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This Reproduction Is the Best Copy Available NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. ____ ® UMI A HOUSE DIVIDED: THE CANADIAN PRO-LIFE MOVEMENT, 1968-2006 A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Guelph by JEFFREY LIMA In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Arts January, 2010 © Jeffrey Lima, 2010. Library and Archives Bibliothèque et ?F? Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaONK1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Yourfíle Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-71864-3 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-71864-3 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privée, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont été enlevés de thesis. cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. ¦+¦ Canada ABSTRACT A HOUSE DIVIDED: THE CANADIAN PRO-LIFE MOVEMENT, 1968-2006 Jeffrey Lima Advisor: University of Guelph, 2010 Dr. Alan Gordon This thesis examines the infrastructure, strategies, and goals of several Canadian pro-life organizations. Pro-life activism is generally manifested in educational, political, and counselling work. These efforts are often mischaracterized as being ideologically driven or confessionally motivated. This paper will demonstrate that even within these different "arms" or "streams," there were substantial differences regarding the most effective means of engaging in pro-life activism. These differences are reflected in factional disputes and organizational fissures. Numerous oral interviews, as well as other sources pertaining to the organizational history of the movement were compiled, and demonstrate the existence of a varied response to the issue. The nature of these disputes highlights the way in which contingency rather than religious or political ideology shaped a response to the issue for different groups of activists. Acknowledgements I would like to extend my sincerest thanks to all who helped me in the process of writing this thesis. With the assistance and expertise of Dr. Alan Gordon and Dr. Keith Cassidy, I was able to bring this study to completion on schedule, and for this I am very grateful. Their patience and time is very much appreciated. A very special thanks to those who agreed to be interviewed for this project. Your willingness to participate, as well as your support and assistance, made this such an enjoyable project to complete. I hope that I have adequately portrayed your personalities and efforts. I would also like to thank a very generous person who donated much of their time to help me edit numerous drafts of this thesis. Your help will not be forgotten. ? Table of Contents Introduction 1 Chapter One: Historiography 8 Chapter Two: History of the Counselling and Educational Arm 26 Chapter Three: History of the Political Arm 54 Conclusion 101 Bibliography 106 Appendix A: Section 25 1 of the Criminal Code 115 Appendix B: Bill C-43 117 Appendix C: Visual Display of Pro-Life Groups 118 ii List of Abbreviations AFL (Alliance for Life) CFL (Coalition for Life) CL (Campaign Life) CLC (Campaign Life Coalition) CPL (Canadian Physicians for Life) CYPLO (Canadian Youth Pro-Life Organization) EPC (Euthanasia Prevention Coalition) LC (Life Canada) OCCB (Ontario Conference of Catholic Bishops) PFLC (Priests for Life Canada) in Introduction The abortion controversy has for forty years been one of the most divisive and persistent debates concerning public morality in North America. The contentious nature of the issue has given rise to competing claims amongst the active proponents of the pro- choice and pro-life movements. Several studies on the Canadian post-war period demonstrate that this era was one of social, political, and cultural upheaval.1 However, Canadian pro-life activism has not received an appropriate level of attention given its significance as a social movement. Moreover, its historical role has been misunderstood because of its characterization as politically and religiously reactionary. This mischaracterization is based on the assumption that the movement is motivated by emotion or conservative religious belief. The movement's accomplishment in developing varied organizational infrastructures merits consideration for it at one time allowed it to be a relatively potent political and cultural phenomenon in Canada. A contributing factor in the movement's recent absence from Canadian political culture is the demise of several organizations due to personality conflicts and infighting over strategies and goals. Both the initial promise of organizational diversity and its subsequent lack of success based on internal and external contingencies, demonstrate the existence of a structured, diverse, and rational response to a perceived human injustice. '. Several notable examples include, Robert Bothwell, Ian Drummond and John English, Canada since 1945: Power, Politics, and Provincialism, Revised ed. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989); Alvin Finkel, Our Lives: Canada After 1945 (Toronto: J. Lorimer, 1997) and the collections in Philip Buckner, ed., Canada and the End ofEmpire (Toronto: UBC Press, 2005) and Magdalena Fahrni and Robert Allen Rutherdale, eds., Creating Postwar Canada : Community, Diversity, and Dissent, 1945-75 (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2008). 1 As will be shown in the first chapter, often overlooked in the study of pro-life activism is the development and maintenance of its organizational infrastructure. Consideration of this endeavour demonstrates that the pro-life movement fits into the larger historical narrative as a rational and politically engaged contingent of society. Chapters two and three will illustrate how coalescence into several, sometimes competing organizational bodies, compelled certain segments of the movement to develop new ideas and methods for engaging political elites and the general public. Thus, an organizational history of the movement demonstrates that contingency rather than religious or political ideology shaped their response to the issue for different groups of activists. Political and cultural conditions influenced the ways in which pro-life activists engaged the issue, and these broader circumstances affected movement leadership in guiding the efforts of their organizations. This was intended to ensure the movement's social relevance, though this was ultimately unfruitful in changing the political, legislative, or judicial circumstances concerning the abortion controversy. Debilitating disagreements tended to absorb much of the energy of these organizations and alienated numerous members. Institutional pro-life activism has historically manifested itself in various forms, and the most organizationally diverse component of the Canadian pro-life movement has been its educational arm. Some notable organizations which have emerged include the Alliance for Life, Canadian Physicians for Life, the Canadian Youth Pro-Life Organization, R.E.A.L. Women of Canada, Life Canada and the Euthanasia Prevention Coalition. The basic mandate of these groups has been to change the "hearts and minds" of the general public, though they have also acted in legislative and judicial arenas by 2 presenting briefs to the government regarding proposed legislation, and by acting as interveners in several court cases. Most groups support and train their own members in pro-life work by establishing social networks and hosting conferences. Several of the organizations have materials provided, as well as distributed by, Life Cycle Books, a Toronto based company which produces numerous pro-life resources. Related to the educational concern with changing "hearts and minds," is the individualized counselling work done through Birthright, for it attempts to convince patrons to carry their pregnancies to term. Project Rachael and Michael House represent more recent organizations which serve a similar function. As these efforts are largely anonymous, and because Birthright maintains a strict policy of confidentiality, it is difficult to document them thoroughly; however, individual counselling may well comprise a large proportion
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