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Early Rothenburg City Seals As an Indicator for the Rising Influence of the Rothenburg City Council in the 13Th and 14Th Centuries

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Early Rothenburg City Seals As an Indicator for the Rising Influence of the Rothenburg City Council in the 13Th and 14Th Centuries Early Rothenburg City Seals as an Indicator for the Rising Influence of the Rothenburg City Council in the 13th and 14th Centuries by MARKUS NASER, Würzburg At the recent International Medieval Congress in Leeds, this writer presented his research activities about the history of the Imperial City of Rothenburg in Franconia. The leading question was the examination of cooperation and competition between different urban classes in Rothenburg, with a special focus on the relationship between local noblemen and burghers. The Foundation and Beginnings of Rothenburg Rothenburg was founded in the 12th century as a typical town settlement of the Staufer era. In 1142 (or only little earlier), King Konrad III acquired a spur of rock south of the village Detwang to build a new castle there.1 The Rothen- burg castle must have been built promptly, as only two years later an Imperial Ministerialis called Arnold was named after it.2 Although there had been a smaller count’s castle nearby, only now the building of a whole town settle- ment was started.3 As is often the case, it’s impossible to tell when exactly this new settlement became a town or city.4 Depending on the definition of the terms, different opinions have been uttered by historians. Karl Borchardt 1 KARL FRIEDRICH STUMPF-BRENTANO, Die Reichskanzler vornehmlich des X., XI. und XII. Jahrhunderts, nebst einem Beitrage zu den Regesten und zur Kritik der Kaiserurkunden dieser Zeit 3: Acta imperii inde ab Heinrico I. ad Heinricum VI. usque adhuc inedita, 1865– 1881, p. 132–133, no. 109. 2 Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Conradi III. et filii eius Heinrici diplomata (MGH DD K III), 1969, p. 176–177, no. 99. 3 KARL BORCHARDT, Die Anfänge von Burg und Stadt Rothenburg, in: KARL BORCHARDT, Kirchen, Bürger und Bauern: Ausgewählte Studien zu Rothenburg ob der Tauber und seinem Umland, 2016, p. 172–187. 4 The differentiation between town and city doesn’t exist in the Latin or German sources of the Middle Ages. Concilium medii aevi 21 (2018) S. 91–109 MARKUS NASER: Early Rothenburg City Seals argues that Rothenburg was built as a town from the beginning onwards.5 He sees evidence in the regular structure of the settlement and in the early appearance of the Imperial Ministerialis Arnold in 1144 and a Jewish trader in 1170. If a stricter definition demanding some sort of self-government is applied, Rothenburg became a city in the first half of the 13th century only. Burghers are mentioned in 1227,6 a city seal in 12397 and a city council in 1269.8 The first Administrators in Rothenburg Shortly after the foundation of Rothenburg, it temporarily became the resi- dence of the Duke of Swabia. Out of the members of the ducal court soon emerged the leading families. The family of the first traceable ministerialis in Rothenburg, the aforementioned Arnold, governed the imperial possessions around Rothenburg until about 1200.9 It was succeeded by a family from the episcopal court in Würzburg whose installation took place in about 1203 to 1205. This installation was accompanied by the awarding of a new title. The new administrator of the imperial possessions around Rothenburg was now called Reichsküchenmeister, a title unique to Rothenburg, which could be translated as “Master of the Imperial Kitchen”. In the 1230s the Reichsküchen- meister family supported a rebellion against Emperor Frederick II and was subsequently discharged. Another nobleman was awarded the title, a man named Lupold. He became the progenitor of the so-called younger Reichs- küchenmeister family. Lupold resided in a castle called Nordenberg about 4 miles northeast of Rothenburg. Lupold’s family dominated Rothenburg during the Great Interregnum in the Holy Roman Empire.10 At the same time, a Rothenburg City Council appears for the first time, as mentioned above. In 5 Cf. KARL BORCHARDT, Burg und Stadt Rothenburg unter den Staufern, in: Rothenburg ob der Tauber: Geschichte der Stadt und ihres Umlandes, ed. HORST F. RUPP, KARL BORCHARDT, 2016, p. 65–81. 6 LUDWIG SCHNURRER (Ed.), Die Urkunden der Reichsstadt Rothenburg 1182–1400 (Veröffent- lichungen der Gesellschaft für fränkische Geschichte 3,6), 1999 [henceforward abbreviated URR], p. 4, no. 6. 7 URR p. 5, no. 8. 8 Wirtembergisches Urkundenbuch 7, 1900, p. 21–22, no. 2061. 9 An overview about the first administrators in Rothenburg is given by KARL BORCHARDT, Vögte, Truchsesse, Küchenmeister: Stauferzeitliche Ministerialen zwischen Rothenburg und Würzburg”, in: Herbipolis: Studien zu Stadt und Hochstift Würzburg in Spätmittelalter und Früher Neuzeit, ed. MARKUS FRANKL, MARTINA HARTMANN (Publikationen aus dem Kolleg “Mittelalter und Frühe Neuzeit” 1), 2015, p. 1–58. 10 MARKUS NASER, Rothenburg im Spätmittelalter, in: RUPP, BORCHARDT, Rothenburg (like note 5), p. 82–135. 92 MARKUS NASER: Early Rothenburg City Seals the beginning, this new city council was most probably not considered a threat to the domination of Lupold and his family, but in 1274 the new king after the Interregnum, Rudolf of Habsburg, granted the inhabitants of Rothen- burg the special protection of himself and the Empire.11 By doing so, he claimed Rothenburg to be a possession of the Empire and of nobody else. This was a big defeat for Lupold and his family, who had treated Rothenburg like their own property. With the same charter Rudolf installed an Imperial Regional Court (Kaiserliches Landgericht). Rothenburg was henceforth recog- nized as an Imperial City. The Reichsküchenmeister family, nevertheless, still owned part of the Imperial Castle in Rothenburg in the nowadays Burggarten area and continued to present the local Schultheiß.12 City Seal and Coat of Arms of Rothenburg During his research for a recently published paper about Rothenburg during the Late Middle Ages, this writer came across a hitherto unknown Rothenburg City Seal.13 An impression of this seal is attached to a charter issued on April 1st, 1269, which is stored in the Ludwigsburg State Archives (shelfmark B 250 U 385). This seal impression is especially interesting, because it dates from a time before the Imperial Regional Court in Rothen- burg was established. To understand the significance of this fact, a closer look onto the previously known information about the Rothenburg City Seals is necessary. The first thing to be noted is that the Rothenburg City Seal is not identical with the Rothenburg Coat of Arms, as is often wrongly assumed.14 A city seal was (and is) used to authenticate documents. Seal impressions made of wax were the most common way of authenticating medieval and early modern charters. Their attachment was accomplished in various ways, but applying silk threads or streaks of parchment was the most common method. In the case of the Ludwigsburg charter, streaks of parchment were used. As the seal 11 King Rudolf’s privilege was published in Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Constitutiones et acta publica imperatorum et regum 3 (MGH Const. 3), 1906, p. 638, no. 650; a German summary can be found in URR p. 35–36, no. 70. 12 The term Schultheiß can hardly be translated into English. The position comprises duties of both a judge and a sheriff. For easier understanding, the term sheriff will be used as trans- lated version of Schultheiß in this paper. 13 NASER, Spätmittelalter (like note 10), p. 82–135, here p. 82. Also note the remarks in end- note 7 on p. 631. 14 Even the ‘Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte’ does not differentiate between seal and coat of arms. See https://www.hdbg.eu/gemeinden/web/index.php/detail?rschl=9571193 (4.12.2018). 93 MARKUS NASER: Early Rothenburg City Seals stamps were employed for the verification of documents, they were only rarely changed. This led to the effect that many city seals were used over a long period of time. That is especially true for Rothenburg, were the main seal stamp was used from the beginning of the 14th to the beginning of the 19th century. Fig. 1: Sketch of the Main City Seal of the Imperial City of Rothenburg (Jahrbuch des Vereins Alt-Rothenburg [1904/05], p. 29). Besides the Main City Seal, the City of Rothenburg used other – less im- portant – seals as well, among them a smaller version of the city seal and a secret seal.15 All these seals show the same subject: A wall with small squares, but without merlons, with two towers on top, both with merlons and windows. Between the two towers there is a small roofed building which is often interpreted as a “court lodge” or “court arbor”. Whether this interpretation is plausible, will be discussed later. All seals also contain a circumscription 15 Illustrations of the Rothenburg seals are to be found in URR p. LXXIII–LXXX and in MARTIN WEIGEL, Alt-Rothenburgs Wappen und Siegel im Zusammenhang mit seiner Geschichte dargestellt, 1941, Tafel IV, at the end of the book. 94 MARKUS NASER: Early Rothenburg City Seals around this stylized image of a castle. In the case of the Main City Seal the circumscription reads S. CONSILII ET VNIVERSITATIS CIVIVM IN ROTEN- BVRCH, Seal of the Council and of the Community of Burghers in Rothen- burg. In contrast to the seals – which were used as official verification instruments – the Rothenburg Coat of Arms fulfilled other functions. It was attached to towers and gates and to all public buildings in Rothenburg. And it can also be found in places outside Rothenburg, in villages belonging to the Imperial City of Rothenburg. The coats of arms are references to the owner of the buildings they were attached to, a reference even people without reading skills could understand. And the coat of arms was also used as an insignia on border stones. Fig. 2: The Rothenburg Coat of Arms (Wikimedia Commons, https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei: Wappen_Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber.svg) 95 MARKUS NASER: Early Rothenburg City Seals The Rothenburg Coat of Arms is very similar to the stylized depiction of a castle in the Rothenburg City Seals, but it is not identical with it.
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