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A Critical Discourse Analysis of Daily Newspaper Coverage Surrounding Key Queer Rights Changes Between 1992-2005

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A Critical Discourse Analysis of Daily Newspaper Coverage Surrounding Key Queer Rights Changes Between 1992-2005 Registering justice: A critical discourse analysis of daily newspaper coverage surrounding key queer rights changes between 1992-2005 Geoffrey Tobin A Thesis In The Department of Journalism Presented in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts (Journalism Studies) at Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, Canada December, 2014 © Geoffrey Tobin, December 2014 CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY School of Graduate Studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared By: Geoffrey Tobin Entitled: Registering justice: A critical discourse analysis of daily newspaper coverage surrounding key queer rights changes between 1992-2005 and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Journalism Studies) complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the final Examining Committee: Professor Stanton Paddock _______________________________Chair Dr. Brian Gabrial ____________________________Examiner Dr. Janik Bastien-Charlebois ____________________________Examiner Dr. James McLean ___________________________Supervisor Approved by _________________________________________ Graduate Program Director ________________________________________ Dean of Faculty Date: 2 December, 2014 . ii Abstract Registering justice: A critical discourse analysis of daily newspaper coverage surrounding key queer rights changes between 1992-2005 Geoffrey Tobin Mobilizing James W. Carey's role for journalists as “professional communicators” who “forge a link between distinct persons or differentiated groups” (1997, p.13), this thesis explores discursive shifts within Canadian daily newspaper coverage of rights issues for queer communities through a critical discourse analysis of three news narratives from the 1990s and 2000s. It examines and compares aspects of the language, symbols, phrases, and connotative meanings surrounding themes of justice, difference, and Canadian identity, and contrasts these historic shifts through literature that examines queer news discourses. Through this analysis, this thesis explores how Canadian journalists increasingly embraced justice as a “register” or “argument strategy” in coverage, how this news discourse has been positive for news readers’ understanding of sexual difference, how it has been problematic, and how it has been Canadian. This thesis maintains that a thoughtful, reflective approach to the way that queer difference is addressed through journalistic narratives is necessary to staying at the forefront of progressive discourse surrounding queer sexual identities and, in its conclusion, offers starting points for how journalists can most professionally navigate the representation of sexual identity moving forward. iii Acknowledgements Firstly, I’d like to thank my advisor, Dr. Jim McLean, for our chats, and for your guidance, encouragement, and incredible patience. I’ve learned a lot, it’s been quite a ride, and I am very grateful for your help and mentorship throughout. I’d also like to thank my committee members: Dr. Brian Gabrial for your advice throughout the program, and for your helpful and thorough final notes on my thesis. And thank you to Dr. Janik Bastien-Charlebois for your enthusiasm and insightful feedback. I’d like to thank Dr. Mike Gasher, Dr. David Secko, Dr. Linda Kay, and the rest of the faculty of the Journalism Studies Program for your support, guidance and encouragement throughout my time at Concordia. You are an inspiring group. Thank you to my friends in Montreal and at home in Halifax for all of your encouragement, interest and friendship. And finally, I’d like to thank my brother and sister, Mike and Steph, and my parents, Mike and Karen, for your unwavering faith and support. I’m a lucky guy. Mom and Dad, this is for you. iv Table of Contents List of Tables.....................................................................................................................vi Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Literature Review ........................................................................................ 13 2.1 Professional communicators and registering justice .......................................................... 14 2.2 Queers in the news (in the U.S.) .......................................................................................... 21 2.3 The development of queer news discourse and legal change in Canada ............................. 27 2.4 Discursive challenges surrounding difference and visibility ............................................... 36 2.5 Canadian identity ................................................................................................................. 48 Chapter 3: Research Methodology ................................................................................ 51 3.1 Critical discourse analysis .................................................................................................... 51 3.2 Crystallization ...................................................................................................................... 54 3.3 Data selection ....................................................................................................................... 56 Chapter 4: Michelle Douglas and the military ban ..................................................... 60 4.1 Coverage surrounding the lift of the military ban ................................................................ 63 4.2 Kim Campbell's proposal to amend the Human Rights Act ................................................ 75 4.3 Discussion: the coverage of the military ban as a signpost for discursive change ............... 80 Chapter 5: Legal protection from discrimination........................................................ 84 5.1 Sexual orientation is protected under the Canadian Charter5 ............................................. 88 5.2 “Sexual orientation” is added to the Human Rights Act, May 1996.................................... 99 5.3 Discussion: a snapshot of discourses in transition ............................................................. 105 Chapter 6: The legalization of same-sex marriage .................................................... 107 6.1 News coverage surrounding Bill C-38 ............................................................................... 110 6.2 Editorial coverage surrounding Bill C-38 .......................................................................... 121 Chapter 7: Conclusion - From Silence to Voice ......................................................... 133 7.2 Considering coverage today ............................................................................................... 137 7.3 Queer difference, Canadian identity, and the road ahead .................................................. 142 Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 149 v List of Tables Table 1...............................................................................................................................57 Table 2...............................................................................................................................58 vi Chapter 1: Introduction In August 2007, at a wedding ceremony in Cheverie, Nova Scotia, Member of Parliament Scott Brison married his partner, Maxime St. Pierre, in what was widely acknowledged in Canadian news coverage as the country's first same-sex marriage involving an MP. Headlines and stories characterized the event as “historic,” “significant” and “a good symbol” for queer equality in Canada and in the process claimed Brison as 'poster-boy' for Canada's recent legalization of same-sex marriage (Zitner, 2007a; Zitner, 2000b; Taplin, 2007). Brison had publicly acknowledged his homosexuality in 2002, and in 2004 became Canada's first openly gay cabinet minister. He had also publicly clarified his stance on the conflation of his public and political life with his private life, identifying himself as “not a gay politician, but a politician who happens to gay” (Zitner, 2007b). Prior to the wedding, Brison was quoted as saying “I'm looking forward to the day when the idea of a gay or lesbian politician getting married is not a story at all” (Zitner, 2007b). It was clear in news coverage—as articulated by his spokesperson—that Brison was not interested in seeing his “private, personal moment become a circus” (Mandel, 2007a, p.A14). Unsurprisingly, nation-wide coverage outlined the details of the ceremony. It included supportive quotes from the many politicians who attended, as well as personal comments from Cheverie locals, some who knew Brison and his partner. The wedding was a ‘first’ for Canada—it also fittingly involved an Anglophone and Francophone Canadian—and it was bound to draw considerable coverage that could be reasonably justified through commonplace journalistic principle and practice. Still, a contrast within the perspectives that appeared in news stories suggested an underlying 1 tension at play that is, as this thesis argues, representative of an ongoing tension within journalism’s address of queer sexual identities. Throughout the coverage—and within the same news stories—the event was characterized by sources through somewhat contradictory terms both as a historically significant “first” by politicians, but as “no big
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