Taxonomía, Distribución Y Aspectos Ecológicos De Los Copépodos (Crustacea: Copepoda) De Charcas Temporales Del Estado De Jalisco

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Taxonomía, Distribución Y Aspectos Ecológicos De Los Copépodos (Crustacea: Copepoda) De Charcas Temporales Del Estado De Jalisco UNIVERSIDAD DE GUADALAJARA Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias Taxonomía, distribución y aspectos ecológicos de los copépodos (Crustacea: Copepoda) de charcas temporales del estado de Jalisco Tesis que para obtener el grado de Maestro en Ciencias en Biosistemática y Manejo de Recursos Naturales y Agrícolas Presenta Karl Edward Velázquez Ornelas Zapopan, Jalisco Noviembre de 2019 UNIVERSIDAD DE GUADALAJARA Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias Taxonomía, distribución y aspectos ecológicos de los copépodos (Crustacea: Copepoda) de charcas temporales del estado de Jalisco Tesis que para obtener el grado de Maestro en Ciencias en Biosistemática y Manejo de Recursos Naturales y Agrícolas Presenta Karl Edward Velázquez Ornelas DIRECTOR Manuel Ayón Parente CODIRECTOR Eduardo Suárez Morales Zapopan, Jalisco Noviembre de 2019 UNIVERSIDAD DE GUADAIAIARA Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias Taxonomía^ distribución y aspectos ecolópcos de los copépodos (Crustácea: Copepoda) de charcas temporales del estado de Jalisco Por KarI Edward Velázquez: Ornelas Maestría en Ciencias en Biosistemática y Manejo de Recnrscws Naturales y Agrícolas Aprobado por: Mi Dr. Maimel Ayon Párente Fecha Director de T^is e integrante del jurado JpNffEdiiardo Swárex Morales Fecha Codirector de Tesis e int^rante del jurado Dr. Eduardo Rí 0ata Fecha Asesor del Comité Particular e integrante del jurado O H¡ filñ Dr* Fabián Alejandro Rodríguez Zaragoza Fecha Asesor del Comité Particular e integrante del jurado M* C. Cristian Moisés Galván Villa / F<4ha Sinodal e integrante del jurado Dedicatoria Dedico este trabajo a todas aquellas personas que, de manera apasionada, trabajan con un tema que es para ellos lo más importante, aunque no siempre sea sencillo. Agradecimientos A toda mi familia, que no dejan de apoyarme aún si no estoy presente todo el tiempo. A mis amigos: Guadalupe R., Mayela P, Carlos B., Victoria B., Antonio B., Cynthia G., Daniel G., Jacinto G., Juan D., Carlos C., Guadalupe B., Fernanda H., Evangelina L., Cassandra DA., Elizabeth A., Leoncio G., Patricia C., Cecilia V., Cristina R., Gustavo C., Maribel B., Andrea C., Alejandro I., Tania P., Marco N., Natalia J., Cristina R., Jacinto G., Juan Diego D., Guillermo H., Carlos C., Cristian M., Cristian D., Diego C., Emanuel C., Andrea A., Maribel G., José L. y otros más, que, aunque algunos ya no forman parte de mi vida, alguna vez estuvieron ahí para sacarme una sonrisa o de algún apuro. A mis directores de tesis, Manuel Ayón Parente (CUCBA) y Eduardo Suárez Morales (ECOSUR), por haber formado parte importante de este proyecto y contribuir a mi formación en el grupo. A los doctores Samuel Gómez, Marta Aguirre, Adrián Cervantes y Marcelo Silva, por transmitirme parte de toda esa pasión que tienen por los copépodos. A mi comité de evaluación, formado por los doctores Fabián Rodríguez, Eduardo Ríos y Cristian Galván, por haber colaborado en formarme como una persona con carácter científico. A todos aquellos profesores que alguna vez me enseñaron a utilizar programas o herramientas que me serían de gran utilidad para el resto de mi vida científica, tal como fueron el Dr. Raymundo, la Dra. Guadalupe, la Dra. Laura y el Dr. Fabián. A los doctores Fernando Pardos, Lugo, Rosario, Sarma S. y Sarma N., por muchos consejos que fueron de utilidad para el estudio de este grupo. A la doctora Patricia Zarazúa y a Yuri, por ayudarme y aconsejarme durante todo el proceso académico y administrativo del posgrado. A los M. en C. Eduardo Juárez Carillo y Martha Lara, por alentarme en todo momento en la continuidad de mis estudios y siempre estar ahí para apoyarme en distintos ámbitos. A la Universidad de Guadalajara por ser la institución que me formó hasta este punto, con un nivel competitivo a nivel nacional e internacional. A CONACYT, organismo sin el cual no habría concluido este grado. Al posgrado BIMARENA, por el esfuerzo que realiza año con año para mantenerse como un posgrado de calidad. A la M. en C. Aurora Marrón Becerra y a la técnico María Berenit Mendoza Garfias, por su apoyo en conjunto con el Laboratorio de Microscopía y Fotografía de la Biodiversidad I del Instituto de Biología de la UNAM, en la toma de las micrografías MEB, necesarias para la visualización de caracteres taxonómicos de tamaño reducido. Finalmente, agradezco a Dios por permitirme levantarme y seguir después de fallar, todo el tiempo. Índice Resumen…...…….………………………………………………………………………………... 1 Abstract…...………………………………………………………………………………………. 2 I. Introducción 1.1. Introducción general..…………………..…………..……………..…………... 3 1.2. Caracteres morfológicos………………………………………………………. 6 1.3. Criterios taxonómicos……………………………………………………….. 15 II. Antecedentes………………………………………………………………………… 15 III. Justificación…….…………………………………………………………………… 19 IV. Objetivos 4.1. Objetivo general……………………………………………………………... 20 4.2. Objetivos particulares……………………………………………………....... 20 V. Materiales y métodos 5.1. Área de estudio………………………………………………………………. 21 5.2. Trabajo de campo…………………………………………………………..... 23 5.3. Trabajo de laboratorio y análisis de datos………………………………........ 29 VI. Resultados 6.1. Composición y distribución de especies…………………………………....... 31 6.2. Lista de especies de copépodos dulceacuícolas de Jalisco............................... 34 6.3. Fichas de especies………………………………………………………….... 36 6.4. Clave dicotómica para las especies de copépodos de aguas continentales del estado de Jalisco……………………………………………………………. 163 6.5. Ambiente y aspectos ecológicos..…………………………………………... 178 VII. Discusión 7.1. Composición de especies..………………………………………………….. 185 7.2. Distribución de especies.………………………………………………….... 197 7.3. Ambiente y aspectos ecológicos.…………………………………………… 200 VIII. Conclusiones……...………………………………………………………………... 206 IX. Literatura citada………....…………………………………………………………. 207 Índice de figuras Figura 1. Tagmosis de los grupos de copépodos que pueden encontrarse en agua dulce. Modificado de Reid & Williamson (2010)…………...……………………………………................................ 7 Figura 2. Esquema general de un apéndice de copépodo. Modificado de Jaume et al. (2004)……………………………………………………………………………………………... 9 Figura 3. Apariencia general de los apéndices cefálicos de los copépodos. A1: Anténula, A2: Antena, Md, Mandíbula, Ca: Calanoida, Cy: Cyclopoida, Ha: Harpacticoida. Modificada de Dussart & Defaye (2001)…………………………………...…………………………………..... 11 Figura 4. Ramas caudales y somito anal de un copépodo. Modificado de Jaume et al. (2004)……………………………………………………………………………………………. 12 Figura 5. Estructura típica de una pata natatoria de copépodo. Modificado de Dussart & Defaye (2001)……………………………………………………..……………………………………... 13 Figura 6. Ejemplos de estructura de los quintos pares de apéndices de los tres órdenes de copépodos que pueden encontrarse en agua dulce. Ca: Calanoida, Cy: Cyclopoida, Ha: Harpacticoida. Modificado de Dussart & Defaye (2001)………………..……………………………………….. 14 Figura 7. Registros de las especies de copépodos dulceacuícolas en México. Modificada de Suárez- Morales & Reid (1998)…………………………………………………………………………... 18 Figura 8. Zonas de muestreo dentro del área de estudio: Jalisco, México. CE: Centro, CO: Costa, SI: Sierra, CH: Chapala, AL: Altos………………………………………………………………. 23 Figura 9. Riqueza de especies de copépodos por zona en Jalisco. GU: Guadalajara, CO: Costa, SI: Sierra, CH: Chapala, AL: Altos…………….……………………….……………........................ 32 Figura 10. Riqueza de especies de copépodos por sitio de muestreo en Jalisco……..………….. 33 Figura 11. Quinto somito torácico y urosoma en vista dorsal de Aglaodiaptomus clavipes en vista dorsal: A) hembra, B) macho; las flechas señalan los somitos genitales y, en el caso del macho, el tercer somito urosomal……..……………………………………………………………………. 37 Figura 12. A) Segmentos del 7 al 22 de la anténula derecha del macho; nótese las espinas de los segmentos 13 y 16. B) Quinto par de patas en vista caudal de Aglaodiaptomus clavipes; las flechas señalan los procesos espiniformes más desarrollados, el proceso distal del basipodito derecho y la garra lateral de la P5.…………………………………………………………………………….. 39 Figura 13. Distribución de Aglaodiaptomus clavipes en Jalisco…………………………………. 41 Figura 14. Detalles del hábito de Arctodiaptomus dorsalis. A) quinto somito torácico de la hembra en vista dorsal, B) metasoma y quinto pedígero de la hembra, C) detalle del Ur3 de la hembra en vista dorsal, D) detalle del somito genital del macho en vista dorsa…………………………….. 42 Figura 15. Anténula derecha de un Arctodiaptomus dorsalis macho. A) segmentos del 9 al 15, B) detalle del proceso en el segmento 20……………………………………………………………. 43 Figura 16. Quinto par de patas de Arctodiaptomus dorsalis macho en vista caudal; nótese las garras del Exp2 izquierdo y derecho, así como el proceso subrectangular del margen caudal del Exp2 derecho…………………………………………………………………………………………... 44 Figura 17. Distribución de Arctodiaptomus dorsalis en Jalisco…………………………………. 45 Figura 18. Quinto somito torácico en vista dorsal de Leptodiaptomus siciloides macho (A) y hembra (B). Véase la forma y longitud del somito genital del macho y el metasoma de la hembra. C) Anténula derecha del macho, véase el proceso distal del segmento 20. detalle de los últimos tres segmentos. D) detalle de la armadura de los segmentos 9 al 14…………………………………. 47 Figura 19. Quinto par de patas de Leptodiaptomus siciloides macho, vista caudal. Véase el proceso interno del Exp1 derecho, así como la garra lateral del Exp2………………..…………………... 48 Figura 20. Distribución de Leptodiaptomus siciloides en Jalisco………………………………..
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