Femmes Guerrières

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Femmes Guerrières Femmes guerrières Le japon féodal est émaillé d’exploits de femmes guerrières qui sont immortalisés à travers des estampes, des poèmes ou des pièces de théâtre. On note une recrudescence de l’action de ces femmes guerrières lors de la période Sengoku. Trois dénominations différentes sont utilisées pour les désigner : Onna bugeisha (ou onna musha) : femme de samouraï et puis par extension femme-samouraï d’origine kuge ou buke Onna mushashya : femme guerrière qui a contrario n’a pas à proprement parler de relation avec une personne des castes précédemment citées, mais qui a suivi un « cursus » plus traditionnel d’acquisition du savoir martial. Onna shisho : Maître et instructrice. Ceci est la position la plus élevée qu’une combattante puisse espérer. De grands noms ont jalonnés ces différentes époques : Jingu Kogo, épouse de l'empereur Chûai et mère de l'empereur Ôjin, a vécu à la fin du deuxième siècle. Elle est connue pour ses exploits durant sa campagne en Corée où elle mena vaillamment ses armées après la mort de son époux. Tomoe Gozen était la fille du vice-gouverneur de la province du Shinano, Nakahara Kanetô, issu du clan Kiso. Tomoe est décrite comme étant très belle, d'une force et d'une adresse rares à l'arc, que ce soit à cheval ou à pied. Vaillante guerrière, elle était, dit-on, capable d'affronter démons ou dieux, et valait à elle seule mille hommes ! Experte à monter les chevaux les plus fougueux, elle apparaissait à l'ennemi comme un capitaine du premier rang, vêtue d'une lourde armure, le sabre au poing. Elle suivait son époux sur tous les champs de bataille où elle accomplissait de hauts-faits d'armes. En 1184, lors de la bataille d'Ujigawa, livrée contre les troupes de Yoritomo dans la province d'Ômi, alors qu'ils n'étaient plus qu'une poignée, Tomoe chargea au galop au beau milieu des cavaliers ennemis. Elle réussit à désarçonner leur capitaine, un puissant guerrier du Musashi, avant de le décapiter. Malheureusement, ce fut à cette occasion qu'elle perdit son mari, et son frère Imai Kanehira. Tomoe épousa en secondes noces Wada Yoshimori, et lui donna un fils : Yoshihide. En 1213, Yoshimori mourut à son tour au cours d'une bataille. Ce jour- là, Yoshihide se rendit à Asahina, dans la province d'Awa. Il fut rebaptisé Asahina Yoshihide. Tomoe partit pour la province d'Etchû où elle se fit nonne. Tomoe Gozen entra ainsi dans la légende. Elle devint un personnage de shuramono, ces pièces de théâtre nô dont les personnages principaux sont les esprits de héros illustres. Aoi Gozen, fille de Kurita Hangaku, excellait dans le maniement du naginata Aoi Gozen mourut au combat lors de la bataille du Col de Kurikara en 1183. Bangaku Gozen, fille de Jô Kurô Sukekuni et valeureuse combattante, était un archer émérite. En 1201, elle affronta Minamoto no Yoriie. Elle épousa le grand archer Asari Yoshitô. Tsuruhime est née en 1526. En 1541, Ôhori Yasufusa, le général de la flotte de guerre de Mishima, près d'Ôsaka, tomba au combat. Sa jeune soeur, Tsuruhime, alors âgée de seize ans, reprit le flambeau et commanda l'escadre à sa place. Elle remporta ainsi deux batailles. Mais durant la troisième, elle apprit la mort de son compagnon Ochi Yasunari. Elle monta alors seule à bord d'une barque et disparut dans une tempête. Son armure se trouve encore aujourd'hui dans le sanctuaire de Ôwatatsumi no Kami (le dieu de la mer) sur l'île d'Ômishima. Ikeda Sen est la fille d’Ikeda Tsuneoki et sœur d’Ikeda Terusama, marié à Mori Nagayoshi. Elle commande une unité d’arquebusiers constituée de 200 femmes. Kaihime, née en 1572, est la fille du seigneur Narita Ujinaga, daimyô du fief d'Oshi, dans la province du Musashi. Très jeune, elle a été entraînée aux bujutsu, et excelle au naginata. - 1 - Komatsuhime, née en 1573, fille de Honda Tadakatsu Maeda Matsu, née en 1547, est la femme de Maeda Toshiie qui fonda le domaine Kaga. Matsu est renommée pour son intelligence et ses compétences dans les arts martiaux et la littérature. Elle a 2 fils, Yoshinaga et Toshimasa, et 4 filles, Ko, Maahime, Gohime et Chiyo. Tachibana Ginchiyo, née en 1569, est la fille de Tachibana Dosetsu, un vassal puissant du clan Otomo. Son père n’ayant pas de fils elle est présentée comme le prochain chef du clan. - 2 - .
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