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An Analysis of Invasive Species Management in the Niagara Region of Ontario, Canada

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An Analysis of Invasive Species Management in the Niagara Region of Ontario, Canada An Analysis of Invasive Species Management in the Niagara Region of Ontario, Canada: Establishment of a Database to Improve Knowledge Sharing Lyn Brown, B.Sc. Sustainability Science and Society Graduate Program Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Sustainability Faculty of Social Sciences, Brock University St. Catharines, Ontario © 2019 Abstract Worldwide, 17,000 invasive species drive biodiversity loss, and cost the global economy at least $1.4 trillion annually. The UN and Convention on Biological Diversity have declared invasive species a global initiative and requested increased data sharing on invasives. Existing worldwide and local databases focus on distribution, abundance, identification, and impacts of invasives, but not management activities. No database focuses on invasive management for the Niagara Region of Ontario, Canada. This study used sustainability science and the Ecosystem Approach Principles to guide the design of an invasive species management database. The goal of the study was to document current aquatic and riparian invasive management activities in the Niagara Region and develop a database that would become a tool to facilitate collaboration at the regional level. The objectives were to (1) inventory current invasive detection and control activities in the Niagara Region and make comparisons to recommended techniques in the literature; (2) examine perceived efficacy of control techniques; and (3) develop a database integrated with a GIS mapping component. Seventy-one organizations involved in riparian/aquatic invasive management in the Niagara Region were contacted and 16 were interviewed in-depth. In 2017/2018 there were 35 separate control efforts reported, involving 10 riparian invasives and two aquatic invasives, with most concentrated along the Niagara River. Collaboration efforts were minimal, occurring for only six specific projects. Recommendations from this study include: develop a regional invasive species plan; increase control efforts along the Welland Canal and Lake Erie shoreline; consider a wider variety of control techniques; and increase collaboration, information-sharing and resource-sharing among organizations. Overall, this database provides a baseline for the current state of aquatic and riparian invasive management activities in the Region, and can be used as a tool to identify resource-sharing opportunities, management efficacy, priority areas, areas of improvement, and future resource ii needs. This can help Niagara progress towards achieving Aichi Biodiversity Target 9 and the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goal Target 15.8. Keywords: invasive species management, invasive species database, sustainability science, Ecosystem Approach Principles, Niagara Region iii Table of Contents ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................ x GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................................ xiii 1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Defining Invasive Species ..................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Invasive Species Management .............................................................................................. 3 1.3 The Need for Invasive Species Databases........................................................................... 10 1.4 Elements to Include in Invasive Species Databases ............................................................ 11 1.5 Invasive Species of the Niagara Region .............................................................................. 12 1.6 Improving Invasive Species Management in Niagara......................................................... 15 1.7 Connecting Sustainability Science and the Ecosystem Approach with This Study ............ 16 2.0 METHODS ............................................................................................................................. 18 2.1 Goals and Objectives ........................................................................................................... 18 2.2 Identify Potential Invasive Species in the Region ............................................................... 20 2.3 Identify Management Activities .......................................................................................... 22 2.4 Identify Organizations ......................................................................................................... 22 2.5 Obtain Ethics Approval ....................................................................................................... 24 2.6 Design Questionnaire .......................................................................................................... 24 2.7 Pre-test Questionnaire ......................................................................................................... 30 2.8 Identify Study Area ............................................................................................................. 30 2.9 Contact Organizations ......................................................................................................... 30 2.10 Conduct Interviews ........................................................................................................... 31 2.11 Analyze Data ..................................................................................................................... 31 2.12 Construct the Database and ArcGIS Online Map ............................................................. 33 3.0 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................... 39 3.1 Groups Working on Aquatic and Riparian Invasives in the Niagara Region ..................... 39 3.2 Priority Invasives for Organizations in Niagara Region ..................................................... 41 iv 3.3 Detection of Invasives in Niagara Region........................................................................... 42 3.4 Control Activities of Invasives in Niagara Region ............................................................. 43 3.5 Control Efficacy .................................................................................................................. 45 3.6 Locations of Control Activities ........................................................................................... 47 3.7 Collaboration Among Organizations .................................................................................. 48 3.8 Control Costs of Invasives in Niagara Region .................................................................... 53 3.9 Barriers to Invasive Species Management .......................................................................... 53 3.10 Invasive Species Activity Pattern ...................................................................................... 54 4.0 DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................... 57 4.1 Objective 1 - Inventory of Invasive Species Management Initiatives in the Region .......... 57 4.2 Objective 2 – Use of Detection and Control Techniques and Control Efficacy ................. 60 4.3 Control Location ................................................................................................................. 63 4.4 Control Efficacy .................................................................................................................. 63 4.5 Objective 3 – Database and ArcGIS Map ........................................................................... 64 4.6 Costs of Managing Niagara Aquatic and Riparian Invasives ............................................. 65 4.7 Barriers to Invasive Species Management .......................................................................... 67 4.8 Prioritizing Invasives........................................................................................................... 68 4.9 Sustainability Science and Collaboration ............................................................................ 72 4.10 Contributions ..................................................................................................................... 73 4.11 Future Directions ............................................................................................................... 74 4.12 Recommendations ............................................................................................................. 74 4.13 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 76 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 78 APPENDIX A: Niagara Invasive Plant Management Strategy Workshop .................................. 98 APPENDIX B: List of Potential Aquatic/Riparian Invasives in the Niagara Region According to GLANSIS, CABI, and NAS Databases ...................................................................................... 102 APPENDIX C: University Research Ethics Board Review ....................................................... 107 APPENDIX D: Survey Instrument ............................................................................................
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