Note on Urban and Rural Variations According to the English Census of 1911 Author(S): Thomas A

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Note on Urban and Rural Variations According to the English Census of 1911 Author(s): Thomas A. Welton Source: Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 76, No. 3 (Feb., 1913), pp. 304-317 Published by: Wiley for the Royal Statistical Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2340048 . Accessed: 25/06/2014 10:17

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This content downloaded from 188.72.96.21 on Wed, 25 Jun 2014 10:17:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 304 [Feb.

NOTE ON URBAN AND RURAL VARIATIONS ACCORDINGTO THE ENGLISH CENSUS OF 1911. By THOMAS A. WELTON.

THE most important new factor made known to us by the Census of 1911 is the tendency towards loss of population by migration in the case of several of our largest cities. The next in importance is the diminished loss of the rural districts by migration, which again may be connected with lessened attractions in London and elsewhere. The volumes just published do not assist us in determining the local " natural increase" of the sexes separately,but the ten annual reports of the Registrar-General,with the aid of an assumption that the local proportions of male to female births have not materially changed, enable us to arrive at a close approximation to the net losses and gains by migration. That it is indispensablynecessary to deal separatelywith the two sexes will be admitted by anyone who considers the dissimilarity of their migrations, arising from the different circumstanceswhich affect their movements. The following table displays the results for 1891-1901 and 1901-11; there have been some changes in boundaries, such as the extensions of Nottingham and Sheffield, the figures for the first period being given in accordancewitb boundariesas in 1891, but such changes rather tend to increase the apparent growth of the towns affected, and therefore do not in the least degree account for the losses shown:-

This content downloaded from 188.72.96.21 on Wed, 25 Jun 2014 10:17:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1913.] Urbanand Rural Variations according to the English Census. 305

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This content downloaded from 188.72.96.21 on Wed, 25 Jun 2014 10:17:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 306 Urbanand RutralVariations according to the English Census. [Feb.

The actual gains and losses (net) in the I36 districts (or groups of districts) are set out in the appended table. The case of London is apparently of great moment. If we go into detail, we have

Males. Females.

1881-91. 1891-01. 1901-1]. 188191. 1891-01. 1901-11. Births ...... 877,876 936,276 979,526 847,335 902,898 942,244 Deaths ...... 517,722 567,381 523,625 494,552 539,879 494,869

Natural increase 360,154 3 68,895 455,901 352,783 363,019 447,3 75 orminus)r....p } + 58,886 + 86,833 -158,432 + 110,059 + 139,643 -76,665

Actual increase 4I9,040 455,728 297,469 462,842 502,662 370,710

Here, it will be noted, we have an increase of births (though at a diminished rate) and an important decrease in the number of deaths, yet all is upset by the alteration in the current of migrations. It is true that, by reason of the increased facility of travel, many places quite beyond the area of London as a town now serve as dormitoriesfor some of those who gain their living by working in London. Here is a list of some important districts which might come within that category:-

Population(males). Gain Population(females). Glain Districts. by by 1901. 1911. migration. 1901. 1911. migration. Southend .... 24,661 42,988 14,336 26,509 50,817 20,010 Reigate .... 19,843 22,969 746 22,897 26,728 1,524 Godstone ...... 13,946 16,251 1,360 13,918 17,907 3,015 Uxbridge ...... 18,738 29,359 7,752 20,265 31,371 7,962 Staines ...... 16,884 18,663 - 770 16,977 19,760 + 35 Watford and St. Albans .... 41,092 54,255 7,914 45,852 61,494 10,764 Brentwood ...... 10,946i 14,103 3,360 11,490 14,375 2,652 Guildford ...... 30,372 35,135 1,415 31,750 37,587 2,709 Herne Bay ...... 9,698 10,592 - 36 11,168 12,767 + 682

Counting in, besides these, such places as Brighton, Eastbourne, and the Isle of Thanet, we cannot accounitfor more than 50,000 males to be deducted from the loss shown of 158,432, and we must assume that, instead of a gain of some 8o,ooo men of full age, we are now confronted with a loss of about equal amount. And this is arrived at after the return of the volunteers from South Africa, and after receiving an unusual number of aliens from the Continent of Europe. That some increase in the numbers of children will be shown is to be expected, because of the increase in births and decrease

This content downloaded from 188.72.96.21 on Wed, 25 Jun 2014 10:17:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1913.] Urbanand Rural Variationsaccording to the English Census. 307 in deaths; but children are rather a burden than otherwise, and cannot make up for the loss of earning-powerwhich these figures imply. And the process of depletion is apparently going on faster than ever, so that our water authority may well find a lessened tendency towards the increase of its rental, and an increased probabilityof having to fall back upon the ratepayersfor deficiencies. Turning to the remaining 135 towns and districts, the Census reveals a real attraction in 36 instances only, if we disregard the additions to population in the 9 places tabulated above as being influencedby the metropolis. These 36 places are

Gain. Gain.

Males. Females. Males. Females.

*Manchester...... 1,455 3,804 *Barnsley colliery 17705 2 271 *Hull ...... 1,765 2,293 district ...... ,7 2, Oldham .... 1,791 1,250 *Nuneaton colliery 1477 70 Stockport ...... 4,346 6,581 district ...... ,47 3,06 Rochdale ...... 950 1,264 *Coventry...... 14,503 10,173 Burnley ...... 2,612 3,272 Lincoln ...... 3,104 1,292 Huddersfield ...... 4,594 5,455 *Ipswich .. . 935 887 *Rotherham ...... 4,241 1,787 Exeter ...... 622 1,837 *Doncaster ...... 13,313 8,883 *Portsmouth ...... 14,026 7,610 *Middlesbro'...... 4,543 1,105 *Aldershott ...... 3,230 1,354 *Southampton ...... 4,066 3,630 Blackpool ...... 5,504 10,431 *Grimsby ...... 5,684 3,958 *Harrogate .213..... 213 2,535 *Swindon ...... 2,014 3,062 Llandudno ...... 1,295 3,053 *Rugby ...... 1,052 1,253 Brighton ...... 1,079 3,870 Stafford ...... 1,065 713 *Eastbourne ...... 1,628 4,130 *Luton ...... 4,791 4,433 Worthing ...... 1,893 4,496 *South Bournemouth 6,31'7 10,729 Wales col- 81 899 49,404 ...... liery district .... JPoole 3,048.... 3,048 4,902 *Notts and &c Derby 1 13 2899 Torquay, ...... 2,170 2,360 colliery district j 2,8 Olacton, &c...... 2,046 796

* Natural increase fully i i per cent. on commencing population. Farnham and Hartley Wintney districts.

The places are marked where an average addition was made by births in excess of deaths, as well as the gain by migration shown. At Staffordthere were in 1901 to 1910 1,34i deaths of lunatics, so that most of the immigrants in the decennium seem to have come to fill vacancies in the asylums. Lincoln showed in 1901 to 1910 1,224 deaths of lunatics, and in Exeter there were i,623 similar deaths, excluding patients in a local asylum. Consequently, some deduction must be made for such deaths if we wish to know the real addition of useful citizens in those places. The other places with less than i i per cent. of gain by excess of births are all either textile manufacturing or residential places, in which classes the greatest fall in birthrateshas been experienced,and the greatest need of reinforcementsfrom elsewhere may be felt. Turning to losses by migrations,we have the following facts as to some of the larger cities:-

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Liverpool. Birmingham. Sheffield. Bristol.

Fe- Fe- Fe- Males. males. Males. males. Males. males. Males. males.Fe- 1891-1900. Gain by natural increase 50,733 49,300 57,986 60,911 24,381 26,830 24,523 22,988 Add gain by migrations 8,980 13,808 18,403 24,185 9,994 5,343 2,227* 4,374

Total gain ...... ,59,7I3 63,I08 76,389 85,o96 34,375 32,173 22,296 27,362 1901-10. Gainbynaturalincrease 68,492 69,964 70,632 74,497 31,503 33,912 24,184 22,150 Less loss by migrations 12,295 1,363t 15,043 9,604 10,625 7,863 14,396 8,579

Net gain .... 56,197 71,327 55,589 64,893 20,878 26,o4g 9,788 I3,571

* Loss. t Gain.

It will be observed that, save Liverpool, in each case the absolute increase is much reduced, although in the case of Sheffield the boundarieshave been enlarged.

Leeds. Leicester. Nottingham.

Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females. 1891-1900. Gain by natural increase ... 24,366 25,647 16,419 16,616 9,343 8,558 Add gain by migrations 5,816 7,950 3,043 6,905 1,188* 804*

Gain .. , . 30,182 33,597 29,462 23,521 8,I55 7,754 1901-10. Gain by natural increase 24,646 25,619 16,336 16,119 12,479 12,116 Less loss by migrations 17,272 12,46 7,100 3,685 3,773 661

Net gain. 7,374 | 3,I63 9,236 22,434 8,706 11,455

* Loss.

The apparently improved position at Nottingham is due to an extension of its boundaries, bringing in a district where the " natural increase " is considerable. The places next shown are remarkablefor a distinct decline in the amount of " natural increase."

Bradford. Burnley. Blackburn. Burton-on-Trent.

Fe- Fe- Fe- Males. males. Males. males. Males. males.FOe- Males.Mae. males. 1891-1900. Gain by natural increase 14,139 13,122 11,225 11,126 10,713 10,382 6,596 6,971 Add gain by migrations 6,517* 1,941* 2,900 6,764 2,989* 511 1,562* 2,724*

Gain ...... 7,622 I1,I8I I4,225 I7,890 7,724 i0,893 5,034 4,247 1901-10. Gain by natural increase 10,936 9,390 9,706 9,230 9,834 8,981 5,952 6,419 Less loss by migrations 6,987 2,743 2,612t 3,272t 4,084 2,706 6,706 6,319

Gain ...... 3,949 6,647 12,3x8 22,502 5,750 6,275 754* 0oo

* Loss. t Gain.

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Wellingboro'. Kettering. Northampton. Carlisle.

Fe- Fe- Fe- Fe- Males. males. Males. males. Males. males. Males. males. 1891-1900. Gain by natural increase 4,399 4,403 3,695 3,925 5,118 5,605 2,990 2,712 Add gain by migrsitions 1,842 1,745 1,754 2,461 889* 285 469 1,505

Gain ...... 6,24I 6,148 59449 6,386 4,229 5,890 3,459 4,217 1901-10. Gain by natural increase 3,922 3,862 3,468 3,644 3,472 3,718 2,354 2,486 Less loss by migrations 3,557 2,476 1,903 1,927 2,476 2,040 1,964 1,581

Gain. 365 1,386 1,565 I,7I7 996 I,678 390 905

* Loss.

Even in prosperousBurnley the gain by migrations has declined, as well as the " natural increase." On the whole, these figures do not make very pleasant reading. If we divide the whole country into districts showing clear gains, including Southend and other places influencedby London (merging, however, the growing suburbs with the centres of towns, where population may decrease) and the remaining districts, we have

Gainingdistricts. The rest.

Males. Females. Males. Females. 1901-10. - Gain by natural increase. 462,418 471,493 1,567,557 1,547,967 Less loss by migrations . 267,835* 244,061* 580,815 437,867

Net gain ...... 730,253 715,554 986,742 1,110,I00

* Gain.

As the gaining districts had in 1911 only a population of ...... 8,138,325 and that of the remaindercame to ... 27,932,167

Total ...... 36,070,492 it looks as if less than a quarter of the English nation is attracting new citizens, and the remainder cannot dispense with emigration. Further explanations seem desirable as to the rural districts in which smaller losses or even clear gains have been recordedin comparisonwith past experiences. Extensions of collieries and ironworks have led to the following gains by migration in two registration districts in Carmarthenshire:

Males. Females Males. Females.

Llanelly .... gain 4,952 1,9S2 Llandilofaur ...... gain 3,442 1,932

VOL. LXXVI. PART III. Y

This content downloaded from 188.72.96.21 on Wed, 25 Jun 2014 10:17:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 310 Urbanand Rural Variationsaccording to theEnglish Census. [Feb. and in single parishes or small groups there have been increases of population due to a like cause as shown in the following list:-

Population.

1901. 1911.

Llanarthney (Carmarthen) ...... 2,134 3,022 West Saltney (Hawarden) ...... 1,515 4,305 Connah's Quay (Flint) ...... 3,396 4,596 Cockfield (Teesdale) ...... 1,833 2,672 Allerton Bywater (Tadcaster) ...... 3,516 4,668 Thorne (West Yorkshire) ...... 3,818 5,290 B3alderton(Newark) ...... 2,203 2,824 Ashby, &c. (Glanford Brigg, Lincs) ...... 3,578 8,310 Wilnecote, &c. (Tamworth)...... 6,074 8,027 Ibstock, &c. (Market Bosworth) ...... 4,553 6,365 Asfordby (Melton Mowbray) ...... 16.... 1,02 1,336 Polesworth, &c. (Atb-erstone)...... 6,476 8,172 Highley (Cleobury Mortimer) ...... 804 1,489 Midsomer Norton (Somerset) ...... 5,809 7,299 Camerton (Somerset) ...... 1,772 2,386

Manufacturing industries have been developed in few new places, viz.

Population.

1901. 1911. Cotton weaving- Barnoldswick (Skipton) ...... 6,382 9,703 Earby (Skipton) ...... 4,120 6,032 Woollen manufacture and shoemaking- Melton Mowbray ...... 7,454 9,202 Brick-making- Linchmere (Midhurst) ...... 392 924 Paper-making- King's Langley (Herts) ...... 1,579 2,166

New military establishments have been created as follows Officersand men. Bordon Barracks (Alton) ...... 3,740 South Tidworth Barracks (Andover) ...... 3,463 North Tidworth Barracks (Pewsey, Wilts) ...... 810 Longmoor Barracks (Petersfield) ...... 1,128

A new County lunatic asylum has been opened at Hellingly (Hailsham) containing, in 1911, 495 male and 615 female inmates, and another at North Bromsgrove containing 241 males and 282 females. The construction of the new Derwent Valley waterworks accounts for increases of population as follows in Derbyshire:

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Population.

1901. 1911.

Tideswell and Chapel-en-le-Frith sub- 19,451 23,861 districts ..j...... Hayfield parsh ...... 2,614 3,459

The City of Bradfordwaterworks occasioneda like increase, viz.:

Upper Stonebeek (Pateley Bridge) ...... 284 830 and the new Leeds Corporationwaterworks account for this further increase:

Healey-with-Sutton (Leyburn) 6...... 16 1,083

Although the wide boundary assigned to Grimsby in my book includes the site of the new docks at Immingham (which therefore do not affect the " rural residue " of Lincolnshire),it may be noted that their constructionled to the following increases:

Population.

1901. 1911.

Immingham . .241 2,681 Little Coates . .83 1,866 South Killingholme . .540 1,021

The erection of the "Garden City" of Letchworth caused the parish of the same name in the registration district of Hitchin to advance in population from 277 to 5,324. The development of allotments and market gardens affectedthe following places, viz.

Population.

1901. 1911. Bengeworth (Evesham) ...... 1,748 2,872 Hampton ( do. ) ...... 977 1,314 Badsey ( do. ) ...... 775 1,127 Eastergate (West Sussex) .216 606 Black Bourton (Witney) .197 577

The new harbourat Goodwick caused increases as follows

Fishguard.. 1,739 2)892 Llanwnda .1,110 2,612

Y 2

This content downloaded from 188.72.96.21 on Wed, 25 Jun 2014 10:17:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 312 Urbanand Rural Variationsaccording to the English Census. [Feb. The accidental presence of a number of fishing vessels at Padstow added 7I2 persons to the population of that quiet little place, and that of one of His Majesty's ships at Lyme Regis added 473 persons to the local population. The transfer of railway engine works to Bishopstoke, near Southampton, occasionedgreat part of the increase at the following places as well as at Eastleigh:-

Population.

1901. 1911. Bishopstoke ...... 1,538 2,191 Twyford ...... 1,479 2,048 Chandler's Ford ...... 1,085 1,641

4,102 5,880

The extension of certain towns led to the following increases:-

Population.

1901. 1911. Cambridge: Chesterton ...... 9,354 11,330 Cherry Hinton ...... 2,720 4,455

12,074 15,785 Reading: Caversham ...... 6,498 9,785 Shinfield (Wokingham) ...... 1,587 2,372

8,085 I 2,157

Warrington: Grappenhall (Runcorn) ...... 987 1,803 LatchfordWithout(Runcorn) 295 755 Stockton Heath ( do. ) 2,543 4,370 Walton Inferior ( do. ) 719 1,068

4,544 7,996 and I think we must credit York with a growth of population in Acomb (Great Ouseburn). The advance of several small watering places and health resorts may be shown as follows in the order of their latest populations:

Populationi. Population.

1901. 1911. 1901. 1911. Bognor ...... 6,180 8,142 Hornsea ...... 2,381 3,024 Sidmoutli ...... 4,201 5,612 Bude, with Stratton ...... 2,308 2,976 Swanage ...... 3,408 4,689 Llandrindod Wells ...... 1,827 2,779 Newquay .. 3,115 4,415 Withernsea (E. York) ...... 1,426 2,278 Skegness ...... 2,140 3,775 Salcombe...... 1,710 2,032 Minehead ... 2,511 3,458 Church Stretton ...... 816 1,455 Okehampton ...... 2,569 3,174

This content downloaded from 188.72.96.21 on Wed, 25 Jun 2014 10:17:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1913.] Urbanand Rural Variations according to theEnglish Census. 313 The improvement of railway facilities seems to have favoured the neighbourhood of Windsor; the actual gains by migration work out as follows:

Gains.

Males. Females.

Amersham registration district (with} 1,636 1,995 Chesbam) ...... Eton registration district (with Slough).... 656 1,568

A few other residential localities have shown special progress, viz.

Populationl.

1901. } 1911. Crowborough (Sussex) .3,639 5,148 Haslemere (Surrey) .2,614 3,520 Chiddingfold (Surrey) .1,548 2,175 Mellor (Derbyshire) .1,218 1,711

There remain a few towns outside the urban districts included in the I36 towns, &c., distinguished in my book, where progress has been made in the last ten years, viz.

Population. Population.

1901. 1911. 1901. 1911.

Prudhoe (Northumber- l 7,019 8,212 Stevenage .... 3,957 4,856 land) .OI..... Chelmsford 15,.....15,572 18,008 Hinderwell (N. York) .... 1,937 2,491 Hemel Hempstead 11,264 12,888 Goole (W. York) ...... 16,576 20,332 East Grinstead .... 6,094 7,089 Gainsboro' (Lincoln) .... 17,660 20,587 Wokingham ...... 3,551 4,352 Scunthorpe (Lincoln) .... 6,750 10,170 Andover ...... 6,509 7,596 Flint ...... 4,625 5,472 Melksham ...... 2,450 3,101 Walsoken (near Wisbech) 3,250 3,898 Yeovil ...... 11,155 13,759

These notices will serve to show that there have been many movements within the area of the " rural residues of counties " by which the lessened loss of population within their limits is, to some extent only, accounted for. The gains and losses on the whole may be thus shown:

Males. Females.

1881-91. 1891-1901. 1901-11. 1881-91. 1891-1901. 1901-11. Births ...... 989,05.3 895,006 814,704 951,745 862,224 783,161 Deduct deaths ...... 576,314 547,973 484,831 550,661 529,616 465,468 Natural increase ...... 412,739 347,033 329,873 401,084 332,608 317,693 Loss by migrations ...... 454,960 351,695 138,853 390,484 308,745 163,102

Final results ...... -42,221 -4,662 +19 1,020 + o,6oo +23,863 + x54,591

This content downloaded from 188.72.96.21 on Wed, 25 Jun 2014 10:17:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 314 Urbanand Rural Variationsaccording to th1eEnglish Census. [Feb. Gains and lossesby rmigrationin 1901-11 in 136 districts or groups of districts in England and Wales.*

Result of migrationis. Population, 1911. Males. Females.

Males. Females. Losses. Gains. Losses. Gains.

London ...... 3,438,290 3,876,230 158,432 - 76,665 - Manchester.587,210 638,183 - 1,455 _ 3,804 Hull .144,810 152,204 - 1,765 2,293 Liverpool.548,967 601,363 12,295 - - 1,363 Birmingham .527,049...... 527,049 571,127 15,013 - 9,604 Leeds .224,134...... 224,134 247,226 17,272 - 12,456 - Sheffield .233,449...... 233,449 239,300 10,625 - 7,863 Bristol ...... 194,585 228,129 14,396 - 8,579 Leicester .135,895...... 135,895 153,949 7,100 - 3,685 Nottingham ..0...... 120,401 139,503 3,773 - 661

6,154,790 6,847,zI4 z35,7I6 - 1 Z,053 _

Oldham. 112,893 .... 112,893 122,688 - 1,791 1,250 Burnley .105,641...... 105,641 116,524 2,612 - 3,272 Huddersfield . 88,239 100,186 - 4,594 5,455 Stockport .83,738...... 83,738 96,790 4,346 6,581 Rochdale ...... 60,636 68,462 950 - 1,264 Bradford.170,320 197,968 6,987 - 2,743 Bolton .131,240 144,687 5,878 - 4,145 Blackburn .109,821...... 109,821 125,724 4,084 - 2,706 Halifax .87,132...... 87,132 101,857 9,036 - 6,980 Ashton-under-Lyne .85,771... 85,771 95,933 3,725 3,427 Dewsbury .82,395...... 82,395 92,324 3,492 _ 2,606 Preston .75,271...... 75,271 86,018 2,632 1,595 Bury (Lancs) .69,977 79,377 2,713 2,328 Haslingden .55,104...... 55,104 61,478 3,439 3,053 Keighley .36,82 ...... 36,829 42,329 2,243 1,474 Macclesfield ...... 27,985 32,807 893 - 591 Wharfedalet ...... 28,644 33,084 168 1,272 Kidderminster .18,600... 18,600 21,974 1,882 - 1,621 Todmorden.l9,fiO5...... 19,605 21,744 1,395 1,355 Leek .23,068...... 23,068 24,299 710 - 721 Glossop .11,725...... 11,725 13,972 644 794 Saddleworth ...... 8,475 9,179 255 320

22 towIs.. I ,49I ...... 93,109 ?9 1,689,404 35,883 - 7,365

Middlesbro.113,142 107,196 4,543 - 1,105 Rotherhbam ...... 73,736 67,676 4,241 1,787 Doncaster ...... 63,475 58,037 13,313 - 8,883 Swindon .33,231...... 33,231 32,659 2,014 3,062 Tilbury (Orsett) .21,921 18,949 512 - 75 Walsall .63,422...... 63,422 64,213 6,167 6,190 Crewe (Nantwich) .38,797 38,973 3,406 2,353

7 towns ...... 1 407,7z4 387,703 15,050 - 6,369

* I do not add the calculated gain per cent. in each case, as I think, where boundaries are wide, more than the wbole gain shown is often due to the central town, and in the outer parishes there may be losses. t The lunatic asylum here attracted many persons from outside places.

Result of migrations. Population,l911. Males. Females.

Males. Females. Losses. Gains. Losses. Gains.

Wolverhamptongroup ...... 218,574 222,060 22,423 21,080 Potteries...... 159,184 163,622 10,588 - 10,318 Cockermouth...... 33,817 34,530 5,381 5,354 Barrow-in-Furness ...... 33,374 30,396 2,871 - 781 Whitehaven ...... 29,019 28,998 2,305 - 3,172 Millom (Bootle) ...... 6,704 6,873 2,182 - 1,759 6 places ...... 480,672 486,479 45,750 42,464 Southampton ...... 83,106 86,267 4,066 3,630 Grimsby...... 61,078 61,069 - 5,684 3,958 ILuton...... 31,951 35,558 4,791 4,433 Rugby ...... 20,624 20,829 - 1,052 1,253 Stafford*...... 17,539 17,621 1,065 - 713 Burton-on-Trent ...... 46,767 45,393 6,706 - 6,319 Wellingborough ...... 28,392 29,401 3,557 2,476 Kettering ...... 25,437 25,938 1,903 - 1,927 Penzance ...... 22,401 27,501 2,169 747 Redruth ...... 21,425 27,462 1,589 1,088 - Falmoutht ...... 11,222 13,011 - 154 343 Helston ...... 9,189 10,940 1,016 878

I 2 places...... 379,131 400,990 iz8 - Z09

Glamorgan group ...... 791,285 727,055 - 81,899 _ 49,404 Chesterfield ,, ...... 297,044 286,340 - 13,990 12,899 Barnsley ,,...... 170,126 154,255 - 7,705 2,271 Nuneaton . 32,852 31,562 - 4,747 - 3,706 Durham group ...... 966,420 955,151 14,694 - 8,699 - Wigan ,...... 330,303 326,061 14,914 - 15,011 Wrexham ...... 40,903 38,151 1,264 - 1,474 - Cannock ...... 28,862 25,750 1,050 - 1,791 Ashby de la Zouch ...... 26,071 24,381 1,266 1,180

9 districts ...... ,683,866 2,568,706 75,153 - 40,I25

Coventry ...... 54,557 52,374 - 14,503 - 10,173 Ipswich ...... 49,506 54,029 - 935 - 887 Exeter...... 45,687 54,560 - 522 1,837 Lincoln ...... 42,816 42,774 3,104 1,292 Oxford...... 30,442 36,718 - 60 - 901 Maidstone ...... : 25,073 26,800 - 33 40 Norwich ...... 67,318 77,126 2,453 2,334 Wakefield ...... 64.083 61,763 538 - 1,573 Derby ...... 60,380 63.900 3,244 - 2,732 York ...... 48,354 50,360 2,238 - 1,685 Yarmouth and LowestoTt.... 48,076 56,279 1,976 499 -

* The lunatic asylum here attracted many persons from outside places. t Persons on board vessels and military, 497 in 1901, were 983 in 1911. This place would have shown losses of both sexes but for its county asylum.

This content downloaded from 188.72.96.21 on Wed, 25 Jun 2014 10:17:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 316 Urbanand Rural Variationsaccording to the English Census. [Feb. Gains a6nd osses by migration in districts or groups of districts-Contd.

Result of migrations. Population,1911. Males. Females.

Males. Females. Losses. Gains. Losses. Gains.

Northampton ...... 43,920 48,109 2,476 2,040 Chester .35,232...... 35,232 38,076 1,202 - 1,260 Reading ...... 36,199 38,999 3,176 2,394 Carlisle .30,049...... 30,049 34,107 1,964 1,581 Gloucester .29,623...... 29,623 33,027 1,259 241 Worcester .22,929...... 22,929 26,512 1,215 _ 1,269 Cambridge .18,010...... 18,010 22,017 270 - 409 King's Lynn ...... 10,276 10,860 1,100 970

I9 old towns .762,53O.. -762,530 828,390 3)954 - 3,937

Portsmouth ...... 151,313 150,676 - 14,)26 7,610 Colchester ...... 22,403 21,049 - 708 60 Plymouth .114,972.. 114)972 115,650 2,882 4,134 - Chatham...... 81,123 74,301 1,887 1,735

4 towns .369,811...... 36x,676 - 9,965 - i,8o0

Farnham (Aldershot) ...... 43,073 33,400 2,346 561 Aldershot, North* .19,503 16,619 - 884 - 793 Weymouth (Portland)t .... 26,724 21,009 983 579 Salisbury and Amesbury4 21,283 21,270 385 - 180 Godstone (Caterham) ...... 16,251 17,907 1,360 - 3,015 Folkestone (Shorncliffe)? 26,519 30,755 1,157 - 774 Dover .26,470...... 26,470 25,474 1,326 - 1,721 Windsor .19,381...... 19,381 21,221 1,998 - 1,419 Deal (Eastry) .16,149 16,694 800 - 593 - Sheerness (Sheppey) . 13,730 10,652 786 - 6 St. Germans ...... 10,259 10,426 2,331 - 213 Canterbury.11,718...... 11,718 12,908 1,679 461

iz distriots ...... 2...... 5i,060 238,335 4,119 - 331

Watford .54,255...... 54,255 61,494 7,914 10,764 Uxbridge ...... 29,359 31,371 7,752 7,962 Guildford ...... 35,135 37,587 1,415 2,709 Rhyl (St. Asaph) ...... 15,315 17,911 - 302 - 1,065 Morecambe (Lancaster) .... 32,722 36,395 1,941 767 Leamington (Warwick) .... 25,491 31,267 26 225 Malvern (Upton-on-Severn) 13,130 16,489 377 303 -

7 places with asylums.... 20o5,407 232,514 15,o39 - 21,205

* Hartley Wintney district. t Soldiers and sailors of Royal Navy were 5,1 0 in 1901, but 6,993 in 1911. : With Bulford camp. ? Elham district.

Result of migrations. Population,1911. Males. Females.

Males. Females. Losses. Gains. Losses. Gainis. Brighton ...... 87,684 113,920 1,079 3,870 Blackpool (Fylde) ...... 5.53,042 65,212 5,504 10,431 Thanet ...... 34,799 43,747 2,216 _ 3,947 Harrogate (Knaresboro') .... 20,259 26,902 - 213 _ 2,535 Llandudno (Conway) ...... 18,121 23,133 - 1,295 3,053 Southport (Ormskirk) ...... 52,250 65,487 434 - - 1,701 Hastings ...... 36,676 51,127 4,113 - 2,074 Bath ...... 35,217 46,364 1,020 _ 128 Scarborough ...... 22,243 28,390 2,236 1,796

9 places ...... 360,291 464,28z - 2,504 21,539

Bournemouth(Christchurch) 36,114 54,247 6,317 - 10,729 Isle of Wight*...... 41,399 46,787 770 711 Worthing (East Preston) .... 20,679 27,672 - 1,893 - 4,496

3 places ...... 98,192 128,706 8,98O 14,514

Southend (Rochford) ...... 42,988 50,817 - 14,330 20,010 Torquay, &c ...... 60,023 72,825 - 2,770 2,360 Bedford ...... 29,328 33,463 233 111 Clacton and Harwich t- - 27,374 26,067 _ 2,046 796 Eastbourne ...... 26,038 35,534 _ 1,628 - 4,130 Reigate ...... 22,969 26,728 746 _ 1,524 Poole ...... 20,795 24,395 3,048 - 4,902 Tunbridge ...... 32,141 39,662 977 , 453 Cheltenham ...... 24,562 34,129 1,641 - 759 Weston-super-Marel ...... 22,764 29,825 16 - - 1,703 Staines ...... 18,663 19,760 770 -- 35 Herne Bay (Blean) ...... 10,592 12,767 36 682 Cromer (Erpingham) ...... 11,868 12,718 332 151

13 districts ...... 350,105 418,690 - 2I,035 - 35,574 Brentwood (Billericay) ...... 14,103 14,375 3,360 2,652 Maidenhead ...... 13,132 14,398 345 678 Easthampstead? ...... 9,013 8,535 8 - 118

3 districts ...... 36,2.48 3 7308 - 3,697 - 3,448

* Military and naval men were 735 in number in 1901, but 1,264 in 1911, besides 409 cadets in the Royal Naval College. t Tendring district. I Axbridge district. ? Sandhurst, and Broadmoor criminal lunatic asylum, are in this district.

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