will require more calibration and research in the 1976 Archaeological Research in Northern Alberta Bodo Locality before it can be used to identify buried 1975. Archaeological Survey of Alberta, Occasional cultural remains with reliability. Magnetic prospection Paper 2, Alberta Culture, Edmonton to search for hearths and pits may prove more suc­ cessful and this kind of assessment approach is being Ives, J.W. considered for the upcoming field season. 1977 A Spatial Analysis of Artifact Distributions on a Boreal Forest Archaeological Site. Unpublished M.A. In July and August an Advanced Field Techniques thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Al­ Training Course was offered by the Bodo Archaeologi­ berta. cal Society and taught by Terry Gibson. Six students participated, leaning GPS and GIS mapping tech­ Ives, J.W. niques and their application to test assessment and 1980 Birch Mountain Archaeological Study, 1980, Per­ terrain mapping on archaeological sites. Most of their mit 80-80. Archaeology in Alberta 1980, Archaeologi­ work took place on one quarter of land in the south cal Survey of Alberta, Occasional Paper 17, Alberta portion of the Bodo Archaeological Locality, dominated Culture, Edmonton. by stabilized sand dunes and dense aspen growth on the north, and open level grass-covered pasture on the Ives, J.W. south. The varied terrain conditions furnished a broad 1981 Birch Mountain Archaeological Study, Permit 81- range of terrain mapping challenges, and subsequent 64. Archaeology in Alberta 1981, Archaeological Sur­ shovel assessment in the hitherto unknown archaeo­ vey of Alberta, Occasional Paper 19, Alberta Culture, logical potential of the area proved very interesting for Edmonton, pp. 61-70 the students. Several new local archaeological locali­ ties were identified through subsurface testing, and the Sims C. apparent southern boundary of the Bodo Sites Locality 1976 An Outline of Archaeological Excavations at the was defined in that quarter. Also, detailed testing was Gardiner Lake Narrows Site. Report submitted to the undertaken in Locality 71, where a contemporary water hole surrounded by sand dunes is located. Strati­ graphic analysis suggests that this perennial water Chacmool Archaeological Conference 2005 source, and others like it located nearby, may have been one of the primary reasons that the Bodo Locality was inhabited so intensively in the late precontact pe­ Tools of The Trade riod. It is possible that the water sources may have Methods, Techniques, and Innovative been purposefully exploited to lure small bison herds in proximity to the dunes, where they were ambushed Approaches in Archaeology and killed. November 10-13th, 2005 Three University of Alberta graduate students con­ ducted work at Bodo in 2005. Michelle Borowitz com­ Rosza Centre, University of Calgary pleted collection of informant data related to her Mas­ ters Thesis research that addresses local attitudes to Call for Papers climate change in the Bodo district. Krista Guilliland began collecting stratigraphic data for her Masters Thesis, which focuses on use of geoarchaeological Hosted by the Chacmool analysis to interpret land use patterns in the Bodo Sites Locality. Tim Panas collected auger data as part Archaeological Association, this is the of his Ph.D. research program. His work concerns the 38th Annual conference. study of precontact human use of sand dunes and arid environments on the northern Plains. For more information on presenting a More fieldwork is planned for 2005, including a under­ paper or attending the conference, go graduate field school beginning May 30 and running to: until July 8th. It is anticipated that active archaeological research will be conducted in the Bodo Locality throughout the summer, until the end of August. Visi­ http://www.arky.ucalgary.ca/arkyl/ tors are welcome to come to Bodo and view the exca­ vations and tour the laboratory facilities during week­ Chacmool2005 /index.htm days starting in mid June.

No. 42 Spring 2005 9 SCAPE: Study of Cultural Adaptations in the Prairie Ecozone Report of Activities 2004

Fieldwork report compiled by Alwynne Beaudoin, from contributions by Alec Aitken, Matt Boyd, Scott Hamilton, Karen Havholm, David Meyer, Jennifer Murray, Bev Nicholson, Gerry Oetelaar, Liz Robertson, and Garry Running

Boreal Institute for Northern Studies, University of Al­ Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park. The design for the berta, Edmonton. new building is almost complete and the results of our SCAPE (Study of Cultural Adaptations in the Prairie archaeological excavations will be a significant compo­ Ecozone) is a five-year project, funded by SSHRC nent of the interpretive displays. Most of the work was through its Major Collaborative Research Initiatives conducted by graduate and undergraduate students program (Grant #412-99-1000). The project began in from the University of Calgary including Kirsten Ander­ May 2000 and is scheduled to end in May 2005. The son, Kyle Belanger, Michael Cowtan, Alyssa Faubert, project is headquartered at Brandon University. This and Andrea DeGagne. However, our crew this summer report outlines the activities of the fifth and final field also included four students (Rosie Fuller, Christina season (2004). Copland, Laura Killick, and James Sutton) from vari­ ous universities in the United Kingdom. These stu­ The SCAPE project focuses on the Northern Plains, dents, who spent from four to six weeks working with roughly the Prairie Ecozone and its periphery in the us this summer, applied this practical experience to­ Prairie Provinces. The primary objectives of the project ward their degree requirements. are to reconstruct landscapes at five specific time in­ tervals in the postglacial (9,000, 6,000, 3,000, 1,500 This summer we managed to expose more of the and 500 yr BP). Within this larger region, work is being coarse gravel layer encountered during the 2003 field concentrated in three areas: the Cypress Hills in south­ season and to determine that this stratum was the re­ east Alberta, the Saskatchewan River Forks area of sult of colluviai processes, not alluvial deposition. In central Saskatchewan, and localities in southwest fact, this stratum provides corroborative evidence for Manitoba, including the Glacial Lake Hind Basin and the models of head ward erosion in small streams the Tiger Hills. These areas highlight the range of eco­ scattered throughout the Cypress Hills. Elsewhere, our logical complexity within the prairies and exhibit a di­ excavations have continued to expose a variety of fire­ versity of landscape types and resources. places, most of which were located at essentially the same location in successive occupations. Thus, people The project's progress can be followed through its seem to have returned to this site and set up camp at website at http://scape.brandonu.ca. Anyone inter­ the same location as their ancestors despite the intro­ ested in learning more about SCAPE may contact the duction of a thick layer of slump debris, the deposition Principal Investigator, Bev Nicholson, or any of the of a volcanic ash, and the introduction of sediment project team. Contact addresses and e-mail addresses through a sequence of substantial flood events. This appear on the website. remarkable continuity in the use of place was the topic of a paper presented at a conference in Lyon, France this past September. Southeastern Alberta, the Cypress Hills area Our archaeological investigations this summer yielded Achaeological fieldwork: the 2004 field season at more than hearths. In an occupation level dating to the Stampede Site in the Cypress Hills approximately 7,300 BP, for example, we uncovered a Gerald Oetelaar series of post moulds arranged in a circle some 3 me­ tres in diameter. The size and placement of the posts The primary objective of the 2004 field season was to suggests the presence of a domestic structure. If cor­ increase the depth of the pit by concentrating our ef­ rectly identified, these post moulds could represent forts on the deepest part of the. main excavation. At one of the oldest structures identified in western Can­ present, our pit measures nine metres north-south by ada. In addition, our excavations have yielded some eight metres east-west and extends some six metres very interesting tools including several notched projec­ below surface. Within this pit, we have exposed a mini­ tile points, a beautiful bone awl, and a bone needle. mum of thirty-one buried soils, eighteen of which con­ The latter artifact, an almost complete eyed needle, tain evidence of human occupation extending back was discovered in an occupation layer dating to 8,000 some 8,000 years. Unfortunately, inclement weather BP. and a high water table prohibited the achievement of this goal. As a result, we spent most of the summer Our Program for Public Archaeology continues to at­ exposing and defining the coarse gravel layer uncov­ tract a large number of students from the local schools ered during 2003 and preparing the south wall of the and summer camps. These children spend an average main excavation for the removal of a sediment peel. of 2 hours participating in a variety of activities which This sediment peel will be the centre piece in the ex­ are designed to introduce the practice of archaeology. hibit room of the new visitor centre to be constructed in This summer, we were particularly pleased to have

10 The Alberta Archaeological Review attracted students, teachers and Elders from the Pei­ the impact of changing environmental and climatic con­ gan Institute, the only school on the Blackfeet Reserve ditions on such activity. in Montana where all instruction is conducted in the Central Saskatchewan, the Forks area Blackfoot language. We also continued to offer weekly lectures and guided tours of the site to individuals of all Saskatchewan 2004 Field Archaeology ages who come to the Cypress Hills as tourists or as David Meyer regular visitors. Of particular interest this summer was a visit by students from Red Crow Community College In 2004, the SCAPE archaeological field work in Sas­ on the Blood Reserve in southern Alberta. Together katchewan was carried out at the Intake site (FhNj-15), with the Miywasin Society of Alberta and the First Na­ July 5-24. This site is located on the banks of the North tions, Metis and Inuit Education Program, we helped Saskatchewan River, some nine km east of the city of host "History in the Hills", a four-day extravaganza fea­ Prince Albert. Excavations were first conducted at this turing past and present lifestyles of First Nations as site in 1980 and 1981 when 18 full and 11 partial m2 well as the history of Euro-Canadian exploration and were opened. settlement in the area. This year, some 1,100 stu­ dents, teachers, and parents attended the event. Even Because of ongoing bank erosion, almost all of this pre­ though our excavation work is now complete, we hope vious excavation area had been washed away by 2004. to be able to continue these public programs for one However, portions of three previously excavated units more summer. were relocated and excavated to a greater depth while excavations were undertaken at an additional five m2. Geoarchaeological investigations in the Cypress Hills There are two occupation levels at this site, the upper is Elizabeth Robertson in the contemporary A horizon while the deeper is buried at 60-80 cm below the surface. The upper occupation is As part of an ongoing doctoral research project de­ of an unknown archaeological culture which is charac­ signed to determine if the Cypress Hills contain multi­ terized by net-impressed pottery and small side-notched ple deeply stratified archaeological deposits similar to arrow points. It has been dated to 1205±80 rcybp (S- those at the Stampede Site, Liz Robertson spent the 2185). The lower occupation has not been dated, but in 2004 season continuing laboratory analysis of sedi­ 1981 a side-notched projectile point was recovered ment samples taken from localities that, like the Stam­ which appears to be of a Mummy Cave period style. pede Site, sit in the meltwater channels that skirt the Therefore, this lower occupation can be expected to bases of the Cypress Hills. These samples are, for the date to about 6,000 B.P. most part, cores recovered during SCAPE's 2001 and 2002 field seasons, using the project's Geoprobe, a The 2004 excavations proved to be on the fringe of the truck-mounted hydraulic coring system. upper occupation habitation area, and only a few pot­ sherds and pieces of debitage were recovered. Recov­ Descriptive logging of these cores has revealed that eries from the lower occupation were more numerous, extended packages containing multiple buried soils like including a good deal of debitage, some stone tools and those at the Stampede Site occur throughout the melt­ a small amount of animal bone. water channels running around and through the Al­ berta portion of the West Block of the Cypress Hills. Analysis of molluscs from the Below Forks Site Radiocarbon dating of buried soil samples from these Alec Aitken and Jennifer Murray cores demonstrates that they represent deposition starting in the Early Holocene, with the prospect of The Below Forks site is located few kilometres east of Late Pleistocene deposits at greater depth. Further­ the confluence of the North and South Saskatchewan more, fine screening of sediment samples recovered Rivers, along the north bank of the Saskatchewan River. by shovel and auger testing at the study locations has This site is situated on a high, south facing cutbank yielded small quantities of cultural material in associa­ formed on a well elevated alluvial terrace along the tion with many of these buried soils. These results sug­ north side of the river. Deep stratification, approximately gest that the meltwater channels ringing the Cypress three meters, is visible on the exposed cut-bank, with Hills share a depositional history that makes them ex­ numerous paleosols being evident. The Below Forks site cellent contexts for the formation and preservation of contains many proxies which can provide a cornucopia deeply stratified archaeological sites. of palaeoenvironmental information. Laura Roskowski investigated the site's geomorphology and stratigraphy, Additionally, ongoing efforts to extract paleoenviron­ focusing on the paleosols, to determine vegetation sta­ mental data from the buried soils identified in the cores bility and variation through time. Alwynne Beaudoin has indicated that stable isotope analysis and phytolith sampled organic-rich sediments exposed at the Below analysis have great potential to provide insights on the Forks site as part of an effort to assess its palaeoenvi­ changing conditions at these sites over the course of ronmental record via its plant fossils. Alec Aitken sam­ the Holocene. This finding suggests that these sites pled the same section as Alwynne with a focus on col­ may not only yield information on past human activity lecting molluscan remains. Comparison of these data in the Cypress Hills, but could also provide insights on sets should provide some interesting perspectives on

No. 42 Spring 2005 11 the site's developmental and palaeoenvironmental his­ partment, University of Saskatchewan) assisted with tory. coring, and Patrick Young, Steve Kassten and Jenna It is the mollusc samples that are still in the works to­ Johnstone (all from Saskatoon) participated for part of day. Approximately one litre of sediment within each the work. All coring was done with a Reasoner corer naturally occurring stratum was collected by Alec Ait­ so as to obtain larger sediment samples at each level. ken. Back at the University of Saskatchewan these These lakes are situated south of the present boreal samples were processed and all molluscan remains forest margin. They are expected to document removed by archaeology graduate student Jennifer changes in the extent and character of parkland vege­ Murray. The Below Forks mollusc samples produced a tation. With Candle Lake, these cores form a transect fairly rich fauna of over ten terrestrial gastropod spe­ from the southern boreal forest to the parkland/ cies and at least four freshwater snail species. The grassland transition. Since returning from the field, individual counts, as well as species diversity, do show cores from Wakaw and Rhona lakes have been split, significant fluctuation throughout the stratigraphic col­ described, and subsampled. These cores form the ba­ umn and provides a strong qualitative paleoenviron­ sis of thesis research by Jason Gillespie. mental signal. Summer fieldwork The next step involving the gastropods is to do some The main objective of summer fieldwork in Saskatche­ stable isotope studies using the terrestrial gastropod wan in 2004 (undertaken July 11 - July 17) was to shells. The point of this is to potentially provide infor­ complete the surface sampling program begun in'pre­ mation on palaeoclimatic conditions such as seasonal­ vious years. Surface samples are used as analogues ity, temperature, humidity, and precipitation, as well as for the subfossil core samples and to help calibrate ecological information on the snail species themselves. assemblage characteristics to document critical vege­ There are two different ways in which this will be done. tation boundaries. The field party consisted of Alwynne The first way consists of whole shell samples. This Beaudoin (Provincial Museum of Alberta) accompa­ means an entire shell is ground to produce one sam­ nied by Jason Gillespie (Anthropology Department, ple. Since most of the snail species present live for University of Alberta) as field assistant. approximately one year, the isotope data produced from this method will provide an annual average tem­ We visited the Intake Site and excavated, photo­ perature, etc. The other method is to serially sample a graphed and sampled the lower paleosol (7 pollen and single shell along its growth axis. This will produce 2 bulk and 4 surface samples). The next three days numerous samples from a single shell. This method were spent collecting surface samples for pollen in allows for the determination of annual seasonal varia­ three long transects running north/south from the bo­ tion in the above parameters. real forest into the mixed grass prairie. In total 68 sur­ face samples and 9 pollen reference samples were Serially sampling has already been started on a few collected. This completes the surface collection pro­ individuals. This method has been tried on gastropods gram for this area. before, but never before with such small delicate shells. It is therefore proving difficult to derive the de­ Southwestern Manitoba sired resolution. Yet, it is still worth the twenty or so usable carbonate samples that can be extracted from Manitoba 2004 field archaeology one five millimetre snail. The five snails that have been Bev Nicholson and Scott Hamilton micromilled (i.e. serially sampled) show very exciting within-shell variation indicating an excellent signal of Glacial Lake Hind Basin seasonality. Archaeological and geoarchaeological field investiga­ tions during the summer of 2004 took place at the At­ All of the molluscan data, including stable isotopes and kinson, Crepeele and the Sarah Sites located in the palaeoenvironmental interpretations, are the focus of Lauder Sand Hills of the Glacial Lake Hind Basin Re­ University of Saskatchewan archaeology graduate stu­ search area. Ongoing research in the Lauder Sand dent Jennifer Murray's Master's Thesis. Hills has outlined the basic parameters of the ecology and geomorphology of the Glacial lake Hind Basin Palaeoenvironmental fieldwork in central (GLHB), including a generalized environmental con­ Saskatchewan text. Alwynne B. Beaudoin Atkinson Site - A 6,000 Year Old Mummy Cave Occu­ Winter fieldwork pation near Lauder, Manitoba Coring at Wakaw Lake and Candle Lake, Saskatche­ The Atkinson site has been dated to 6,225 calibrated wan, took place in the week of February 16-20 2004. years in age, based on a charcoal sample collected The field party consisted of Alwynne Beaudoin from a hearth. The 2004 excavations at the Atkinson (Provincial Museum of Alberta) accompanied by Jason site, supervised by Ms. Tomasin Playford, have in­ Gillespie (Anthropology Department, University of Al­ creased our knowledge of the Gowen occupation there berta) and David Keller (SCAPE laboratory assistant) and contributed towards an understanding of its rela­ as field assistants. Dr. David Meyer (Archaeology De­ tionship to the overall Mummy Cave complex, first de-

12 The Alberta Archaeological Review fined on the high plains in Wyoming (Frison 1991: 79- which has diagnostic material consistent with the 111). The Gowen variant was first described by Walker Mummy Cave complex and a radiocarbon age of 5250 (1992) from two sites near Saskatoon that are located ± 60 BP, resides in alluvial sediment at a point that close to the Saskatchewan River channel. Our inven­ marks the easternmost position of the mid-Holocene tory of stone tools has been increased with the addi­ dune advance. Third, careful tracing of the eolian units tion of two projectile points and four bifaces ranging exposed in the cutbank at the Atkinson site revealed from a hafted specimen to a large asymmetric speci­ two pulses of late Holocene dune activity. Previous men, together with two fragments from other biface work at nearby Flintstone Hill site (and elsewhere in types. The faunal sample has been increased and the GLHB) revealed only one main pulse of dune activ­ Tomasin Playford has analyzed the 2003 recoveries ity occurred around 3000 BP (with evidence of more that were funded by the Manitoba Heritage Grants Ad­ recent comparatively minor dune reactivation). Jessica visory Council (MHGAC). This analysis has given ten­ Lopez is working this winter on combining total station tative support to the idea that the Atkinson site is a survey data with stratigraphic descriptions from the warm weather occupation. cut-bank profiles to generate a 2-dimensional cross- section of the cut-bank exposure, its stratigraphic units Crepeele Site and archaeological data. In addition to this work, Sarah It was originally thought that a second Gowen occupa­ Buss (graduate student, Appalachian State) directed tion had been identified, based on projectile point mor­ collection of Geoprobe cores across the Atkinson site phology, at the Crepeele site, six km south of the At­ that includes the Souris River cutbank discussed previ­ kinson site. This site is located in the northern lee of a ously, nearby late Holocene dunes and an abandoned small sand dune outlier and, based on similarly located meander swale on the modern floodplain. Correlation sites in the area, it is likely a winter occupation. A sam­ of Sarah's Geoprobe data with Jessica's cut-bank ple of ungulate bone was submitted for radiocarbon stratigraphy is expected to produce a 3-dimensional analysis. However the results (TO-11881: 1610±120 picture of landscape development as it occurred BP cal 425 AD) would be consistent with a Besant Oc­ across the entire Atkinson archaeological site through­ cupation. Other occupations at the Crepeele sites in­ out the mid and late-Holocene. clude Blackduck/Duck Bay and Mortlach materials Crepeele Site Sarah Site Archaeological investigations in the Crepeele dune The Brandon University Archaeological Field School, field (CDF) have revealed a comparatively greater under the direction of Denise Ens, was conducted at density of archaeological sites than in surrounding the Sarah site. The upper bone bed, dated to 1500 BP non-dune landscapes. This supports our hypothesis (calibrated) produced an abundance of butchered that geomorphically and ecologically complex land­ bone, several large prairie/plains side-notched points scapes such as dune fields (that include parabolic and other lithic tools and debitage. Ceramics were ab­ dunes and associated sandsheets and interdunal wet­ sent. The lower occupation, dated to 3500 BP lands) were particularly important places to precontact (calibrated), had sparsely distributed butchered bone people. In 2003 buried soil profiles with A-E-B hori- and a scatter of lithic debitage. No diagnostics were zonation were observed in association with archaeo­ recovered. These materials have been catalogued into logical materials recovered from close proximity to the Archwizard data manager. parabolic dunes. The A-E-B soil horizonation is indica­ tive of podzolization, a soil forming process linked to soil genesis in the presence of forest, rather than Geoarchaeological fieldwork grassland, vegetation. The archaeological significance Garry Running and Karen Havholm of ecological complexity in the CDF including forest vegetation (and related resources) throughout the late- Glacial Lake Hind Basin Holocene is worthy of further investigation. Hence, in Atkinson Site conjunction with more archaeological excavation units, Field work in 2003 indicated that the multi-component additional buried soil profiles were investigated in an Atkinson site, including a cut-bank exposure on the effort to determine the extent to which podzolic soil Souris River, has the potential to reveal the relation­ morphology, and hence, forest communities (oak sa­ ship between mid-Holocene human activity and the vanna and aspen parkland) that dominate the CDF dune-stream ecotone. Work this summer focused on today, were present in the CDF throughout the late- tracing stratigraphic horizons across the cut-bank ex­ Holocene. posure. Twenty-six complete or partial stratigraphic profiles were excavated, described, and mapped along More buried soil profiles associated with archaeologi­ the cutbank exposure using a total station. cal material need to be described but the results to date are intriguing. In total, the walls of 10 excavation We report some tantalizing preliminary results from units were described in detail and mapped using GPS. this effort here. First, we were able to delineate pro­ Seven buried soil profiles observed in these excava­ gressively eastward interfingering of the dune and allu­ tion walls, representing a soil-forming period from ~ vial environment during the late mid-Holocene (this 1500- 3200 RCYBP, exhibit podzolic morphology. deposit is the local unit B equivalent). Evidence sug-

No. 42 Spring 2005 13 gests dune encroachment into the river valley occurred State University, North Carolina) and Liz Robertson episodically. Second, the partially-excavated hearth, (Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary). Apparently podzolic soils were widespread in the CDF during this period. In turn, this suggests some forest community(ies) was widespread in the CDF during this 2004 SCAPE paleoenvironmental activities in Mani­ period. Moreover, a spatial pattern of soil profiles ex­ toba hibiting podzol morphology is emerging. Soil profiles Matt Boyd that exhibit podzolic morphology are not found every­ where. Rather, buried soil profiles with POD indices (a Throughout 2004, Matt Boyd and several Lakehead proxy for degree of podzolization) of 2-4 are clustered University students (L. Hill, C. Surette, and B. Alm- near parabolic dunes. Such profiles are usually ob­ qvist) have been involved in full-time lab research for served on the downwind side of a dune crest or north­ the SCAPE project. Much of this time has been spent ern dune wing. Conversely, non-podzol soils are found describing, sub-sampling, and processing cores from in lower landscape positions near the water table or the Assiniboine Delta (collected in July 2003). Empha­ high on dune crests and wings where wind erosion is sis has been placed on the analysis of early Holocene more frequent. This winter UWEC student Mark Nel­ organic units for macrofossils, mineralogy (using x-ray son will be mapping parabolic dune and archaeological diffraction), and other key parameters. At the time of excavation unit locations. He will be determining the writing, the analysis of cores from the Assiniboine POD indexes for buried soil profiles described in 2004 Delta cores is approximately 60% completed. As antici­ to test whether the apparent spatial pattern is real. If pated, the material collected from this region is provid­ so, the widespread presence (and predictable land­ ing important insight into the geomorphic and vegeta­ scape position) of buried soil profiles that exhibit pod­ tive history of this major meltwater delta. These data, zolic morphology strongly suggests forest communities in turn, will provide the only context for the rich, re­ were present within the CDF throughout the late- gional, Paleoindian record on the western margins of Holocene and that forest-related resources associated glacial Lake Agassiz, in addition to being an important with the dune environment were the likely attractors of source of comparative data for earlier SCAPE work in human activity. the Lake Hind basin.

Digital Video In June 2003, fieldwork was briefly conducted in the A slim budget this year slowed production of additional glacial Lake Hind basin with Garry Running, Karen digital videos. At the request of Andrea Freeman, Havholm and students. During this time, additional David Harkness did acquire additional "footage" of the early and middle Holocene organic samples from the Geoprobe in action. Accordingly, we will expand our glacial Lake Hind basin were collected in order to re­ efforts to produce a series of "how to" Geoprobe vid­ fine, and build upon, geoarchaeological models devel­ eos. These videos will highlight OUR experience and oped during an earlier phase of the SCAPE project expertise WE gained and geared to inform others how (e.g., Boyd et al., 2003). These new samples are cur­ WE used it in the context of OUR interdisciplinary rently being processed in the laboratory. geoarchaological investigations. We intend them to be used by future users of the SCAPE Geoprobe. Our goal is to present the SCAPE model of interdisciplinary References Cited research at the same time we teach viewers how to use our Geoprobe effectively in their own research. Boyd, M., Running IV, G. L, Havholm, K. G. Other digital video projects were put on hold because 2003 Paleoecology and geochronology of glacial Lake we were short on crew. Much of David's field time was Hind during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition: con­ taken up volunteering to fill in when additional crew text for Folsom surface finds on the Canadian Prairies. were needed. Though almost all raw footage needs Geoarchaeology 18(6):583-607 have been met, several topical digital videos remain "in the works" post-production-wise. Additional footage Frison, George C. is needed only to support a digital video on fencerow 1991 Prehistoric hunters of the High Plains. Academic dunes. Press, San Diego.

Personnel Walker, Ernest G. The following people were involved in the geoarchae­ 1992 The Gowen Sites: Cultural responses to Climatic ological fieldwork in southwestern Manitoba in 2004: Warming on the Northern Plains (7500-5000 BP). Mer­ Karen Havholm (Department of Geology, University of cury Series, paper number 145. Canadian Museum of Wisconsin - Eau Claire [UWEC]), Garry Running Civilization, Ottawa. (Department of Geography and Anthropology, UWEC), Dion Wiseman (Department of Geography, Brandon University), David Harkness (Department of Humani­ ties, Nelson Maclntyre Collegiate), with students Mark Nelson (Department of Geography and Anthropology, UWEC), Jessica Lopez (Department of Geology,

14 The Alberta Archaeological Review Searching for David Thompson

Jack Brink Provincial Museum of Alberta

Given enough years, every archaeologist will have at least one disaster story. A great site that never got exca­ vated. A stunning artifact that years after discovery got misplaced. A promising excavation that turns up nothing. This is my worst disaster story. A warning to lovers of Western Canadian history: read on at your peril. Below I present a truly sad tale. So sad that it brought tears to the eyes of my colleague Dale Russell, unquestionably one of Canada's foremost experts on the people and events of the fur trade era in Canada.

Dale was in Edmonton for a conference and he and I meant blasting out parts of various mountainsides to headed out on the town and eventually ended up back create a level space for the road. Work crews thun­ at my place. We had way too much to drink that night. dered up and down the river valley, blading, gouging, Somewhere in the fog I told him my ultimate horror blasting. The woman on the other end of the phone story. Dale, thoroughly steeped in the history of west­ line (sadly I have lost her name over time) was married ern Canada, knew all too well the enormous impor­ to one of the heavy equipment operators. Due to the tance of what I was telling him. We both eventually remoteness of the area and the lack of any facilities, slept (ok, passed out) on the floor of my house. Many the crew was based in a trailer camp located in the hours later I woke from a thick haze to find Dale's face Kootenay Plains region, and she had chosen to stay in inches away from mine, his eyes wide open and wet the camp with her husband. with tears, staring at me. I don't think he had slept a wink. He had churned the story over and over through­ As he worked his bulldozer during the day she some­ out the night. As I emerged into the land of the semi- times occupied herself with walks through the beautiful living Dale said, "Jack, that's the saddest story I have North Saskatchewan valley. One of the most difficult ever heard". Don't say I didn't warn you. challenges for the work crew was to forge a new road through a massive spine of bedrock that juts down The saga began more than twenty years ago when I from a south-facing unnamed mountain (Figure 1). was an archaeologist with the Archaeological Survey This spine had been a prominent feature for years in of Alberta—a part of what was then called the Depart­ the area, as it effectively deflected the course of the ment of Alberta Culture. Our office had been issuing a North Saskatchewan River. It even had a name: since series of publications on Alberta archaeology called it created such a prominent point jutting out into the the Occasional Papers, or more popularly known as valley, open to the full force of the elements, it was and the Blue Series. By the early 1980s my name had ap­ still is known as Windy Point. A new road above the peared on the cover of several of these monographs. reservoir would require blasting a huge channel This is relevant because it was the appearance of a through the bedrock spine at Windy Point. The name associated with Alberta archaeology that first got woman's husband was working on this part of the con­ this story going. struction project when she discovered what would have been, had events turned out differently, the sin­ I was sitting in my office one day when the phone rang. gle most significant historic site in all of Alberta, and On the line was a woman calling from Saskatchewan. one of the most important sites in the entire country. She explained that for some years she had been hold­ ing on to some information that she felt that she should As the heavy equipment scraped away at the bedrock tell someone, she just didn't know who or how. Then below, the woman walked over the rounded upper sur­ she had visited friends who happened to have an inter­ face of Windy Point. She was killing time, enjoying the est in archaeology and had a couple of our Blue Series mountain scenery, searching for nothing in particular. papers lying around the house. She saw my name, Her stroll led her past a pile of rocks: a small but defi­ made a note of it, tracked me down and hence the call nite cairn of gathered stones. It seemed out of place and the unfolding of the story. on the smooth, water-worn surface of Windy Point. It wasn't much, but it was enough to pique her curiosity. In the early 1970s the Alberta government decided to She stopped, sat by the cairn, and began to disassem­ build the Big Horn dam on the North Saskatchewan ble the rock pile. Placing the rocks off to the side she River at the foot of the eastern slopes about 80 km eventually uncovered the underlying bedrock. But the west of Rocky Mountain House. At the time, a winding surface of the rock had become crusted with years of gravel road was all that linked Rocky Mountain House wind-blown dirt and crumbled bits of rock that had fil­ with the paved Banff-Jasper highway on the west side tered into the cairn. As she brushed these away she of the front range. The reservoir to be created by the noticed that the bedrock seemed to have markings. new dam, Abraham Lake, would obliterate portions of She brushed some more, exposing what appeared to the old road, and so work began on construction of a be a group of letters and numbers. It was at this point new paved road located higher up the slopes, above in our phone call that my skin began to tingle, for then the projected reservoir level. In many places this she told me what she saw carved into the bedrock at

No. 42 Spring 2005 15 Windy Point, she had written it down, the carving said: also a hint of skepticism. As archaeologists we are "David Thompson By Land 180_", she couldn't read bombarded with an endless barrage of crank calls, the last number. I may have dropped the phone, I don't letters and false claims. Our discipline seems to attract remember, in fact I don't remember much of anything' weirdos: people who think they have discovered the after that. I was in shock. Rosetta Stone, an Easter Island statue, proof of alien landings, rocks with holes drilled by prehistoric lasers, I need to step back a moment and explain something. fossilized human footprints, evidence of Mongolian True heroes are rare. There are only a few in my book, hoards and of ancient Chinese surveyors, and the face and David Thompson is one of them. By the early of Christ etched into the Rocky Mountains. I'm not 1980s I had already read most of his major journals making any of this up. I had to consider whether the and accounts. So I knew that this was one of the most caller might be putting me on. But it only took me a few extraordinary people in the history of not just Canada moments to reject this idea. She had come across as but the entire New World. Reading his accounts is a sincere, reasoned, honest, and had no personal truly humbling exercise. What this man did, where he agenda—a person who thought this might be important went, the privations he endured, the staggering and simply wanted to do the right thing. Furthermore, amount of country that he traversed, the amount of without having to grab hold of any of Thompson's jour­ uncharted country that he mapped, the Native groups nals I remembered enough to know that this all he encountered, the chronicles of times past that he sounded about right. Thompson had indeed forged up kept... all so astonishing as to seem almost unbeliev­ the North Saskatchewan through the Rockies and I able to us today. Without question David Thompson knew without checking it would have been in the very ranks among the two or three greatest explorers and early part of the 1800s. Though I would double check adventurers in the history of this continent. The great his travels later, I knew enough to know that the scientist J. B. Tyrrell, himself also an explorer and ge­ woman's report made perfect sense. The immediate ographer [and the namesake of Alberta's Tyrrell Mu­ need was to get out and find this discovery—to docu­ seum], was unequivocal, referring to David Thompson ment and record what was certain to be a site of natio­ as "the greatest practical land geographer who ever nal significance. lived" (Hopwood 1971:5). As Captain James Cook is widely regarded as the greatest charter of the oceans, I quickly put together a team of co-workers, and a few Thompson is regarded by those who know his exploits days later three of us headed for Windy Point. We did­ as one of the world's greatest land explorers and map- n't need much equipment: a few small brooms for makers. His life's work—decades of exploration, often brushing the rock, a compass, tape measure and to­ alone or in the company of a few Native guides, where pographic map for locating the site and of course sev­ he was often the first and only white man in a land that eral cameras and film. I made the surprisingly smart was still completely controlled by the resident Native move of bringing the woman's name and phone num­ people—makes the much better known two year trek ber with me. We arrived at Windy Point about mid-day. of Lewis and Clark seem like a walk in the park. David I was already familiar with the area. Many years before Thompson has never received nearly as much credit I had started my archaeology career in Alberta by ex­ as he deserved for his remarkable achievements, al­ cavating a cave site located in the same mountain though this has changed somewhat in recent years range just a few kilometres away and had camped with the advent of individuals and societies dedicated nearby for over a month. I knew exactly where Windy to securing his place in history and with the coming of Point was, and the appearance of the gapping hole his bicentennial celebration (see web sites : http:// through the spine of rock where the woman's husband www.davidthompsonthings.com; http:// had worked on the new road was the sign that we had www.davidthompson200.ca; http:// arrived. www.northwestjournal.ca/V1.htm). Given the supreme prominence of David Thompson in the history of our The single most important piece of information from country, and my personal admiration of this astounding man, try to imagine my reaction to the woman's an­ the caller was that the carving of Thompson's name nouncement of her dis was downslope from the newly excavated road align­ covery. ment. This put a limit on the search area—it had to be between the reservoir water level and the new road cut. This was still a pretty big area (Figure 1), but my When I regained consciousness, I began asking ques­ notes of our conversation would help restrict the tions, no doubt at a barely comprehensible pace: what, search. Another important piece of information from where, when, how.... I needed to know everything and the woman was that she had rebuilt the small rock all at once. The poor woman probably started regret­ cairn over the carving. This should aid considerably in ting her call. But eventually all the details came out finding the spot. and I knew as much of the story of her discovery as there was to know. I got her name and phone number, We spread out, walking carefully across the bedrock thanked her, and hung up. First I had the share the spine. We searched for an hour... nothing. We re­ news with a few dumbstruck colleagues who, since grouped and talked and reviewed the details from the they shared my knowledge of Thompson's amazing phone call. We searched for another hour... nothing. I achievements, were equally excited. But there was kept checking my landmarks; looking over one shoul-

16 The Alberta Archaeological Review der to the edge of the blasted out road cut, then over was named after him in 1979. An avid outdoor enthusi­ the other shoulder down the length of the mountain ast, Michener at the age of nearly 80 years, climbed spine. It had to be here, somewhere, it simply had to this peak with a guide on Canada Day, 1982. be here, how could we be missing it? Puzzled and concerned, it was time to make a phone call. The Government of Alberta decided to commemorate this man and this mountain by placing some interpre­ We headed down the road to the only phone within tive signage at a place where travelers through what is many kilometres. The bitter irony only occurred to me now called David Thompson country would see it. A later that the phone we called from was at the tourist spot was needed that afforded a nice view of Mount station called the David Thompson Resort. I phoned Michener. A sharp point of land across the new lake the woman in Saskatchewan. With a stroke of luck she situated on a new major road must have seemed just was home. I reintroduced myself and explained where the place. And so a second cut was made through I was calling from and that we had not yet been able to Windy Point. It was downslope from the road cut, at locate the carving. I asked her again to go over exactly the level of the road so that motorists could turn off the where she had found it. We reviewed all the details, main highway into a small parking area and read the everything seemed the same as she had told me the plaques that had been erected about D. R. Michener first time, although it helped that I had just been to the (Figure 1). Indeed, this was where I parked my vehicle site and could speak more specifically about the lay of as my crew and I searched for the name of David the land. I didn't really learn anything new from the call Thompson. but resolved to go back to Windy Point to continue the search. As I feared, my woman informant knew nothing of the Mount Michener turn-off. She said that it wasn't there The three of us spent another hour or more going over when she walked the spine while her husband worked much of the same ground that we had already cov­ the bulldozer. And the more we talked the more the ered. The information from the woman just didn't leave reality set in that this huge second scar across Windy a lot of room for misunderstanding—the carving should Point seemed to be placed just about where we should have been where we were looking and yet it seemed expect to find the name of David Thompson. I started that it wasn't. Now very frustrated I went to call her feeling sick. again, this time to walk through the whole area with her on the phone. So that I could give her the most My crew and I returned to the spine one more time. specific information, I made some mental notes of the We combed the area again, this time with a special layout of the spine, in relation to the water, in relation focus on the remaining rock near the Mount Michener to the road, and so on. As I summed up the area in my turn-off. All around us lay the rubble of the blasted out mind I started to get my first sinking feeling that some­ bedrock—the residue of making a convenient stopping thing had gone very wrong, and I began to think I knew place for the traveling tourist. As the afternoon wore on what it was. My heart began to grow heavy, for I real­ I looked at the rubble with new meaning and a sinking ized that there was something on the landscape that heart: increasingly I felt sure that somewhere in that we had never talked about. A scar that, I was begin­ pile of rubble lay the chiseled words of the great David ning to think, might just have torn away the carved Thompson. I even briefly considered searching name of one of the world's great explorers. through the millions of tonnes of stacked rock on the infinitesimal chance that his name still might be in one With sinking optimism I returned to the phone booth at piece on an up-facing piece of stone. Out of options, the David Thompson Resort and placed my second dejected, nowhere left to look, my crew and I retuned call. I explained that we had searched all the areas home. that fit her description with no luck. I then launched into the part that had me scared: I asked her about the I hope that I am wrong, but it seems that the place­ turn-off for the Mount Michener interpretive signage; ment of the turn-in for the Mount Michener interpretive where was the carving in relation to this highway turn- plaques obliterated the carved name and date of Can­ off? She paused and asked "the what for who?" That's ada's greatest explorer. I can come to no other conclu­ what I was afraid she would say. Slowly I described to sion. In hindsight, on my quest for David Thompson's her the other cut through the spine of Windy Point, the name I made one big mistake. I should have immedi­ one located downslope from the road alignment. As I ately offered to fly the woman from Saskatchewan out explained, depression started setting in. to Edmonton and taken her with me on the field trip. It was likely still soon enough after her initial observation Across the new reservoir from Windy Point stands a that she would have recognized the landscape and prominent peak named Mount Michener. It was named been able to confirm if indeed the Mount Michener in honour of Daniel Roland Michener who had a long turn-off was in fact the location of the cairn and the and active career in Canadian politics, which culmi­ carvings that she had seen. But I was still pretty young nated in him being appointed as Governor General of in my job and hesitant about things like promising Canada from 1967 to 1974. He was an Alberta bred money for airfare, meals, and hotels. GG, having been born in Lacombe and raised in Red Deer. The peak to the south side of Abraham Lake Now I have to add insult to injury. Who is responsible

No. 42 Spring 2005 17 ill

SttlfSlI

Read cui tnfouuh Wfsiay FoW

iV..\vi m< i „--yH

Abraham Lak«?

Wirtdv Point

Figure 1. Windy Point on the David Thompson highway. for placing these interpretive plaques and nodes phone informant said she had trouble reading the last around Alberta? It is the department of government number of the date (another reason I believed her, why where I have worked for nearly thirty years: Alberta would a prankster leave the date incomplete?); she Culture (now Community Development). True, we said she thought it might be a "4". This isn't possible. don't dynamite rocks to make highway pull-offs. But we In 1804 Thompson was wintering in northern Alberta. cause them to be created. Alberta has one of the most He did travel briefly to Rocky Mountain House in the progressive and extensive systems of heritage high­ spring of that year but did not approach the mountains, way signage in the country. I support this and will con­ and by mid March he was on his way to Lake Superior. tinue to support future such endeavors. The lesson here is not that we have to stop building nodes of heri­ As far as I can tell there are three possible times when tage interpretation on Alberta roads, but rather to use Thompson might have left his name in the rock at caution when doing so. The new road alignment Windy Point. The first and least likely is in 1801. through Windy Point was built between 1972-73, as Thompson had made an effort to cross the mountains, the reservoir was also being created. The additional and although he left from Rocky Mountain House his gash through Windy Point made to accommodate the course took him south to the headwaters of the Red Mount Michener turn-off was made several years later, Deer River, and later the Bow. On his return he did sometime after 1979. The Alberta Historical Resources cross over the to North Saskatchewan, but he inter­ Act was still young at the time; a system for requiring cepted the river at a place he called "Little Plain" which impact assessments to be conducted prior to major I believe is well downstream from Windy Point (see construction projects (now in full force across the prov­ Belyea 1994:31, 36). However, on two other occasions ince) was just beginning to be implemented. It is unfor­ he certainly passed by Windy Point heading west to tunate but understandable that no assessment of the the Kootenay Plains. In May 1807, departing from construction of the Michener turn-off was conducted. Rocky Mountain House, Thompson sent a small party Even today, how many archaeologists would think that in one canoe up the North Saskatchewan while he and a cut placed through a sloping spine of bare bedrock three others covered the route by horseback. The two located on a mountainside high up from a river valley groups were to rendezvous at Kootenay Plains, which floor might yield a significant historical site? If there is they did in early June (Belyea 1994:41). Thompson's a moral to the story it is to never underestimate where route would have taken him directly past Windy Point, human beings have gone in the past, and to watch for located only a few kilometres downriver from Kootenay them with the care and responsibility entrusted to us. Plains. In October of the following year Thompson A note on the date of Thompson's inscription. My again went up the Saskatchewan, this time leaving

18 The Alberta Archaeological Review from Boggy Hall in central Alberta. He passed the the reservoir. I have searched above the road cut, hop­ Kootenay Plains on October 24, 1808 and thus would ing that maybe the woman's memory was faulty. I have again passed directly by Windy Point. doubt that there will ever come a time when I can pass by Windy Point without getting out of the car and Of the two opportunities to leave his name at Windy spending just a few more minutes, scouring the bed­ Point, 1807 seems the more likely. Reading Belyea's rock spine, hoping for a miracle. Do I think that the detailed daily entries from Thompson for both trips it is name of the great explorer David Thompson was oblit­ clear that his 1807 journey was more leisurely, less erated by creation of the Mount Michener turn-off? hectic, than the 1808 trip. Thompson had a number of Yes. Am I absolutely sure? No. And so I will go on days in the Kootenay Plains area waiting to launch the looking and hoping. I encourage others to stop and next stage of his travels through the mountains. If he look. had some extra time to take the diversion of carving his name it would have been on this earlier journey. So While this story has a sad ending, stay tuned for the in all likelihood, sometime in either late May or early next instalment where I will present the more cheerful June of 1807, or possibly in October of 1808, Thomp­ discovery of what I think to be the next oldest carved son scampered up the rock face of Windy Point and name of a European in Alberta, found at Writing-On- chiselled into the bedrock: David Thompson By Land Stone Provincial Park, and dating to the year 1866. 1807 [or] 1808. The informant's record of the text stat­ ing "By Land" also lends credence to her report, as this Acknowledgements: My thanks to Ron Middieton and was a standard phrase used by many land explorers in Don Snyder of Alberta Infrastructure and Transporta­ historic times when they left records of their exploits. tion for information on the timing of the construction of The building of cairns over messages was also com­ the road and the Mount Michener turn-off at Windy monplace. I have no lingering doubts as to the authen­ Point. Special thanks to Barbara Belyea of the Univer­ ticity of the informant's observations. sity of Calgary for her careful read of this manuscript and to Michael Payne of Alberta Community Develop­ I have passed by Windy Point many times in the years ment for his comments. since this story took place. Sometimes I am in a hurry and can't stop. But most often I pull in to that second References Cited scar through the bedrock, and go for yet one more Belyea, Barbara, editor walk around the spine, hoping that somehow I hap­ Columbia Journals, David Thompson. McGill-Queen's pened to have missed the name of David Thompson University Press, Montreal. and that today might be different. I have searched at times of low water level hoping that Thompson's name Hopwood, Victor C, editor might have first been obscured to me by high water in David Thompson Travels in Western North America

The i 3RICAE RESOURCES FOUNDATION of Alberta Community Dev* i is announcing a new Heritage Awards Program to recognize and celebrate outstanding acton jjects by individuals, o :n$, corporations, and municipalities in the protection, preservation an in v -nee. AWARDS WILL BE PRESENTED IN THE FOLLOWING CATEGORIES: Heritage Conservation Award, for excellence in the preservation/ The Norr i must foe restC" ;.tion of a historic structure or site having local regional postmark ater than lime \, 201 Heritage Awareness Award, for outstanding contributions to local, regional or provincial history through: The Norn in , m and detailed guidelines car' z yd at. >s which educate, interpret and promote public .v--,;\ i ^' •• - rta history. Heritage Awards Alberta Histot ces Foundation ireh. writing or publishing which contributes 8820-112 Stre. -on. AB _ kr.Liw - dge base of Alberta history T6G 2P8 vervation Award, - . municipal ph;7B ; . :.105 i ; : v:.yyyy;.r:\/yyyyy :y :y:yyi' y:~' • • • •.- yv - ' rgh or onhr www.cd.gov.ab.ca/ahrf Outstanding Achievement Award, for an individual whose long term /dbcrra

No. 42 Spring 2005 19 Alberta Archaeological Review Index Issues 1-41

Articles by Title

Title Authors Issue # Date Page #'s

A Ceramic Vessel From the Giering, K.L. Blakiston Site (DjPm 115), SW 28 Spring 1998 20-24 Peck, T.R. Alberta A Miraculous Medal from Rocky Mountain House National His­ Varsakis, R. 37 Fall 2002 11-15 toric Site, Alberta A Notched Burin From Northern Sims, C. 1 March 1977 12-14 A Roman Lamp from Morning­ Herr, LG. 23 Fall 1991 16-17 side W.C. Trenchard A Unique Fluted Point From the Dawe, R. 25 January 1997 12-14 Grande Prairie Region Alberta Fieldwork News 2000 Boaudoin, A.B. 34 Spring 2001 6-16 Alberta Fieldwork News, 2001 Beaudoin, A.B. 36 Spring 2002 7-16 Alberta Fieldwork Reports, 1999 Beaudoin, A.B. 32 Spring 2000 19-20 Alberta's First Natural Gas Well- Brumley, J.H. 4 Spring 1982 15-24 site An Agenda for Strengthening Ives, J.W. 16 Spring 1988 10-11 Ties An Enigmatic Artifact: The Cow Udder from Head-Smashed-ln- Brink, J.W. 18 Spring 1989 16-18 Buffalo Jump An Unprecedented Assemblage Peck, T. Associated with Col D'Arse 32 Spring 2000 4-10 Sinkey, L-L. Cave(EAPk-la) Applied Archaeology on the Ca­ Brink, J. 36 Spring 2002 17-20 nadian Plains Archaeological Investigations in Sims, C. 3 Fall 1981 12-16 the North Wabasca Lake Area: Archaeological Research In Wood Buffalo National Park, Proch, D. and 5 Fall 1982 3-14 Alberta/Northwest Territories, M. Stevenson 1980-1982 Wells, K., and Archaeological Research on the J. Tallow, 9 Fall 1984 3-16 Blood Reserve E. Tailfeathers, G. T. Conaty Archaeological Society of Al­ berta, Calgary Centre, Summer Turney, M.J. 33 Fall 2000 16-19 Rock Art Tour Archaeology's Fourth Wave - Epp, H. and 16 Spring 1988 3-6 As Seen From Saskatchewan T.E. Jones

20 The Alberta Archaeological Review Title Authors Issue # Date Page #'s Artifact Photography: Lessons From Wood, B. 22 Spring 1991 20-24 the Southern Alberta Program ASA Supported Field Work Robertson, E. 38 Spring 2003 23-28 Aspen Parkland: Then and Now Bailey, A.W. 24 Spring 1992 21-23 Avocational Archaeology - A British Gurnsey, C. 16 Colombia Perspective Spring 1988 7-9 By-Laws of the Archaeological Soci­ Carpenter, J.H. 13 ety of Alberta Fall 1986 12-14 Collection of Archaeological Speci­ McNeil, P., and mens Using Palaeontological Plas­ LV Hills, 38 Spring 2003 29-33 ter Jacketing Techniques: A Case B. Kooyman Study from the St. Mary Reservoir S. Tolman Conference Reports Wilson, M.C. 19 Fall 1989 16-18 Conference Reports Wilson, M.C, 23 Fall 1991 12-13 Crinoid Beads From a Hearth at Brady, T. 36 Spring 2002 2-6 EgPn-375 Current Research in Alberta Ball, B. 12 Spring 1986 10-11 Current Research in Alberta - 1986 Ball, B. 14 Spring 1987 9-11 Current Research in Alberta 1987 Ball, B. 17 Fall 1988 13 Current Research in Alberta, 1988 Ball, B.F. 19 Fall 1989 18-20 Current Research in Alberta, 1989 Ball, B.F. 21 Fall 1990 23-24 Developing Urban Archaeology: An Duke, P.G. and 16 Spring 1988 12-16 Example from Southwest Colorado G. Matlock Digging into Calgary's Past: Exca­ vations and Reconstruction at Fort Lensen, S. 27 Fall 1997 9-10 Calgary Historic Park

Driedmeat Hill Investigations Quigg, J.M. 2 March 1979 13-23 Entangled in the Past: Archaeology Beaudoin, A.B. 27 Fall 1997 11-20 and the World Wide Web Evidence of the Fluted Point Tradi­ Gryba, E.M. 11 Fall 1985 3-11 tion in Alberta

Excavation of a High River Whiskey Kennedy, M. 14 Spring 1987 16 Post

Final Research Grant Report - Tolman, S. 34 Spring 2001 17-19 Wally's beach - DhPg-8

Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump Carpenter, J.H. 4 Spring 1982 10-14 Head-Smashed-In Project 1983 Brink, J. 8 Spring 1984 15-16 Season Report Historic Metal Projectile Points in Alberta: Investigating a Penetrating Pyszczyk, H.W. 25 Jan. 1997 25-32 Problem History of the Department of Ar­ chaeology at The University of Cal­ Forbis, R.G. 31 Fall 1999 11-12 gary

No. 42 Spring 2005 21 Title Authors Issue # Date Page #'s

Investigations at Fort Vermilion 1 Pyszczyk, H.W. 34 Spring 2001 19-26 (1798-1830): Sorting Out the Facts January Cave: An Ancient Window Burns, J.A. 37 Fall 2002 15-16 on the Past Jim Henderson: Revealing Photo­ 35 Fall 2001 13-15 graphs Astonish CAA/ASA Meeting

Laboratory techniques for the prepa­ McNeil, P., ration of the plaster jacketed E. Frampton, specimens removed from the field: a 40 Spring 2004 16-22 L.V. Hills, B. Kooyman case study from the St. Mary and M. S. Tolman reservoir site (DhPg-8).

Lac La Biche Mission Maccagno, T. 20 Spring 1990 3-5 Le Bois de Vache: This Chip's For Spring Wright, M. 12 3-5 You 1986 Lethbridge Centre Field Trip No. 1, Carpenter, J. 33 Fall 2000 12-13 May 1965 Life on the Edge: Ecotones and the Mirau, N. 21 Fall 1990 3-13 Edge Effect in Plains Archaeology Lithic Types Available to Prehistoric Knappers at the Truenorth Energy Ltd Partnership Fort Hills Oil Sands Gryba, E.M. 36 Spring 2002 21-28 Lease Near Ft. McKay in Northeast­ ern Alberta Lithics, Trade and Private Collec­ tions: From Clovis to Side Notched Gillespie, J. 30 Spring 1999 7-14 at the Crystal Springs Site

Little Fort on "Des Prairie", Fort la Pyszczyk, H.W. 32 Spring 2000 11-15 Jonquiere: Fact or Fiction Microblade Assemblages of Alberta Larkin, K. 28 Spring 1998 14-19 New Funding Guidelines 33 Fall 2000 8-9 News From the Archaeological Sur­ Brink, J. 5 Fall 1982 15-16 vey of Alberta Obituaries: L. Halmrast Fedirchuk, G. 24 Spring 1992 3 N. Sheptycki Cody, J. Obituary: Richard G. Forbis 31 Fall 1999 9-10 Obituary: Lu Bayrock Wilson, M.C. 22 Spring 1991 3-5

Oldman Reservoir Historical Re­ sources Monitoring Program: Pre­ Ronaghan, B. 25 January 1997 32-33 liminary Results On the Threshold of Archaeological Wilson, M.C. Spring1983 9-20 Visibility Ordeal in Chiapas: Archaeologists Survive Attack During Attempt to Hoopes, J.W. 27 Fall 1997 21-23 Rescue Maya Altar From Looters

Prehistoric Art and Spiritualism: A Fedirchuk, G.J. and Perspective From Pine Coulee, Al­ 22 Spring 1991 11-19 E.J.McCullough berta

22 The Alberta Archaeological Review Title Authors Issue # Date Page #'s

Prehistory of the Peace Region and Be­ Wright, M and yond. Field Trip Guide. 25 January 1997 15-24 B. Kleepsies April 1993 Preliminary Geoarchaeological Studies at Wilson, M.C. and the Fletcher Paleo-Indian Bison Kill Site 14 Spring 1987 12-15 A.C. MacWilliams (Alberta/Scottsbiuff), Southern Alberta Proposed Revisions to By-Laws 39 Fall 2003 12-15 Quarry Lake Park Survey Nicholls, L.A. 35 Fall 2001 10-12 Radiocarbon Dating Methods in Archae­ Nelson, E. 8 ology Spring 1984 10-14 Recent Alberta Graduate Degrees in Ar­ 39 chaeology Fall 2003 27 Report from Brabant Lake: The Bush - Hanna, M. 29 Never-ending! Fall 1998 15-17 Report on the 1984 Season at Head- Brink, J. 11 Smashed-In Fall 1985 12-15 Research in Alberta, 1990 Magne, M. 23 Fall 1991 19-20 Resolving Fort Whoop-up Kennedy, M. 39 Fall 2003 16-27 Review: Brian P. Kooyman, Understand­ Nicholas, G.P. 35 Fall 2001 . 16-17 ing Stone Tools and Archaeological Sites Review: Lac La Biche and the Early Fur Traders by Edward J. McCullough and Kennedy, M. 24 Spring 1992 Michael Maccagno Rock Medicine: Calendric Tally Stone Fedirchuk, G.F. 30 Spring 1999 23-35 Sacred Paint Dormaar, J.F. 28 Spring 1998 4-13 Sacred Stones of the Parklands Fedirchuk, G. 24 Spring 1992 16-20 Scape Report of Activities Beaudoin, A.B et al. 38 Spring 2003 6-11 SCAPE: Study of cultural adaptations in the prairie ecozone: Report of Beaudoin, A.B. 40 Spring 2004 23-32 activities 2003 Sneak Preview: The Fletcher Site Dio­ rama Vickers, R.J. 26 April 1997 9-15 Summary Report on the Mummified Gla­ cier Corpse Found at Hauslabjoch in the Spinder, K. 26 April 1997 17-22 Otztal Alps

Sweetgrass Hills, Montana, USA Dormaar, J.F. April 1997 3-28 ment The 1985 Season at Head-Smashed-In Spring 1986 7-9 The Alberta Underwater Archaeological Brink, J. 12 Fall 1986 20 Society, Edmonton Centre Marczyk, J. 13 The Bilton Stone Spring 2004 6 The Cold Lake Archaeological Project Dersch, A. 40 Fall 1987 3-17 The Ghost River Dam Site Dingle, J.M. 15 Fall 1991 8-11 The History of the Hobbema Cree Macintosh, B. 23 Spring 1992 5-8 The Interpretive Value of Firecracked Raine, G. 24 Spring 2003 3-5 Rock (Extended Abstract) Rennie, P.J. 38

No. 42 Spring 2005 23 Title Authors Issue # Date Page #'s The McDougall Mission Historic Site Archaeologi­ Kennedy, M 13 Fall 1986 15-16 cal Project The Medicine Rock Indian Battle Park, Lethbridge Carpenter, J.H. 22 Spring 1991 6-10 Alberta The Past, Present and Future of Alberta Archae­ Forbis, R.G. 1 March 1977 5-11 ology The Pit and the Conundrum: The Donald Site (EePI-218), A Middle Period Bone-Filled Pit Fea­ Wilson, M.C. 7 Fall 1983 3-16 ture in Okotoks, Alberta The Place of the Milk River Canyon in the No­ Dormaar, J.F. 31 Fall 1999 13-21 madic Culture The Sacred Rock of Dinosaur Provincial Park McMurchy, J 33 Fall 2000 14-15 The Scarboro Burials, Calgary, Alberta, and the Wilson, M.C. 18 Spring 1989 3-15 Transitional Burial Horizon The Strathcona Site and Public Archaeology Kooyman, B. 14 Spring 1987 3-8 The Sweetgrass Intrusives in the Milk River Area Dormaar, J.F. 30 Spring 1999 15-22 The Time Travellers Lecture Series at the Provin­ Ives, J. 26 April 1997 16 cial Museum of Alberta The Use of Pollen Remains as Indicators of Past Vance, R. 10 Spring 1985 3-11 Climatic Changes Traditional Native Herbal Medicines of the Plains Mohling, L. 24 Spring 1992 9-15 Cree Underwater Archaeology at Port Royal, Jamaica Chadsey, C. 13 Fall 1986 17-19 1985 Variation of Tooth Enamel Prism Patterns as a Koegler, P. 20 Spring 1990 7-15 Means of Mammalian Identification Where was Anthony Henday and What Did He Beaudoin, A.B. Spring 28 25-21 See? H.P. Pyszczyk 1998

Articles by Author

Authors Title Issue # Date Page #'s

Bailey, A.W. Aspen Parkland: Then and Now 24 Spring 1992 21-23 Ball, B. Current Research in Alberta - 14 Spring 1987 9-11 1986 Ball, B. Current Research in Alberta 1987 17 Fall 1988 13

Ball, B.F. Current Research in Alberta, 1988 19 Fall 1989 18-20

Ball, B.F. Current Research in Alberta, 1989 21 Fall 1990 23-24

Ball, Bruce Current Research in Alberta 12 Spring 1986 10-11

Beaudoin, A.B et al. Scape Report of Activities 38 Spring 2003 6-11

Beaudoin, A.B. Alberta Fieldwork News, 2001 36 Spring 2002 7-16

Beaudoin, A.B. Alberta Fieldwork Reports, 1999 32 Spring 2000 19-20

Beaudoin, A.B. Entangled in the Past: Archae- 27 Fall 1997 11-20 ology and the World Wide Web

24 The Alberta Archaeological Review Authors Title Issue # Date Page #'s

Beaudoin, A.B. SCAPE: Study of cultural adaptations in the prai­ 40 Spring 2004 23-32 rie ecozone: Report of activities 2003 Beaudoin, A.B. Where was Anthony Henday and What Did He 28 Spring 1998 25-21 H.P. Pyszczyk, See? Boudoin, A.B. Alberta Fieldwork News 2000 34 Spring 2001 6-16 Brady, T. Crinoid Beads From a Hearth at EgPn-375 36 Spring 2002 2-6 Brink, J. Applied Archaeology on the Canadian Plains 36 Spring 2002 17-20 Brink, J. Head-Smashed-In Project 1983 Season Report 8 Spring 1984 15-16

Brink, J. News From the Archaeological Survey of Alberta 5 Fall 1982 15-16

Brink, J. Report on the 1984 Season at Head-Smashed-In 11 Fall 1985 12-15 Brink, J. The 1985 Season at Head-Smashed-In 12 Spring 1986 7-9 Brink, J.W. An Enigmatic Artifact: The Cow Udder from 18 Spring 1989 16-18 Head-Smashed-ln-Buffalo Jump Brumley, J.H. Alberta's First Natural Gas Wellsite 4 Spring 1982 15-24 Burns, J.A. January Cave: An Ancient Window on the Past 37 Fall 2002 15-16 Carpenter, J. Lethbridge Centre Field Trip No. 1, May 1965 33 Fall 2000 12-13 Carpenter, J.H. By-Laws of the Archaeological Society of Alberta 13 Fall 1986 12-14 Carpenter, J.H. Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump 4 Spring 1982 10-14 Carpenter, J.H. The Medicine Rock Indian Battle Park, 22 Spring 1991 6-10 Lethbridge, Alberta Chadsey, C. Underwater Archaeology at Port Royal, Jamaica 13 Fall 1986 17-19 1985 Dawe, R. A Unique Fluted Point From the Grande Prairie 25 Jan. 1997 12-14 Region Dersch, A. The Bilton Stone 40 Spring 2004 6 Dingle, J.M. The Cold Lake Archaeological Project 15 Fall 1987 3-17 Dormaar, J.F. Sacred Paint 28 Spring 1998 4-13 Dormaar, J.F. Sweetgrass Hills, Montana, USA Supplement April 1997 3-28 Dormaar, J.F. The Place of the Milk River Canyon in the No­ 31 Fall 1999 13-21 madic Culture Dormaar, J.F. The Sweetgrass Intrusives in the Milk River Area 30 Spring 1999 15-22 Duke, P.G. and G. Developing Urban Archaeology: An Example 16 Spring 1988 12-16 Matlock from Southwest Colorado Epp, H. and T.E. Archaeology's Fourth Wave - As Seen From 16 Spring 1988 3-6 Jones Saskatchewan Fedirchuk, G. Obituaries: L. Halmrast Spring 1992 3 Cody, J. N. Sheptycki 24 Fedirchuk, G. Sacred Stones of the Parklands 24 Spring 1992 16-20 Fedirchuk, G.F. Rock Medicine: Calendric Tally Stone 30 Spring 1999 23-35 Fedirchuk, G.J. E.J. Prehistoric Art and Spiritualism: A Perspective 22 Spring 1991 11-19 McCullough From Pine Coulee, Alberta

No. 42 Spring 2005 25 Authors Title Issue # Date Page #'s

History of the Department of Archaeology at The University Forbis, R.G. 31 Fall 1999 11-12 of Calgary Forbis, R.G. The Past, Present and Future of Alberta Archaeology 1 March 1977 5-11 Giering, K.L. A Ceramic Vessel From the Blakiston Site (DjPm 115), SW 28 Spring 1998 20-24 Peck, T.R. Alberta Lithics, Trade and Private Collections: From Clovis to Side Gillespie, J. 30 Spring 1999 7-14 Notched at the Crystal Springs Site Lithic Types Availalble to Prehistoric Knappers at the True- Gryba, E. north Energy Ltd Partnership Fort Hills Oil Sands Lease 36 Spring 2002 21-28 M. Near Ft. McKay in Northeastern Alberta Gryba, E.M. Evidence of the Fluted Point Tradition in Alberta 11 Fall 1985 3-11 Gurnsey, C. Avocational Archaeology - A British Columbia Perspective 16 Spring 1988 7-9 Hanna, M. Report from Brabant Lake: The Bush - Never-ending! 29 Fall 1998 15-17 Herr, LG. A Roman Lamp from Morningside 23 Fall 1991 16-17 W.C. Trenchard Ordeal in Chiapas: Archaeologists Survive Attack During Hoopes, J.W. 27 Fall 1997 21-23 Attempt to Rescue Maya Altar From Looters The Time Travellers Lecture Series at the Provincial Mu­ April Ives, J. 26 16 seum of Alberta 1997 Ives, J.W. An Agenda for Strengthening Ties 16 Spring 1988 10-11 Kennedy, M The McDougall Mission Historic Site Archaeological Project 13 Fall 1986 15-16 Kennedy, M. Excavation of a High River Whiskey Post 14 Spring 1987 16 Kennedy, M. Resolving Fort Whoop-up 39 Fall 2003 16-27 Review: Lac La Biche and the Early Fur Traders by Edward Kennedy, M. 24 Spring 1992 4 J. McCullough and Michael Maccagno Variation of Tooth Enamel Prism Patterns as a Means of Koegler, P. 20 Spring 1990 7-15 Mammalian Identification Kooyman, B. The Strathcona Site and Public Archaeology 14 Spring 1987 3-8 Larkin, K. Microblade Assemblages of Alberta 28 Spring 1998 14-19 Digging into Calgary's Past: Excavations and Reconstruc­ Lensen, S. 27 Fall 1997 9-10 tion at Fort Calgary Historic Park Maccagno, T. Lac La Biche Mission 20 Spring 1990 3-5 Macintosh, B. The Ghost River Dam Site 23 Fall 1991 8-11 Magne, M. Research in Alberta, 1990 23 Fall 1991 19-20 The Alberta Underwater Archaeological Society, Edmonton Marczyk, J. 13 Fall 1986 20 Centre McMurchy, J The Sacred Rock of Dinosaur Provincial Park 33 Fall 2000 14-15 McNeil, P., Laboratory techniques for the preparation of the plaster E. Frampton, jacketed specimens removed from the field: a case study LV. Hills, B. 40 Spring 2004 16-22 from the St. Mary Reservoir site (DhPg-8). Kooyman and M. S. Tolman

McNeil, P., Collection of Archaeological Specimens Using Palaeon­ LV Hills, tological Plaster Jacketing Techniques: A Case Study from 38 Spring 2003 29-33 B. Kooyman and the St. Mary Reservoir Site DhPg-8 S. Tolman

26 The Alberta Archaeological Review Authors Title Issue # Date Page #'s Life on the Edge: Ecotones and the Edge Effect in Plains Mirau, N. 21 Fall 1990 3-13 Archaeology Mohling, L. Traditional Native Herbal Medicines of the Plains Cree 24 Spring 1992 9-15

Nelson, E. Radiocarbon Dating Methods in Archaeology 8 Spring 1984 10-14 Review: Brian P. Kooyman, Understanding Stone Tools Nicholas, G.P. 35 Fall 2001 16-17 and Archaeological Sites Nicholls, L.A. Quarry Lake Park Survey 35 Fall 2001 10-12 Peck, T. An Unprecedented Assemblage Associated with Col 32 Spring 2000 4-10 Sinkey, L-L. D'Arse Cave (EAPk-1 a) Proch, D. and Archaeological Research In Wood Buffalo National Park, 5 Fall 1982 3-14 M. Stevenson, Alberta/Northwest Territories, 1980-1982 Historic Metal Projectile Points in Alberta: Investigating a 25 Jan. 1997 25-32 Pyszczyk, H.W. Penetrating Problem Investigations at Fort Vermilion 1(1798-1830): Sorting Out 34 Spring 2001 19-26 Pyszczyk, H.W. the Facts Little Fort on "Des Prairie", Fort la Jonquiere: Fact or Fic­ 32 Spring 2000 11-15 Pyszczyk, H.W. tion Quigg, J.M. Driedmeat Hill Investigations 2 March 1979 13-23 Raine, G. The History of the Hobbema Cree 24 Spring 1992 5-8 The Interpretive Value of Firecracked Rock (Extended Rennie, P.J. 38 Spring 2003 3-5 Abstract) Robertson, E. ASA Supported Field Work 38 Spring 2003 23-28 Oldman Reservoir Historical Resources Monitoring Pro­ Ronaghan, B. 25 Jan. 1997 32-33 gram: Preliminary Results Sims, C. A Notched Burin From Northern Alberta 1 March 1977 12-14 Archaeological Investigations in the North Wabasca Lake Sims, C. 3 Fall 1981 12-16 Area: The Alook Site Summary Report on the Mummified Glacier Corpse Spinder, K. 26 April 1997 17-22 Found at Hauslabjoch in the Otztal Alps Tolman, S. Final Research Grant Report - Wally's beach - DhPg-8 34 Spring 2001 17-19 Archaeological Society of Alberta, Calgary Centre, Sum­ Turney, M.J. 33 Fall 2000 16-19 mer Rock Art Tour The Use of Pollen Remains as Indicators of Past Climatic Vance, R. 10 Spring 1985 3-11 Changes A Miraculous Medal from Rocky Mountain House National Varsakis, R. 37 Fall 2002 11-15 Historic Site, Alberta Vickers, R.J. Sneak Preview: The Fletcher Site Diorama 26 April 1997 9-15 Wells, K., J. Tallow, Archaeological Research on the Blood Reserve 9 Fall 1984 3-16 E. Tailfeathers, G. T. Conaty

Wilson, M.C. Conference Reports 19 Fall 1989 16-18

Wilson, M.C. Obituary: Lu Bayrock 22 Spring 1991 3-5

Wilson, M.C. On the Threshold of Archaeological Visibility 6 Spring 1983 9-20

No. 42 Spring 2005 27 Authors Title Issue # Date Page #'s

Wilson, M.C. Preliminary Geoarchaeological Stuies at the 14 Spring 1987 12-15 A.C. MacWilliams Fletcher Paleo-Indian Bison Kill Site (Alberta/ Scottsbluff), Southern Alberta Wilson, M.C. The Pit and the Conundrum: The Donald Site 7 Fall 1983 3-16 (EePI-218), A Middle Period Bone-Filled Pit Fea­ ture in Okotoks, Alberta Wilson, M.C. The Scarboro Burials, Calgary, Alberta, and the 18 Spring 1989 3-15 Transitional Burial Horizon Wilson, M.C, Conference Reports 23 Fall 1991 12-13 Nicholls, L., Waters, P. Wood, B. Artifact Photography: Lessons From the Southern 22 Spring 1991 20-24 Alberta Program Wright, M and Prehistory of the Peace Region and Beyond. Field 25 Jan. 1997 15-24 B. Kleepsies Trip Guide. April 1993 Wright, M. Le Bois de Vache: This Chip's For You 12 Spring 1986 3-5

AGM Reports Annual Meeting Issue No. Date Pages 1976 1 March 1977 1-2 1977 1 March 1977 2-4 1978 2 March 1979 2-12 1979 3 Fall 1981 3-4 1980 3 Fall 1981 4-7 1981 3 Fall 1981 7-11 1982 4 Spring 1982 3-9 1983 6 Spring 1983 3-8 1984 8 Spring 1984 3-9 1985 10 Spring 1985 12-16 1986 13 Fall 1986 3-11 1987 15 Fall 1987 17-24 1988 17 Fall 1988 3-12 1989 19 Fall 1989 5-14 1990 21 Fall 1990 16-22 1991 23 Fall 1991 3-7 1992 25 January 1997 4-9 1993 25 January 1997 10-11 1994 26 April 1997 3-6 1995 26 April 1997 6-7 1996 27 Fall 1997 4-6 1997 27 Fall 1997 6-8 1998 29 Fall 1998 2-7

28 The Alberta Archaeological Review Annual Meeting Issue No Date Pages 1999 31 Fall 1999 3-8 2000 33 Fall 2000 1-7 2001 35 Fall 2001 1-9 2002 37 Fall 2002 4-10 2003 39 Fall 2003 3-11 2004 41 Fall 2004 4-8

By-Laws and Guidelines Issue Date Page# 13 Fall 1986 12-14 By-Laws of the Archaeological Society of Alberta 39 Fall 2003 12-15 Proposed Revisions to By-Laws

Permits Issued Issue Date Page# 29 Fall 1998 18-23 Permits Issued in Alberta, January 1998-September 1998 31 Fall 1999 22-27 Permits ls§ued by the Archaeological Survey of Alberta September 1998- December 1999. 33 Fall 2000 20-31 Permits Issued to Carry Out Archaeological Work in Alberta, December 1999-October 2000 35 Fall 2001 18-38 Permits Issued by the Archaeological Survey of Alberta, December 2000- November 2001 37 Fall 2002 21-35 Permits Issued by the Archaeological Survey of Alberta, December 2001- October 2002. 39 Fall 2003 28-48 Permits Issued by the Archaeological Survey of Alberta November 2002- October 2003 41 Fall 2004 17-56 Permits Issued by the Archaeological Survey of Alberta November 2003- October 2004

Graduate Degrees in Alberta Issue # Date Pages Alberta Graduate Degrees in Archaeology, 37 Fall 2002 17-20 Parti. Alberta Graduate Degrees in Archaeology, 38 Spring 2003 35-40 Part 2. University of Calgary

2003/2004 Update of Alberta Graduate 41 Fall 2004 15 Degrees in Archaeology

Index Compiled by Lesley Nicholls

No. 42 Spring 2005 29 History of the Archaeological Society in Lethbridge

Joan W. (June) Carpenter

In 1982, senior members of the Lethbridge Centre formed and registered a New Horizons Group. Mr. Don Mayne, director of the New Horizons Program for the Alberta Government, advised the group on how to apply for a grant to purchase needed equipment for field work, program presentations, recording and office operations. The mod­ est grant of $3872.00 was enough for us to buy some good used articles for site surveying and mapping, a re­ conditioned IBM typewriter, a new camera and projector. It was decided to start gathering material for a history of the Lethbridge Centre. Elsie Kitchener and Peggy Prato offered to go through the minutes and papers and put them in order. They also made an index of members, indicating those who had served on the executive and when. June Carpenter and Leah Poelman listed the highlights of activities and programs, did research, and pro­ duced an outline for the historical record.

The Early Years 1965 -1975 executive. The Tyrrells found a number of people were indeed very interested and willing to be of service. Dr. The group that met in February 1965 to form an ar­ Bayrock and Dr. Geiger held meetings at the Re­ chaeology club in Lethbridge included school teachers search Centre and at the Tyrrell home with a few key and a college bursar, a policeman, an electronics tech­ persons who agreed with them that the most effective nician, homemakers, farmers, a music teacher, a rail­ way to deal with site vandalism was to work through a way man and a water salinity technician. Their mentors registered club. were two geologists from Edmonton. Not an archae­ ologist in the bunch. The first meeting was held 5 February 1965. From the group of 14, the executive was chosen: President - The groundwork had been done the year before when Wm. J. Cousins; Vice-president - J.H. Carpenter; Sec­ Dr. K. Warren Geiger, a groundwater geologist with the retary - Villa Jean Tyrrell; Treasurer - William Sharp. Research Council of Alberta, arranged a meeting at The name was to be 'The Archaeological Society of the home of Frank Russell. Jack McCracken undertook Alberta (ASA), Lethbridge Centre', and the constitution to establish the initial contacts with clubs in Edmonton would be patterned on that of the Edmonton Centre, and Calgary for their constitutions and by-laws; with which had been established four years previously. Dr. Richard Forbis of the Glenbow Foundation to sup­ Membership fees were set at $2.00 per year and $1.00 ply reprints of articles, and with Thelma Habgood for for students. The meeting was held at the Lethbridge copies of the newsletter. He wrote Dr. Lu A. Bayrock Junior College (in 1969 it was designated as the for information about the mapping of boulder outlines Lethbridge Community College, LCC). This institution and the possibility of Lethbridge members participating made an invaluable contribution to the Club by supply­ in this work. When Jack returned to university in the ing free-of-charge meeting rooms and use of audio­ fall, the organizing of the club was put on hold. visual equipment for over 25 years.

But the project was still very much alive. Charles and Villa Jean Tyrrell, who had a cottage at Elkwater Park in the Cypress Hills, had become increasingly con­ FOUNDING MEMBERS: cerned about the looting and destruction of historical 5 February, 1965 and archaeological sites in that area. In 1963 and 1964, in an effort to alert government officials to the Carpenter, James H. Geiger, Warren problem, Mrs. Tyrrell had written to many MPs, provin­ Carpenter, Joan W (June) Grigsby, Harry J. cial and federal departments and Customs officers. Cooper, Harold Hoye, Laurence G. She reported the loss of hundreds of artifacts to muse­ Cousins, Wm. James Russell, Frank A. ums and auction houses in Canada, the United States, Dyck, Armin Sharp, William H. and as far away as Great Britain. Officials replied, ex­ Geiger, Clarence Tyrrell, Charles pressing concern, but at a loss as to how to prevent Geiger, Margaret Tyrrell, Villa Jean such actions. In 1964, a member of Parliament sug­ gested to Mrs. Tyrrell that she write to Dr. Lu Bayrock, A membership drive was planned at a February execu­ who had helped organize archaeological clubs in Ed­ tive meeting. Ads were put in all newspapers in South­ monton and Calgary, and who was actively engaged in ern Alberta and Northern Montana, and on radio and the preservation and recording of sites. TV; notices were sent to schools and colleges. The campaign was very successful - 70 people were at the Dr. Bayrock consulted with Dr. Geiger and they asked 27 February 1965 meeting. Mrs. Tyrrell to try to gauge the interest in Lethbridge in establishing an archaeology club, and to help form an

30 The Alberta Archaeological Review FIRST DIRECTORS: An unofficial report, based on his own notes of the pro­ 3 April, 1965 ject, was written by Jim Carpenter some years after the event. This report, featuring an Indian legend and Cooper, Harold Lutwick, Larry photographs taken by Jim, was published in the Al­ Halmrast, Lawrence Sadler, Lloyd berta Archaeological Review, No. 33, Fall 2000. Hoye, Laurence Tyrrell, Charles During that first summer and fall most members spent By the end of May 1965 the energetic group had a lot of time walking along river cutbanks and on sum­ elected six directors, appointed as Honorary Patron mer fallow land. We were still avid artifact collectors Canada's first Indian senator, James Gladstone, and would spend hours over our dusty loot, cleaning, granted a life membership to Dr. Warren Geiger, sorting, marking, identifying. We bought books on ar­ adopted a constitution, and subscribed to the Archaeo­ chaeology and history, cut and bruised fingers with logical Newsletter being published by the Edmonton flint-knapping attempts, and probably bored to tears Centre. our less-than-enthusiastic families and friends. But we were learning, and gradually realizing how easily de­ In May 1965, three months after the organization of the stroyed our fragile archaeological sites were. Lethbridge Centre, members gained practical field ex­ perience mapping a large ceremonial boulder outline While researching the early minutes and notes for this on the highest point of the Buffalo Hills, northeast of article, it became apparent that one group of people Vulcan, under the direction of Dr. Lu Bayrock and Dr. was in the right place at the right time. Many Southern Warren Geiger. This point is known locally as the Alberta farmers joined the Lethbridge Centre. They Maiden's Shoulder. Charles Tyrrell was field captain knew where all the archaeological features were; they and Allan Ulrickson was surveyor. Other members and shared their knowledge with us, and were invaluable friends who worked on the project were: Villa Jean as Field Captains. By their example, the farmers Tyrrell and family; Jim and June Carpenter; Terry Da- taught the Club members the rules of farming and foe of Edmonton Centre; John Dormaar, his son Paul ranching country — "Ask permission to go on the land" and Mr. D. Kappelle from Holland; Bill Sharp; Laurence and "When you open a gate, do not leave until that Hoye; Ray and Helen Schuler; Clarence Geiger; Ron gate is securely fastened again". Early members were: Getty; and Dorothy Gentleman. J.A. Spencer; Lawrence Halmrast and Alva Bair; Frank Charles Tyrrell and Dr. Bayrock co-related the mapped Russell; Ken and Grace Dahl; Ralph Erdman; Leah plats, transferring and then reducing the outline to and Ralph Poelman; Elza Tudor; George Snow; Edna page size by hand. Dr. Bayrock had to leave for Ed­ and Oliver Watmough. monton before this was finished. Charles completed the mapping, making and keeping a copy for Armin Dyck, of the Coaldale area, as a boy became Lethbridge and sent all material to Dr. Bayrock to pre­ acquainted with Dr. R. Forbis when he was in the area, pare the official report for the Archaeological Survey of and learned a great deal from him. Armin is on record Alberta. Unfortunately there is no record of a report as being the finder of the Fletcher site, and also finding being filed. and identifying a Clovis point unearthed when he was on a city work crew digging a deep waterpipe trench in downtown Lethbridge.

, _ * %, *» ' . " '", K^; / A most distinguished group of lecturers, Dr. Lu Bay­ - ** ***'* "••""' '' ' ' ?VH - rock, Dr. A.L. Bryan, and Dr. R.G. Forbis, spoke at the 1965 meetings. They introduced the members to boul­ $ der effigies, to the search for ancient man in the New '- . *i •>< i& - . • 4 '- * X World, to the theory of Alberta as an ice-free migration corridor during glaciation, and discussed the place of Alberta in North American archaeology. The first Mem­ bers' Night was held in December, with Jim Carpenter, *.%. Charles Tyrrell, Gordon Kitchener, and Frank Russell ; : : : f «i ' showing slides of the mapping of Buffalo Hill, the Ross ' ' ' ^Si^Pt\yy'|S Site and the history and geology of Southern Alberta. % ?W *,**•'" * * ' ""*"\• , »**". The first Annual General Meeting was held on 4 De­ v." s !tss. ' '. ,^ i '•*!'*' cember 1965 at the Lethbridge Junior College at 8:00 p.m. President James Cousins was in the chair and welcomed the 89 people who attended. ' "iuffsiq iliU Nebcin* Wheel Ed*f I Officers elected for 1966 were: Past President - James Cousins; President- James Carpenter; Vice- Greatest diameter of the wheel is 36.6 meters President - Laurence Hoye; Secretary - Villa Jean Tyr-

No. 42 Spring 2005 31 rell; Treasurer - Helen Schuler; Editor - Anne Gangur; club the chance to excavate the site, our first move Directors - Charles Tyrrell, Lawrence Halmrast, Harold was to ask Dr. A. L. Bryan of the University of Alberta Cooper, Lloyd Sadler, Jack McCracken, Armin Dyck. how much funding would be needed to provide expert supervision. His estimate was $5000 to pay expenses, The first membership list was compiled on October 25, salaries, and equipment for two graduate students for 1965 and added to as new members joined. It is the summer. And, of course, members of the club headed "MEMBERSHIP 1966". would be the work crew. For the next five meetings, schemes to raise the money were discussed at length. Allen, E.C. Ashton, Mrs. B. (One half-serious suggestion was to revert the site Carpenter, Jim and Ju ne Chisholm, Lloyd back to its original purpose and set up a whiskey Cousins, James Collins, P.J. trade). At that time, archaeology in Alberta was in its Cooper, Harold Dennis, Dale infancy, professional archaeologists were few, and Dekker, Louis Dormaar, John government departments were just not interested, nor Dyck, Armin Erickson, John were business firms of the opinion that publicity gained Flynn, Mrs. M. Gangur, Anne from funding investigations into notorious historical Geiger, Clarence and Margaret whiskey forts would be worthwhile. At a meeting in Geiger, Warren Getty, Ron 1966, a motion was approved that we confine our in­ Grigsby, H.J. Haig, Bruce vestigations at the Fort Whoop-Up site to mapping the existing surface features. Year President Secretary Treasurer In 1970 a group of Calgary University students wrote 1965 Jim Cousins Villa Jean Tyrell Wm. H. Sharp to the club asking us to use any influence we had with Mr. Hubbard to get his permission for them to excavate 1966 Jim Carpenter Villa Jean Tyrell Helen Schuler the site. A meeting was arranged at which Mr. Hub­ 1967 Jim Carpenter Villa Jean Tyrell Vaughn Dris- bard re-affirmed his opinion that artifacts recovered coll should remain in the Lethbridge area. The next year a 1968 Jim Carpenter Villa Jean Tyrell Helen Schuler letter was received from the Blood Indian Council ob­ jecting to any excavation at Fort Whoop-Up. Professor 1969 Jim Carpenter Villa Jean Tyrell Helen Schuler B. Reeves of the University of Calgary had applied for funding from Ottawa ($20,000), but negotiations fell 1970 Lawrence Helen Schuler Gordon Ross through when the students and Mr. Hubbard could not Halmrast reach an agreement until 1972. 1971 John Dormaar Helen Schuler Gordon Ross In 1983 the Archaeological Survey of Alberta under­ 1972 John Dormaar Ray Schuler Gordon Ross took to excavate the site, and established that the offi­ 1973 John Dormaar Helen Schuler Gordon Ross cial construction plans that had been stored in the ar­ chives in Ottawa for over 100 years were not correct 1974 Ralph Poelman Helen Schuler Gordon Ross as to size or compass direction.

1975 Ralph Poelman Helen Schuler Gordon Ross In March 1966 the Club was awarded a trophy for par­ ticipating at the Alberta Arms and Cartridge Show. The Halmrast, Lawrence Hammond, Henry display was arranged by Lawrence Halmrast, Armin Hoye, Laurence MacKenzie, Mr. and Mrs. Jack Dyck, Herman Martens, J.A. Spencer, and Mr. and McCracken, Jack McRae, Dale Mrs. J. Mackenzie. In April Brian Reeves, University of Potter, N. Russell, Frank Calgary archaeologist in charge of investigations at Sadler, Lloyd and Jane Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump (DkPj-2N) and Ron Schultz, B. Sharp, W. Getty, site archaeologist, invited members of the Simmonds, Earl Spencer, J.A. Lethbridge Centre to participate. The main idea was to Tudor, E. Tyrrell, Charles and Villa Jean instruct members in some basic archaeological meth­ Ulrickson, Allen ods, while increasing knowledge of the campsite area, and specifically to locate the camping area of the earli­ To be a successful organization, it must have a hard­ est users of the jump. Our members excavated seven working, dependable Executive, and from our inception test pits, 5x5 feet, going down to sterile soil. We recov­ in 1965 to the present we were so fortunate to have ered 123 artifacts that are now housed at the Univer­ these outstanding people running the Club. They did sity of Calgary. Members who worked during the sum­ all the right things, and earned the respect and admira­ mer weekends were: J.A. Spencer; Charles and Villa tion of the members. Jean Tyrrell and son Fred; Jim and June Carpenter; H. Martens; and V. Spendlow. Dr. Reeves incorporated Here is a list of those special people in our first ten the findings into his doctoral dissertation. years. In 1966, when Mr. A. Hubbard, owner of the land on During that summer Mr. and Mrs. Tyrrell and five other which the original Fort Whoop-Up was built, offered the members worked with Rob Bonnichsen, archaeologist

32 The Alberta Archaeological Review at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, on sites in the where work was done. President Jim Carpenter took Cypress Hills. In May member John Erickson, Superin­ on this responsibility and produced accurate and read­ tendent of Provincial Parks in Southern Alberta, cap­ able booklets for the club for many years. Copies of tained a field trip to the starkly beautiful valley of the these reports are still available. Consult the president Red Deer River at Brooks. Dinosaur Park was estab­ or the Representative of the Lethbridge Centre for in­ lished in this area in 1965. The Park Warden, Roy formation. A list of these publications is at the end of Fowler, conducted the tour. He told members, "This is this article. the only place in Canada where the dinosaur skeletons may be seen on the ground where they died millions of In 1967, local artist Mr. P.J. Collins designed a letter­ years ago. It takes three months steady work to un­ head for the Club. It featured a Clovis point and two cover a skeleton and bring the bones into relief, and mammoths (shown above). This was the first and most then place a building over each so that the public can dramatic of a number of others-one with an Oxbow view these displays." point on the left and a Clovis point on the right of the title; another had a large Clovis point over the title. Mr. Fowler showed us a dreambed on the brow of a Two years later we adopted the dignified letterhead of hill, a monument to the lonely vigil of an Indian youth the Archaeological Society of Alberta featuring an Al­ seeking to establish his place in the tribe. We saw a berta point. huge petrified tree trunk protruding from an eroding cliff and deposits of bentonite, whose particle- In March 1967 the Old Women's Buffalo Jump and suspension properties make it invaluable in oil drilling. Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump were designated as (A few years later, we were horrified when John Erick­ Historical Sites and protected under the Alberta Pro­ son reported that vandals had wrecked the dreambed vincial Parks Antiquities Act. Thelma Habgood, secre­ and stolen the petrified tree.) Mr. Fowler concluded his tary of the Edmonton Centre, had written to Lethbridge two-hour tour at the cabin of John Ware, a notable and Calgary Centres about the need for a Provincial black cowboy pioneer, saying "We hope you will come Archaeologist and a strong, enforceable Antiquities again to the graveyard of the dinosaurs, this land of Act. Lethbridge members realized that objectives such hoodoos and fantastic rock forms, of badlands scenery as this could be most easily attained through the con­ and desert plants." certed action by all Centres. In November, the first meeting to establish a Provincial Executive of the Ar­ Probably the most significant of the Club's activities for chaeological Society was held. Lethbridge was repre­ 1966 was the publishing of the booklet "Crystal sented by Jim Carpenter, Villa Jean Tyrrell, John Dor­ Springs Indian Campsite" by Mr. J.A. Spencer. This maar and Armin Dyck. was a centennial project celebrating Canada's 100th birthday in 1967. The 35-page booklet is the record of Lethbridge Centre CHARTER NUMBER 5456, two years work by Mr. Spencer on a site south of Well­ November 21, 1968 ing, Alberta, NE20 and NW21-5-21-W4. The land about the coulee spring is marshy and the fields Although the Centres in Edmonton, Calgary and nearby have been cultivated for years and well picked Lethbridge worked closely together, there was not as over for arrowheads. Although the site is too disturbed yet a central body with authority. Lethbridge Centre for a professional investigation, Mr. Spencer reasoned applied for protection under the Societies Act, and was that a record of artifacts found there could become a granted Charter 5456 on November 21, 1968. The valuable addition to the general knowledge of the area. members who signed the application became the Artifacts in eight collections were sketched and de­ Charter Members. scribed. The Club borrowed $350.00 to pay printing costs for 1000 copies, which were offered for sale at The Aims and Objectives of the Society, as set out in $1.00 each. the Charter are: 1. To promote an interest in archaeology and re Publishing the booklet "Crystal Springs" by J.A. lated sciences. Spencer established a tradition of the Lethbridge Cen­ 2. To preserve archaeological sites in Alberta. tre of recording and publishing reports of all field trips 3. To discourage collecting for financial gain.

No. 42 Spring 2005 33 Charter members: settler, showed us where she remembered it was situ­ J.H. Carpenter J.W. Erickson ated. Bill Pelham was the field captain and he reported W.J. Cousins Harrisam Hubbard that our efforts were unsuccessful in locating the rock. L.D. Halmrast Helen C.E. Schuler Witnessed by: C. Tyrrell On March 29, 1969, the Calgary Centre came to the Lethbridge Junior College for our first inter-club meet­ In the Club's early days multiple copies were made by ing. Those who attended from the Lethbridge Club mimeographing, a messy process involving a cakepan were: full of purple gel. Then a Young Businessmen's Club donated a Gestetner, a roller machine that made much Jim & June Carpenter Margaret & Clarence Geiger neater purple copies. The only proviso was that when Linnea Walker Dorothy Gentleman we were finished with it, we would pass it on to a Muriel Gentleman Leah & Ralph Poelman needy club, which we did. It went to a Boy Scout troop Grace & Ken Dahl L.D. & Jessie Halmrast in Northern Alberta. The purple copy supplying the Oliver & Edna Watmough following information is still very legible after 30 years. L.S. Hoye J.A. Spencer Mirra Peterson Elden Peterson The By-Laws regulated all facets of activities and pro­ Mrs. D. Wilkie Mrs. P. Pelham cedures - fees were $3.00 for a Family Annual mem­ Mr. & Mrs. J. Pelham Mrs. K. Kerr bership and $2.00 for a Single Annual membership. In R. Scholdra E. & Dorothy Miller this regard, "Family membership shall apply to a le­ Frank & Katherine Russe II gally married couple and their dependent sons and E.A. Simmonds Bruce Haig daughters only". The duties and responsibilities of all Ray & Helen Schuler Hazel & Gordon Ross elected or appointed officials were listed: agendas for Armin & Gerry Dyck regular, executive, and an Annual Meeting were ar­ ranged; voting, borrowing powers clearly stated. Those from the Calgary Club were:

The final section, No. 17 states: Dr. B.O.K. Reeves Mr. & Mrs. R. Vine Margaret & Tim Hansen Michael Beare The By-Laws may be rescinded, altered or added to by Jason W. Smith Rachel A. Smith an Extraordinary Resolution passed by a majority of Scott Murray Marilyn Humphreys not less than three-fourths of such members entitled to Mrs. J. Sekella K. Fladmark vote as are present in person, and at a general meet­ Bryden Gordon Midge Gordon ing of which one month's written notice specifying the Mr. & Mrs. Lyle Osborne intention to propose the resolution as an Extraordinary Darla Kerr Kathy Zorn Resolution has been duly given. Dr. Reeves invited the Lethbridge members to take The document was signed by the Charter members. part in the archaeological work he was doing in Water- There were amendments to the By-Laws in later years, ton and renewed his invitation for volunteers to work most of them to do with raising the annual dues. during the summer.

The year 1969 marked the fourth birthday of the In April we discussed a proposal to establish a Provin­ Lethbridge Centre of the Archaeological Society of cial Executive. Alberta (ASA). The New Year started out well with our introduction to the noted archaeologists Mary and On June 1 a field trip to Enchant and Sundial Butte Louis Leakey as we watched the National Geographic was undertaken to assess the possibility of mapping film "Dr. Leakey and the Dawn of Man". and recording a large medicine wheel, effigy, cairn and dream beds reported to be in the area. A number of The membership remained at about 40 with half being our members attended Lethbridge Parks and Recrea­ 'Family memberships'. The fees were $3.00 for family, tion Department meetings. Plans were discussed for $2.00 single and $1.00 for students. We had $203.98 the future development of the river bottom. in the bank and we owned a new large coffeemaker. Every account of Lethbridge Centre field work carries a We had a sign made and erected near the tipi rings we professional soil assessment. These are the work of had transferred to the Fort Whoop-Up complex in In­ Dr. John Dormaar, one of a group of scientists and dian Battle Park. The marker was to tell the story of technicians who worked at the Research Station and what they were and that they had been transferred other Governmental sectors. They were among the from the Lindy Smith farm. earliest members of our club and they willingly shared their expertise with us by program talks and practical In February an investigation was held in the river bot­ advice. In the first ten years, the following names ap­ tom below Lethbridge to try to find the Medicine Rock, peared often on a list of the club activities: Tom Atkin­ well-documented in early historical reports and known son, John Dormaar, Charles Tyrrell, Alex Johnston, as sacred to the native people. Mrs. Peak, an early Larry Lutwick, Stan Freyman, Mike Hanna. Others we

34 The Alberta Archaeological Review relied on were: Lloyd Sadler, Al Ulrickson, Jack Membership was 38, and due to our "Family Member­ McCracken, Ray Schuler, Herb Sivyer, Buck Cunning­ ship" category the average attendance at meetings ham, Gordon Ross, John Erickson. John Dormaar, a was 52. soil scientist, has never missed a field trip except when he was on assignment overseas. If John was unable to We were encouraged by a newspaper article stating attend on the scheduled date, he made a solo trip. that the Department of the Secretary of State was John was interested in establishing the relative age of studying legislation to keep Canadian artifacts in Can­ the large and small tipi rings. The process involved ada. In April Alex Johnston and John Dormaar were testing the leaching of minerals into the soil under un­ asked to be members of a Standing Committee on disturbed rocks. His conclusion after many years of Historic Sites Legislation. In September both were in­ testing: in the site tested, when small and large circles vited to be on a Public Advisory Committee on Conser­ were present, the small ones had been in situ longer. vation of Archaeological and Historical Sites. Dr. Rich­ ard Forbis was chairman of the Committee. The year 1970 was an eventful one for the Lethbridge Centre. We began to focus on the future and the ur­ Edmonton Centre formed a group to undertake emer­ gent need for protection of archaeological sites from gency salvage archaeology — a wise and necessary vandalism and destruction. The rock structures, align­ move to deal with rapid urban growth. ments and circles could be as ancient as the Pyra­ mids. (Later investigations at the Majorville site have In August of 1971 we spent a whole day exploring the yielded a date of 5000 years B.P.) landscape on the way to Manyberries. There we met with Hope Johnson, of Ralston, who was to be the At the January meeting, a Life Membership was Field Captain for the fossil and bone beds at that site. awarded to Mr. J.A. Spencer in recognition of his con­ In late August we received permission from the Blood tributions to archaeology, such as the booklet "Crystal Reserve to map a well-documented stone memorial Springs", and his many talks to school children and at circle. public events. In March we discussed a proposal from Edmonton Centre concerning the Provincial Executive. In September we were saddened by the death of our We countered with a proposal that preserved each Patron, Senator James Gladstone, at age 84. Centre's authority in matters of membership and fees. In May, John Erickson, Superintendent of Provincial As chronicled earlier in this historical account, archae­ Parks in Southern Alberta and a member of our club, ology students at the University of Calgary were still informed us that the Alberta Government was estab­ interested in Fort Whoop-Up. Another meeting was lishing Wilderness and Natural areas at Red Rock arranged with Mr. Hubbard (owner of the site) in No­ Coulee, Millarville Site, Police Outpost and Dinosaur vember and agreement was reached in 1972. Park. When local Archaeological Societies were set up in In June, about 25 members spent a weekend mapping Edmonton and Calgary in 1960-1962, they had the two boulder outlines on Antelope Hill, about twelve whole-hearted support of the professional archaeolo­ miles west of the town of Milk River. In November, on gists. In 1965 the Lethbridge Society received the behalf of the Lethbridge Centre, John Dormaar pre­ same encouragement from the professionals, plus a lot sented a brief to the Environmental Council to define of good advice from the established Societies. It was and designate Wilderness Areas in the province. like a little fledgling hockey player with two big brothers who are splendid prospects for the NHL. On November 14, 1970, twenty-two of our members Following is a list of speakers and lecturers who do­ went by bus to Calgary for a joint meeting with their nated their time and expertise during our first ten Club members. The cost was $4.50 per person return. years, 1965-1975. We left at 4:00 p.m. and got back at 1:00 a.m. Good food, good talk, good friends, GOOD TIME! 1965 1966 Dr. Lu Bayrock Dr. Larry Lutwick At this time we interceded for the University of Calgary Dr. A.L. Bryan Roy Fowler students with Mr. Hubbard, who owned the site of the Dr. R.G. Forbis Dr. Tom Atkinson original Fort Whoop-Up. One of the highlights of that J.H. Carpenter Dr. Alex Johnston autumn was the discovery of a burial at Writing-On- C. Tyrrell Frank Russell Stone Provincial Park. John Erickson, Parks Superin­ G. Kitchener J.A. Spencer tendent, notified Club president Jim Carpenter, John F. Russell Anne Gangur Dormaar and Dr. R. Forbis, University of Calgary. Ron Getty was engaged by Parks Canada to do the investi­ 1967 1968 gation and report. The published report was "Many Vaughn Driscoll Jack McCracken Snakes Burial" by Ron Getty. Dr. John Dormaar John Erickson Lloyd Sadler V.J. Tyrrell In 1971 the Lethbridge Centre held eight executive Al Ulrickson Dr. A. Schultz meetings, eight regular meetings, and two field trips. Ron Getty Dr. John Dormaar

No. 42 Spring 2005 35 Dr. W. Byrne Dr. Brian Reeves On February 26 the Calgary Centre members came for Frank Russell Dr. Hope Johnson a joint meeting at the University of Lethbridge. Supper Evan Gushul Pauline McGeorge would be available at the Cafeteria at a cost of $1.20 - $1.30, but Food Services would close promptly at 6 1969 1970 p.m. We could use the dining space until 6:30. All Dr. Elbert Miller Dr. John Dormaar members of both clubs had been notified ahead of Dr. Knut Fladmark Herb Sivyer time of this time limit. The busload of Calgary mem­ David Keenlyside Ray Schuler bers arrived at 5:40. Our guests scampered down the Brian Gordon John Erickson long concourse to the Food Court where Lethbridge Ron Getty Buck Cunningham members were already in the line-up saving places for Earl Simmonds Dr. Hope Johnson the visitors. Buck Cunningham David Lane J.H. Carpenter After supper there was a short tour of the first major G. Kitchener building of the new University of Lethbridge. It was J. A. Spencer designed by the renowned architect Arthur Erickson Alva Bair and built in 1971 to conform to the coulee landscape. The architect said he was inspired by the great steel 1971 1972 rail trestle that stretches east to west for 5,372 feet Larry Lahren Yellow Shirt across the river valley 300 feet below. Echoing the L. Halmrast Larry Lehren concept at right angles, University Hall spans a deep Dr. John Dormaar Jacques Lavoi valley between two coulees, going down into the valley Dr. John Nicks Dr. B. Reeves for five stories. The concourse level is the sixth floor. J.H. Carpenter Dr. Terry Moore Neither the building nor the bridge obtrudes above the J.A. Spencer Ralph Poelman horizon. Herb Sivyer John Erickson Mary Dwyer Jim Carpenter At 8 p.m. we enjoyed talks by Calgary archaeologists Earl Simmonds June Carpenter Larry Lahren and Jacques Lavoie on digs in Yellow­ Earl Simmonds stone Valley and in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Dr. Reeves told us of a presentation he had made to 1973 1974 the Environmental Council of Alberta on behalf of our Bill Hunt Jack Elliott Society. Dr. John Dormaar Dr. E. Miller Dr. Stan Freyman Dr. M. Hanna In March the Alberta Department of Education asked Dr. R. Bonnichsen Alva Bair for permission to reprint Mr. Spencer's booklet "Crystal Morgan Gadd Dr. T.E. Brewerton Springs Indian Campsite" to use as a textbook. Mr. John Hellson John Brumley Spencer told us he intended to give his artifact collec­ Dr. B. Reeves tion to the University of Lethbridge for cataloguing and Gordon Ross reference. John Erickson Mrs. Walker In April we examined a campsite south of the Univer­ Dr. E. Miller sity that had formerly contained many tipi rings, but Jim Carpenter found that nearly all had been destroyed by construc­ J.A. Spencer tion. We also looked at the Chapman-Williams prop­ Henry Anderson erty in West Lethbridge and found just two partial Earl Simmonds rings.

1975 We were able to help Mr. George Stevens, who owned Dr. B. Reeves Dr. W. Byrne farmland by Foremost, move a sizeable boulder with Dr. P Schlederman Kate Mills carvings on it to a secure place in the ranchyard away Henry Anderson John Erickson from a remote field where it was threatened with van­ Dr. John Dormaar Ray Schuler dalism (it is now in the Etzikom Museum). Kate Mills George Reti Fred Roskam Jim Carpenter In September, Alex Johnston and John Dormaar as­ Ralph Poelman Oliver Watmough sisted with the preparation of a draft of the Antiquities Act for presentation at the fall session of the Legisla­ The New Year 1972 started out with some good news ture. and some bad news. We got the good news first. In January Mr. Hubbard gave permission to Barney New Year's Resolutions 1973, made by the Lethbridge Reeves and his students to work at the original site of Centre of the ASA: to be more active; to learn more; Fort Whoop-Up. They had some funding but were on a to accomplish more; and that's just what we did! tight budget. The bad news was that the funding was Here's a list of our programs, speakers and activities. revoked in April.

36 The Alberta Archaeological Review Joint meeting in Calgary at Mount Royal College January November 24 Bill Hunt Chief Smallboys Band, Kootenay Earl Simmonds Suffield Reserve Investiga Plains tions John Dormaar Bighorn Dam Salvage Operations During the summer John Dormaar represented us at January 23 Film O'Kan - Sundance of the Blackfoot hearings on Land Use of the Eastern Slopes. These Film Dr. Leakey, The Dawn of Man meetings were initiated by the Environment Conserva­ tion Authority. February 24 Film Origin of Settled Life in Meso- America Jim Carpenter attended meetings in Calgary and Ed­ Stan Freyman History of Corn Production in Al monton to finalize the Constitution for the new Provin­ berta cial Executive. (Published Report in "Alberta Archae­ ology: Prospect and Retrospect", T.A. Moore, Editor.) March R. Bonnichsen Cypress Hills Sites This banner year was marked with a number of high­ Stone Knapping Techniques lights. The combined efforts of the Centres succeeded in the establishment of the Alberta Archaeological Sur­ April Meeting in Calgary re: Provincial vey. In May 1973 Royal Assent was granted to the Executive Alberta Heritage Act. Of more immediate value to the Field Trip Lundy farm campsite. Three tipi Centres was the formation of an official committee to rings and one very small ring. Un get the Provincial Executive established. usual feature - a large grooved rock, probably used as a tether Fifty notices were sent out for the January 1974 meet­ stone. Mr. Lundy informed us some ing to be held at the Lethbridge Community College on months later that the tether stone the last Saturday night of the month at 8 p.m. Mem­ had been stolen. bers were reminded of their dues, $3.00 for family, $2.00 for single. The program was "Archaeological April 28 Sites in Jasper National Park" - a talk by Jack Elliott, Morgan Gadd Plants in Blackfoot Culture Curator at the Gait Museum. John Hellson Medicine Bundles Jim Carpenter reported on a meeting in Edmonton of May 21 the Provincial Executive Committee. Jack Nance, Ar­ Field Trip Police Coulee, Writing-On- chaeological Researcher for the Alberta Department of Stone, Lawrence Halmrast, Youth and Culture, sent regrets for not being able to Captain attend. He asked to be kept up to date about the pro­ gress of the group. He also ordered copies of our pub­ June 24 lications. Field Trip Sites in Crowsnest Pass Ar eas, Barney Reeves, Leader. In May Barney Reeves asked our Centre to map the Joint trip with members of boulder pavement at Burmis, which we had seen on Calgary and South Eastern our field trip in 1973. We accomplished this on June 2. Alberta Centres. Information from the June 2 meeting notice: The pro­ posed constitution for the Archaeological Society has September been revised by our Executive and forwarded to Cal­ Provincial Executive Organization Group formed. gary and Edmonton Centres for their approval. Hope­ Jim Carpenter representative for Lethbridge Centre. fully, the Provincial body will be fully operational by fall. J. Dormaar suggests all members of the four Centres lobby members of the Provincial Government to ap­ In September Mr. Spencer gave his artifact collection point a Provincial Archaeologist. to the University of Lethbridge.

September 29 Members Night Excerpt from the Saturday, September 23 meeting Gordon Ross Police Coulee notice: A sequel to this summer's field trip to the John Erickson Police Post Reconstruction Crowsnest Pass area: Dr. B. Reeves, in an interview John Dormaar Chief Mountain Altar Site reported in the Lethbridge Herald, says that the discov­ M.Walker, Dr. Miller South America Sites ery of the chert quarries he pointed out to us is proba­ Jim Carpenter Medicine Rock bly the most important find in the Southern Alberta J.A. Spencer Trip to Israel Rockies. The chert outcrops occur in the Livingstone Henry Anderson Boneyard Coulee, Blood In Range at an elevation around 7,000 feet. Dr. Reeves dian Reserve estimates the mines were first used 8,000 years ago, with peak use about the time of Christ. October

No. 42 Spring 2005 37 At our regular meeting in October we were informed that Calgary Centre members agreed with the ASA In March Dr. William Byrne was the guest speaker at Constitution, and Edmonton Centre accepted it. our general meeting. Dr. Byrne was the Director of the Archaeological Survey of Alberta and he spoke of the The November 30 meeting wound up the year's activi­ preservation of archaeological sites. His talk was on ties with a fine illustrated talk by John Brumley, an ar­ the Morkin Site, west of Claresholm, a Late Prehistoric chaeologist member of South Eastern Centre - the Settlement, with reference to pottery found in that site. newest member Centre of the ASA. John spoke of the The following day Dr. Byrne and field captain Ralph Cactus Flower Site, the McKean Complex in Alberta Poelman inspected the Last Indian Battle site where 4,000 years BP. members were doing some surface work with a metal detector. Report compiled by Jim Carpenter. Artifact The year 1975 marks the finale of this article on the report, Henry Anderson; Historical post script report, early history of the Lethbridge Archaeology Centre. It Oliver Watmough. The work and reports were ap­ was also a year of 'firsts'. Until now we had been an proved by Dr. Byrne. association of local Centres, each with its charter un­ der the Societies Act. Now we were member Centres On June 27-28, members attended a conservation of a chartered provincial organization, the Archaeologi­ workshop sponsored by the Provincial Museum. cal Society of Alberta (ASA). On 7 February 1975 the ASA was registered with the Department of Corporate Archeological Society of Alberta, Lethbridge Centre Affairs as Charter 8265. Membership List for 1975-76:

It took ten years to achieve that 'first'. We were desig­ Mr. & Mrs. E.C. Allen Henry Anderson nated as a Learned Society, with more authority to Mrs. Mary Bailey Mr. & Mrs. W. Fred Bowen speak to government departments on environmental Mr. & Mrs. J.H. Carpenter and land use concerns. On 12 April the Pro-tern Pro­ Mr. & Mrs. Jerry Crapo Mr. & Mrs. K. Dahl vincial Executive committee called a meeting in Cal­ Mrs. Ruth Daw Dr. & Mrs. J. Dormaar gary of members of the three chartered Centres and of Armin Dyck Mrs. Elsie Dowd the group in Medicine Hat. That group was chartered John Erickson Mr. & Mrs. V. Erdman as the South Eastern Charter on 7 June 1975. The 17 Jack Elliott Anne Gangur members who attended had voting authority to appoint Mr. & Mrs. C. Geiger Mrs. D. Gentleman a first official Provincial Executive. John Dormaar was Mr. & Mrs. T. Gilchrist Mr. & Mrs. D. Graveland appointed to be the first President of the first official Mr. & Mrs. D. Green Bruce Haig Provincial Executive. David Coutts was voted in as Mr. & Mrs. L. Halmrast Dr. Gudrun Hesse Vice-President, Jeanne Cody of Calgary as Permanent Dr. Raymond Huel Mr. & Mrs. H. Janecke Secretary/Treasurer, and a representative member Alex Johnston Herman Martens from each Centre; Jim Carpenter from Lethbridge. As Mr. & Mrs. J.P. McKenzie President, John Dormaar would also chair the first offi­ Dr. & Mrs. R. Meintzer Dr. Elbert Miller cial Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Society of Terry Moore Mr. & Mrs. Jack Morgan Alberta, which would be held in Lethbridge on 10-11 Miss Grace Norgard Mr. & Mrs. W. Pelham April, 1976. Mr. & Mrs. R. Poelman Mr. & Mrs. S. Prokop Mr. & Mrs. F. Roskam Mr. & Mrs. G. Ross In May we mapped Sundial Butte Medicine Wheel and Mr. & Mrs. F. Russell Mr. & Mrs. G. Reti for the first time used metric instead of imperial meas­ Mr. & Mrs. R. Schuler Earl A. Simmonds urements. Henry Anderson converted the frames and Mr. & Mrs. P. Slemko Herb Sivyer graph mapping papers. Another 'first' was the full page J. A. Spencer E.B. Tudor picture of this field trip that appeared in the Lethbridge Mr. & Mrs. C. Tyrrell Mr. & Mrs. Marvin Verburg Herald of 7 June 1975. Dr. & Mrs. Wagenaar Mrs. L. Walker O. Watmough Mrs. D. Wilkie A field trip to Suffield was another 'first' but also a 'last'. John Brumley's work at the Cactus Flower Site was soon to be concluded. The Medicine Hat Club was chartered on 5 June 1975 as the South Eastern Centre of the ASA. Please see the obituary for the author, In September Earl Simmonds, archaeologist and Joan W. (June) Carpenter, of the teacher, initiated a course on basic archaeology at the preceding article "History of the Lethbridge Community College. Seniors who were members of any Centre of the ASA were allowed to Archaeological Society in Lethbridge", attend the evening classes without paying the fee. This on page 3, "In Memory". much-appreciated 'first' was well-attended. Some stu­ dents drove over a hundred miles to attend the weekly classes.

38 The Alberta Archaeological Review OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ALBERTA

Volume 1 April 2003

Saahkomaapina (Boy Chief) - EeOv-68 Written by Thomas Head, Wendy Unfreed and Les Gorham.

A detailed site report of excavations at a stratified, multi-component Middle Pre-Contact Period site in south-central Alberta. Dr. Len Hills and Ms. Joanne Braaten editors, 2003. A publication of the Archaeological Society of Alberta, Soft cover, 255 pages, 170 figures, ISBN 1706-9505

Volume 2 November 2003

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The Mortlach Phase Written by Dale A. Walde

This dissertation has re-examined the latest precontact-early contact archaeological assemblages of Southern Saskatchewan and related material in northwestern Montana, northwestern North Dakota and southwestern Manitoba. The Mortlach Phase, first proposed by Joyes (1973) and often questioned by other investigators, is redefined and offered again to the archaeological com­ munity. Dr. Len Hills and Ms. Joanne Braaten Editors, 2003. A publication of the Archaeological Society of Alberta. Soft cover 165 pages, 37 figures, ISBN 706 505, ISSN 0-9691030-3-4

No. 42 Spring 2005 39 Volume 3 April 2004

The Miniota Site: An Avonlea Component in Southwestern Manitoba Written by - A. Landals, B. Kulle and D. Cockle.

Soft Cover, 180 pages 94 Figures, 36 Plates and 29 Tables. ISBN# 0-9691030-4-2 and ISSN# 1706-9505.

Volume 4 November 2004

Archaeological Investigations at the Junction Site (DkPi-2) Written by: Wendy Unfreed and Stanley Van Dyke

On behalf of Alberta Transportation and Utilities, Bison Historical Services Limited carried out a two year program of archaeo­ logical site mitigation at DkPi-2, the Highway 2/3 Junction Site, just west of Fort Macleod, Alberta. It was occupied intermit­ tently between 910 B.P. and 380 B.P. by groups assignable to the Old Women's Phase. The site was used for bison pounding, butchering, processing and habitation between late fall and early spring. The site yielded over 1.25 million artifacts, including butchered bone, shell, lithic tools, bone tools, debitage, pottery and fire broken rock. Dr. Len Hills and Ms. Joanne Braaten Editors, 2004. A publication of the Archaeological Society of Alberta.

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40 The Alberta Archaeological Review