Lady in waiting pdf

Continue For the 1976 album, see in Waiting (album). For the 1957 novel, see Lady in Waiting(novel). For British peers who hold the office of the Royal Household of Sovereign Britain, see -in-waiting. Look up lady-in-waiting in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Part of a series onImperial, royal, noble, and chivalrous trail in Europe · Empress · -Emperor · Queen-Empress · · · Tsarina · High Queen · · Great Queen King · Queen Archduke · Archmens · Grand · Grand Grand · Grand Duchess Prince-elector · Prince · Princess · · Crown Princess · Foreign prince · Prince you sang · · Infanta · Dauphin · Dauphine · Królewicz · Królewna · · Tsarevich · Tsarevna Duke · Duchess · · · Princely Supreme Prince · Supreme Princess · Fürst · Fürstin · · Marquis · Marchioness · Markyrk · · · Bill · Countess · Earl · Graph · Châtelain · · · Viscountess · · Baroness · · · · · Lendmann · Baronetess · Scottish Feudal Baron · Scottish Feudal Baroness · · Imperial Eques · · Chevalier · · Lady · · · · Mrs · Edelfrei · · Lord · Lord of the Mansion · · Gentry · · · · · · Ministerialis vte A lady-in-waiting or lady-in-waiting is a female personal assistant at a court, royal or feudal, who participates in a royal woman or a high-ranking noblewoman. Historically, a lady-in-waiting was often a noblewoman, but of a lower rank than the woman she attended. Although she either may have been a retainer or may not have received compensation for the service she did, a lady-in-waiting was considered more by a secretary, courtier or companion to her mistress than a servant. In other parts of the world outside Europe, the lady-in-waiting, often referred to as a palace woman, was often in effect a servant or a slave rather than a high-ranking woman, but still had much the same duties, acting as companion and secretary to her mistress. In courts where polygamy was practiced, a court lady was formally available to the monarch for sexual services, and she could become his wife, consort, courtesan, or concubine. Lady-in-waiting or court lady is often a generic term for women whose relative rank, title and official functions varied, although such distinctions were also often honorary. A royal woman may or may not be free to choose her , and even when she has such freedom, her choice is heavily influenced by the ruler, her parents, her husband or the regent's ministers (for example, in the Bedchamber crisis). History The development of the office of lady-in-waiting in Europe is connected to that of the development of a royal court. During the Karolingian Empire in the 9th century, Hincmar describes the royal household of Charles the Bald in De Ordine Palatii from 882, where he states that court officials took orders from the Queen as well as the king. Already Merovingian queens are believed to have had their personal servants, and in the 9th century it is confirmed that Karolingian queens had an entourage of guards from the as a sign of their dignity, and some officials stated belong to the queen rather than the king. [1] In the late 12th century, the Queens of France are confirmed to have had their own households, and noblewomen are mentioned as ladies-in-waiting. [1] In the , however, the household of a European was normally small and the number of actual ladies-in-waiting, rather than wives of nobles who accompanied their husbands to court, was very small: in 1286, the Queen of France had only five ladies-in-waiting in her employment, and it was not until 1316 that her household was separated from that of the royal children. [1] The role of ladies-in-waiting in Europe changed dramatically during the Renaissance era, when a new ceremonial court life, in which women played a significant role, developed as representation of power in the Italian courts and spread to Burgundy, from Burgundy to France, and to the other courts in Europe. [1] The Court of the Duchy of Burgundy was the most elaborate in Europe in the 15th century and became an example to France when the French expanded at the end of the 15th century and introduced new offices so that both men and women could provide the new Renaissance sideland. [1] From the small circle of married femmes and unmarried filles, with a relatively humble place in the background during the Middle Ages, the number of French ladies-in-waiting was rapidly expanded, divided into an advanced hierarchy of multiple offices and given an important and public role to play in the new ceremonial court life in early 16th century France. [1] This example was followed by other courts in Europe, where courts expanded and became more ceremonial in the 16th century, and offices, women's numbers and visibility expanded in the early modern era. [1] However, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, most European courts began to reduce their court staff, often due to new economic and political circumstances that made court representation more questionable. The duties of ladies in waiting varied from court to court, but functions that have historically been fired by ladies-in-waiting included skill in language, dances, horseback riding, music making and painting pre-emanating at court; keep her mistress abreast of activities and personalities at court; care of the rooms and wardrobe of her mistress; secretarial duties; Supervision of employees, budget and purchasing. read correspondence to her mistress and write on her behalf; and discreet reposting of messages at command. By court Austria In the late Middle Ages, when the court of the emperor moved no longer around constantly, the household of empress began, as well as the equivalent household of the German princely consort, to develop a smaller liquid and stricter organization with court offices set. The court model of the Duchy of Burgundy, as well as the Spanish court model, came to influence the organization of the Austrian Imperial Court in the 16th century, when the Burgundian Netherlands, Spain and Austria were united by the Habsburg dynasty. [2] [page needed] In the early and mid-16th centuries, the female courtiers held by female habburgers in the Netherlands and Austria consisted of a hofmesterees (Hovmorn) or dame d'honneur who served as the principal lady in waiting; enhofdame or Mere de filles, which were second in rank and deputy of the hofmesterees as well as being in charge of the eredames (maid of honour), also known as demoiselle d'honneur, fille d'honneur or Junckfraudepending upon language, and finally the chamber ores, kamenisters. [3] [page needed] During the time of Mary of Austria, holy Roman empress in the mid-16th century, however, the court of the Empress was organized in accordance with the Spanish court model, and after she left Austria, there was no additional household of an empress until the 1610s. [4] [page needed] This resulted in a mixture of Burgundian and Spanish customs when the Austrian court model was created. Finally, in 1619, a set-up was established for the Austrian Imperial Court, which became the characteristic organisation of the Austro-Habsburg Court, which was held roughly from this point onwards. [4] The first rank of the female courtiers was Obersthofmeisterin (Mistress of the Robes), who was second in rank after the empress itself, and responsible for all female courtiers. [4] Second rank belonged to the ayas, essentially governesses of the imperial children and heads of the children's court. [4] Third in rank was Fräuleinhofmeisterin: she was a replacement for Obersthofmeisterin when needed, but otherwise had the responsibility of the unmarried female courtiers, their conduct and service. [4] The rest of the female nobles consisted of Hoffräulein (bridesmaid), unmarried females from the nobility who normally served temporarily until marriage. [4] Hoffräulein could sometimes be promoted to Kammerfräulein (Maid of Honor). [4] The Austrian was the model for princely courts in Germany. [4] The German court model in turn became the model for the early modern Scandinavian courts in Denmark and Sweden. [5] [page needed] Belgium The Kingdom of Belgium was founded in 1830, after which a royal court was founded, and ladies-in-waiting were appointed louise of Orléans when she became Belgium's first queen in 1832. The female holders of the Queen's household were created on the French model and consisted of a dame d'honneur, followed by several ladies-in-waiting named Dame du Palais, in turn ranked above the premiere femme de chambre and femme de chambre. [6] The waiting of women has historically been chosen by the Queen herself from the nobility winners of the Catholic noble houses in Belgium. The highest functions of the court were carried out by members of the higher nobility, which involves much contact with the royal ladies. Belgian were awarded a lady on their 18th birthday. Princess Clementine was given a lady by her father, a symbolic acnowledgement of adulthood. As the Queen entertains, the ladies welcome the guests and help the hostess maintain talks. Cambodia In Cambodia, the term ladies-in-waiting refers to high-ranking female servants who served food and drink, fanned and massaged, and sometimes as sexual favors to the king. Conventionally, these women could work their way up from maids to ladies-in-waiting, concubines, or even queen consort. Srey Snom (Khmer: ) is the Cambodian term for Khmer lady-in-waiting. The six favorite court ladies of King Sisowath of Cambodia were probably originally drawn from the សីសំ ranks of classic royal dancers in lower class. He was known for having the most classical dancers as concubines. The imperial heavenly dancer Apsara was one of these. This practice of drawing from the ranks of royal dancers began in the golden age of the Khmer Kingdom. Canada Several Canadian ladies-in-waiting have also been appointed to the Royal Household of Canada. Canadian ladies-in-waiting are usually appointed to help the Queen of Great Britain when performing official duties in Canada and royal tours of the country. Five Canadian ladies-in-waiting became lieutenants from the Royal Victorian Order. [7] China Chinese Tang Dynasty court ladies at A Palace Concert painting He The Ladies-in-Waiting in China, called palace women, palace ladies or court ladies, were all formally if not always in practice part of the harem, regardless of their task, and could be promoted by him to the rank of official concubine, consort or even empress. [8] [page needed] Already the emperors of the Han Dynasty in antiquity are reported to have had a harem of thousands of palace women, although the actual figures are unconfirmed. [8] Song at least during the Song Dynasty (960–1279), palace divided into three groups: Imperial women, consisting of concubines and consort; Imperial daughters, consisting of daughters and sisters of the emperor; and the female officials and assistants, who performed a wide range of tasks and could potentially be promoted to concubine or consort. [9] Women from official elite families could be chosen to become empress, consort, or concubine immediately at their entrance to the palace, but the emperor was also able to promote any female court official to that post, as they were officially all members of his harem. [9] The female court officials and attendants were normally selected from trusted families and trained for their task, which could be a broad range from female attendant to an Imperial woman, musician, chamber maid or official with the task of organizing court functions. [9] Ming During the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), the palace women were sorted into roughly the same three categories as in The Song. [10] However, female officials and assistants in Mingen were organized into six government groups established, the six agencies called (Agency of General Affairs, Agency of Handicrafts, Chest of Ceremonies, Agency of Apartments, Agency of Clothes, and Agency of Foods). [11] These groups were all monitored by the Office of Staff Surveillance, which was led by a female official. [12] Female workers in the Imperial Palace distinguished themselves as either permanent or temporary staff. [13] Permanent castle staff included trained and literate female officials who served in the six agencies and wet nurses who cared for imperial heirs or other palace children. [13] These women received great wealth and social approval if their jobs went well. [14] Seasonal or temporary palace women included midwives, female doctors, and indentured entrepreneurs (these were usually women who served as maids to consort, entertainer, sewing tutor or then-chair wearer). [15] These women were recruited into the palace when necessary and then released after the termination of their predetermined term of office. [16] Throughout Mingen, there was often a movement between the service industry in the palace and the low levels of the imperial harem. [17] Although emperors usually selected minor strains from imperial portion women, few selected women reached ever the higher ranks of the gemål structure or reached important prominence. [18] As the Ming Dynasty progressed, the living and working conditions of palace women began to deteriorate. [19] Lower-ranking serving women who worked in the Imperial Palace were often underpaid and unable to buy food, leaving them to make a living by selling embroidery on the market outside the palace via eunuchs. [20] Total living conditions and penalties that misbehaving eventually grew so badly that it was an assassination attempt on the Jiajing emperor by a group of serving women. [21] Led by maid Yang Jinying in 1542, the failed assassination attempt involved several maids sneaking into the emperor's bedroom as he slept to strangle him with a curtain cord. [22] The attempt failed, and all the women involved were put to death, although this kind of violent revolt by serving women had never been seen before in Ming. [22] Due to slander literary propaganda written and disseminated by male officials and Confucian writers, senior female officials also saw their power begin to weaken throughout Ming. [23] These prominent government men began to disparage having trained women in government and state roles in responses to influence imperial women had held across the nation in the past. [24] This prompted a gradual overtaking of female official roles by palace eunuchs that continued throughout the remainder of the dynasty. [25] Qing This system was much the same during the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912), when there was also a class of imperial women who were promptly selected as consort or concubines, but the class of female stewards were all available to be promoted to concubines and consortia by the Emperor. [26] During the Qing Dynasty, imperial women among the teenage boys were chosen as the official baner families from Manchu, who became an inspection as imperial consort or concubines before they could get married. [26] Similarly, the palace maids were drafted from lower official classes and banner classes before they could get married. [27] [page needed] After their choice, palace maids were trained as personal attendants to consorts, female officials in court rituals or other tasks, and were also available for the emperor to promote to consort or concubine. [27] Below the castle maid were the maids, who were selected the same way by a draft among the daughters of soldiers. [27] Denmark The early modern Danish court was organized according to the German court model, in turn inspired by the imperial Austrian court model, from the 16th century onwards. [5] The most rank female courtier of a female royal was hofmesterinde (The Mother of Noon) or, from 1694/98 onwards, Overhofmesterinde (Chief Court Mistress), the equivalent mistress of the robes, normally an elderly widow, who supervised the rest of the ladies of the court. [28] [page needed] The rest of the female courtiers were mainly Kammerfrøken (Senior Maid of Honour), followed by a group of hofdame (lady-in-waiting) entitled Hoffrøken (bridesmaid). [28] They were followed by the non-noble female courtiers who did not rank as ladies-in-waiting, such as the chambermaids. This hierarchy was approximately in place from the 16th century until the death of King Christian IX of Denmark in 1906. [28] In the 20th century, most of these titles came into use, and all the ladies-in-waiting at the Royal Danish Court are now called hofdame ('court France Marie Louise of Savoy-Carignan, Princesse de Lamballe was lady-in-waiting to Queen Marie Antoinette of France The Queen of France is confirmed to have had a separate household at the end of the 12th century, and a decree from 1286 notes that the Queen of France, Queen Joan I of Navarre, had a group of five ladies () and maids-in-waiting (Damoiselles): in the 1480s , French ladies-in-waiting were divided into Femmes mariées (married ladies-in-waiting) and Filles d'honneur (bridesmaid). [1] However, the Queen's household and the number of female courtiers in the Middle Ages were very small in France, as in most European courts. It was not until the end of the 15th and early 16th centuries that the emulation of the new courts in the Italian Renaissance made ladies-in-waiting in official court ceremonies and representation, and women's court offices became more developed and many in the French court as well as in other European courts. [1] The introduction of ladies-in-waiting increased in large numbers at the French court at this time: from only five in 1286 and still only 23 in 1490, to 39 in 1498 and about 54 in the 16th century. [1] This extension of female presence at court has been attributed both to Anne of Brittany, who encouraged all male courtiers to send their daughters to her, and to Francis I of France, who was criticized for bringing to court the constant presence of large crowds of women, who gossiped and interfered in state affairs; Pope Francis once said: a court without ladies is a court without a court. [1] The first ranked female courtier in the French royal court was the Surintendante de la Maison de la Reine (Mistress of the Robes) to the Queen. Surintendante and the Governess of the Children of France were the only female serviceholders in France who gave an oath of allegiance to the king himself. [2] This office was created in 1619,[29][page needed] and vacant between the death of Marie Anne de Bourbon (1697–1741) and the appointment of Marie Louise of Savoy-Carignan, Princesse de Lamballe in 1775. The second highest rank was that of the Première dame d'honneur, who was able to serve as the stand-in of Surintendante[2] and had roughly the same duties, hiring and supervising the female courtiers and the Queen's daily routine and expenses. [29] This post was created in 1523 and had originally been the highest female court office. [1] The 3rd rank belonged to dame d'atour, who formally supervised the Queen's wardrobe and jewellery as well as the dressing of the Queen. [29] This post was created in 1534. [1] The 4th rank was that of dames, from 1523 named Dame d'honneur[1] consists of ladies-in-waiting whose task was simply to serve as companions and participate and assist with court functions. [29] The position was abolished in 1674, and replaced by Dame du Palais, twelve married noble women the same data. [2] The 5th rank was filles d'honneur or demoiselles d'honneur (bridesmaid), unmarried daughters of the nobility, who had the same duties as the ladies but were mainly placed at court to learn etiquette and look for a spouse. [29] They were supervised by the gouvernante and sous-gouvernante. [29] Filles was from 1531 supervised by Gouvernante de filles, a lady-in-waiting who had the task of discerning them: this post was divided into several from 1547 onwards. [1] The position of filles d'honneur was abolished in 1674. [2] The 6th rank was the premiere femme de Chambre, which in turn over ranked the remaining femme de chambres and lavandières. [2] The premiere femme de chambre had the keys to the queens rooms and was able to recommend and deny the audience to her, which in practice made her position very powerful at court. [29] During the First Empire, the first lady was in waiting for the Empress Dame d'honneur, followed by between 20 and 36 dames du palais. [30] During the Bourbon restoration, Marie Thérèse of France restored the pre-revolutionary court hierarchy. [31] [page needed] During the Second Empire, the empress's female courtiers were composed of the first rank of Grand-Maitresse and the second rank Dame d'honneur, followed by six (later twelve) dames du palais. [32] [side needed] Germany The early modern Princely courts in Germany were modeled after the Austrian court imperial model. [4] This court model divided the ladies-in-waiting in a chief lady-in-waiting named Oberhofmeisterin (a widow or married elder woman) who supervised the Hoffräulein (bridesmaid), of which one or two could be promoted to the middle rank of Kammerfräulein (bridesmaid of the chamber). [4] The princely German hooves in turn became the model for the Scandinavian courts in Denmark and Sweden in the 16th century. [5] After the German Roman Holy Empire in 1806 and the establishment of several minor kingdoms in Germany, the post of Sttaatsdame (married ladies-in-waiting) was introduced in many German princely and royal courts. At the imperial German court, ladies-in-waiting were composed of a Oberhofmeisterin in charge of several Hofstaatsdamen or Palastdamen. [33] [page needed] Greece During the Byzantine Empire, the Byzantine Empress was attended by a female court (sekreton tōn gynaikōn), which consisted mostly of the wives of high-ranking male court officials, who simply wore the feminine versions of their men's titles. The only specific female dignity was that of zostepikrikia, the lady-in-waiting and female caretaker of the Empress, who was the leader of the Women's Court and often a relative of the Empress; this title existed at least since the 9th century. The Kingdom of Greece was founded in 1832 and its first Queen Amalia of Oldenburg organised the of its first royal court in a Grande-Maitresse, followed by the second rank dame d'honneur, and the third rank dame de palais. [34] [page needed] Italy Before uniprecing was the largest of the Italian states of the Kingdom of Naples, later called the Kingdom of the two siciliaes. The ladies-in-waiting of the Queen of the Two Sicilies was, in 1842 composed by a Dama di Onore or Lady of honour, placed in rank number two after Cavaliere di Onore, and followed by three Dama di Compagnia or lady companions (number four in rank after the Cavalerizzo) and a large number of Dame di Corte or Hovtoa damer. [35] Italy was united in the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. The ladies-in-waiting of the Queen of Italy were led by the Dama d'Onore, followed by Dame di Corte, and finally Dame di Palazzo. [36] Dama d'Onore was nominally the chief lady-in-waiting, but in practice her service often limited to government occasions; Dame di Corte was the regular lady-in-waiting who personally attended the Queen, while Dame di Palazzo was honorary right-handman attached to the royal palaces in particular cities, such as Florence, Turin and so on, and only served temporarily when the Queen visited the city in question: among these, only Dame di Palazzo attached to the Royal Palace in the capital of Rome served more than temporarily. [37] Japan's Murasaki Shikibu In Japan the imperial court offices were normally reserved for members of the court aristocracy, and ladies-in-waiting or castle attendants were usually trained members of the nobility. [38] [page needed] During the heiante (794–1185), women were able to hold courtiers with essential responsibilities, and manage the emperor's affairs. [38] Female palace attendants were employed by the Imperial Bureau of Palace Keepers among the court aristocracy, but were required to have sufficient training in Chinese classics to be accepted. [39] During the Sengoku period (1467–1603), the highest rank of a lady-in-waiting was a female assistant to the larger counselor, who handled the affairs of the daily life of the imperial household. [38] Second rank was hoto no naishi (female castle attendant), who acted as intermediary between the emperor and those seeking an audience and issued his wishes in writing. [38] Ladies-in-waiting acted as imperial secretaries, noting the events at court, visitors and gifts in the official court papers. [38] In contrast to China, women's castle attendants managed the palace of the imperial haremet instead of eunuchs, and were able to hold higher court offices in the emperor's personal household. [39] Female palace attendants were divided into two classes, which in turn had several stages, which means their task. [40] [page needed] The first class consisted of nyokan or ladies-in-waiting who held court offices, naishi-kami (shoji) naishi-suke (tenji) naishi-no-jo (shoji) and the second class were the female palace keepers myobu, osashi, osue, nyoju. [40] The ladies-in- waiting worked as personal assistants, maintained the emperor's wardrobe, assisted the emperor's baths, served meals, performed, and participated in court rituals. [39] Ladies-in-waiting could be appointed concubines, consort or even empresses of the emperor or heir to the throne. [39] The function of a lady-in-waiting as a potential concubine was abolished in 1924. [39] Joseon Korea Gungnyeo (literally palace women) is a Korean term that refers to women waiting for the king and other royalty in traditional Korean society. It is an acronym for gungjung yeogwan, which translates as a women's officer by the royal court. [citation needed] Gungnyeo includes sanggung (castle moron)[41] and nain (deputy ladies-in-waiting), both of whom hold the rank of officers. The term is also used more widely to include women in a lower class without a rank such as musuri (lowest maids responsible for odd chores), gaksimi, sonnim, uinyeo (female doctors) as well as nain and sanggung. [42] The Netherlands Court of the Duchy of Burgundy, which was located in the Netherlands in the 15th century, was famous for its elaborate ceremonial court life and became a model for several other courts in Europe. [1] The Burgundian court model became the model of the Austrian Imperial Court in the 16th century, when the Burgundian Netherlands and Austria were united by the Habsburg dynasty. [2] In the 16th century, the ladies-in-waiting of the courts of the Habsburg governors of the Netherlands, Margaret of Austria and Mary of Hungary (Governor of the Netherlands), consisted of a hofmeesteres ('Hovmorn) or Dame d'honneur who served as head lady in waiting; enhofdame or Mere de filles, which were second in rank and deputy of the hofmeesteres as well as being in charge of the eredames (maid of honour), also known as demoiselle d'honneur, fille d'honneur or Junckfrauen, and finally the chamber, kameniersters, all with different titles depending on the language in the multilingual area of the Netherlands. [3] The Kingdom of the Netherlands was founded in 1815, which means that a royal court was organized. In the 19th century, the ladies-in-waiting of the Dutch Court were led by the Grootmeesteres (Grand Mistress, the equivalent mistress of the robes), of the second rank was dames du Palais (married ladies-in-waiting), followed by the third rank of Hofdames ('ladies-in-waiting', corresponding bridesmaid). [44] [page needed] [45] [full quote needed] Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands had a total of seven Hofdames (ladies-in-waiting). They accompanied the Queen and the other female members of the Royal House during visits and receptions at the Royal Court. The monarch paid for his expenses, but they were not paid. Not all these ladies were members of the Dutch aristocracy, but each had a remarkable husband. Excellent social behavior and discretion were the main recommendations for becoming a Hofdame. In 2012, Hofdames Ietje van Karnebeek-van Lede, Lieke Gaarlandt-van Voorst van Beest, Julie Jeekel-Thate, Miente Boellaard-Stheeman, Jonkvrouwe Reina de Blocq van Scheltinga, Elizabeth Baroness van Wassenaer-Mersmans, Bibi Baroness van Zuylen van Nijevelt and Jonkvrouwe den Beer Poortugael. Queen Maxima of the Netherlands reduced the number of Hofdames to three, her creature: Lieke Gaarlandt-van Voorst van Beest, Pien van Karnebeek-Thijssen and Annemijn Crince le Roy- van Munster van Heuven. After their voluntary departure, Hofdames was appointed honorary Royal Household. The honorary royal household still distinguishes between Dames du Palais and Hofdames, but the category Dames du Palais is planned to be discontinued. Grootmeesteres (Grandmistress) was the highest ranked lady on the court. From 1984 to 2014 was held by Martine van Loon-Labouchere, descendant of the famous banker family, a former diplomat and widow of Jonkheer Maurits van Loon by the famous Amsterdam canal estate. The current Grootmeesteres is Bibi Countess van Zuylen van Nijevelt-den Beer Poortugael (lady-in-waiting from 2011 - 2014). Nigeria A number of tribes and cultural areas on the African continent, such as the Lobedu people in southern Africa, had a similar custom on the ladies-in-waiting in historical times. Within some precolonial states of the Bini and Yoruba peoples of Nigeria, queen mothers and high priestesses were considered ritually male because of their social eminence. As a result of this fact, they were often attended by women who belonged to their harems in much the same way that their actual male counterparts were served by women who belonged to theirs. Although these women functioned effectively as ladies-in-waiting, were often members of powerful families of the local nobility in their own right, and were not usually used for sexual purposes, they were no-the-less called their principals wives. Norway During the Denmark-Norway Association from 1380 to 1814, the Danish royal house in Copenhagen was counted as the Norwegian royal family, and thus during this period there was no royal court present in Norway. During the association between Norway and Sweden 1814-1905 there were Norwegian courtiers appointed who served during the Swedish royal family's visit to Norway. The female courtiers were appointed according to the Swedish court model, i.e. the class of maid of honor (Bridesmaid); Chamberlain (Chief Maid of Honor) and First Lady of the Bedchamber, all supervised by the Overhoffmesterinne (Mistress of robes): these posts were not appointed until 1817. [46] [page needed] When the tray Sweden and Norway were dissolved in 1905, a permanent Norwegian royal family was established. Ottoman Empire (Turkey) In the Ottoman Empire, the word lady-in-waiting has often been used to describe the women of the imperial harem who served as servants, secretaries and companions to the wives, daughters and sisters of the Ottoman sultan. These women originally came to the harem as slaves, captured by the Crimean slave trade, the Barbary slave trade and the white slave trade. [47] When they entered the haremet, they were given the position of Cariye and were all formally available as concubines to the sultan, but if they were not chosen to share his bed, they served in a similar position as a lady-in-waiting, who served the wives, concubines, mother, sister and daughters of the sultan. [48] Russia In the court of Muscovite Russia, ladies-in-waiting for the Tsarist were normally divided among the Boyarinas (widows or wives of ), often from the family and relatives of tsarina. [49] The first rank of the ladies-in-waiting's office was the treasurer of the Tsarist; the other was the group of companions; the third were the royal nurses to the and princesses (where the nurses of the male children over ranked); among the nurses was the most significant post of mamok, the head royal governess, who was normally selected from older widows, often relatives of the Tsar or Tsarina. [50] All offices were appointed by royal decree. The group of ladies-in-waiting was collectively over the rank of Svetlichnaya, the tsarist's sewing women; the postelnitsy (tsarinans chamber women and washing women) and the officials who handled the affairs of the staff. [50] In 1722 this system was abolished and the Russian Imperial Court was reorganized in accordance with the reforms of Peter the Large one to Westernize Russia, and the old court offices of Tsarina were replaced with court offices inspired by the German model; see Lady-in-waiting of the Imperial Court of Russia. Spain The Royal Court of Castile included a group of ladies-in-waiting for the Queen named Camarera in the late 13th and early 14th centuries, but it was not until the 15th century that a set of stewards was confirmed. [51] [page needed] This characteristic organization of the Spanish ladies-in-waiting was roughly established already during the court of Isabella I of Castile (r. 1474–1504), held by Empress Isabella in the 16th century, and became the Spanish standard model for ladies-in-waiting. [51] The highest rank female head waiter was the Camarera mayor de Palacio (Mistress of the Robe). [4] This office is confirmed from the 1410s. [51] The second rank was shared by ayas (royal governorines), and guardas (chaperones). [4] The third rank was dueñas de females, the married ladies-in-waiting, who were for not only the unmarried dams or meninas (Bridesmaid), but also by the female slaves and dwarves, who were classified as courtiers and ranked before mozas (maids) and lavanderas (brick women). [4] Sweden The early modern Swedish court, as well as its Danish counterpart, was reorganized in the early 16th century according to the German court model, in turn inspired by the imperial Austrian court model. [5] This model roughly organized the female nobles in the class of the unmarried lady-in-waiting (bridesmaid, until 1719 maid of a court) who could be promoted to Chambermaid (Assistant of the Females: until 1719 chambermaid). [5] They were supervised by the stewardess (mother-in-waiting, corresponding to the Mistress of the Robes), normally a married or widowed elderly noblewoman. [5] During this class of female noble courtiers, they were non-noble female servants. They were led by the normally married chamberwife (Mistress of the Chamber, roughly equivalent to a Lady's Maid), often by a bourgeois background, who supervised the group of chambermaids (Chambermaid)[5] From queen Christina's reign, the head waiter was supervised by the Chief Court Mistress. [5] In 1774, the post of Mistress of the State was introduced, which was the title of the group of married ladies-in-waiting with rank between the mistress and the chamberlain. [52] [page needed] The Swedish court staff was reduced in size in 1873. [52] The new court records of 1911 and 1954 continued this reduction, and many court records were abolished or no longer filled. With the exception of the state wife and chief steward, none of the titles above are longer in use. At the time of Queen Louise's death in 1965, her chief steward was employed by the king. From 1994, the Chief Steward is the head of the king's court rather than the Queen, while the Queen's court is led by the First Lady. There is now only one state lady, and the other ladies-in-waiting are simply called the Lady-in-Waiting (Court Lady). Queen Silvia of Sweden has only three ladies-in-waiting ('ladies-in-waiting'). Her lady-in-waiting is the first lady. Uk In the uk's current royal household, a Lady-in-Waiting is a woman who participates in a female member of the royal family. A woman attending a or Queen consort is often (informally) known under the same title, but is more formally styled either: Woman of the Bedchamber, Lady of the Bedchamber or Mistress of the Robes, depending on which of these offices she holds. The women are in regular presence, but the mistress of clothes and the ladies of Bedchamber are normally required only for ceremonial occasions. However, the phrase Lady-in-Waiting to The Queen has been used in formal documents to denote which of the women is actually in office at one point in time. [53] As of 2016, the Senior to Queen Elizabeth II is mistress of the robes, Fortune FitzRoy, Duchess of Grafton. The other Ladies-in-Waiting is Virginia Ogilvy, greser of Airlie; Diana, Lady Farnham; The Hon Mary Anne Morrison; Lady Susan Hussey; Lady Elton; She Mrs. Whitehead, (daughter of Frederick Millar, 1st Baron Inchyra); Jennifer Gibbs (Mrs. Michael Gordon Lennox) and Philippa de Pass, wife of Lieutenant Commander Robert de Pass. [54] England During the Middle Ages, Margaret of France, Queen of England is noted to have had seven ladies-in-waiting: the three married were called Domina and the four unmarried bridesmaids, but no chief lady lady-in-waiting is mentioned,[55] and until the 15th century, the majority of the office holders of the Queen's household were still male. [56] As late as the mid-15th century, Queen Elizabeth Woodville still had only five ladies-in-waiting,[56] but in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, ladies-in-waiting were given a more dominant place on the English court, in parallel with developments in France and continental courts. The court life of the Duchy of Burgundy served as an example when Edward IV created the Household Black Book in 1478,[2] and the organization of the English royal family was essentially established from that point onwards. [57] [page needed] Queen Elizabeth of York had numerous ladies-in-waiting, which were reported by the Spanish ambassador Rodrigo de Puebla as something unusual and amazing: the Queen has thirty-two ladies, very grand and in splendour style. [56] Elizabeth of York reportedly had 36 ladies-in-waiting, eighteen of them noble women; in 1502, a more complete account summed them up as sixteen gentlewomen, seven bridesmaids and three chamberers-women, who attended her in the bedroom. [56] Apart from the women who were formally hired as ladies-in-waiting, the Queen's female companion supplanted in reality the daughters and ladies-in-waiting of their ladies-in-waiting, who were also resident in the Queen's household. [56] The duties of the ladies-in-waiting at the Tudor Court were to act as companions in public and private; to go with her wherever she went; to entertain her with music, dance or singing; and to dress her, bathe her and help her use the toilet, as a royal, by today's standards, was not supposed to make anything of themselves, but was always to wait for in all daily tasks as a sign of their status. [56] Ladies-in-waiting were appointed by recommendation of their social status as members of the nobility, court clerks, knights and military; and because they were expected to be followers of the dynasty or the royal woman because of their relatives. When the Queen was not a foreigner, her relatives were often appointed as they were assumed to be trustworthy and loyal; Lady Margaret Lee was a lady in the Privy Chamber Queen Anne Boleyn, just as Lady Elizabeth Seymour-Cromwell was to Queen Jane Seymour. The organization of the Queen's ladies-in-waiting was placed under the Tudor court. The ladies-in-waiting were led by the Mistress of the Robes, followed in the rank of Bedchambers first lady, who oversaw the group lady of the Bedchamber (typically wives or widows of peers over the earl's rank), in turn followed by the group Woman of the Bedchamber (usually a daughter of an equal) and finally the group of Bridesmaids, whose service entitled them to the honorable style of life. [58] The system has formally remained much the same since the Tudor period. But in practice, many offices have since become vacant. For example, more recently, Bridesmaid has only been appointed for coronations. Notable examples These are a list of particularly well-known and famous ladies-in-waiting of each nation listed. More are in their respective category. Austrian Countess Sophie Chotek (1868–1914), later Duchess von Hohenberg Canada Margaret Southern[7] (b. 1931) Denmark Countess Louise von Plessen (1725–1799) England, Scotland, United Kingdom, and Great Britain Lettice Knollys, Countess of Essex and Leicester Lady Mary Boleyn (с. 1499/1500–1543) Four of Henry VIII's later Queen's Krits: Anne Boleyn (c. 1501/07–1536) Jane Seymour (c. 1508–1537) Catherine Howard (с. 1523–1542) Catherine Parr (1512–1548) Jane Boleyn, Viscountess Rochford (c. 1505–1542) Kat Ashley (c. 1502–1565) Jane Dormer, later Duchess of Feria (1538–1612) Mary Fleming (1544) Mary Fleming (1544 2- fl. 1581), one of the Scots Four Marys Lettice Knollys, Countess of Essex and Leicester (1543–1634) Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough (1660–1744) Ivy Gordon-Lennox, later Duchess of Portland (1887–1982) Ruth Roche , Baroness Fermoy (1908–1993) Lady Pamela Mountbatten (b. 1929) Jane Loftus, Marchioness of Ely (1821–1890) Lady Sarah McCorquodale (b. 1955) France Françoise de Brézé, Countess of Maulévrier (1515 – 14 October 1577): Regent of Sedan from 1553 to 1559 Jacqueline de Longwy, Countess of Bar-sur-Sein (before 1520 – 1520 – 1520 – 1520 – 1520 – 1520 – 1520 – 1520 – 1520 – 1520 – 1 520 – 1520 – 1520 – 1520 – 1520 – 1520 – 1 28 August 1561) Henriette of Cleves, 4th Duchess of Nevers and Countess of Rethel (31 October 1542 – 24 June 1601): One of France's main creditors until her death. Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princesse de Lamballe (1749–1792) Yolande de Polastron (1749–1793) Louise-Elisabeth, Marquise de Tourzel (1749–1832) Germany Marie Luise von Degenfeld (1634-1677) at the court of the Palatinate Maria Caroline Charlotte von Ingenheim (1704–1749) at the court of Bavaria's Sophie von Voß (1729–1814) at The Court of The Prussian Charlotte von Stein (1742–1827) at the Court of Saxe-Weimar Luise von Göchhausen (1752–1807) at the Court of Saxe-Weimar Karoline Friederike von Berg (1760–1826) at the Court of Justice Prussia Gabriele von Bülow (1802–1887) chieftain waiting for the court of Prussia Japan Murasaki Shikibus (с. 973 or 978 – circa 1014 or 1031) Sei Shōnagon (c. 966–1017/1025) Korea Jang Ok-Jeong (1659–1701) Poland Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange d'Arquien (1641–1716), later Queen of Poland Klara Izabella Pacowa (1631–1685) Elżbieta Sieniawska (1669–1685) Elżbieta Sieniawska (1669–1 729) Russia Sophia Razumovskaya (1746–1803), a mistress of Paul I of Russia Countess Julie von Hauke (1825–1895), later princess of Battenberg Anna Vyrubova (1884–1964) Sweden Elisaet Ribbbing (1596–1662), and later her morganatic daughter, Elisabet Carlsdotter Gyllenhielm (1622–1682) Ulrika Strömfelt (1724–1780) Augusta von Fersen (1754–1846) Magdalena Rudenschöld (1766–1823) Thailand Vibhavad i Rangsit (1920–1977) In fiction The Favourite 2018 See also Chaperone (social) Handmaiden Lady's companion Lady's maid Manservant Odalisque Notes ^ a b c d e g h i j k l l l n o kolk 2009. ^ a b c d e f g h Duindam ^ a b Kerkhoff ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Akkerman 2013 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAkkerman2013 (help) ^ a b c d e f g h Persson 1999 pour l'an 1841[full citation needed] ^ a b McCreery, Christopher (2008). On Her Majesty's Service: Royal Awards and Recognition in Canada. Dundurn. p. 133. ISBN 1-5500-2742-5. ^ a b Ebrey ^ a b c Chung, pp. 960–1126 ^ Hsieh, Bao Hua (1999). From Charwoman to Dowager Dowager Dowager: Serving-Women in the Ming Palace. Ming Studies. 42: 26–80. ^ Hsieh, Bao Hua (2014). Ming Palace serving-women. Concubine and bondage at the end of imperial China. London: Lexington Books. p. 179-208. ^ Hsieh. Concubine and bondage. p. 184. ^ a b Hsieh. Concubine and bondage. p. 180. ^ Hsieh. Concubine and bondage. p. 181. ^ Cass, Victoria B (1986). Female Healers in Ming and Lodge of Ritual and Ceremony. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 106.1: 233–245. ^ Cass. Female Healers. p. 236. ^ Hsieh. From Charwoman to . Ming Studies: 45. ^ Hsieh. From Charwoman to empress dowager. Ming Studies: 46. ^ Hsieh. Concubine and bondage. p. 187. ^ Hsieh. From Charwoman to empress dowager. Ming Studies: 127. Lee, Lily Xiao Hong (2016). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, Volume II: Tang By Ming 618–1644. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. p. 543. ^ a b Lee. Biographical Dictionary. p. 543. ^ Hinsch, Bret (2016). Women in imperial China. London: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 147-174. ^ Hinsch. Women in imperial China. p. 148. ^ Hsieh. From Charwoman to empress dowager. Ming Studies: 125. ^ a b Walthall ^ a b c Hsieh Bao Hua ^ a b c Kjølsen 2010 ^ a b c d e f g Akkerman & Houben harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAkkermanHouben (help) ^ Mansel. ^ Nagel 2008. ^ Seward, 2004. ^ Zedlitz-Trützschler, 1924. ^ Almanach de Gotha 1859. ^ Almanacco reale regno delle Due Sicilie ^ Calendario reale per l'anno 1879[full citation needed] ^ la Repubblica.it, 2007, 11, 25, La dama di compagnia dell' ultima Regina[full citation needed] ^ a b c d e Lillehoj ^ a b c d e Rowley ^ a b Lebra 尙 ^ Academy of Korean Studies. [need a quote to verify] ^ -- (中中) (in Korean and English). Empas / EncyKorea. [need a quote to verify] ^ -- (中中) (in Korean and English). Empas / Britannica. [need quote to verify] [dead link] ^ Hamer 2011. ^ S Gravenhaagsche Urban-Almanak: voor 1857 ^ Hauge & Egeberg 1960. ^ Madeline Zilfi: Women and Slavery in the Late Ottoman Empire: The Making of the Difference ^ Madeline Zilfi: Women and Slavery in the Late Ottoman Empire: The Framing of the Difference ^ И. Е. Забелин. Глава VI. Царицын дворовый чин // Домашний быт русских цариц в XVI и XVII столетиях. — М.: Типография Грачева и Комп., 1869. [need quotes to verify] ^ a b Верховая боярыня // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890–1907. [need quotes to verify] ^ a b c Cruz & Stampino ^ a b Rundquist 1989 ^ Lady Dugdale has succeeded Hon Mary Morrison as Lady-in-Waiting to The Queen (Court Circular, June 1, 1994). ^ British 2016. ^ William J. Thoms: Book of the Court: Exhibiting history, care and privileges of the English nobility and gentry. Particularly of the large officers of state and members of the Royal Household, 1844 ^ a b c d e f Alison Weir: Elizabeth of York: A Tudor Queen and Her World ^ Gosman, Macdonald & Vanderjagt. ^ Chisholm, 1911, p. 663. References Akkerman, Nadine; Houben, Birgit, eds. (2013), Women's Household Policy: Ladies-In-Waiting Across Early Modern Europe, Leiden: BrillCS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)[full citation needed] Akkerman, Nadine; Houben, Birgit, eds. (2013), Women's Household Policy: Ladies-in-waiting across Early Modern Europe, Leiden: BrillCS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)[full citation needed] Almanach de Gotha: annuaire généalogique, diplomatique et statistique, 1859[full quote needed] Ladies-in-Waiting and Equerries, The official website of the British monarchy, archived from the original on 3 February 2016 Chung, Priscilla Ching, Palace Women in North Sung, pp. 960–1126[full citation needed] Chisholm, Hugh, rode. (1911), Honourable , Encyclopædia Britannica, 13 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 662-663 Cruz, Anne J.; Stampino, Maria Galli, Early modern Habsburg women: Transnational context, cultural Conflicts, dynastic continuities[full citation needed] Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, Women and family in Chinese history[full needed] Duindam, Jeroen Frans Jozef, Vienna and Versailles: The Courts of Europe's Dynastic Rivals, 1550–1780[full quote needed] Kolk, Caroline zum (June 2009), The Household of the Queen of France in the Sixteenth Century, Court Historian, 14 (1)[full quote needed] Hsieh Bao Hua, Concubation and Servitude at the end of China Imperial[full quote needed] Gosman, Martin Macdonald, Alasdair James; Vanderjagt, Arie Johan, Princes and Princely Culture: 1450– 1650[full citation needed] Hamer, Dianne (2011), Sophie: biografie van Sophie van Würtemberg (1818–1877) — op basis van brieven en dagboken[full citation needed] Kägler, Britta, Frauen am Münchener Hof (1651–1756)[full citation needed] Kerkhoff, Jacqueline, Maria van Hongarije en haar hof 1505–1558: tot plichtsbetrachting uitverkoren[full citation needed] Lebra, Takie Sugiyama, Above the clouds: Status Culture of the modern Japanese nobility[full mood] Lillehoj, Lillehoj, Lillehoj Elizabeth, Art and Palace Politics in Early Modern Japan, 1580–1680s[full citation needed] Mansel, Philip, The Eagle in Splendour: Inside the Court of Napoleon[full quote needed] Nagel, Susan (2008), Marie-Therese, Terror child: The fate of Marie Antoinette's daughter, NY: Bloomsbury: Macmillan, ISBN 1-59691-057-7 Persson , Fabian (1999), Servant of fortune. Swedish Court between 1598 and 1721, Lund: Wallin & Dalholm, ISBN 91-628-3340-5 Hauge, Yngvar; Egeberg, Nini (1960), Bogstad, 1773–1995, H. Aschehoug Walthall, Anne, Servant of dynasty: Palace women in world history[full citation needed] Kjølsen, Klaus (2010), The Royal Danish Hof 1660–2000[full citation needed] Rowley, G. G., G. An imperialist concubine story: Scandal, Shipwreck, and Salvation in Eighteenth Century Japan[full wit needed] Rundquist, Angela (1989), Black Blood and Lily White Hands: an etn study of Avic women 1850–1900, Carlsson, Diss. Stockholm: Univ., Stockholm[full citation needed] Seward, Desmond (2004), Eugénie. An empress and her empire, Stroud: Sutton, cop., ISBN 0-7509-2979-0 Zedlitz-Trützschler, Robert (1924), Twelve years on the imperial German court[full citation needed] External links Look up lady-in-waiting in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Alchin and Linda. Lady in waiting. Elizabethan era. Retrieved April 18, 2017. Retrieved from

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