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Les Parlementaires Canadiens Face À La Fin De La Guerre Froide Et La Dissolution De L'union Soviétique, 1989-1991

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Les Parlementaires Canadiens Face À La Fin De La Guerre Froide Et La Dissolution De L'union Soviétique, 1989-1991 Définir le rôle du Canada dans un monde en mutation : les parlementaires canadiens face à la fin de la guerre froide et la dissolution de l'Union soviétique, 1989-1991 Mémoire Félix Leblanc-Savoie Maîtrise en histoire - avec mémoire Maître ès arts (M.A.) Québec, Canada © Félix Leblanc-Savoie, 2019 Définir le rôle du Canada dans un monde en mutation Les parlementaires canadiens face à la fin de la guerre froide et la dissolution de l’Union soviétique, 1989-1991 Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales de l’Université Laval dans le cadre du programme de maîtrise en histoire Félix LeBlanc-Savoie Sous la direction de : Martin Pâquet, directeur de recherche Université Laval 2019 RÉSUMÉ En 1989, la politique du gouvernement progressiste-conservateur de Brian Mulroney vis-à- vis de l’Union soviétique se trouve à la croisée des chemins. La politique réformatrice de Mikhaïl Gorbatchev, arrivé à la tête de l’URSS en 1985, provoque un changement de politique de ce gouvernement, réclamé à plusieurs reprises par les parlementaires de l’Opposition. Lors du premier semestre de 1990, les parlementaires canadiens conduisent une vaste étude sur l’avenir des relations entre le Canada et l’Europe, Union soviétique incluse. Si la philosophie générale des conclusions de cette étude diffère de celle de la politique choisie par le gouvernement Mulroney, ce dernier reprend une partie des recommandations des parlementaires. La fin de l’année 1990 marque le début du dépassement de la guerre froide et d’une coopération Est-Ouest renouvelée que les parlementaires canadiens approuvent. Toutefois, l’année 1991 voit se succéder plusieurs crises sur lesquelles ils doivent prendre position et, par la suite, mesurer les conséquences de la dissolution à plus ou moins brève échéance de l’Union soviétique au cours des derniers mois de 1991. Au cours de leurs débats, deux options se font face : suivre une politique semblable à celle des États-Unis ou bien remettre en valeur la tradition internationaliste et multilatérale de la politique étrangère canadienne. ii TABLE DES MATIÈRES Résumé ................................................................................................................................... ii Liste des acronymes .............................................................................................................. v Remerciements ..................................................................................................................... vi INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1 CHAPITRE I – L’HÉRITAGE FACE AU RENOUVEAU : LES PERSPECTIVES DES PARLEMENTAIRES À LA VEILLE DE LA CHUTE DU MUR DE BERLIN, 1989 ...................................................................................................................................... 17 La politique soviétique du gouvernement Mulroney depuis 1984 ....................................... 17 Les relations Est-Ouest à l’arrivée au pouvoir des progressistes-conservateurs ............ 17 Une normalisation marquée par beaucoup de prudence, 1985-1989 .............................. 21 Le Parti libéral et le Nouveau Parti démocratique ................................................................ 28 Les libéraux, ou comment dépasser l’héritage de Pierre Elliott Trudeau ........................ 28 Le Nouveau Parti démocratique ....................................................................................... 33 L’année 1989 : le tournant .................................................................................................... 36 L’OTAN et les questions stratégiques, avril-mai 1989 ..................................................... 36 Le tournant en marche, mai-octobre 1989 ....................................................................... 41 Le nouveau départ des relations canado-soviétiques, novembre-décembre 1989 ........... 46 CHAPITRE II – IMAGINER ET RÉALISER LA SORTIE DE LA GUERRE FROIDE, 1990 ..................................................................................................................... 54 La conférence « Ciels ouverts » et ses implications, janvier-février 1990 ........................... 54 Les essais de missiles de croisière .................................................................................... 54 Le Livre blanc de 1987 et l’effort de défense canadien en Europe .................................. 55 La conférence « Ciels ouverts » et les premiers pas vers la réunification allemande ...... 56 Le réexamen de la politique soviétique et est-européenne du Canada, février-juillet 1990 . 59 L’examen gouvernemental et l’étude du Comité des Affaires étrangères de la Chambre des communes : un état des lieux ...................................................................................... 59 L’étude du Comité et les développements en Europe ....................................................... 62 La publication de la nouvelle politique gouvernementale et du rapport du Comité des Affaires étrangères ............................................................................................................ 65 Les sommets de l’OTAN et du G-7 .................................................................................... 77 iii La remise en valeur du multilatéralisme, septembre-décembre 1990 .................................. 80 L’approche progressiste-conservatrice : la « sécurité coopérative » ............................... 81 Le sommet de la CSCE de Paris ....................................................................................... 82 La création de la Banque européenne pour la reconstruction et le développement ........ 86 CHAPITRE III – TRAITER AVEC UNE SUPERPUISSANCE AUX ABOIS : LES PARLEMENTAIRES FACE À LA DISSOLUTION DE L’UNION SOVIÉTIQUE, 1991 ...................................................................................................................................... 90 L’intervention soviétique dans les pays baltes et ses répercussions, janvier-juin 1991 ....... 90 L’intervention et ses conséquences immédiates ................................................................ 90 Les suites de l’intervention ............................................................................................... 95 Les effets collatéraux de l’intervention ............................................................................. 97 La dissolution de l’Union soviétique, juillet-décembre 1991 .............................................. 99 Le sommet du G-7 de Londres et le coup d’État d’août 1991 .......................................... 99 Au retour de l’été : rattraper le temps perdu .................................................................. 102 Apporter une aide immédiate au milieu d’une situation chaotique ................................ 107 La création de la Communauté des États indépendants ................................................. 112 Un cas emblématique : l’indépendance de l’Ukraine..................................................... 116 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. 123 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ........................................................................................................... 134 iv LISTE DES ACRONYMES ACDI : Agence canadienne de développement international ALE : Accord de libre-échange Canada-ÉU BERD : Banque européenne pour la reconstruction et le développement CEE : Communauté économique européenne CEI : Communauté des États indépendants COCOM: Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls CSCE : Conférence sur la sécurité et la coopération en Europe FCE : Forces conventionnelles en Europe FMI : Fonds monétaire international FNI : Forces nucléaires à portée intermédiaire G-7 : Groupe des Sept GATT : Accord général sur les tarifs douaniers et le commerce (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) IDS : Initiative de défense stratégique KAL : Korean Air Lines MBFR : Mutual and Balanced Forces Reductions NORAD : Commandement de la défense aérospatiale de l’Amérique du Nord NPD : Nouveau Parti démocratique OCDE : Organisation de coordination et de développement économique ONU : Organisation des Nations Unies OTAN : Organisation du traité de l’Atlantique Nord PCUS : Parti communiste de l’Union soviétique RDA : République démocratique allemande RFA : République fédérale d’Allemagne SALT : Strategic Arms Limitation Talks ou Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty START : Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty TNP : Traité de non-prolifération URSS : Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques v À Alice, Firmin, Marcel et Janine vi REMERCIEMENTS Il est certain qu’un travail de longue haleine comme ce mémoire n’aurait pas été possible sans l’aide et les conseils précieux de plusieurs personnes. Je tiens d’abord à remercier mon directeur de maîtrise, Martin Pâquet, pour son aide, ses conseils et ses encouragements qui m’ont permis de mener à terme ce projet. Travailler sous sa direction m’a aidé à ouvrir mes perspectives historiques et à me familiariser avec le travail de l’historien. Je tiens aussi à adresser un merci tous spécial à mes parents, Noëlla et Carol, pour leur soutien indéfectible au cours de ce long processus. Eux et ma famille en général ont toujours eu un intérêt tout particulier pour l’histoire et c’est sans doute à eux que je leur dois cet intérêt, devenue désormais une vocation. Je souhaite également remercier tous les professeurs
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