DOCSLIB.ORG

BURG HOHENECKEN from SOUTHWEST GERMANY Aaron C

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
BURG HOHENECKEN from SOUTHWEST GERMANY Aaron C University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Anthropology Department Theses and Anthropology, Department of Dissertations Spring 4-25-2016 INTEGRATIVE 3D RECORDING METHODS OF HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE: BURG HOHENECKEN FROM SOUTHWEST GERMANY Aaron C. Pattee University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/anthrotheses Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Pattee, Aaron C., "INTEGRATIVE 3D RECORDING METHODS OF HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE: BURG HOHENECKEN FROM SOUTHWEST GERMANY" (2016). Anthropology Department Theses and Dissertations. 43. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/anthrotheses/43 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Anthropology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthropology Department Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. INTEGRATIVE 3D RECORDING METHODS OF HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE: BURG HOHENECKEN FROM SOUTHWEST GERMANY By Aaron C. Pattee A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts Major: Anthropology Under the Supervision of Professor Effie Athanassopoulos Lincoln, Nebraska May, 2016 INTEGRATIVE 3D RECORDING METHODS OF HISTORIC ARICHTECTURE: BURG HOHENECKEN FROM SOUTHWEST GERMANY Aaron C. Pattee, M.A. University of Nebraska, 2016 Advisor: Effie Athanassopoulos This research explores the methodology and application of photogrammetric and laser-scanning recording methods to a castle ruin, with the primary purpose of digitally preserving the castle. Both methods generated interactive 3D models via the combination of still images (photogrammetry) and precise laser measurements (laser-scanning), which were then combined into a single model. The case study is the medieval castle ruin Burg Hohenecken located in the city of Kaiserslautern in southwest Germany. The castle was active from 1212-1689, as one of over fifty castles within the region of the Pfalz. The inhabitants included the noble von Hoheneck family and various Prince Electors. Burg Hohenecken’s duty was to protect the imperial palace in Kaiserslautern as well as the surrounding area. In addition to the 3D model, seventy letters from 1212-1560 CE concerning the correspondences of the castle were translated in order to contextualize the digital model and the castle’s historical significance. The information extracted from the letters includes names and inheritances of the von Hoheneck family, physical locations in the surrounding environment, and construction details of the castle. These data describe a network of communication within a past landscape and provide evidence for pre-existing structures of the castle. This research contributes affirms that Burg Hohenecken was site of regional significance given the many high-ranking inhabitants over the course of over 450 years—a major shift in our understanding of the history of the area. Future work includes placing the 3D model in the Unity game engine allowing the castle to be virtually controlled and examined. The digital model provides an excellent opportunity to determine the function of the castle throughout the past and to potentially create virtual reconstructions of the castle from the different periods of its construction. These methods may even lead to the discovery of hidden structures. The combination of approaches from both the sciences (photogrammetry and laser-scanning) and the humanities (textual analysis) allows for a more holistic representation and preservation of this excellent example of medieval architectural cultural heritage. i Copyright 2016, Aaron C. Pattee ii This work is dedicated to all those who have been inspired by Burg Hohenecken and cherish its memory. iii Acknowledgments I sincerely thank my advisor Dr. Effie Athanassopoulos, and committee members Dr. Heather Richards-Rissetto and Dr. Philip Sapirstein for their assistance in this thesis. This research would not have been possible without the funding from the Champe/Weakly fund from the Department of Anthropology at the University of Nebraska Lincoln, and the access to the laser-scanner and drone from the Institute of Geography and the Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (respectively) at Heidelberg University. I extend my gratitude to the Institute of Photogrammetry at the University of Stuttgart, the Institut für pfälzische Geschichte und Volkskunde Kaiserslautern, the Förderverein Hohenecken, the Denkmalschutz Kaiserslautern, and the Forstamt Kaiserslautern. Most of all, I wish to thank my parents, Gary and Heidi, and siblings, Nate and Isabel, without whom I would not have been able to write this thesis. I also thank my Grandmother, Marilyn Pattee, who has always been there to listen to my stories, and talk about the past. I am also sincerely grateful for my grandparents, Charles and Elisabeth Simpson, who have cultivated my interest in Burg Hohenecken since I was a child, and with whom I lived while conducting the research for this thesis. iv Table of Contents Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1—Geography, Geology, and Climate .................................................................. 4 1.1 Geography: ................................................................................................................ 4 1.2 Geology: .................................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Climate, Agriculture, and Health: ............................................................................. 9 1.4 Social Structure, Gender Roles, and Medicine: ...................................................... 16 Chapter 2—History of Burg Hohenecken ......................................................................... 21 2.1 Europe after the Fall of Rome:................................................................................ 21 2.2 Creation and Structure of the Holy Roman Empire: ............................................... 22 2.3 Architectural Revival: ............................................................................................. 26 2.4 Imperial Palaces—Kaiserpfalzen: ........................................................................... 28 2.5 The Significance of Kaiserslautern and the von Hoheneck Family: ...................... 31 2.6 The Beginning of Burg Hohenecken: ..................................................................... 35 2.7 The von Hoheneck Family and their Castle 1200-1300: ......................................... 39 2.8 The von Hoheneck Family and their Castle 1300-1410: ......................................... 46 2.9 The von Hoheneck Family and their Castle 1411-1500: ......................................... 56 2.10 The von Hoheneck Family and their Castle 1500-1560: ....................................... 61 2.11 Late Period, Renovation and Destruction (1560-1689): ....................................... 64 Chapter 3—Architectural Description and Memory of Burg Hohenecken ...................... 71 3.1 Types of Castles: ..................................................................................................... 73 3.2 Depictions and Blueprints of Burg Hohenecken: ................................................... 76 3.3 Masonry and Walls: ................................................................................................ 81 3.4 Gates and Drawbridges: .......................................................................................... 83 3.5 Shield Wall and Main Tower (Bergfried): .............................................................. 86 3.6 The Living Chambers (Palas):................................................................................ 90 3.7 Southern Chambers—Gothic expansion: ................................................................ 95 3.8 Additional Rooms and Structures: .......................................................................... 96 3.9 Courtyards: .............................................................................................................. 97 3.10 Chapel (Kapelle): ................................................................................................ 100 3.11 Vaults and Roofs: ................................................................................................ 104 3.12 Summary of the Architectural Design: ............................................................... 105 v Chapter 4—Materials and Previous Research ................................................................ 106 4.1 Photogrammetry:................................................................................................... 106 4.2 Laser-scanning (LiDAR): ..................................................................................... 111 4.3 Early Aerial Photogrammetry and Castle Models from 2004: ............................. 112 4.4 Combination of Terrestrial and Aerial Photogrammetry in 2008: ........................ 114 4.5 Review of UAV Photogrammetric Applications from 2011: ............................... 116 4.6 Photogrammetric Accuracy and Precision from 2016: ......................................... 118 4.7 Combination of Photogrammetry and Laser-scanning in 2004: ..........................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Göllheim Begrüßen
    Goellheim_2006 21.06.2006 14:17 Uhr Seite 101 Verbandsgemeinde GGÖLLHÖLLHEIEIMM Goellheim_2006 21.06.2006 14:17 Uhr Seite 102 Goellheim_2006 21.06.2006 14:17 Uhr Seite 1 Grußwort Liebe Mitbürgerinnen und Mitbürger, liebe Gäste in unserer Verbandsgemeinde, gemeinsam mit meinen Ortsbürgermeisterkollegen möchte ich Sie ganz herzlich in der Verbandsgemeinde Göllheim begrüßen. Wir hoffen, dass Sie sich als Neubürger schnell einleben und wohl fühlen. Sollten Sie sich nur besuchsweise hier aufhalten, wünschen wir Ihnen angenehme und erinnerungsreiche Tage und Stunden. Diese Broschüre soll Ihnen helfen, die Verbandsgemeinde Göllheim kennen zu lernen, sie will zudem ein nützlicher Ratgeber sein. An dieser Stelle möchte ich allen Inserenten danken, mit deren Hilfe die Herausgabe dieses Heftes erst möglich wurde. Sie werden sehr bald feststellen, dass Sie in eine dynamische und aufgeschlossene Verbandsgemeinde gekommen sind. Nutzen Sie die zahlreichen Möglichkeiten der Begegnung vor Ort und die dort vorhande- nen Angebote der Vereine und Gruppierungen. Besuchen Sie die vielfältigen kulturellen Veranstaltungen für eine sinnvolle und gewinnbringende Freizeitbeschäftigung. Unsere Gemeinden haben viel zu bieten. Sicher ist auch für Sie etwas dabei. Sollten Sie noch Fragen haben, wenden Sie sich bitte vertrauensvoll an die Mannschaft unserer Verbandsgemeindeverwaltung. Wir sind sehr bemüht, Ihnen weiterzuhelfen und wollen unseren Service für Sie kontinuierlich weiterverbessern. Mit freundlichen Grüßen Ihr Klaus-Dieter Magsig 1 Goellheim_2006 21.06.2006 14:17 Uhr Seite 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis Seite Seite - und Steakh Grußwort . .1 Ortsgemeinde Göllheim . .19 rill au G s Steckbrief der Verbandsgemeinde Ortsgemeinde Immesheim . .22 WIR Göllheim . .5 Ortsgemeinde Lautersheim . .23 SIND Hähnchenbraterei Verbandsgemeindeverwaltung, Ortsgemeinde Ottersheim . .24 SIND Freiherr-vom-Stein-Straße 1–3 .
    [Show full text]
  • Geothermal Fluid and Reservoir Properties in the Upper Rhine Graben
    Geothermal fluid and reservoir properties in the Upper Rhine Graben Ingrid Stober Institut für Angewandte Geowissenschaften – Abteilung Geothermie Strasbourg, 5. Februar 2015 1 KIT – Universität des Landes Baden-Württemberg und Institut für Angewandte Geowissenschaften - nationales Forschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Abteilungwww.kit.edu Geothermie Geological situation of the Upper Rhine Graben During Early Cenozoic and Late Eocene: • Subsidence of Upper Rhine Graben • Uplift of Black Forest and Vosges mountains as Rift flanks Uplift (several km) caused erosion on both flanks of the Graben, exhuming gneisses and granites. The former sedimentary cover is conserved within the Graben. The deeply burried sediments include several aquifers containing hot water. Additionally there are thick Tertiary and Quaternary sediments, formed during the subsidence of the Graben. 2 Prof. Dr. Ingrid Stober Institut für Angewandte Geowissenschaften - Abteilung Geothermie Complex hydrogeological situation in the Graben • Broken layers, partly with hydraulic connection, partly without • Alternation between depression areas & elevated regions (horst – graben – structure) • Hydraulic behavior of faults unknown • There are extensional as well as compressive faults • Main faults show vertical displacements of several 1,000 meters • Thickness of the individual layers not constant. 3 Prof. Dr. Ingrid Stober Institut für Angewandte Geowissenschaften - Abteilung Geothermie Hydrogeology • Thickness of the individual layers not constant • Hauptrogenstein
    [Show full text]
  • DRAGON Magazine
    April 1981 Dragon 1 Dragon Vol. V, No. 10 Vol. V, No. 10 April 1981 Publisher . E. Gary Gygax Editor . Jake Jaquet Assistant editor . Kim Mohan Editorial staff . Bryce Knorr Coming Attractions Dept. the ballot elsewhere in this issue). The Marilyn Mays With no small amount of pride, Dragon final voting will be done by members of Sales & Circulation . Debbie Chiusano Publishing is pleased to announce some the newly formed Academy of Adventure Corey Koebernick upcoming features that will be appear- Gaming Arts and Design. Membership in Office staff . Dawn Pekul ing in DRAGON magazine. Next month’s the Academy is open to those individuals Cherie Knull magazine will feature a cover by Tim Hil- who have made a contribution to the Jean Lonze debrandt and contain an exclusive inter- products and/or general advancement Contributing editors . Roger Moore view with the artist. In July we’ll have a of the hobby in any, some, or all of the Ed Greenwood cover by Carl Lundgren, whose work major divisions: boardgames, miniature most of you will recognize from the games, role-playing games, and compu- This month’s contributing artists: ter game programs; for example, de- many fantasy novel covers he has illus- Phil Foglio Steve Swenston trated. And in August, the cover will be signers, developers, authors, artists, edi- Cheryl Duval Mike Carroll done by Boris Vallejo, and we’ll have tors, writers, reviewers, convention or- Roger Raupp Dave Trampier another exclusive interview with the ar- ganizers, or any professional or amateur Kenneth Rahman Darlene tist. In all cases, the artwork for these who can prove a contribution to the Robert Liebman J.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Gloucestershire Castles
    Gloucestershire Archives Take One Castle Gloucestershire Castles The first castles in Gloucestershire were built soon after the Norman invasion of 1066. After the Battle of Hastings, the Normans had an urgent need to consolidate the land they had conquered and at the same time provide a secure political and military base to control the country. Castles were an ideal way to do this as not only did they secure newly won lands in military terms (acting as bases for troops and supply bases), they also served as a visible reminder to the local population of the ever-present power and threat of force of their new overlords. Early castles were usually one of three types; a ringwork, a motte or a motte & bailey; A Ringwork was a simple oval or circular earthwork formed of a ditch and bank. A motte was an artificially raised earthwork (made by piling up turf and soil) with a flat top on which was built a wooden tower or ‘keep’ and a protective palisade. A motte & bailey was a combination of a motte with a bailey or walled enclosure that usually but not always enclosed the motte. The keep was the strongest and securest part of a castle and was usually the main place of residence of the lord of the castle, although this changed over time. The name has a complex origin and stems from the Middle English term ‘kype’, meaning basket or cask, after the structure of the early keeps (which resembled tubes). The name ‘keep’ was only used from the 1500s onwards and the contemporary medieval term was ‘donjon’ (an apparent French corruption of the Latin dominarium) although turris, turris castri or magna turris (tower, castle tower and great tower respectively) were also used.
    [Show full text]
  • Tonbridge Castle and Its Lords
    Archaeologia Cantiana Vol. 16 1886 TONBRIDGE OASTLE AND ITS LORDS. BY J. F. WADMORE, A.R.I.B.A. ALTHOUGH we may gain much, useful information from Lambard, Hasted, Furley, and others, who have written on this subject, yet I venture to think that there are historical points and features in connection with this building, and the remarkable mound within it, which will be found fresh and interesting. I propose therefore to give an account of the mound and castle, as far as may be from pre-historic times, in connection with the Lords of the Castle and its successive owners. THE MOUND. Some years since, Dr. Fleming, who then resided at the castle, discovered on the mound a coin of Con- stantine, minted at Treves. Few will be disposed to dispute the inference, that the mound existed pre- viously to the coins resting upon it. We must not, however, hastily assume that the mound is of Roman origin, either as regards date or construction. The numerous earthworks and camps which are even now to be found scattered over the British islands are mainly of pre-historic date, although some mounds may be considered Saxon, and others Danish. Many are even now familiarly spoken of as Caesar's or Vespa- sian's camps, like those at East Hampstead (Berks), Folkestone, Amesbury, and Bensbury at Wimbledon. Yet these are in no case to be confounded with Roman TONBEIDGHE CASTLE AND ITS LORDS. 13 camps, which in the times of the Consulate were always square, although under the Emperors both square and oblong shapes were used.* These British camps or burys are of all shapes and sizes, taking their form and configuration from the hill-tops on which they were generally placed.
    [Show full text]
  • Medieval Castle
    The Language of Autbority: The Expression of Status in the Scottish Medieval Castle M. Justin McGrail Deparment of Art History McGilI University Montréal March 1995 "A rhesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fu[filment of the requirements of the degree of Masters of Am" O M. Justin McGrail. 1995 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1*u of Canada du Canada Aquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie SeMces seMces bibliographiques 395 Wellingîon Street 395, nie Wellingtm ûîtawaON K1AON4 OitawaON K1AON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une Licence non exclusive Licence dowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distniuer ou copies of this thesis in microfonn, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous papet or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fkom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels rnay be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. H. J. B6ker for his perserverance and guidance in the preparation and completion of this thesis. I would also like to recognise the tremendous support given by my family and friends over the course of this degree.
    [Show full text]
  • Ordinary Jerusalem 1840–1940
    Ordinary Jerusalem 1840–1940 Angelos Dalachanis and Vincent Lemire - 978-90-04-37574-1 Downloaded from Brill.com03/21/2019 10:36:34AM via free access Open Jerusalem Edited by Vincent Lemire (Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée University) and Angelos Dalachanis (French School at Athens) VOLUME 1 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/opje Angelos Dalachanis and Vincent Lemire - 978-90-04-37574-1 Downloaded from Brill.com03/21/2019 10:36:34AM via free access Ordinary Jerusalem 1840–1940 Opening New Archives, Revisiting a Global City Edited by Angelos Dalachanis and Vincent Lemire LEIDEN | BOSTON Angelos Dalachanis and Vincent Lemire - 978-90-04-37574-1 Downloaded from Brill.com03/21/2019 10:36:34AM via free access This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the prevailing CC-BY-NC-ND License at the time of publication, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. The Open Jerusalem project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) (starting grant No 337895) Note for the cover image: Photograph of two women making Palestinian point lace seated outdoors on a balcony, with the Old City of Jerusalem in the background. American Colony School of Handicrafts, Jerusalem, Palestine, ca. 1930. G. Eric and Edith Matson Photograph Collection, Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/mamcol.054/ Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Dalachanis, Angelos, editor.
    [Show full text]
  • From Charlemagne to Hitler: the Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire and Its Symbolism
    From Charlemagne to Hitler: The Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire and its Symbolism Dagmar Paulus (University College London) [email protected] 2 The fabled Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire is a striking visual image of political power whose symbolism influenced political discourse in the German-speaking lands over centuries. Together with other artefacts such as the Holy Lance or the Imperial Orb and Sword, the crown was part of the so-called Imperial Regalia, a collection of sacred objects that connotated royal authority and which were used at the coronations of kings and emperors during the Middle Ages and beyond. But even after the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the crown remained a powerful political symbol. In Germany, it was seen as the very embodiment of the Reichsidee, the concept or notion of the German Empire, which shaped the political landscape of Germany right up to National Socialism. In this paper, I will first present the crown itself as well as the political and religious connotations it carries. I will then move on to demonstrate how its symbolism was appropriated during the Second German Empire from 1871 onwards, and later by the Nazis in the so-called Third Reich, in order to legitimise political authority. I The crown, as part of the Regalia, had a symbolic and representational function that can be difficult for us to imagine today. On the one hand, it stood of course for royal authority. During coronations, the Regalia marked and established the transfer of authority from one ruler to his successor, ensuring continuity amidst the change that took place.
    [Show full text]
  • Three Conquests of Canaan
    ÅA Wars in the Middle East are almost an every day part of Eero Junkkaala:of Three Canaan Conquests our lives, and undeniably the history of war in this area is very long indeed. This study examines three such wars, all of which were directed against the Land of Canaan. Two campaigns were conducted by Egyptian Pharaohs and one by the Israelites. The question considered being Eero Junkkaala whether or not these wars really took place. This study gives one methodological viewpoint to answer this ques- tion. The author studies the archaeology of all the geo- Three Conquests of Canaan graphical sites mentioned in the lists of Thutmosis III and A Comparative Study of Two Egyptian Military Campaigns and Shishak and compares them with the cities mentioned in Joshua 10-12 in the Light of Recent Archaeological Evidence the Conquest stories in the Book of Joshua. Altogether 116 sites were studied, and the com- parison between the texts and the archaeological results offered a possibility of establishing whether the cities mentioned, in the sources in question, were inhabited, and, furthermore, might have been destroyed during the time of the Pharaohs and the biblical settlement pe- riod. Despite the nature of the two written sources being so very different it was possible to make a comparative study. This study gives a fresh view on the fierce discus- sion concerning the emergence of the Israelites. It also challenges both Egyptological and biblical studies to use the written texts and the archaeological material togeth- er so that they are not so separated from each other, as is often the case.
    [Show full text]
  • Building the Temple of Salomo in the Early Medieval „Alamannia“
    Journal of Liberal Arts and Humanities (JLAH) Issue: Vol. 1; No. 4; April 2020 pp. 163-185 ISSN 2690-070X (Print) 2690-0718 (Online) Website: www.jlahnet.com E-mail: [email protected] Building the Temple of Salomo in the Early Medieval „Alamannia“ Dr. Thomas Kuentzel M.A. Untere Masch Strasse 16 Germany, 37073 Goettingen E-mail: [email protected] The diocese of Constance is one of the largest north of the Alps, reaching from the Lakes of Thun and Brienz down to Stuttgart and Ulm, from the river Iller (passing Kempten) to the Rhine near Lörrach and Freiburg. Its origins date back to the end of the 6th century; when saint Gall came to the duke of Alamannia, Gunzo, around the year 613, the duke promised him the episcopate, if he would cure his doughter.i In the 9th century some of the bishops also were abbots of the monasteries on the Island Reichenau and of Saint Gall. Three of the bishops were called Salomon, one being the uncle of the following.ii The noble family they belonged to is not known, but they possessed land on the southern shore of Lake Constance, in the province of Thurgau. Salomon III. was educated in the monastery of Saint Gall, and prepared especially for the episcopate. Maybe his uncle and granduncle also benefitted from such an education. Even their predecessor, bishop Wolfleoz, started his career as monk in Saint Gall. It is likely that the three Salomons were given their names with the wish, that they once would gain this office.
    [Show full text]
  • Gondwana Vertebrate Faunas of India: Their Diversity and Intercontinental Relationships
    438 Article 438 by Saswati Bandyopadhyay1* and Sanghamitra Ray2 Gondwana Vertebrate Faunas of India: Their Diversity and Intercontinental Relationships 1Geological Studies Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203 B. T. Road, Kolkata 700108, India; email: [email protected] 2Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India; email: [email protected] *Corresponding author (Received : 23/12/2018; Revised accepted : 11/09/2019) https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020028 The twelve Gondwanan stratigraphic horizons of many extant lineages, producing highly diverse terrestrial vertebrates India have yielded varied vertebrate fossils. The oldest in the vacant niches created throughout the world due to the end- Permian extinction event. Diapsids diversified rapidly by the Middle fossil record is the Endothiodon-dominated multitaxic Triassic in to many communities of continental tetrapods, whereas Kundaram fauna, which correlates the Kundaram the non-mammalian synapsids became a minor components for the Formation with several other coeval Late Permian remainder of the Mesozoic Era. The Gondwana basins of peninsular horizons of South Africa, Zambia, Tanzania, India (Fig. 1A) aptly exemplify the diverse vertebrate faunas found Mozambique, Malawi, Madagascar and Brazil. The from the Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic. During the last few decades much emphasis was given on explorations and excavations of Permian-Triassic transition in India is marked by vertebrate fossils in these basins which have yielded many new fossil distinct taxonomic shift and faunal characteristics and vertebrates, significant both in numbers and diversity of genera, and represented by small-sized holdover fauna of the providing information on their taphonomy, taxonomy, phylogeny, Early Triassic Panchet and Kamthi fauna.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lives of the Saints
    '"Ill lljl ill! i j IIKI'IIIII '".'\;\\\ ','".. I i! li! millis i '"'''lllllllllllll II Hill P II j ill liiilH. CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Cornell University Library BR 1710.B25 1898 v.7 Lives of the saints. 3 1924 026 082 598 The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924026082598 *— * THE 3Utoe* of tt)e Saints; REV. S. BARING-GOULD SIXTEEN VOLUMES VOLUME THE SEVENTH *- -* . l£ . : |£ THE Itoes of tfje faints BY THE REV. S. BARING-GOULD, M.A. New Edition in 16 Volumes Revised with Introduction and Additional Lives of English Martyrs, Cornish and Welsh Saints, and a full Index to the Entire Work ILLUSTRATED BY OVER 400 ENGRAVINGS VOLUME THE SEVENTH KttljJ— PARTI LONDON JOHN C. NIMMO &° ' 1 NEW YORK : LONGMANS, GREEN, CO. MDCCCXCVIII *• — ;— * Printed by Ballantyne, Hanson & Co. At the Eallantyne Press *- -* CONTENTS' PAGE S. Athanasius, Deac. 127 SS. Aaron and Julius . I SS. AudaxandAnatholia 203 S. Adeodatus . .357 „ Agilulf . 211 SS. Alexanderandcomp. 207 S. Amalberga . , . 262 S. Bertha . 107 SS. AnatholiaandAudax 203 ,, Bonaventura 327 S. Anatolius,B. of Con- stantinople . 95 „ Anatolius, B.ofLao- dicea . 92 „ Andrew of Crete 106 S. Canute 264 Carileff. 12 „ Andrew of Rinn . 302 „ ... SS. Antiochus and SS. Castus and Secun- dinus Cyriac . 351 .... 3 Nicostra- S. Apollonius . 165 „ Claudius, SS. Apostles, The Sepa- tus, and others . 167 comp. ration of the . 347 „ Copres and 207 S. Cyndeus . 277 S. Apronia . .357 SS. Aquila and Pris- „ Cyril 205 Cyrus of Carthage .
    [Show full text]