Onna Bugeisha La Donna Guerriera Tra Realtà Storica E Tradizione Inventata

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Onna Bugeisha La Donna Guerriera Tra Realtà Storica E Tradizione Inventata Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Lingue e civiltà dell’Asia e dell’Africa mediterranea Tesi di Laurea Onna bugeisha La donna guerriera tra realtà storica e tradizione inventata Relatore Ch. Prof.ssa Sonia Favi Correlatore Ch. Prof. Andrea Revelant Laureanda Carla Mais Matricola 836702 Anno Accademico 2017 / 2018 諦めてはならぬ 勇気を持って未来を信じなければならぬ Non arrenderti Abbi coraggio e credi nel futuro 要旨 世界中で「侍」という言葉は基本的に男性の武士を表している。そのイメ ージは、中世から近世にかけて記された軍記物や史料などの影響や、近代国 家成立において「伝統の発明」の現象の影響で創られた。従って、侍のイメ ージに女性の武士を表す「女武芸者」は含まれない。また、実際に存在した 女武芸者の情報はほとんど知られていない。古代の日本の女性といえば、紫 式部や清少納言などを挙げられるであろう。つまり、平安時代に生きていた 貴族の女性をイメージをするのである。その一方、武士をはじめとした別の 社会的階級の女性に関してはほとんど知られていないのである。 では、女武芸者の存在がよく史料に登場するのにも関わらず、なぜ現代の 日本や欧米でも全く認識がないのであろうか。また、この隠蔽にはどんな社 会・政治的な影響があったのであろうか。本研究はその女武芸者の分析する 目的がいくつかある。その目的に沿って、本論文が3つの章に分けられてい る。 まず第一の目的は、歴史的・社会的な背景に関して、女武芸者の役割の変 遷と女武芸者の特徴を分析することである。軍記物や史料、社会的な資料な どに基づいた歴史の論述は 3,4 世紀から徳川時代にかけて戦う女武芸者を 論じている。その結果、確かに観念的、そして社会的な要因で女武芸者の背 負った重大な役割が徐々に減ってきたことがわかった。しかし、役割がなく なったわけではなく、社会的な要望に応じて変わったといえる。そのため、 意外なことに、どの時代にも重要な役割を背負っていた女武芸者が存在して いたことがわかった。従って、武士に属する女性の役割と侍が男性だけであ るという基本的なイメージが再考されなければならないといえるであろう。 第二の目的は、時代を経るごとに、どのように女武芸者の文化価値が変わ ってきたを分析することである。そのため、ケーススタディーとして時代の おなじみの女武芸者を挙げて分析した。すると、文学と芸術がどのようにあ らゆる時代の女武芸者を描いていたのかについて注目することができた。ま た、文化の変化に影響を受け、その描写がどのように女武芸者の認識を作り 上げたかについても焦点をあてた。徳川時代末期、明治時代に女武芸者の描 かれた浮世絵が多かった。特に、伝説的な神功皇后、平安時代末期のおなじ みの巴御前と半額御前、戦国時代の真田小松殿、そして徳川時代末期の最後 の女武芸者が描かれていた。この描写の主要な目的は明治政府が考えた政治 的・社会的な観念を伝播することである。なぜかというと、女武芸者の姿が 新しい近代の女性のための模範になるからである。 第三の目的は、日本の近代国家のアイデンティティーが形成されるにつれ て、昔の女武芸者にどのような役割が与えられたのかを分析することである。 そして、近代的なナショナリズムの形成によってその女性が文化価値を取り 上げられ、「良妻賢母」という新しい観念を持つようになった理由を分析す ることである。なぜ女武芸者がとるに足らない役割だとして、文化的価値を 改められてしまったのであろうか。そして、なぜ現代の史学史が女武芸者に 関する資料を認めようとしないのであろうか。それは近代の日本女性に関す る認識は、欧米がどのように日本を見ていたのか、また日本がどのように欧 米に見せたがっていたのかと関わりがあるからである。 欧米がどのように日本を見ていたのかは、エドワード・サイードのオリエ ンタリズムの理論と最も関係がある。その理論によると、様々な立場から見 れば西洋の方が東洋より立派で、そしてその飾り立てられたイメージがロマ ンチックな印象も与えていた。東洋の女性のステレオタイプは男性に従属す る好色な女性であった。このステレオタイプが確立されたのは 19 世紀中頃、 ジャポニスムの流行によって欧米に広まっていた美人画と芸者の浮世絵の影 響であった。その当時に欧米諸国に造られた女性に関する認識が、未だに日 本女性の認識に影響に与えている。 日本がどのように欧米に見せたがっていたのかは、新しい国際的な環境で 近代的な国として西洋の大国に認められるために、日本政府が西洋の認める 風習や思想と、男尊女卑の思想をもつ儒教の観念を含め、女性らしさを構成 したことと関係がある。こうような背景から女武芸者の姿が認めることがで きなかったとみられる。女武芸者の浮世絵が国民文化として、特に地域の活 性化をするように扱われていながらも、国際的な政治の環境では日本を代表 するものとしては扱われていなかった。 最後に、現代には女武芸者の再評価がされている。本、時代劇、ビデオゲ ームやアニメなどで女性の剣士もよく登場する。しかし、必ずしもこの女性 の剣士が昔の女武芸者と同じような価値観を持っているとは限らない。むし ろ、登場人物が 21 世紀の漫画文化などの女性に対するステレオタイプを含 んでいるといえる。つまり、若い女性が幼くて性的な魅力あるように描かれ ている傾向がある。 結局のところ、女武芸者の出来事が一つ一つ史料に記載されており、その 女性が生きていた場所にきちんと保存されているのである。現代の「故郷づ くり」という動きにより、その女武芸者が地域だけでなく、日本全国に徐々 に知られてきている。本論文で行われた分析によると、近年ヨーロッパとア メリカ、特に日本の歴史家が侍の階級に属する女性の役割にさらに焦点を当 て、女侍という存在が見直されている。しかしながら、この再評価のプロセ スが日本や西洋の国だけでなく、政界全体に整然と広がるまでにはかなり時 間を要するであろう。一つの原因として、現代において歴史的人物に関して その人物の背景と評価観を入れ替える傾向が挙げられる。つまり、現在では 女武芸者の再評価と、価値観と背景を入れ替えることが同時に行わっている。 歴史的考察を再形成すれば、新たな歴史のページが開かるのであろう。侍は 男性だけであるという一般的なイメージが残っている以上、少なくとも今の ところは、このまま女武芸者の存在は、日本の隠された歴史の一つの部分に なっているのであろう。 Indice Introduzione……………………………………………………………….………1 Capitolo 1……………………………………………………………………….…7 1.1. Potere politico e militare delle donne del periodo pre-Nara e Nara: tra mito- logia e storia………………………………………………………………………..7 L’influenza del Confucianesimo in Giappone……………………………………14 1.2. Periodo Heian: le donne guerriere nel passaggio dal mondo aristocratico a quello guerriero…………………………………………………………………..18 1.3. Il potere militare del periodo Kamakura (1185-1333)…………….............23 1.4. Onna bugeisha e il periodo Sengoku……………………………………...30 1.4.1. La condizione delle donne della classe samuraica nel periodo Sen- goku……………………………………………………………............................30 1.4.2. Il ruolo militare delle donne…………………………….........................36 1.4.3. Le donne degli ikki…………………………………………………………54 1.5. L’evoluzione della figura della donna guerriera nel contesto della “Pax To- kugawa”…………………………………………………………………………..56 1.5.1. Educazione femminile……………………………………………………..58 1.5.2. La vendetta e il senso dell’onore…………………………………………...63 1.5.3. La Guerra Boshin (1868-1869)………………………….............................67 1.6. L’ultima guerra combattuta dai samurai: la Ribellione di Satsuma (1877)…………………………………………………………………………….79 Capitolo 2…………………………………………………………………...........81 2.1. L’imperatrice Jingū (169-269)…………………………………….................81 2.1.1. Creazione della figura dell’imperatrice Jingū……………………………...84 2.1.2. Ricostruzione letteraria………………………………….............................87 2.2. Tomoe Gozen (1184)………………………………………………………...89 2.3. Yamamoto Yae (1845-1932)………………………………………………...96 2.3.1. Il periodo di “Giovanna d’Arco di fine shogunato”………………………...99 2.3.2. Il periodo “handsome woman”……………………………………………106 2.3.3. Il periodo “Florence Nightingale”………………………………………...107 Capitolo 3……………………………………………………………………….110 3.1. Il concetto di identità nazionale e la costituzione di una “identità nazionale giapponese”……………………………………………………………………..112 3.2. L’immagine della “donna giapponese” nel processo di costruzione dell’iden- tità nazionale……………………………………………………….....................115 3.3. Bushidō e l’immagine della donna della classe samuraica nella moder- nità…….…………………………………………………………………...........120 3.4. L’influsso della visione europea nella costruzione dell’ideale femminile giapponese moderno………………………………………….............................122 3.5. Le onna bugeisha nell’arte moderna…………………………………….126 3.5.1. Modelli pre-moderni: le onna bugeisha nello ukiyo-e…………………126 3.5.2. La ripresa delle stampe di onna bugeisha nel periodo Meiji…………………………………………………………………………….131 3.6. Le onna bugeisha nella cultura popolare contemporanea………………..135 Conclusioni……………………………………………………………………..146 Appendice………………………………………………………………............151 Ringraziamenti………………………………………………………………….165 Bibliografia………….. …………………………………………………............166 Sitografia………………………………………………………………………..177 1 Introduzione L’immagine del “samurai” preponderante nell’immaginario occidentale è quella del guerriero maschio al servizio del proprio signore, fedele sino alla morte e pronto a dare la sua vita per proteggere il proprio onore. Questa rappresentazione si è costituita grazie all’influenza di numerose cronache storiche, diari e gunkimono (racconti di guerra) che ci sono pervenuti intatti fino ad oggi. Non solo, è in parte stata influenzata anche da un processo di invenzione della tradizione che ha accompagnato la costituzione dell’identità nazionale giapponese come la conosciamo al giorno d’oggi. Come verrà analizzato nell’elaborato in maniera più dettagliata, uno degli esiti di questo processo è stata la si- gnificativa assenza, in quella che è stata promossa come “cultura nazionale”, della realtà femminile del mondo samuraico, quella delle cosiddette onna bugeisha, che è però atte- stata da diverse fonti storiche. La rappresentazione femminile prevalente nell’immaginario odierno quando si parla di “donne nell’antico Giappone” è quella delle donne aristocratiche del periodo Heian (794-1185), le quali risaltano in una società prevalentemente patriarcale per la loro raffi- natezza e preparazione intellettuale, figure emblematiche dell’età dell’oro della letteratura classica giapponese. Al contrario, non sono presenti nell’immaginario popolare, se non in maniera molto lacunosa, le donne degli altri livelli della società, tra cui le donne guer- riere. Proprio alla luce di questa assenza, questo elaborato si propone di descrivere e ana- lizzare la figura della onna bugeisha, ponendosi una serie di obiettivi. In primo luogo, intende tracciare l’evoluzione storica del ruolo sociale della onna bu- geisha, contestualizzandolo in rapporto all’evoluzione storica e sociologica della donna guerriera e del suo ruolo nelle diverse epoche storiche. Si avrà modo di appurare in par- ticolare l’integrazione del loro ruolo nella società delle diverse epoche, che dimostrerà che le donne guerriere non possono, dunque, essere considerate semplici “eccezioni”. In secondo luogo, intende analizzare la valenza culturale della onna bugeisha attraverso le diverse epoche, focalizzandosi sulla ricostruzione letteraria e artistica creata intorno alle figure storiche e sull’immaginario a esse associato. Si vedrà come alcune onna bu- geisha vissute in diversi periodi storici distanti l’una dall’altra, e che compaiono in cro- nache e racconti di guerra, furono ritratte da diversi pittori ukiyo-e a cavallo tra il periodo Tokugawa e il periodo Meiji (1603-1868; 1868-1912). Queste furono principalmente la leggendaria imperatrice Jingū, le famose Tomoe Gozen e Hangaku Gozen del periodo 2 Heian, Sanada Komatsu-dono del periodo Sengoku e altre del fine periodo Tokugawa.1 Si vedrà come lo scopo principale di queste rappresentazioni era quello di veicolare una nuova ideologia politica e sociale, ideata dalla nuova classe dominante del periodo Meiji, che sfruttò l’immagine delle donne guerriere per renderle modelli per la nuova “donna giapponese” moderna. Infine, si intende delineare il motivo per cui, in connessione ai processi di formazione dell’identità nazionale, in particolare nel contesto della modernità, la onna bugeisha sia stata relegata a una posizione periferica. Ci si concentrerà sia sulle motivazioni endogene di questo processo, sia sulle influenze esterne. A questo riguardo, si noterà come nono- stante la diffusione artistica del Japonisme nei paesi europei e nord-americani, le donne samurai non abbiano attratto interesse, diversamente da ciò che avvenne con la figura della geisha e come l’immaginario femminile creato in questi paesi sia ancora oggi in- fluente sulla percezione dell’universo femminile giapponese. Stato dell’arte e metodologia
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