European Ornamental Garden Flora As an Invasion Debt Under Climate Change

Erschienen in: Journal of Applied Ecology ; 55 (2018), 5. - S. 2386-2395. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13197

European ornamental garden flora as an invasion debt under climate change

Emily Haeuser1,2 Պ|Պ)-m; -vom3 Պ|Պ)bѴ=ub;7$_bѴѴ;u4 Պ|Պ"|;=-m ѴѴbm];u5 Պ|Պ ";mf-Ѵo1h6 Պ|ՊѴb;uovv7ou=6 Պ|Պ-u|--u0omb4 Պ|Պbv-om|b7 Պ|Պ om- ѴѴbm];u5,8Պ|Պ u-m vvѴ5 Պ|Պুm|_;uѴomm;u5 Պ|Պ b;|l-uov;u5 Պ|Պ $-l-u-ুmh;lুѴѴ;u4Պ|Պ-7-Ѵbm-u;r-6Պ|Պ-||_;(ĺ$-ѴѴ|o4 Պ|ՊoѴ];uu;=|9 Պ|Պ -m;u]Ѵ10 Պ|Պ;|u঍;h10,11 Պ|Պ-|ub1h);b];Ѵ|9 Պ|Պ-u|;m)bm|;u12 Պ|Պ-u|bm Hermy13 Պ|Պ";0-v|b--m(-m7;u(;h;m14Պ|Պubv|bm-!ot;|4 Պ|Պ-uh-mѴ;m;m2,15

1boѴo]ķ"-m b;]o"|-|;&mb;uvb|ķ"-m b;]oķ-Ѵb=oumb-ĸ2 ;r-u|l;m|o=boѴo]ķ&mb;uvb|o=omv|-mķomv|-mķ;ul-mĸ3omv;u-|bom 1oѴo] uorķ ;r-u|l;m|o=bov1b;m1;vķ u_-l&mb;uvb|ķ u_-lķ&ĸƓ Ŋ-0ou-|obu;7Ľ 1oѴo]b;Ѵrbm;ķ!"ķ&mbĺ"-ob;om|ŊѴ-m1ķ&mbĺu;mo0Ѵ; Ѵr;vķu;mo0Ѵ;ķ u-m1;ĸ5o|-m-m7bo7b;uvb|!;v;-u1_ķ -1Ѵ|o=b=;"1b;m1;vķ&mb;uvb|o=(b;mm-ķ(b;mm-ķv|ub-ĸ6mv|b||;o= oѴ|bomş -1Ѵ|o="1b;m1;vķ&mb;uvb|o="o|_o_;lb-ķݭ;vh࣐7࣒fob1;ķ ;r-u|l;m|o=o|-mķ 1oѴo]ķ&mb;uvb|o=$ু0bm];mķ$ু0bm];mķ;ul-mĸ7 ;1_!;r0Ѵb1ĸ8mv|b||;o="o1b-Ѵ 1oѴo]ķ -1Ѵ|=oum|;u7bv1brѴbm-u"|7b;vķѴrv7ub-&mb;uvb|ķ(b;mm-ķv|ub-ĸ9bo7b;uvb|ķ-1uo;1oѴo]-m7 bo];o]u-r_ķ&mb;uvb|o=o;||bm];mķक़||bm];mķ;ul-mĸ10 ;r-u|l;m|o=m-vbom 1oѴo]ķmv|b||;o=o|-mķ$_;;1_1-7;lo="1b;m1;vķ uৄ_omb1;ķ;1_!;r0Ѵb1ĸ11 ;r-u|l;m|o= 1oѴo]ķ -1Ѵ|o="1b;m1;ķ_-uѴ;v&mb;uvb|ķu-];ķ;1_!;r0Ѵb1ĸ12;ul-m;m|u;=oum|;]u-|b; bo7b;uvb|!;v;-u1_ķ-ѴѴ;Ŋ;m-Ŋ;brb]ķ;brb]ķ;ul-mĸ13 bbvbomo= ou;v|ķ-|u;-m7-m7v1-r;ķ ;r-u|l;m|o= -u|_ş mbuoml;m|-Ѵ"1b;m1;vķ& Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; ƐƓ!;]bom--Ѵ-m7v1_-rѴ;bm;;muo|;;|;ķ-v|;uѴ;;ķ;Ѵ]bl-m715,_;fb-m]uobm1b-Ѵ;-0ou-|ouo=Ѵ-m| oѴ|bom-u 1oѴo]-m7omv;u-|bomķ$-b_o&mb;uvb|ķ$-b_oķ_bm-

Konstanzer Online-Publikations-System (KOPS) URL: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-2-1sosdlh5c1ph79 ƑƒѶƕ

uor;m7;u1Ѵbl-|;1_-m];ĺ$_bvvr;1b;vѴbv|-ѴѴov=ouruboub|bv-|bomo=lomb|oubm]-m7u;]Ѵ-|bomo=oum-l;m|-ѴrѴ-m|v|olb|b]-|;|_;bm-vbom7;0|ĺ

ƐՊ Պ$! &$ ";;u-Ѵ=-1|ouvo|_;u|_-m1Ѵbl-|b1vb|-0bѴb|_-;0;;mѴbmh;7 |om-|u-Ѵbv-|bom-m7m;;7|o0;1omvb7;u;7_;m-vv;vvbm]-vr;- u;;m|bm]-Ѵb;mvr;1b;vbm-vbomvbv-]Ѵo0-Ѵ;mbuoml;m|-Ѵrubou- 1b;vĽm-|u-Ѵbv-|bomro|;m|b-ѴŐ!b1_-u7vomş঍;hķƑƏƐƑőĺ$_;v;bm- b| Ő";1u;|-ub-| o= |_; om;m|bom om boѴo]b1-Ѵ b;uvb|ķ ƑƏƏƏőĺ 1Ѵ7;_b]_ruor-]Ѵ;ru;vvu;Ő ;_m;mŊ"1_l|ķ$o-ķ;uubm]vķ Ѵo0-ѴѴķ-Ѵu;-7o;uƐƒķƏƏƏ-Ѵb;m-v1Ѵ-urѴ-m|vr;1b;v_-;;v- ş )bѴѴb-lvomķ ƑƏƏƕ-ĸ oѴ-u ş o7];ķ ƑƏƏƐĸ o1hoo7ķ -vv;ķ |-0Ѵbv_;7 r;uvbv|;m| bѴ7 rorѴ-|bomv o|vb7; o= 1Ѵ|b-|bom Ő঍;h ş Ѵ-1h0umķ ƑƏƏƔőķ m-|u-Ѵbv-|bom v11;vv ;Ѵv;_;u; Ő;ĺ]ĺ oѴ-u ;|-Ѵĺķ ƑƏƐƕĸ -m Ѵ;m;m ;|-Ѵĺķ ƑƏƐƔő v0v;| o= |_;v; voŊ1-ѴѴ;7 şo7];ķƑƏƏƐĸ-;u;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƕőķm-|b;u-m];vb;Ő-u;Ѵķ m-|u-Ѵbv;7 vr;1b;v Őv;mv !b1_-u7vom ;|-Ѵĺķ ƑƏƏƏő -u; hmom |o -mvr-1_ķ ু_mķ ঍;hķ ş -m Ѵ;m;mķ ƑƏƐѵĸ ঍;h ;|-Ѵĺķ _-;m;]-|b;;1oѴo]b1-Ѵblr-1|v-m7-u;1omvb7;u;7bm-vb;Őv;mv ƑƏƏƖ-ķƑƏƐƔĸ!--m-f-|oo;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐѵő-m71;u|-bmvr;1b;v|u-b|v ";1u;|-ub-|o=|_;om;m|bomomboѴo]b1-Ѵ b;uvb|ķƑƏƏƏőĺov| Ő1_-uo࢙ş-mѴ;m;mķƑƏƏƖĸ-mvr-1_ķু_mķ঍;hķoovķ m-|u-Ѵbv;7-Ѵb;mrѴ-m|v_-;oub]bm-ѴѴ0;;mbm|uo71;7bm|;m|bom-ѴѴ şѴo|ķƑƏƏѶĸ঍;hķub-m;hķş-uo঍झhķƑƏƏƖ0ĸ঍;h;|-Ѵĺķ =uol|_;bum-|b;u;]bomvbm|oo|_;uu;]bomv=ou1Ѵ|b-|bombm7ol;v- ƑƏƏƖ-ķ ƑƏƐƔĸ !--m-f-|oo ;|-Ѵĺķ ƑƏƐѵĸ -m Ѵ;m;mķ -vomķ |b1ou0o|-mb1]-u7;mvŐ-mѴ;m;m;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐѶőĺb;m|_-|]Ѵo0-ѴѴķ "1_Ѵ-;r=;uķ ;v1_h;ķ ş bv1_;uķ ƑƏƐƏőĺ ou;o;uķ |_; 7ub;uv o= -|Ѵ;-v|ƐƕƏķƏƏƏrѴ-m|vr;1b;v-u;bm1Ѵ|b-|bomŐ-mѴ;m;m;|-Ѵĺķ m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomv11;vvl-bm|;u-1|Őুv|;uķু_mķu;Ѵ_;b7;ķş ƑƏƐѶőķ|_;]-u7;m=Ѵou-1omv|b||;v-m;moulovrooѴo=ro|;m|b-Ѵ Ѵo|ķƑƏƏѶőĺ"o=-uķ=;v|7b;v_-;;-lbm;7_om-|u-Ѵbv-|bom -Ѵb;mbm-7;uvŐ;u]Ѵ;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐѵőĺ v11;vvbvbm=Ѵ;m1;7fobm|Ѵ0-ѴѴo=|_;v;=-1|ouv-m7|_;bubm|;u- m uor;ķcĺƓķƏƏƏ-Ѵb;mrѴ-m|vr;1b;v-u;1uu;m|Ѵm-|u-Ѵbv;7 -1|bomvķ-m7mom;_-;v;7|_bv-rruo-1_|o=ou;1-v|ro|;m|b-Ѵ Ő঍;h;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƕĸ-mѴ;m;m;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƔőķ-m7|_;ml0;ubvv|bѴѴ =|u;m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomvĺ bm1u;-vbm] Ő";;0;mv ;|-Ѵĺķ ƑƏƐƕőĺ u;;m|bm] =|u; m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomv ;u;ķ;=bѴѴ|_bv]-r01ol0bmbm]1Ѵbl-|b1vb|-0bѴb|7-|-b|_ u;tbu;vb7;m|b=bm]vr;1b;vb|_m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomro|;m|b-Ѵĺm;1ol- 7-|-omruor-]Ѵ;ru;vvu;ķm-|u-Ѵbv;7u-m];vb;o|vb7;o= uor;ķ lomv|u-|;]bv|oru;;m|bm|uo71|bomvo=vr;1b;v|_-|-u;bm-vb; m-|b;u-m];vb;ķ-m7v;;u-Ѵvr;1b;v|u-b|vŐ]uo|_=oulķru;v;m1; ;Ѵv;_;u;Ő;ĺ]ĺ_;Ѵom]ķ)bѴѴb-lvķş-ѴѴoķƐƖƖƖőĺ$_bv-rruo-1_ķ o=v|ou-];ou]-mvķruor-]-|boml;|_o7ķv;-Ѵvv|;lķrѴ-m|_;b]_| _o;;uķb]mou;v|_;ubvhrov;70-Ѵb;mvr;1b;v|_-|_-;-Ѵu;-7 -m7bm|;u_-u7bm;vvő|o0bѴ7-r_Ѵo];m;|b1-ѴѴ1ouu;1|;7lo7;Ѵo= 0;;m bm|uo71;7 -v ]-u7;m rѴ-m|v 0| _-; mo| ;| 0;1ol; m-|- uor;-mm-|u-Ѵbv-|bomv11;vv=ouƑķƏƕƒvr;1b;vo=|_; uor;-m u-Ѵbv;7ĺv|_;u;bvo=|;m-|bl;ŊѴ-]0;|;;mbm|uo71|bom-m7m-|- -u7;m Ѵou-ŐѴѴ;mķm;;vķ0;ķş"_-ķƑƏƐƑőĺ&vbm]vb|-0bѴ- u-Ѵbv-|bom Ő vvѴ ;|-Ѵĺķ ƑƏƐƐĸ o-ubhķ ঍;hķ u-1_ķ !;fl࢙m;hķ ş b| ruof;1|bomv 0-v;7 om u;1;m| -m7 ruof;1|;7 =|u; 1Ѵbl-|;vķ; )-7;ķƐƖƖƔőķb|bvѴbh;Ѵ|_-|vol;o=|_;|_ov-m7vo=-Ѵu;-7bm|uo- =ou;1-v|=|u;ruo0-0bѴb|o=m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomv11;vv=ou|_;ƐķƔѶƒ 71;7]-u7;mrѴ-m|vbm uor;bѴѴm-|u-Ѵbv;-m70;1ol;bm-vb; mo|Ŋ;|Ŋm-|u-Ѵbv;7oum-l;m|-Ѵ-Ѵb;mvr;1b;vĺ$_bvruob7;v-Ѵbv|o= bm|_;=|u;ĺ vr;1b;vlov|Ѵbh;Ѵ|om-|u-Ѵbv;bm uor;bm|_;m;-u=|u;ĺ -moum-l;m|-Ѵvr;1b;v-u;0;bm]1Ѵ|b-|;7-|Ѵ-|b|7;v_b]_;u |_-m |_ov; o= |_;bu m-|u-Ѵ 7bv|ub0|bomv Ő(-m 7;u (;h;mķ ;ulķ (;ѴѴ;m7ķm-r;mķş(;u_;;mķƑƏƏѶőķ-m7|_;bu-0bѴb||om-|u-Ѵbv;7 ƑՊ Պ$ !" $ " bvѴbh;ѴѴblb|;70v0or|bl-Ѵ1Ѵbl-|;Ő0|v;;-ѴѴb;m;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐѵőĺ m]obm]1Ѵbl-|;1_-m];l-Ѵo;u|_bv0-uub;u=oul-m-Ѵb;moum-- ); lo7;ѴѴ;7 u;1;m| m-|u-Ѵbv-|bom v11;vv -m7 =|u; m-|u-Ѵbv-- l;m|-ѴvŐ)-Ѵ|_;u;|-ѴĺķƑƏƏƖőĺ$_;v;ro|;m|b-Ѵ=|u;bm-7;uv-u; |bomubvho=ƑķƏƕƒ-Ѵb;moum-l;m|-ѴrѴ-m|vbm uor;bm|_u;;v|;rv 1omvb7;u;7|o0;-mbm-vbom7;0|Ő vvѴ;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƐőĺ$_uo]_1Ѵbl-|; Ő b]u;ƐőĺŐ-ő$o;v|bl-|;|_;u;1;m|-m7=|u;1Ѵbl-|b1vb|-0bѴb| l-|1_bm]o=|_;m-|b;-m7momŊm-|b;u-m];vķb|bvrovvb0Ѵ;|oru;- =ou;-1_vr;1b;vbm uor;ķ;=buv|lo7;ѴѴ;7|_;Ѵbmh0;|;;mu;- 7b1|bm-vbomv11;vvŐ-;vş-uuķƑƏƏѶőĺ&vbm]1Ѵbl-|b1vb|-0bѴ- 1;m|1Ѵbl-|;v-m7vr;1b;vru;v;m1;o|vb7;o= uor;-m7ruof;1|;7 b|lo7;ѴѴbm]ķ ѴѴbm];u;|-ѴĺŐƑƏƐƕőv_o;7|_-||_;m-|u-Ѵbv-|bom |_bvom|o uor;=ou|_;u;1;m|-m7=|u;ruof;1|;71Ѵbl-|;vĺŐ0ő); ubvh=uoloum-l;m|-Ѵ-Ѵb;mvr;1b;vbѴѴbm1u;-v;=oul1_o= uor; |_;mv;7u;1;m|1Ѵbl-|b1vb|-0bѴb|bm1ol0bm-|bomb|_o|_;uvr;- m7;uruof;1|;7=|u;1Ѵbl-|;vĺ7;m|b=bm]|_;ubvhb;v|oum-l;m|-Ѵ 1b;v1_-u-1|;ubv|b1v|o7;;Ѵor-lbmbl-Ѵlo7;Ѵ;rѴ-bmbm]1uu;m| vr;1b;vbv;vv;m|b-Ѵ|oru;;m|m;m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomvķ-m7|o-vvu;|_-| m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomv11;vvo=|_;vr;1b;vbm uor;ĺŐ1ő bm-ѴѴķ=ou|_; l-m-];l;m|u;vou1;v-u;mo|-v|;7omvr;1b;v|_-|rov;Ѵ;vvubvh v0v;|o=vr;1b;vmo|;|m-|u-Ѵbv;7bm uor;ķ;r-u-l;|;ubv;7 m7;u=|u;1Ѵbl-|b11om7b|bomvĺ |_; lo7;Ѵ b|_ u;1;m| -m7 ruof;1|;7 =|u; 1Ѵbl-|b1 vb|-0bѴb||o ƑƒѶѶՊ

(a) Climatic suitability Species distribution data Climate Occurrences Pseudo-absences Recent climates Future climates GBIF Randomly-generated WorldClim: 6 bioclim vars Horizon 2050: RCP 4.5

Global, excluding Europe

Europe only Europe only

Distribution modeling Ensemble projections Models weighted by TSS GLM, GAM, RF, and GBM algorithms Recent Future

Recent median Future median climatic suitability climatic suitability

(b) Naturalization success modeling (c) Naturalization risk projections

Predictors Single-variable and Minimum adequate Recent median two-way interaction model climatic suitability model testing

Native range size Naturalized range size Saturated model predict function

Availability in nurseries Recent median Future median Species traits Saturated model Growth form climatic suitability climatic suitability Storage organs reduction Winter hardiness Propagation method Sexual system Height Minimum adequate model Recent risk Future risk

Model quality testing

&! ƐՊ)ouh=Ѵoo=-m-Ѵ|b1-Ѵl;|_o7vķbm1Ѵ7bm]Ő-ő1Ѵbl-|b1vb|-0bѴb|lo7;ѴѴbm]ĸŐ0őm-|u-Ѵbv-|bomv11;vvlo7;ѴѴbm]ĸŐ1őu;1;m| -m7=|u;m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomubvhruof;1|bomvo=momŊm-|u-Ѵbv;7-Ѵb;mvr;1b;vĺ"oѴb7Ѵbm;vbm7b1-|;o0f;1|vŐ;ĺ]ĺvr;1b;v1_-u-1|;ubv|b1vķlo7;Ѵvķ ruof;1|bomvő-m77-v_;7Ѵbm;vbm7b1-|;-m-Ѵ|b1-Ѵl;|_o7vŐ;ĺ]ĺlo7;Ѵu;71|bomőĺbh;1oѴouvbm7b1-|;|;ulv1-uub;7o;u0;|;;m|_;|_u;; v|;rv

-vv;vv|_;-0voѴ|;=|u;m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomubvh-m7|_;1_-m];bmm-|- |;lr;u-|u;|oѴ;u-m1;vķv;;0;Ѵoő;u;--bѴ-0Ѵ;=ouƑķƏƕƒvr;1b;v u-Ѵbv-|bomubvh=uol|_-|m7;uu;1;m|1Ѵbl-|;vĺ -Ѵb;m|o uor;ĺ ); v;Ѵ;1|;7 vr;1b;v =uol |_; uor;-m -u7;m Ѵou- Ő ķ ѴѴ;m;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƑőķ-m;m11Ѵor-;7b-o=ƻƑƒķƏƏƏvr;1b;v-m7-ub- ƑĺƐՊ Պ"r;1b;v1_-u-1|;ubv|b1v ;|b;v1ollomѴrѴ-m|;7bm uor;-m]-u7;mvķo=_b1_c. 13,500 are -Ѵb;m|o uor;ĺvro|;m|b-Ѵru;7b1|ouvo=m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomv11;vvķ; uol|_; ŐѴѴ;m;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƑőķ;;|u-1|;7bm=oul-|bomom|_; 1olrbѴ;77-|-Őv;;7;|-bѴ;77;v1ubr|bomv0;Ѵoőomvr;1b;vĽŐ-őm-|b; 1om|bm;m|v|o_b1_vr;1b;v-u;m-|b;ĺ$_bv-ѴѴo;7v|o;1Ѵ7;-ѴѴ u-m];ķŐ0őm-|u-Ѵbv;7u-m];ķŐ1ő|u-b|vķŐ7ő--bѴ-0bѴb|bmmuv;ub;v-m7 m-|b; vr;1b;v=uol=u|_;u-m-Ѵv;vĺv-ruoo=vr;1b;vm-- Ő;ő1Ѵbl-|b1vb|-0bѴb|ĺv|_;v;7-|-1-l;=uolml;uovvou1;vķ |b;u-m];vb;ķ;v;7|_;ml0;uo=$-omolb1 -|-0-v;)ouhbm] ; -Ѵb]m;7 -ѴѴ 7-|-v;|v -=|;u v|-m7-u7bvbm] vr;1b;v m-l;v vbm] uorŐ$ )őѴ;;ѴŊƑu;]bomvŐƔƑbm|o|-Ѵĸullb|ķƑƏƏƐő_;u;- |_;taxonstand r-1h-]; ;uvbom ƐĺѶ Ő-;Ѵ- ş hv-m;mķ ƑƏƐѵő bm vr;1b;vbvm-|b;ĺvvou1;v=ou|_;v;7-|-ķ;v;7|_;;ulrѴ-vl !;uvbomƒĺƒĺƐŐ!ou;$;-lķƑƏƐƕőĺ-u7;m1Ѵ|b-uv-m7v0vr;- !;vou1;vm=oul-|bom;|ouhŐ!ĸ)b;uv;l-ķƐƖƖƔő-m7;Ľv 1b;v;u;omѴ1omvb7;u;7-||_;vr;1b;vѴ;;ѴĺolrѴ;|;7-|-=ou )ouѴ7_;1hѴbv|o=";Ѵ;1|;7Ѵ-m| -lbѴb;vŐ)"ķƑƏƐƕőĺ);o0- -ѴѴ1_-u-1|;ubv|b1vŐ;1;r|=oum-|b;u-m];vb;-m7lbmbllbm|;u |-bm;7m-|b;u-m];Ŋvb;7-|-=ouƐķѶƕƖo=|_;ƑķƏƕƒvr;1b;vĺ ƑƒѶƖ

$o 7;|;ulbm; m-|u-Ѵbv-|bom v|-|v o= vr;1b;v bm uor; ;-1_vr;1b;vķ;;|u-1|;7|_;l;7b-mvo=|_;u;1;m|-m7=|u; -m7 -v - ruo o= m-|u-Ѵbv;7 u-m]; vb; o|vb7; o= uor;ķ ; 1Ѵbl-|b1vb|-0bѴb|-Ѵ;v-1uovv-ѴѴ uor;-m]ub71;ѴѴvĺ v;7|_;Ѵo0-Ѵ-|u-Ѵb;7Ѵb;m Ѵou-7-|-0-v;ŐѴo ;uvbom ƐĺƐĸ-mѴ;m;m;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƔĸ঍;h;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƕőĺѴo ruob7;v ƑĺƒՊ Պo7;ѴѴbm]m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomv11;vv m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomŊv|-|v7-|-=ouƻƐƒķƏƏƏvr;1b;vbmѶƓƒu;]bomv-uom7 |_; ]Ѵo0; Ő1o;ubm] Ѷƒѷ o= |_; b1;Ŋ=u;;|;uu;v|ub-ѴѴ-m7vu=-1;őĺ m|_;m;|v|;rŐ b]u;Ɛ0őķ;v;7|_;1Ѵbl-|b1vb|-0bѴb|;v|bl-|;v "r;1b;vѴbv|;7-vm-|u-Ѵbv;7bm-m uor;-mѴo u;]bom;u; |o];|_;ub|_|_;o|_;uvr;1b;v1_-u-1|;ubv|b1v|olo7;Ѵm-|u-Ѵbv-- 1omvb7;u;7m-|u-Ѵbv;7bm uor;ĺ ou-ruoo=m-|u-Ѵbv;7u-m]; |bomv11;vvbm uor;ĺ$o=-1bѴb|-|;bm|;uru;|-|bomo=|_;lo7;Ѵ;v- vb;o|vb7;o= uor;ķ;;|u-1|;7|_;ml0;uo=momŊ uor;-m |bl-|;vķ1om|bmov;rѴ-m-|ou-ub-0Ѵ;v;u;1;m|u;7|o-l;-m Ѵo u;]bomv_;u;-vr;1b;vbvѴbv|;7-vm-|u-Ѵbv;7ĺ);v;7 o=;uo-m7v1-Ѵ;7|o-v|-m7-u77;b-|bomo=om;Ő"1_b;Ѵ;|_ķƑƏƐƏőĺ ml0;uo=u;]bomvu-|_;u|_-mvll;7u;]bom-u;-0;1-v;vr;- ou 0bm-u ;rѴ-m-|ou -ub-0Ѵ;v Őbĺ;ĺ ]uo|_ =oulķ v|ou-];Ŋou]-m 1b;vl-mo|o11r;m|bu;u;]bomvķ-m70;1-v;ml0;uo=u;]bomv ru;v;m1;ķ ruor-]-|bom 0 v;;7ķ ruor-]-|bom 0 ;];|-|b; 1||bm] b;Ѵ7;70;||;ulo7;Ѵ=b|Őv;;7;|-bѴ;7l;|_o7v0;Ѵoőĺ -m7v;-Ѵvv|;lőķ|_;|oѴ;;Ѵvo=;-1_-ub-0Ѵ;;u;u;vr;1|b;Ѵ uol|_; ķ;;|u-1|;7v;;u-Ѵvr;1b;v1_-u-1|;ubv|b1vĹŐ-ő -vvb]m;7ml;ub1-Ѵ;vo=ƏouƐĺ$_;;u;|_;m-Ѵvo1;m|u;7|o- ]uo|_=oulŐoo7ĹƓƓĺƕѷo=ouvr;1b;vķ_;u0-1;ovĹƔƔĺƒѷőķŐ0ő l;-mo=;uoķvo|_-||_;lo7;Ѵbm|;u1;r|1ouu;vrom7v|o-m-;u-]; ru;v;m1;o=v|ou-];ou]-mvŐmoĹѵѶĺѶѷķ;vĹƒƐĺƑѷőķŐ1ő1Ѵ|u-Ѵruor- vr;1b;vŐ"1_b;Ѵ;|_ķƑƏƐƏőĺ -]-|bom0v;;7Őrovvb0Ѵ;ĹѶƔĺƑѷķmo|rovvb0Ѵ;ĹƐƓĺѶѷőķŐ7ő1Ѵ|u-Ѵ $o -11om| =ou rovvb0Ѵ; ;==;1|v 7; |o r_Ѵo];m;|b1 momŊ ruor-]-|bom 0 ;];|-|b; 1||bm] Őrovvb0Ѵ;Ĺ ѶƑĺѵѷķ mo| rovvb0Ѵ;Ĺ bm7;r;m7;m1;o=vr;1b;vķ;v;7;m-mhv;t;m1;v|o0bѴ7- ƐƕĺƓѷőķŐ;őv;-Ѵvv|;lŐ7bo;1bovĹƔĺƏѷķmomŊ7bo;1bovŒlomo;- 7-|;7 r_Ѵo];m;|b1 |u;; =oѴѴobm] !ot;|ķ $_bѴѴ;uķ -m7 -;u]m; 1bov-m7_;ul-r_uo7b|b1œĹƖƔĺƏѷķŐ=ől-bllrѴ-m|_;b]_|-m7Ő]ő ŐƑƏƐƑőĺ$_;|u;;-vu;voѴ;7-||_;];mvѴ;;Ѵķ-m7vr;1b;v;u; bm|;u_-u7bm;vvŐu-m]bm]=uolvr;1b;v|oѴ;u-|bm]lbmbllbm|;u bm1Ѵ7;7-vroѴ|olb;vĺ);bm1Ѵ7;7r_Ѵo];m-v-u-m7ol-ub- |;lr;u-|u;vƺƴƑƏŦ|o|_ov;omѴ|oѴ;u-|bm]_;-|;7]Ѵ-vv_ov;vőĺ -m1;v|u1|u;bm-];m;u-Ѵbv;7Ѵbm;-ulo7;ѴŐő-m7-vv;vv;7|_; 1;r|=oubm|;u_-u7bm;vvķ_;u;7-|-;u;--bѴ-0Ѵ;=ouƑķƏƒƕ ;==;1|vo=|_;7b==;u;m|;rѴ-m-|ou-ub-0Ѵ;vomvr;1b;vĽ1uu;m| vr;1b;vķ-ѴѴo|_;u vr;1b;vŊ1_-u-1|;ubv|b17-|-;u;--bѴ-0Ѵ;=ou m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomv|-|vŐ;vķmoőbm uor;ĺ$_;lo7;Ѵ-v0bѴ|vbm] -ѴѴƑķƏƕƒvr;1b;vĺ |_;!r-1h-];MCMCglmmŐ-7=b;Ѵ7ķƑƏƐƏőĺ v-ruoo=-vr;1b;vĽruor-]Ѵ;ru;vvu;ķ;|-ѴѴb;7|_;ml- ;1-v;|_;Ѵ-u];ml0;uo=;rѴ-m-|ou-ub-0Ѵ;v1omvb7;u;7 0;uo= uor;-mmuv;ub;v_;u;b|bv--bѴ-0Ѵ;=ouv-Ѵ;Őľ--bѴ-0bѴ- lb]_| u;vѴ| bm o;uŊ=b||bm] -m7 1om;u];m1; ruo0Ѵ;lvķ ; 0bѴ| - b|bmmuv;ub;vĿőĺ$_;v;7-|-;u;1olrbѴ;70(-m7;u(;h;m;|-Ѵĺ lbmbl-Ѵ -7;t-|; lo7;Ѵ =oѴѴobm] ;m] ;|-Ѵĺ ŐƑƏƐѵőĺ ); =buv| u-m ŐƑƏƏѶő =uol v-Ѵ;v 1-|-Ѵo];v o= Ƒƒƕ uor;-m muv;ub;vĺ "r;1b;vĽ v;r-u-|; lo7;Ѵv bm1ourou-|bm] ;-1_ ;rѴ-m-|ou -ub-0Ѵ; bm7bb7- muv;u--bѴ-0bѴb|u-m];7=uolƏ|oѶѶmuv;ub;vĺ -ѴѴķ-m7lo7;Ѵv=ou-ѴѴrovvb0Ѵ;r-bubv;1ol0bm-|bomv-m7bm|;u- -1|bomv o= ;rѴ-m-|ou -ub-0Ѵ;vĺ ;1-v; 7-|- ;u; --bѴ-0Ѵ; =ou 7b==;u;m|ml0;uvo=vr;1b;v=ouvol;-ub-0Ѵ;vķ;v;7bm|_;v; ƑĺƑՊ ՊѴbl-|b1vb|-0bѴb|ruof;1|bomv lo7;Ѵv |_; l-bll ml0;u o= vr;1b;v rovvb0Ѵ;ĺ m |_; 1-v;v o= $o-vv;vv;-1_vr;1b;vĽu;1;m|-m7ro|;m|b-Ѵ=|u;1Ѵbl-|b1vb|- rѴ-m|_;b]_|-m7bm|;u_-u7bm;vvķ=ou_b1_om;lb]_|;r;1|mom- -0bѴb|-1uovv|_; uor;-m1om|bm;m|Ő b]u;Ɛ-őķ;0bѴ|=ou;-1_ Ѵbm;-uu;Ѵ-|bomv_brvb|_m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomv11;vvŐ;ĺ]ĺvr;1b;vo=lo7- vr;1b;v7bv|ub0|bomlo7;Ѵvu;Ѵ-|bm]b|vo11uu;m1;vo|vb7;o= ;u-|;_;b]_|l-0;lou;Ѵbh;Ѵ|om-|u-Ѵbv;|_-mv_ou|;u-m7|-ѴѴ;u uor;|o1Ѵbl-|b11om7b|bomvĺ);Ѵ-u];Ѵ=oѴѴo;7|_;l;|_o7v vr;1b;vőķ ; -Ѵvo |;v|;7 lo7;Ѵv bm1ourou-|bm] t-7u-|b1 |;ulvĺ ѴѴ o= ѴѴbm];u;|-ѴĺŐƑƏƐƕő-m7Ѵomm;u;|-ѴĺŐƑƏƐƕőķ-m7-7;|-bѴ;7 |;ulv_ov;bm1Ѵvbombm|_;buu;vr;1|b;lo7;Ѵvu;vѴ|;7bm-Δ 7;v1ubr|bom bv ruob7;7 bm rr;m7b"Ɛĺ m v_ou|ķ ; 1ol0bm;7 o=ŊƓou0;Ѵo1olr-u;7|o|_;bm|;u1;r|ŊomѴlo7;Ѵ;u;|_;mbm- vr;1b;vo11uu;m1;7-|-=uol|_;Ѵo0-Ѵbo7b;uvb|m=oul-|bom 1Ѵ7;7bm|o-vbm]Ѵ;v-|u-|;7lo7;ѴŐv;;$-0Ѵ;"Ɛőĺ);v;Ѵ;1|;7|_; -1bѴb|Ő ķƑƏƐѶŒ_||rĹņņĺ]0b=ĺou]œőb|_vb0bo1Ѵbl-|b1 1omv;u-|b;Δ1|o==o=ŊƓ|o;mvu;|_-|ouv-|u-|;7lo7;Ѵ -ub-0Ѵ;v Ő-;u-];7 =ou |_; r;ubo7 ƐƖƔƏŋƑƏƏƏő =uol )ouѴ7Ѵbl -vmo|o;uŊ=b||;7-m7bm1Ѵ7;7omѴ-ub-0Ѵ;v|_-|-u;ro|;m|b-ѴѴ Őbfl-mvķ-l;uomķ-uu-ķom;vķş-ubvķƑƏƏƔķĺouѴ71Ѵblĺ blrou|-m|=oum-|u-Ѵbv-|bomv11;vvĺѴѴlo7;Ѵv|;v|;7bm1Ѵ7;7m- ou]őķvbm]|_;biomod2!r-1h-];;uvbomƒĺƒŊƕŐ$_bѴѴ;uķ;ou];vķ bm=oul-|b;rubouvŐ=ouu;vb7-Ѵv|u1|u;ĹVƷƐĸ=ou-ub-m1;v|u1- ş m]Ѵ;uķ ƑƏƐѵőĺ ); v;7 |_; )ouѴ7Ѵbl 7-|- u-|_;u |_-m lou; |u;ĹVƷƐķmƷƏĺƏƏƑőķ-m7;u;um=ouƐƐƏķƏƏƏb|;u-|bomvķb|_- u;1;m|-Ѵ|;um-|b;vŐ;ĺ]ĺ "ķ-u];u;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƕőķ0;1-v;b| 0umŊbmo=ƐƏķƏƏƏ-m7|_bmmbm]|o;;uom;b|;u-|bombmƐƏķ|o|-ѴѴbm] 0;||;uu;=Ѵ;1|v1Ѵbl-|b11om7b|bomvm7;u_b1_lov|o=ouvr;- ƐƏķƏƏƏb|;u-|bomvr;ulo7;Ѵĺ 1b;v ;u; bm|uo71;7 ou m-|u-Ѵbv;7ĺ ); |_;m v;7 |_;v; lo7- );|_;mr;u=oul;7lo7;Ѵu;71|bom|ou;-1_-lbmbll-7- ;Ѵv|oruof;1|-vr;1b;vĽu;1;m|-m7=|u;1Ѵbl-|b1vb|-0bѴb| bm ;t-|;lo7;Ѵĺ;1-v;o=|_;Ѵ-u];ml0;uo=|;ulvbm|_;v-|- uor;ĺ ou =|u; uor;-m 1Ѵbl-|b1 vb|-0bѴb| ruof;1|bomvķ ; u-|;7lo7;Ѵķb|-vmo|rovvb0Ѵ;|o7o|_bv01olr-ubm]Δ v;71Ѵbl-|;Ŋruof;1|bom7-|-=ou_oubomƑƏƔƏm7;u|_;lo7;u- -Ѵ;v=ou-ѴѴrovvb0Ѵ;v0lo7;Ѵvĺ$_;u;=ou;ķ;bmv|;-7u;lo;7 -|;!;ru;v;m|-|b;om1;m|u-|bom-|_-Ő!őv1;m-uboƓĺƔĺ$o |;ulvom;-|-|bl;=uol|_;v-|u-|;7lo7;Ѵķ0;]bmmbm]b|_bm|;u- ];|vbm]Ѵ;bm|;]u-Ѵu;1;m|-m7=|u;1Ѵbl-|b1vb|-0bѴb|-Ѵ;v=ou -1|bom|;ulvb|_|_;_b]_;v|pŊ-Ѵ;vĺ);u;|-bm;7omѴ|_;|;ulv ƑƒƖƏ

_ov;u;lo-Ѵ=uol|_;lo7;Ѵb;Ѵ7;7-mbm1u;-v;bmlo7;Ѵ --bѴ-0Ѵ; =ou |_;v; -ub-0Ѵ;vķ -m7 ; |_;u;=ou; v;7 |_;bu 1uu;m| o=ƻƓĺ$_bv-vu;r;-|;7=ou-ѴѴ|;ulvķbm|_;ou7;uo=7;1u;-vbm] -Ѵ;v=ou=|u;ruof;1|bomvĺ pŊ-Ѵ;ķm|bѴ-lbmbl-Ѵ-7;t-|;lo7;Ѵ-vu;-1_;7Ő$-0Ѵ;"Ƒőĺ $_; lo7;Ѵ u;71|bom -v 7om; vbm] |_; l-bll ml0;u o= ƒՊ Պ! "&$" vr;1b;vb|_1olrѴ;|;7-|-=ou-ѴѴ|;ulvbm1Ѵ7;7ķ|_-|bvķƐķѶƕƖ vr;1b;vĺ=|;uu;-1_bm]|_;u;71;7lbmbl-Ѵ-7;t-|;lo7;Ѵķ-7- ƒĺƐՊ Պ_-m]bm]1Ѵbl-|b1vb|-0bѴb| 7b|bom-Ѵvr;1b;vb|_7-|-=ou-ѴѴu;l-bmbm]|;ulv;u;-77;7Őu;- |umbm]v|oƑķƏƕƒvr;1b;vőĺ !;1;m| l;7b-m 1Ѵbl-|b1 vb|-0bѴb| -1uovv uor; -v ƐĺƒƑ |bl;v $o-vv;vv|_;t-Ѵb|-m7ru;7b1|b;-Ѵ;o=oulbmbl-Ѵ-7- Ѵ-u];u=oum-|u-Ѵbv;7vr;1b;v|_-m=oumomŊm-|u-Ѵbv;7vr;1b;vķ-- ;t-|;lo7;Ѵķ;r;u=oul;7-ƐƏŊ=oѴ71uovvŊ-Ѵb7-|bom-=|;u7b- ;u-]bm] ƏĺƏƑƖ ŐSEƷƏĺƏƏƐő -m7 ƏĺƏƑƑ ŐSEƺƏĺƏƏƐő u;vr;1|b;Ѵ b7bm]|_;7-|-bm|o|;m;t-Ѵv0v-lrѴ;vŐ=oѴ7vőĺ$_;lo7;Ѵ-v Ő b]u;Ƒ-őĺm-;u-];ķl;7b-m1Ѵbl-|b1vb|-0bѴb|bmƑƏƔƏbm1u;-v;7 |;v|;7omom;|;v|=oѴ7-=|;u|u-bmbm]om|_;o|_;umbm;=oѴ7vvbm] vѴb]_|Ѵķ1olr-u;7|o|_-|m7;uu;1;m|1Ѵbl-|;vķ|oƏĺƏƒƐŐSEƷƏĺƏƏƐő |_;predict.MCMCglmm=m1|bombmMCMCglmmķ-m7|_bv-vu;- =ou m-|u-Ѵbv;7 -m7 ƏĺƏƑƔ ŐSEƺƏĺƏƏƐő =ou momŊm-|u-Ѵbv;7 vr;1b;v r;-|;7=ou;-1_=oѴ7ĺ ou;-1_|;v|=oѴ7ķ;1-Ѵ1Ѵ-|;7|_;$u; Ő b]u;Ƒ-ķ0őĺ $_; _b]_;v| u;1;m| l;7b-m 1Ѵbl-|b1 vb|-0bѴb| o= - "hbѴѴ "|-|bv|b1 Ő$""ĸ ѴѴo1_;ķ $vo-uķ ş -7lomķ ƑƏƏѵőķ -7fv|bm] m-|u-Ѵbv;7 vr;1b;v -v ƏĺƐƖƔ ŐNicotiana alataőķ-m7|_-|o=-momŊ |_;|_u;v_oѴ7_;u;ru;7b1|;7-Ѵ;v;u;u;Ѵ;]-|;7|o;b|_;uƐ m-|u-Ѵbv;7 vr;1b;v -v ƏĺƏѵƕ ŐTradescantia spathaceaőĺ$_;v;|o Őm-|u-Ѵbv;7őouƏŐmomŊm-|u-Ѵbv;7ő |o l-blbv; $""ĺ $_;v; 1-Ѵ- vr;1b;v-Ѵvo_-7|_;_b]_;v|1Ѵbl-|b1vb|-0bѴb|-Ѵ;vbmƑƏƔƏķ-m7 1Ѵ-|bomv ;u; 1om71|;7 vbm] |_; KappaRepet=m1|bombm|_; 0o|_bm1u;-v;7ĸN. alata|oƏĺƑƓѶķ-m7T. spathacea|oƏĺƐѵƏĺ BIOMODr-1h-];;uvbomƐĺƐŊƕĺƏƓŐ$_bѴѴ;uķ-=ou1-7;ķ m]Ѵ;uķş u-িfoķƑƏƏƖőĺ);v0v;t;m|Ѵl;-vu;7|_;l;-m$""-m7v|-m- ƒĺƑՊ Պu;7b1|ouvo=m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomv11;vv 7-u7;uuou-1uovv-ѴѴ=oѴ7vĺ);-Ѵvo-vv;vv;71om;u];m1;o=|_; lo7;Ѵ |_uo]_ 1olr-ubvomv |o |_u;; -77b|bom-Ѵ b|;u-|bomv o= $_; lbmbl-Ѵ -7;t-|; lo7;Ѵ o= 1uu;m| m-|u-Ѵbv-|bom v11;vv bm |_;lo7;Ѵvbm];Ѵl-m-m7!0bmĽv1om;u];m1;7b-]mov|b1b- uor;u;|-bm;7bm|_;ou7;uo=blrou|-m1;Ĺm-|u-Ѵbv;7u-m];vb; |_; gelman.diag=m1|bombm|_;codar-1h-];ŐѴll;uķ;v|ķ o|vb7;o= uor;ķ--bѴ-0bѴb|bmmuv;ub;vķu;1;m|1Ѵbl-|b1vb|-0bѴ- oѴ;vķş(bm;vķƑƏƏѵőĺ b|ķv;-Ѵvv|;lķ|_;bm|;u-1|bom0;|;;m--bѴ-0bѴb|bmmuv;ub;v -m7 v;-Ѵ vv|;l -m7 rѴ-m| _;b]_| Ő b]u;ƒőĺ Ѵbl-|b1 vb|-0bѴb|ķ --bѴ-0bѴb|bmmuv;ub;v-m7m-|u-Ѵbv;7u-m];vb;o|vb7;o= uor; ƑĺƓՊ Պuof;1|bm]m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomv11;vv ;u;v|uom]Ѵrovb|b;Ѵu;Ѵ-|;7|om-|u-Ѵbv-|bomv11;vvbm uor; );v;7|_;lbmbl-Ѵ-7;t-|;lo7;Ѵ|oruof;1||_;ruo0-0bѴb|o= Ő b]u;Ɠ-ŋ1őĺ bo;1bov vr;1b;v _-7 om -;u-]; - vѴb]_|Ѵ _b]_;u m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomv11;vvbm uor;=ou|_;ƐķƔѶƒmo|Ŋ;|Ŋm-|u-Ѵbv;7 ruo0-0bѴb| |o m-|u-Ѵbv; |_-m momŊ7bo;1bov vr;1b;vķ r-u|b1Ѵ-uѴ -Ѵb;mvr;1b;vm7;uu;1;m|-m7=|u;1Ѵbl-|;vŐ b]u;Ɛ1őĺ);v;7 -|lo7;u-|;Ѵ;;Ѵvo=--bѴ-0bѴb|bmmuv;ub;vŐ b]u;Ɠ0őĺѴ|_o]_ predict.MCMCglmmķ_b1_-ѴѴovbm1Ѵvbomo=r_Ѵo];m;|b1bm=oul-- m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomv11;vvbm1u;-v;7b|_rѴ-m|_;b]_|bm-vbm]Ѵ;Ŋ-ub-0Ѵ; |bomķ|o;v|bl-|;ruo0-0bѴb|b;vo=m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomv11;vv=ou;-1_vr;- lo7;ѴŐ$-0Ѵ;"Ɛőķ|_bvu;Ѵ-|bomv_br-v;-h|o-0v;m|bm|_;lbmbl-Ѵ 1b;vĺ);-rrѴb;7|_;lo7;Ѵ|oou7-|-om1;b|_|_;u;1;m|1Ѵbl-|b1 -7;t-|;lo7;ѴŐ b]u;Ɠ7őĺ(-ub-m1;;rѴ-bm;77;|or_Ѵo];m;|b1 vb|-0bѴb|7-|--m7om1;b|_|_;ruof;1|;7=|u;1Ѵbl-|b1vb|-0bѴ- v|u1|u;-vѴoķb|_-rov|;uboul;-mo=ƏĺƏƐƔŐ$-0Ѵ;"ƒőĺ b|7-|-ĺѴ|_o]_o|_;ulo7;Ѵ-ub-0Ѵ;vķv1_-vmuv;u--bѴ-0bѴ- $_; lbmbl-Ѵ -7;t-|; lo7;ѴĽv ru;7b1|b; -Ѵ; 0-v;7 om ƐƏŊ b|ķl--Ѵvo1_-m];bm|_;=|u;ķ|_;u;-u;mo=|u;ruof;1|bomv =oѴ7 1uovvŊ-Ѵb7-|bom -v lo7;u-|; Ő-m7bv ş o1_ķ ƐƖƕƕőķ b|_

(a) (b) 1.00 1.00

0.75 0.75

Density of species 0.00 0.00 Non−naturalized =ouvr;1b;v-Ѵu;-7m-|u-Ѵbv;7bm uor; 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 Naturalized 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 Ő7-v_;7Ѵbm;vő-m7mo|Ŋ;|Ŋm-|u-Ѵbv;7 Climate suitability ∆ Climate suitability Recent (c) (d) Future vr;1b;vŐvoѴb7Ѵbm;vőĸŐ0őbm7bb7-Ѵvr;1b;v 1.00 1.00 1_-m];vbm1Ѵbl-|b1vb|-0bѴb|0;|;;m 0.75 0.75 u;1;m|-m7=|u;1Ѵbl-|;v=oum-|u-Ѵbv;7

Global naturalized range size

Availability in nurseries

Climatic suitability

Plant height

Sexual system (non−dioecious)

Availability in nurseries:Sexual system

−0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 Posterior mean estimates

$""ƷƏĺƓƔŐSEƷƏĺƏƒőĺ;Ѵl-m-m7!0bmĽv1om;u];m1;7b-]mov|b1 ƓĺƐՊ Պu;7b1|ouvo=m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomv11;vv =ououlo7;Ѵ-m7-77b|bom-Ѵb|;u-|bomv-vƐĺƏƏķbm7b1-|bm]1om;u- ];m1;Őuoohvş;Ѵl-mķƐƖƖѶőĺ $_;|_u;;l-bmru;7b1|ouvo=m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomv11;vv;b7;m|b=b;7 -u;1Ѵbl-|b1vb|-0bѴb|ķ--bѴ-0bѴb|bmmuv;ub;vŐbĺ;ĺruor-]Ѵ;ru;v- vu;ő-m7m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomv11;vv;Ѵv;_;u;ĺ)_bѴ;|_;blrou|-m1; ƒĺƒՊ Պ_-m]bm]m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomruo0-0bѴb|=ou o= 1Ѵbl-|b1 vb|-0bѴb| bv b7;Ѵ -1hmoѴ;7];7ķ =; v|7b;v _-; non- naturalised species |;v|;7b|;rѴb1b|Ѵĺ$_;om;v|_-|7b7|;v|b|-Ѵvo7;lomv|u-|;7 _-m];vbmm-|u-Ѵbv-|bomruo0-0bѴb|0;|;;mu;1;m|1Ѵbl-|;v b|vblrou|-m1;Ő ;m];|-ѴĺķƑƏƐѵĸ-;u;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƕőĺ$_;vb]mb=b- -m7ruof;1|;7ƑƏƔƏ1Ѵbl-|;vu-m];7=uol-7;1u;-v;o=ƏĺƐƒƕ 1-m1;o=ruor-]Ѵ;ru;vvu;=ourѴ-m|bm-vbomvbv;ѴѴŊ;v|-0Ѵbv_;7 |o-mbm1u;-v;o=ƏĺƓƑƐŐb|_|_;_b]_;v|bm1u;-v;=ouNopalea Ő1_-uo࢙ş-mѴ;m;mķƑƏƏƖĸ ;_m;mŊ"1_l|ķ $o-ķ cochenilliferaĸ $-0Ѵ;"Ɠőĺ ou|Ŋom; vr;1b;v ;r;ub;m1;7 bm- ;uubm]vķş)bѴѴb-lvomķƑƏƏƕ0ĸ ;m];|-ѴĺķƑƏƐѵĸ-mvr-1_;|-Ѵĺķ 1u;-v;vbmm-|u-Ѵbv-|bomruo0-0bѴb|]u;-|;u|_-mƏĺƐķ_;u;-v ƑƏƏѶĸo1hoo7;|-ѴĺķƑƏƏƔĸ঍;h;|-ѴĺķƑƏƏƖ0őķ-m7|_;v-l;bv omѴom;vr;1b;vv--7;1u;-v;bmm-|u-Ѵbv-|bomruo0-0bѴ- |u;=ou|_;;==;1|o=m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomoubm-vbomv11;vv;Ѵv;_;u; b|]u;-|;u|_-mƏĺƐŐPenstemon gracilisőĺ Tamarus indica_-7 ŐѴomm;uķ bv1_;uķ vvѴķ ş ѴѴbm];uķ ƑƏƐѵĸ oѴ-u ş o7];ķ ƑƏƏƐĸ |_;_b]_;v|=|u;m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomruo0-0bѴb|-|ƏĺƖƐƕķ-m7ƑƏ -;u;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƕĸ!;b1_-u7ş-lbѴ|omķƐƖƖƕőĺolr-u;7|o|_ov; o|_;uvr;1b;v_-7m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomruo0-0bѴb|b;vƻƏĺƕŐ$-0Ѵ;"Ɠőĺ o|_;uv|7b;vķ_b1_bm1Ѵ7;7m-|u-Ѵbv-|bom;Ѵv;_;u;rubl-ubѴ-v uof;1|;7 =|u; m-|u-Ѵbv-|bom ruo0-0bѴb| bm uor; -- -0bm-ul;|ub1Ő;vķmoőķouv|7v_ov|_-|lou;7;|-bѴ;7bm- ;u-];7 -1uovv -ѴѴ momŊm-|u-Ѵbv;7oum-l;m|-Ѵvr;1b;v-v =oul-|bomom|_;ml0;uo=u;]bomv_;u;-vr;1b;vbvm-|u-Ѵbv;7 ƏĺƑѵѵŐSEƷƏĺƏƏƒĸ b]u;Ƒ1őķ bm1u;-vbm] vѴb]_|Ѵ =uol ƏĺƑƓƓ =u|_;ublruo;v|_;ru;7b1|b;-Ѵ;o=m-|u-Ѵbv-|bom;Ѵv;_;u; ŐSEƷƏĺƏƏƒőm7;uu;1;m|1Ѵbl-|;vŐ b]u;Ƒ7őĺ1olrѴ;|;Ѵbv| Őbĺ;ĺ b]u;Ɠ1őĺ o=vr;1b;vĽm-|u-Ѵbv-|bomruo0-0bѴb|b;vbv]b;mbm$-0Ѵ;"Ɣĺ ;b]_|-m7v;-Ѵvv|;l-u;|_;omѴvr;1b;v|u-b|v|_-|;u; u;|-bm;7bm|_;lbmbl-Ѵ-7;t-|;lo7;Ѵĺ;b]_|_-7-rovb|b;;=- =;1|bm|_;vbm]Ѵ;Ŋ-ub-0Ѵ;lo7;Ѵĺo;;uķ-Ѵ|_o]_b|blruo;7|_; ƓՊ Պ "&"" o;u-ѴѴ =b| o= |_; lѴ|brѴ;Ŋ-ub-0Ѵ;lo7;Ѵķb|v;==;1|-vmoѴom];u vb]mb=b1-m|ĺ!;vѴ|vo=ru;bovv|7b;v-u;lb;7ķ0|_;m_;b]_| );=om7|_-|m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomv11;vvo=oum-l;m|-Ѵ-Ѵb;mrѴ-m|v _-7-vb]mb=b1-m|;==;1|ķb|v-ѴѴ-v-rovb|b;om;Ő1_-uo࢙ş bm uor;bvrovb|b;Ѵu;Ѵ-|;7|o1Ѵbl-|b1vb|-0bѴb|ķ--bѴ-0bѴb|bm -mѴ;m;mķƑƏƏƖĸ-mvr-1_;|-ѴĺķƑƏƏѶĸ-u;Ѵ;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐѵőĺ$_bv muv;ub;v-m7m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomv11;vv;Ѵv;_;u;ĺ)_bѴ;;7b7mo| v]];v|v|_-|-|Ѵ;-v|=ouvol;]uorvo=rѴ-m|vķ_;b]_|blruo;v =bm7-v0v|-m|b-Ѵbm1u;-v;bm|_;-;u-];m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomro|;m|b-Ѵ 1olr;|b|b;-0bѴb|-m7v;;7Ŋ7bvr;uv-ѴŐ$_olrvomķ;||;mķ$-ll;ķ m7;u=|u;1olr-u;7|ou;1;m|1Ѵbl-|;v-1uovv-ѴѴvr;1b;vķ|_;u; 7-u7vķşoѴ;vķƑƏƐƕőĺ bo;1bovvr;1b;v;u;vѴb]_|Ѵlou;Ѵbh;Ѵ ;u;m;;u|_;Ѵ;vvl-mvr;1b;vb|_v0v|-m|b-Ѵbm1u;-v;vbmm-|- |om-|u-Ѵbv;|_-mmomŊ7bo;1bovvr;1b;vŐ b]u;Ɠ0őĺ$_bvbvvurubv- u-Ѵbv-|bomruo0-0bѴb|ĺlrou|-m|Ѵķou-m-Ѵvbvb7;m|b=b;7vr;1b;v bm] -v ru;bov v|7b;v 7b7 mo| =bm7 v1_ -m ;==;1| Ő;ĺ]ĺ -vomķ =ou_b1_-mbm-vbom7;0|l-;bv|moķ]b;m|_;bum-|u-Ѵbv-- uvѴ;lķşѴl;ķƑƏƏƖĸbѴ0-ş"|o|ķƑƏƏѶĸ঍;h;|-ѴĺķƑƏƏƖ-ķ |bomruo0-0bѴb|m7;uu;1;m|1Ѵbl-|;vķ-v;ѴѴ-vbm|_;=|u;ĺ ƑƏƐƔőķ-m70;1-v;7bo;1bovvr;1b;vŌ_-bm]v;r-u-|;l-Ѵ;-m7 ƑƒƖƑ

(a) (b) 1 1

&! ƓՊ!;Ѵ-|bomv_brvo= m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomv11;vvbm uor;-m7 -ub-0Ѵ;vbm1Ѵ7;7bm|_;lbmbl-Ѵ-7;t-|; Dioecious lo7;Ѵĺ -|-robm|v;u;fb||;u;7|o Self-pollinating bm1u;-v;bvb0bѴb|ĺbm;vu;ru;v;m|lo7;Ѵ ru;7b1|bomvķ-1uovv|_;]b;m-ub-0Ѵ; 0 0 u-m];b|_-ѴѴo|_;ulo7;Ѵ|;ulvv;||o 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0255075 ;uoŐ-=|;uv1-Ѵbm]ou1;m|ubm]őĺ -v_;7 Climatic suitability Nursery availability Ѵbm;vu;ru;v;m|ƖƔѷ1om=b7;m1;bm|;u-Ѵvĺ (c) (d) Ѵbl-|b1vb|-0bѴb|Ő-őķ|_;l;7b-m-Ѵ; 1 1 =ou uor;ķbvru;v;m|;7om-ƏŋƐv1-Ѵ;ĺ -bѴ-0bѴb|bmmuv;ub;vŐ0őķu;ru;v;m|v|_; ml0;uo=muv;ub;v-1uovv uor;_;u; -vr;1b;vbvvoѴ7ķ=ou0o|_7bo;1bovŐ0Ѵ-1hő

=;l-Ѵ;bm7bb7-ѴvŌ1-mmo|v;Ѵ=Ŋ=;u|bѴbv;-m7|_vm;;7|o0;bm|uo- -vvo1b-|;7b|_m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomv11;vvŐ;ĺ]ĺ1_-uo࢙ş-mѴ;m;mķ 71;7bmѴ-u];ml0;uv|om-|u-Ѵbv;ĺomvbv|;m|b|_|_bvķ|_;rovb- ƑƏƏƖĸ ;m];|-ѴĺķƑƏƐѵĸ-uubvķuu-ķov;ķş-lbѴ|omķƑƏƏƕőĺ |b;;==;1|o=7bo;1omm-|u-Ѵbv-|bom-vmo|-rr-u;m|=ouvr;1b;v ulo7;Ѵruof;1|bomvo==|u;m-|u-Ѵbv-|bom;u;omѴ0-v;7om b|_Ѵo--bѴ-0bѴb|b;vbmmuv;ub;vŐ b]u;Ɠ0őĺovvb0Ѵķ|_;rovb|b; ruof;1|bomv=ou=|u;1Ѵbl-|b1vb|-0bѴb|ĺ|bvѴbh;Ѵ|_-|o|_;u-ub-0Ѵ;v ;==;1|o=7bo;1omm-|u-Ѵbv-|bomv11;vv-|_b]_;u--bѴ-0bѴb|b;vbm h;r|v|-|b1ķv1_-v--bѴ-0bѴb|bmmuv;ub;v-m7;|;m|o=m-|u-Ѵbv-|bom muv;ub;v-v-1|-ѴѴ7;|o;==;1|vo=o|_;u|u-b|vķv1_-vbm7Ŋ ;Ѵv;_;u;l--Ѵvo0;v0f;1||o1_-m];bm|_;=|u;ĺ u|_;ulou;ķ roѴѴbm-|bomķ|_-|-u;-vvo1b-|;7b|_7bo;1Ő!;mm;uķƑƏƐƓőĺ -vѴ-m7v;bvblrou|-m|=ou|_;v11;vvo=-Ѵb;mvr;1b;vŐ_|u৥;|-Ѵĺķ )_bѴ;m-|b;u-m];vb;-m7-0v;m1;o=v|ou-];ou]-mv;u;vb]- ƑƏƏƖķƑƏƐƑőķ=|u;lo7;Ѵvv_oѴ7-bl|o-Ѵvobm1Ѵ7;bm=oul-|bomom mb=b1-m|bmvbm]Ѵ;Ŋ-ub-0Ѵ;-m-Ѵv;vŐ$-0Ѵ;"Ɛőķ|_;buvb]mb=b1-m1;v7bv- 1uu;m|Ѵ-m7v;-m7Ѵ-m7Ŋv;Ŋ1_-m];v1;m-ubovĺ ;vrb|;|_;Ѵblb|-|bomv -rr;-u;7bm|_;lѴ|brѴ;Ŋ-ub-0Ѵ;-m-Ѵvbvĺuo|_=oulķ;];|-|b; o=|_;1uu;m|lo7;Ѵķ;0;Ѵb;;ou-rruo-1_o==;uv-uo0v|0-vbv=ou ruor-]-|bomķruor-]-|bom0v;;7v-m7_-u7bm;vv;u;mo|vb]mb=b- b7;m|b=bm]vr;1b;v-|_b]_ubvh=oum-|u-Ѵbv-|bomm7;u=|u;1Ѵbl-|;vĺ 1-m|bm-mlo7;Ѵĺ"ol;o=|_;v;vr;1b;v1_-u-1|;ubv|b1vķ_o;;uķ _-;0;;m=om7|o-==;1|m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomoubm-vbomv11;vvbmv|7- ƓĺƒՊ Պ |u;m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomubvho= b;v=o1vvbm]omvl-ѴѴ;uu;]bomvŐ-;v;uķ -vomķş-mѴ;m;mķ non- naturalised ornamental species ƑƏƐƕĸ-mvr-1_;|-ѴĺķƑƏƏѶĸoѴ-uşo7];ķƑƏƏƐĸ-u;Ѵ;|-Ѵĺķ ƑƏƐѵőĺ$_;-0v;m1;o=vb]mb=b1-m1;bmouv|7lb]_|u;=Ѵ;1|ro|;m- uruof;1|bomvb7;m|b=b;7v;;u-Ѵvr;1b;vb|_;u_b]_=|u;ruo0- |b-Ѵ1ouu;Ѵ-|bomvb|_=-1|ouvu;|-bm;7bm|_;lo7;Ѵĺ u|_;ulou;ķ -0bѴb|b;v o= m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomĺ "r;1b;v b|_ ruo0-0bѴb|b;v ƻƏĺѶ bm1Ѵ7; b|l-u;=Ѵ;1|1om|;|Ŋvr;1b=b1b| -m7 bm-vbomŊv|-]; 7;r;m7;m1; Artocarpus altilis, Albizia lebbeck, Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Cosmos sul- o=vol;vr;1b;v1_-u-1|;ubv|b1vŐ঍;hş!b1_-u7vomķƑƏƏƕĸ঍;h phureus, Emilia sonchifolia, Gomphrena globose, Tamarindus indica and ;|-ѴĺķƑƏƏƖ-ĸ)bѴѴb-lvomķƑƏƏѵőĺ Tradescantia spathacea.)b|_|_;;1;r|bomo=T. spathaceaķ-ѴѴo=|_;v; vr;1b;v-u;-Ѵu;-7m-|u-Ѵbv;7bmo;uƐƏƏu;]bomvo|vb7;o= uor; Ő-mѴ;m;m;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƔőĺovvb0Ѵķ|_;v;vr;1b;v_-;mo|;|m-|- ƓĺƑՊ Պo7;ѴѴblb|-|bomv u-Ѵbv;7bm uor;0;1-v;|_;;u;bm|uo71;7omѴu;1;m|Ѵoubm|o u-m-Ѵv;vo= uor;-mm-|u-Ѵbv-|bomv11;vvbm1Ѵ7;l-m-ub-- r-u|vo= uor;_;u;1Ѵbl-|;vou_-0b|-|-u;mo|;|vb|-0Ѵ;ķou|_; 0Ѵ;vru;bovѴu;rou|;7|o0;-vvo1b-|;7b|_m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomv11;vvĺ =-1;u;vbv|-m1;00boѴo]b1-Ѵ0-uub;uvķv1_-v1olr;|b|bomŐ;ĺ]ĺ-u0omb ;;u|_;Ѵ;vvķ|_;ruof;1|bomvo=m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomro|;m|b-Ѵo=|_;=bm-Ѵ ;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƕőĺ)b|_1Ѵbl-|;1_-m];ķ_o;;uķ|_;v;vr;1b;vbѴѴѴbh;Ѵ lo7;Ѵ1oѴ7v|bѴѴ0;blruo;7ĺѴ|_o]_;bm1Ѵ7;7o;uƑķƏƏƏoum-- rov;|_;]u;-|;v|ubvh=oum-|u-Ѵbv-|bombm uor;bm|_;=|u;ĺ l;m|-Ѵvr;1b;v-m7l-mro|;m|b-Ѵru;7b1|ouvķl-mo|_;uvr;1b;v-m7 $_;-blo=ouv|7-v|ob7;m|b=oum-l;m|-Ѵvr;1b;vb|_ ru;7b1|ouv1oѴ7mo|0;bm1Ѵ7;77;|obmv==b1b;m|7-|-ĺ ou;-l- m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomubvh-||_;0uo-7 uor;-mѴ;;Ѵ-m7v_oѴ70;|-u- rѴ;ķ;7b7mo|_-;7-|-om|bl;vbm1;bm|uo71|bomķ_b1_bvv-ѴѴ ];|;7 =ou ;ĺ]ĺ uor;-m &mbomŊѴ;;Ѵ u;]Ѵ-|bomvĺ u -rruo-1_ ƑƒƖƒ

7o;vmo|-ѴѴov|ob7;m|b=m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomubvhvbm7b==;u;m|r-u|v &$!"Ľ$!&$" o= uor;-m7-Ѵvo1-mmo|7bv|bm]bv_vr;1b;v|_-|bѴѴl;u;Ѵ ĺĺķĺĺĺ-m7)ĺ ĺ7;vb]m;7|_;v|7ķb|_bmr|=uol)ĺ$ĺķ"ĺ ĺķ m-|u-Ѵbv;-m7|_ov;|_-|bѴѴ0;1ol;bm-vb;-m7_-;m;]-|b; "ĺĺķĺĺķĺĺķĺĺķĺ ĺķ ĺ ĺķĺĺķ ĺĺķ$ĺĺķĺĺ-m7ĺ(ĺ$ĺĺĺĺķ blr-1|vĺ$_;u;=ou;ķ|_ov;vr;1b;vb|_bm7b1-|bomvo=_b]_m-|- )ĺ ĺķ ĺ ĺķĺĺķĺĺķĺĺķĺ)ĺ-m7ĺ)ĺ1olrbѴ;7|_; 7-|-- u-Ѵbv-|bomruo0-0bѴb|o]_||o0;bm;v|b]-|;7=u|_;ubm|;ulvo= 0-v;ĺĺ!ĺ1olrbѴ;7|_;r_Ѵo];mĺĺĺ1olrbѴ;7|_; vr;1b;v1_-u- Ѵo1-Ѵ1Ѵbl-|b1vb|-0bѴb|-m7ruor-]Ѵ;ru;vvu;|ob7;m|b=u;]bomv -1|;ubv|b17-|-ĺ"((-m71olrbѴ;7|_;muv;u--bѴ-0bѴb|7-|-ĺ bm uor;_;u;|_;rov;_b]_ubvhvŐv;;;ĺ]ĺ-;u;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƕőĺ 1om71|;7|_;-m-Ѵv;v-m7uo|;|_;l-mv1ubr|ĺѴѴ-|_ouv1om|ub0- Ѵbl-|b1vb|-0bѴb|-m7m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomruo0-0bѴb|b;vo=mo|Ŋ;|m-|- |;7|o|_;l-mv1ubr|-m7-rruo;7|_;=bm-Ѵ;uvbom=our0Ѵb1-|bomĺ u-Ѵbv;7oum-l;m|-Ѵvbm uor;-u;ruof;1|;7|obm1u;-v;om-;u-]; omѴvѴb]_|Ѵ0ƑƏƔƏĺ;;u|_;Ѵ;vvķvol;vr;1b;vbѴѴv_oѴ-u];bm- 1u;-v;vbmm-|u-Ѵbv-|bomubvhŐ$-0Ѵ;"Ɠőĺlom]|_;vr;1b;v;b7;m- |b=-v_-bm]-_b]_m-|u-Ѵbv-|bomruo0-0bѴb|m7;uu;1;m|-m7ņou =|u;1Ѵbl-|;vķvol;-Ѵu;-7_-;0;;mu;rou|;7bm uor;-v]-u- 7;m;v1-r;;vb|_o|=oulbm]r;uvbv|;m|rorѴ-|bomvŐbĺ;ĺ-u;1-v-Ѵvĸ Acer palmatum, Dodonaea viscosa, Gomphrena globosa, Perovskia atri- plicifolia and Physostegia virginianaĸĺ;uor;Ŋ-Ѵb;mvĺou]őĺu0bm] ! |_;1Ѵ|b-|bomo=|_;v;oum-l;m|-Ѵvr;1b;vbm uor;v_oѴ70;rubou- Emily Haeuser _||rĹņņou1b7ĺou]ņƏƏƏƏŊƏƏƏƒŊƑƐƕƖŊƑѵƏƐ b|bv;7|oru;;m|=u|_;um-|u-Ѵbv-|bomv-m7rovvb0Ѵ;bm-vbomvĺ Wayne Dawson _||rĹņņou1b7ĺou]ņƏƏƏƏŊƏƏƏƒŊƒƓƏƑŊƏƕƕƓ Svenja Block _||rĹņņou1b7ĺou]ņƏƏƏƏŊƏƏƏƑŊѶƑƐƔŊƒѶƓƖ

ƔՊ Պ&"" Wilfried Thuiller _||rĹņņou1b7ĺou]ņƏƏƏƏŊƏƏƏƑŊƔƒѶѶŊƔƑƕƓ Stefan Dullinger _||rĹņņou1b7ĺou]ņƏƏƏƏŊƏƏƏƒŊƒƖƐƖŊƏѶѶƕ $_; _ou|b1Ѵ|u-Ѵ bm7v|u bv v|bѴѴ ]uobm] Őu-7Ѵ; ;|-Ѵĺķ ƑƏƐƑĸ -m Oliver Bossdorf _||rĹņņou1b7ĺou]ņƏƏƏƏŊƏƏƏƐŊƕƔƏƓŊѵƔƐƐ Ѵ;m;m;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐѶőķ-m7m;vr;1b;v1om|bm;|o0;bm|uo71;7oulou; bm|;mvb;Ѵ|u-7;7u;]-u7Ѵ;vvo=|_;bubm-vbomro|;m|b-ѴŐ u;ķm7;uvomķ Marta Carboni _||rĹņņou1b7ĺou]ņƏƏƏƏŊƏƏƏƑŊƖƒƓѶŊƓƕƔѶ şm7oķƑƏƐƏőĺ!;1;m|Ѵķb|-vv_om|_-| uor;_-v-u;Ѵ-|b;Ѵ_b]_ Luisa Conti _||rĹņņou1b7ĺou]ņƏƏƏƏŊƏƏƏƐŊѶƏƓƕŊƐƓѵƕ bm-vbom|_u;-|0|-Ѵvo_-v|_;1-r-1b||oruo-1|b;Ѵouu;-1|b;Ѵu;- Günther Klonner _||rĹņņou1b7ĺou]ņƏƏƏƏŊƏƏƏƑŊƔƑƒƕŊƑƑƒƐ vrom7Ő -uѴ;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐѵĸ$u0;Ѵbmķ-Ѵ-l7ķş u-m1bvķƑƏƐƕőĺuo-1|b; Franz Essl _||rĹņņou1b7ĺou]ņƏƏƏƏŊƏƏƏƐŊѶƑƔƒŊƑƐƐƑ u;vromv;v1oѴ70;=u|_;ublruo;70=ou;1-v|bm]=|u;|_u;-|vŐѴl; ;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƕőķ-v;7b7_;u;ĺmoѴ;u-m7-u0b;uŐƑƏƏƔőv_o;7|_-||-- Dietmar Moser _||rĹņņou1b7ĺou]ņƏƏƏƏŊƏƏƏƑŊƑƕƓƔŊƕƔƏѶ bm]o=blrou|v-m7v-Ѵ;vo=bm-vb;vr;1b;voѴ7vb]mb=b1-m|Ѵu;71;=u- Matthew V. Talluto _||rĹņņou1b7ĺou]ņƏƏƏƏŊƏƏƏƐŊƔƐѶѶŊƕƒƒƑ |_;ubm-vbomvĺ |;m7bm]|_bvor|bom0;om7-Ѵu;-7Ŋbm-vb;vr;1b;v|o Holger Kreft _||rĹņņou1b7ĺou]ņƏƏƏƏŊƏƏƏƒŊƓƓƕƐŊѶƑƒѵ |_ov;7;;l;7_b]_Ŋubvhro|;m|b-Ѵbm-7;uvķv1_-v|_ov;b7;m|b=b;7bm|_bv Jan Pergl _||rĹņņou1b7ĺou]ņƏƏƏƏŊƏƏƏƑŊƏƏƓƔŊƐƖƕƓ v|7ķoѴ7Ѵbh;Ѵu;71;|_;buv;-m7v0v;t;m|Ѵ|_;bum-|u-Ѵbv-|bom ro|;m|b-Ѵĺom;o=|_;vr;1b;v;Ѵbv|_;u;-u;1uu;m|Ѵru;v;m|om|_; Petr Pyšek _||rĹņņou1b7ĺou]ņƏƏƏƏŊƏƏƏƐŊѶƔƏƏŊƓƓƑ* Ѵbv|o=bm-vb;-Ѵb;mvr;1b;vo= uor;-m&mbom1om1;umŐ uor;-m&mbomķ Martin Hermy _||rĹņņou1b7ĺou]ņƏƏƏƏŊƏƏƏƑŊƔƓƏƒŊƏƐƒƖ ƑƏƐƓőĺ$_;l;|_o7v;v;_;u;o==;u-v;=Ѵ-rruo-1_=oubm=oulbm] Patrick Weigelt _||rĹņņou1b7ĺou]ņƏƏƏƏŊƏƏƏƑŊƑƓѶƔŊƒƕƏѶ ruo-1|b; uor;-mbm-vb;-Ѵb;mvr;1b;vroѴb1b;vĺ Marten Winter _||rĹņņou1b7ĺou]ņƏƏƏƏŊƏƏƏƑŊƖƔƖƒŊƕƒƏƏ Cristina Roquet _||rĹņņou1b7ĺou]ņƏƏƏƏŊƏƏƏƐŊѶƕƓѶŊƒƕƓƒ ) $" Mark van Kleunen _||rĹņņou1b7ĺou]ņƏƏƏƏŊƏƏƏƑŊƑѶѵƐŊƒƕƏƐ );|_-mh-mmo";;0;mv=ouruob7bm]!m-|b;u-m];Ŋvb;7-|-ķ m]oѴ=ু_m-m7-m-mvr-1_=ouruob7bm] vr;1b;vŊ1_-u-1|;ubv|b1 ! ! " 7-|-ķ-m7m]oѴ=ু_m=ou1oll;m|vom-ru;bovl-mv1ubr|;uvbomĺ );|_-mhov-uѴoķ!-=-;Ѵ,;mmb-m7|o-momlovu;b;;uv=ou ѴѴo1_;ķ ĺķ $vo-uķ ĺķ ş -7lomķ !ĺ ŐƑƏƏѵőĺ vv;vvbm] |_; -11u-1 o=vr;1b;v7bv|ub0|bomlo7;ѴvĹu;-Ѵ;m1;ķh-rr--m7|_;|u;vhbѴѴ l-m_;Ѵr=Ѵv]];v|bomvĺ$_bvu;v;-u1_-v=m7;70|_; !Ŋ;| v|-|bv|b1Ő$""őĺJournal of Applied Ecology, 43ķƐƑƑƒŋƐƑƒƑĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺ bo7b !vķb|_|_;m-|bom-Ѵ=m7;uv!Ő u;m1_-|bom-Ѵ!;v;-u1_ ou]ņƐƏĺƐƐƐƐņfĺƐƒѵƔŊƑѵѵƓĺƑƏƏѵĺƏƐƑƐƓĺ ];m1őķ Ő;ul-m!;v;-u1_ om7-|bomĸ|oĺĺĺ-m7)ĺ ĺő-m7 u-7Ѵ;ķĺĺķѴl;m|_-Ѵķ ĺĺķ -uѴķ!ĺķuov_oѴķ ĺ ĺķ-Ѵ;uķĺĺķ ) Őv|ub-m"1b;m1; m7őķr-u|o=|_;ƑƏƐƑŋƑƏƐƒbo7b !v1-ѴѴ bѴѴ;uķĺĺķĻѴ7;mķĺ ĺŐƑƏƐƑőĺѴo0-Ѵ1_-m];ķ]Ѵo0-Ѵ|u-7;ķ-m7|_; m;|-;o=rѴ-m|bm-vbomvĺFrontiers in Ecology and the Environment, =ou u;v;-u1_ ruorov-Ѵvĺ ĺĺ -m7 ĺĺ -1hmoѴ;7]; ]u-m|v o= ;m|u; 10ķƑƏŋƑѶĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐѶƖƏņƐƐƏƐƓƔ o= 1;ѴѴ;m1; "ķmoĺƐƓŊƐƔƓƐƓ"Ő;1_"1b;m1; om7-|bomőķ uoohvķ "ĺ ĺķ ş ;Ѵl-mķ ĺ ŐƐƖƖѶőĺ ;m;u-Ѵ l;|_o7v =ou lomb|oubm] Ѵom]Ŋ|;ul u;v;-u1_ 7;;Ѵorl;m| ruof;1| !( ѵƕƖѶƔƖƒƖ Ő;1_ 1om;u];m1; o= b|;u-|b; vblѴ-|bomvĺ Journal of Computational and 1-7;lo="1b;m1;vő-m7ruof;1|Ő ƐѵƏƑƏƓƐőĺ Graphical Statistics, 7ķƓƒƓŋƓƔƔĺ ƑƒƖƓՊ

ullb|ķ !ĺ ŐƑƏƏƐőĺ World geographical scheme for recording plant dis- ];m;|b1-ѴѴŊ0-v;7ķ1Ѵbl-|b1Ŋmb1_;;r-mvbombm|_;bm-vb;1ollom tributions ŐƑm7 ;7ĺőĺ b||v0u]_ķ Ĺ m| mv|b||; =ou o|-mb1-Ѵ ragweed? PLoS ONE, 11ķ;ƏƐƔƑѶѵƕĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƒƕƐņfou- o1l;m|-|bomĺ nal.pone.0152867 1_-uo࢙ķĺķş-mѴ;m;mķĺŐƑƏƏƖőĺm|uo71|bom_bv|ou-m7vr;- ĺŐƑƏƐѶőĺ ol;-];ĺ-bѴ-0Ѵ;=uolĹ_||rvĹņņĺ]0b=ĺou] 1b;v1_-u-1|;ubv|b1vr-u|Ѵ;rѴ-bmm-|u-Ѵb-|bomv11;vvo=ou|_ -7=b;Ѵ7ķ ĺ ĺ ŐƑƏƐƏőĺ l;|_o7v =ou lѴ|bŊu;vromv; ];m;u-Ѵ- l;ub1-moo7vr;1b;vbm uor;ĺJournal of Ecology, 97, 230–238. b;7 Ѵbm;-u lb;7 lo7;ѴvĹ $_; ]Ѵll Ŕ!ŕ -1h-];ĺ Journal of _||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƐƐƐņfĺƐƒѵƔŊƑƕƓƔĺƑƏƏѶĺƏƐƓѵƖĺ Statistical Software, 33, 1–22. -u0ombķĺķ࣐];ķĺķ-uuovķĺķ;ou];vķ ĺķoѴ-m];-|ķĺķ o;|ķ -;v;uķ ĺķ -vomķ)ĺķ$_bѴѴ;uķ)ĺķ ѴѴbm];uķ"ĺķѴo1hķ"ĺķovv7ou=ķ !ĺķ Ļ ovv7ou=ķ ĺ ŐƑƏƐƕőĺ "blѴ-|bm] rѴ-m| bm-vbom 7m-lb1v bm ĺķĻ-mѴ;m;mķĺŐƑƏƐѶőĺ -|-=uolĹ uor;-moum-l;m|-Ѵ]-u- lom|-bm;1ovv|;lvm7;u]Ѵo0-Ѵ1_-m];v1;m-ubovĺGlobal Change 7;m =Ѵou- -v -m bm-vbom 7;0| m7;u 1Ѵbl-|; 1_-m];ĺ Dryad Digital Biologyķ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƐƐƐņ]10ĺƐƒѶƕƖ Repositoryķ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƔƏѵƐņ7u-7ĺƑvƑƔ|Ə] -;Ѵ-ķĺķşhv-m;mķĺŐƑƏƐѵőĺ$-omv|-m7Ĺ$-omolb1"|-m7-u7b-|bom -;v;uķ ĺķ -vomķ)ĺķş-mѴ;m;mķĺŐƑƏƐƕőĺ$_;;==;1|vo=1Ѵb- o= Ѵ-m| "r;1b;v -l;vĺ ! r-1h-]; ;uvbom ƑĺƐĺ !;|ub;;7 =uol l-|;-ulbm]-m77bv|u0-m1;om|_;1oѴomb-|bomro|;m|b-Ѵo=ou- _||rvĹņņ!ĺ!Ŋruof;1|ĺou]ņr-1h-];Ʒ$-omv|-m7 m-l;m|-Ѵ -Ѵb;m rѴ-m| vr;1b;vĺ Journal of Ecology, 105, 1698–1708. _|u৥ķĺķ঍;hķĺķ)bѴ7ķĺķbmoķĺķ-vh;ѴѴķĺĺķş(bѴ࢘ķĺŐƑƏƏƖőĺ _||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƐƐƐņƐƒѵƔŊƑƕƓƔĺƐƑƕƖѶ uor;-m l-r o= -Ѵb;m rѴ-m| bm-vbomv 0-v;7 om |_; t-m|b|-|b; -mvr-1_ķĺķু_mķĺķ঍;hķĺķoovķ ĺķşѴo|ķ"ĺŐƑƏƏѶőĺouu;Ѵ-|;vo= -vv;vvl;m|-1uovv_-0b|-|vĺDiversity and Distributions, 15, 98–107. m-|u-Ѵb-|bom-m7o11r-m1o=bm|uo71;7oum-l;m|-Ѵvbm;ul-mĺ _||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƐƐƐņfĺƐƓƕƑŊƓѵƓƑĺƑƏƏѶĺƏƏƔƐƔĺ Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 10ķƑƓƐŋƑƔƏĺ _|u৥ķ ĺķ )bѴ7ķ ĺķ ঍;hķ ĺķ -uo঍झhķ (ĺķ ;m7om1h;uķ ĺķ _||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƐѵņfĺrr;;vĺƑƏƏѶĺƏƔĺƏƏƐ !;]bmv|;uķĺķĻ";||;Ѵ;ķĺŐƑƏƐƑőĺuof;1|bm]|u;m7vbmrѴ-m|bm- -uubvķ ĺ ĺķ uu-ķ ĺ !ĺķ ov;ķ ĺ ĺķ ş -lbѴ|omķ ĺ ĺ ŐƑƏƏƕőĺ -vbomv bm uor; m7;u 7b==;u;m| v1;m-ubov o= =|u; Ѵ-m7Ŋv; m|uo71|bom_bv|ou-m7bm-vbomv11;vvbm;o|b1bm;vbm|uo71;7 1_-m];ĺ Global Ecology and Biogeography, 21ķ ƕƔŋѶƕĺ _||rvĹņņ7obĺ |o v|u-Ѵb-ĺ Diversity and Distributions, 13ķ ƓѵƕŋƓƕƔĺ _||rvĹņņ7obĺ ou]ņƐƏĺƐƐƐƐņfĺƐƓѵѵŊѶƑƒѶĺƑƏƐƏĺƏƏƔƕƒĺ ou]ņƐƏĺƐƐƐƐņfĺƐƓƕƑŊƓѵƓƑĺƑƏƏƕĺƏƏƒƕƔĺ ѴѴ;mķĺķm;;vķ"ĺĺķ0;ķĺ"ĺķş"_-ķĺĺĺŐ 7vĺőŐƑƏƐƑőĺThe -;vķĺ!ĺķş-uuķ"ĺĺŐƑƏƏѶőĺu;|_;u;-m1omvbv|;m|ru;7b1|ouv European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification o= bm-vbom v11;vvĵ Biological Invasions, 10ķ ƓѶƒŋƔƏѵĺ _||rvĹņņ7obĺ of Plants Cultivated in Europe. Both Out-of-Doors and Under Glass. ou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƏƕņvƐƏƔƒƏŊƏƏƕŊƖƐƓѵŊƔ _b1-]oķĹ$_;&mb;uvb|o=_b1-]ou;vvĺ bfl-mvķ!ĺĺķ-l;uomķ"ĺ ĺķ-uu-ķĺĺķom;vķĺĺķş-ubvķĺŐƑƏƏƔőĺ -vomķ)ĺķuvѴ;lķ ĺ ĺ!ĺĺķşѴl;ķĺ ĺŐƑƏƏƖőĺ -1|ouv;rѴ-bm- (;u _b]_ u;voѴ|bom bm|;uroѴ-|;7 1Ѵbl-|; vu=-1;v =ou ]Ѵo0-Ѵ Ѵ-m7 bm] -Ѵb;m rѴ-m| bm-vbom v11;vv bm - |uorb1-Ѵ ;1ovv|;l 7b==;u-| -u;-vĺInternational Journal of Climatology, 25ķƐƖѵƔŋƐƖƕѶĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺ ;-1_v|-];o=bm-vbomĺJournal of Ecology, 97ķѵƔƕŋѵѵƔĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺ ou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƏƑņŐ""őƐƏƖƕŊƏƏѶѶ ou]ņƐƏĺƐƐƐƐņfĺƐƒѵƔŊƑƕƓƔĺƑƏƏƖĺƏƐƔƐƖĺ Ѵl;ķ ĺ ĺķ um7ķ ĺķ -u0ombķ ĺķ ;_m;mŊ"1_l|ķ ĺķ ѴѴbm];uķ ;_m;mŊ"1_l|ķĺķ$o-ķĺķ;uubm]vķĺķş)bѴѴb-lvomķĺŐƑƏƏƕ-őĺ "ĺķ -uѴķ!ĺķĻু_mĺķĺŐƑƏƐƕőĺm|;]u-|bm]bm-vb;vr;1b;vroѴ- 1;m|u o= |_; oum-l;m|-Ѵ rѴ-m| |u-7; -m7 b|v blr-1| om bm-- b1b;v -1uovv oum-l;m|-Ѵ _ou|b1Ѵ|u; vrrѴŊ1_-bmv |o ru;;m| vbom v11;vvĺ Diversity and Distributions, 13ķ ƔƑƕŋƔƒƓĺ _||rvĹņņ7obĺ rѴ-m| bm-vbomvĺ Journal of Applied Ecology, 55ķ ƖƑŋƖѶĺ _||rvĹņņ7obĺ ou]ņƐƏĺƐƐƐƐņfĺƐƓƕƑŊƓѵƓƑĺƑƏƏƕĺƏƏƒƔƖĺ ou]ņƐƏĺƐƐƐƐņƐƒѵƔŊƑѵѵƓĺƐƑƖƔƒ ;_m;mŊ"1_l|ķĺķ$o-ķĺķ;uubm]vķĺķş)bѴѴb-lvomķĺ -u];uķ ĺĺķomu-7ķĺķक़_m;uķĺķ-o_Ѵķ$ĺķu;=|ķĺķ"oub-Ŋ-ķ ŐƑƏƏƕ0őĺ$_;_ou|b1Ѵ|u-Ѵ|u-7;-m7oum-l;m|-ѴrѴ-m|bm-- !ĺ)ĺķĻ;vvѴ;uķĺŐƑƏƐƕőĺѴbl-|oѴo]b;v-|_b]_u;voѴ|bom=ou|_; vbomv bm ub|-bmĺ Conservation Biology, 21ķ ƑƑƓŋƑƒƐĺ _||rvĹņņ7obĺ ;-u|_Ľv Ѵ-m7 vu=-1; -u;-vĺ Scientific Data, 4ķ ƐƕƏƐƑƑĺ _||rvĹņņ7obĺ ou]ņƐƏĺƐƐƐƐņfĺƐƔƑƒŊƐƕƒƖĺƑƏƏѵĺƏƏƔƒѶĺ ou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƒѶņv7-|-ĺƑƏƐƕĺƐƑƑ u;ķĺķm7;uvomķĺķşm7oķ ĺŐƑƏƐƏőĺomm7ulvo=-1olrѴ; Ѵomm;uķĺķ ѴѴbm];uķĺķ);vv;Ѵķĺķovv7ou=ķĺķ-u0ombķĺķ -vomķ ;1|ou =ou bm-vb; vr;1b;v 1om|uoѴĹ 7;|-bѴ;7 ;-lbm-|bom o= |_; )ĺķ Ļ u;=|ķ ĺ ŐƑƏƐƕőĺ )bѴѴ 1Ѵbl-|; 1_-m]; bm1u;-v; _0ub7b-|bom _ou|b1Ѵ|u-Ѵ bm7v|uĺ Biological Invasions, 12ķ ƑѶƒƕŋƑѶƔƐĺ _||rvĹņņ ubvh0;|;;mro|;m|b-ѴrѴ-m|bm-7;uv-m7|_;bu1om];m;uvbm uor;ĵ 7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƏƕņvƐƏƔƒƏŊƏƐƏŊƖѵѶƖŊѶ Diversity and Distributions, 23ķ ƖƒƓŋƖƓƒĺ _||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƐƐƐņ ѴѴbm];uķĺķ);vv;Ѵķĺķovv7ou=ķĺķ -vomķ)ĺķ vvѴķ ĺķ-||ubm];uķĺķĻ ddi.12578 ;u]ѴķĺŐƑƏƐƕőĺѴbl-|;1_-m];bѴѴbm1u;-v;|_;m-|u-Ѵb-|bomubvh=uol Ѵomm;uķĺķ bv1_;uķ"ĺķ vvѴķ ĺķş ѴѴbm];uķ"ĺŐƑƏƐѵőĺvou1;-u;--r- ]-u7;mrѴ-m|vbm uor;ĺGlobal Ecology and Biogeography, 26, 3–53. ruo-1_ 7;lomv|u-|;v lo7;u-|; ru;7b1|b; -0bѴb| 0| ruomom1;7 -uѴķ!ĺķu-7Ѵ;ķĺ ĺķ h;vķĺ"ĺķ-Ѵ;uķĺĺķѴ7;mķĺ ĺķѴl;m|_-Ѵķ -ub-0bѴb|o=bm-vb;vr;1b;v|u-b|vĺPLoS ONE, 11ķƐŋƐƓĺ ĺĺķĻ"ou|;ķĺĺŐƑƏƐѵőĺѴo0-Ѵ|_u;-|v=uolbm-vb;-Ѵb;mvr;1b;v moѴ;uķ ĺķş-u0b;uķ ĺŐƑƏƏƔőĺlrou|bm];o|b1rѴ-m|v-m7|_;ubvho=bmbm|_;|;m|Ŋ=buv|1;m|u-m7m-|bom-Ѵu;vromv;1-r-1b|b;vĺNature -vbomĹu;l-uh;|Ŋ0-v;7bmv|ul;m|v-7;t-|;ĵEcological Economics, Communications, 7ķƐƑƓѶƔĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƒѶņm1ollvƐƑƓѶƔ 52ķƒƓƐŋƒƔƓĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƐѵņfĺ;1oѴ;1omĺƑƏƏƓĺƏѵĺƏƐƖ vvѴķ ĺķ ѴѴbm];uķ"ĺķ!-0b|v1_ķ)ĺķѴl;ķĺ ĺķুѴ0;uķĺķ-uo঍झhķ(ĺķ oѴ-uķĺ"ĺķşo7];ķ ĺĺŐƑƏƏƐőĺuo]u;vvbmbm-vbom0boѴo]ĺTrends Ļ(bѴ࢘ķĺŐƑƏƐƐőĺ"o1bo;1omolb1Ѵ;]-1b;Ѵ7v-mbm-vbom7;0|ĺ in Ecology & Evolution, 16ķ ƐƖƖŋƑƏƓĺ _||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƐѵņ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of "ƏƐѵƖŊƔƒƓƕŐƏƐőƏƑƐƏƐŊƑ America, 108ķƑƏƒŋƑƏƕĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƕƒņrm-vĺƐƏƐƐƕƑѶƐƏѶ o-ubhķĺķ঍;hķĺķu-1_ķĺķ!;fl࢙m;hķĺķş)-7;ķĺŐƐƖƖƔőĺ uor;-m&mbomĺŐƑƏƐƓőĺRegulation (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European Time lags in biological invasions with regard to the success and failure Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and of alien species. Plant invasions: General aspects and special problems. management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien speciesĺ )ouhv_or_;Ѵ7-|ov|;Ѵ;1m-7ݭ;um৥lbѴ;vķ;1_!;r0Ѵb1ķƐѵŋƐƖ ƒƐƕŐƓĺƐƐĺƑƏƐƓőķƒƔŋƔƔĺ ";r|;l0;uƐƖƖƒķrrĺƐƔŋƒѶĺ ;m]ķ +ĺķ -u;Ѵķ ĺķ )-m]ķ ,ĺķ bm]ķ ĺķ +ķ ĺ ĺķ -m Ѵ;m;mķ ĺķ ş ুv|;uķ ĺĺķু_mķĺķu;Ѵ_;b7;ķĺķşѴo|ķ"ĺŐƑƏƏѶőĺ$u-b| Ѵ;bv_l-mķ ĺ ŐƑƏƐѵőĺ m|uo71|bom _bv|ouķ 1Ѵbl-|b1 vb|-0bѴb|ķ m-|b; bm|;u-1|bomv _;Ѵr ;rѴ-bm rѴ-m| bm-vbom v11;vv bm |_; u-m];vb;ķvr;1b;v|u-b|v-m7|_;bubm|;u-1|bomv;rѴ-bm;v|-0Ѵbv_l;m|o= ;ul-m =Ѵou-ĺ Journal of Ecology, 96ķ ѶѵƏŋѶѵѶĺ _||rvĹņņ7obĺ _bm;v;oo7vr;1b;vbm uor;ĺGlobal Ecology and Biogeography, 25, ou]ņƐƏĺƐƐƐƐņfĺƐƒѵƔŊƑƕƓƔĺƑƏƏѶĺƏƐƓƏѵĺ ƐƒƔѵŋƐƒѵѵĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƐƐƐņ];0ĺƐƑƓƖƕ -m7bvķĺ!ĺķşo1_ķĺĺŐƐƖƕƕőĺ$_;l;-vu;l;m|o=o0v;u;u-]u;;- -ѴѴb;mķ ĺķ $_bѴѴ;uķ )ĺķ ou|ķ ĺķ oѴ;7-ķ ĺķ Ѵ0;u|oķ ĺ ĺķ !boķ l;m| =ou 1-|;]oub1-Ѵ 7-|-ĺ Biometrics, 33ķ ƐƔƖŋƐƕƓĺ _||rvĹņņ7obĺ ĺķ Ļ -;u]m;ķ "ĺ ŐƑƏƐѵőĺ v |_;u; -m ;b7;m1; =ou u-rb7ķ org/10.2307/2529310 ƑƒƖƔ

o1hoo7ķĺĺķ-vv;ķĺķşѴ-1h0umķ$ĺŐƑƏƏƔőĺ$_;uoѴ;o=ruor-- "1_b;Ѵ;|_ķ ĺ ŐƑƏƐƏőĺ "blrѴ; l;-mv |o blruo; |_; bm|;uru;|-0bѴb| o= ]Ѵ;ru;vvu;bm;rѴ-bmbm]vr;1b;vbm-vbomvĺTrends in Ecology and u;]u;vvbom1o;==b1b;m|vĺMethods in Ecology and Evolution, 1, 103–113. Evolution, 20ķƑƑƒŋƑƑѶĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƐѵņfĺ|u;;ĺƑƏƏƔĺƏƑĺƏƏƓ _||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƐƐƐņfĺƑƏƓƐŊƑƐƏ*ĺƑƏƐƏĺƏƏƏƐƑĺ -u;Ѵķ ĺķ -mvr-1_ķ ĺķ ু_mķ ĺķ ঍;hķ ĺķ ş -m Ѵ;m;mķ ĺ ŐƑƏƐѵőĺ ";1u;|-ub-|o=|_;om;m|bomomboѴo]b1-Ѵ b;uvb|Ő őĺŐƑƏƏƏőĺAlien spe- m|uo71|bom0b-v-==;1|vu;Ѵ-|bomv_brv0;|;;m|_;1_-u-1|;ubv|b1vo= cies that threaten ecosystems, habitats or speciesĺ& ņ ņņƔņѶķ oum-l;m|-Ѵ-Ѵb;mrѴ-m|v-m7|_;bum-|u-Ѵb-|bomv11;vvĺGlobal Ecology Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversityķ-buo0bķ;m-ĺ and Biogeography, 25ķƐƔƏƏŋƐƔƏƖĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƐƐƐņ];0ĺƐƑƔƑƏ ";;0;mvķ ĺķ Ѵ-1h0umķ $ĺ ĺķ ;uķ ĺ ĺķ ;mo;vbķ ĺķ Ѵl;ķ ĺ ĺķ -;uķ ĺķ -;v;uķ ĺķ -vomķ )ĺķ vvѴķ ĺķ u;=|ķ ĺķ ;u]ѴķĺķĻ-m ;v1_h;ķĺĺķĻ-1_;uķ"ĺŐƑƏƐƕőĺov-|u-|bombm|_;-11lѴ-- Ѵ;m;mķĺŐƑƏƐƕőĺuu;m|-m7=|u;Ѵo1-Ѵm-|u-Ѵb-|bomro|;m|b-Ѵ |bom o= -Ѵb;m vr;1b;v ouѴ7b7;ĺ Nature Communications, 8ķ ƐƓƓƒƔĺ o=oum-l;m|-Ѵvr;1b;vrѴ-m|;7bmr0Ѵb1]u;;mvr-1;v-m7rub-|;]-u- _||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƒѶņm1ollvƐƓƓƒƔ 7;mvĺ Biological Invasions, 12ķ ƒѵƐƒŋƒѵƑƕĺ _||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƏƕņ $_olrvomķ ĺĺķ;||;mķĺ ĺķ$-ll;ķ!ĺķ 7-u7vķ)ĺķşoѴ;vķĺ$ĺ vƐƏƔƒƏŊƏƐƕŊƐƔƖƓŊ ŐƑƏƐƕőĺ -m 7bvr;uv-Ѵ bm;v|l;m| ;rѴ-bm _ |-ѴѴ rѴ-m| vr;1b;v bѴ0-ķĺķş"|o|ķĺĺŐƑƏƏѶőĺ -1|ouv-vvo1b-|;7b|_-Ѵb;mrѴ-m|v|u-m- -1_b;; Ѵom];u 7bvr;uv-Ѵ 7bv|-m1;v |_-m v_ou| rѴ-m| vr;1b;vĵ New vb|bombm]=uol1-v-Ѵķ|om-|u-Ѵb;7ķ|obm-vb;ĺConservation Biology, Phytologist, 217ķƓƏƕŋƓƐƔĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƐƐƐņmr_ĺƐƓƕƒƔ 2ķƒƏѶŋƒƐƕĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƐƐƐņfĺƐƔƑƒŊƐƕƒƖĺƑƏƏƕĺƏƏѶƕƕĺ $_bѴѴ;uķ)ĺķ;ou];vķ ĺķş m]Ѵ;uķ!ĺŐƑƏƐѵőĺ0bolo7ƑĹ mv;l0Ѵ;rѴ-|- ;u]Ѵķĺķ"࢙7Ѵoķĺķ;|ংझhķĺķ -mb_;Ѵh-ķĺķ_u|;hķĺuķ;f7-ķĺķĻ঍;hķ =oul =ou vr;1b;v 7bv|ub0|bom lo7;Ѵbm]ĺ !;|ub;;7 =uol _||rvĹņņ ĺŐƑƏƐѵőĺ -uhvb7;o=|_;=;m1;Ĺum-l;m|-ѴrѴ-m|v-v-vou1;=ou !ĺ!Ŋruof;1|ĺou]ņr-1h-];Ʒ0bolo7Ƒ vrom|-m;ov=Ѵou-o=|_;;1_!;r0Ѵb1ĺPreslia, 88ķƐѵƒŋƐѶƓĺ $_bѴѴ;uķ)ĺķ-=ou1-7;ķĺķ m]Ѵ;uķ!ĺķşu-িfoķĺĺŐƑƏƏƖőĺ ŋ _;Ѵom]ķĺĺķ)bѴѴb-lvķĺĺķş-ѴѴoķ"ĺ!ĺŐƐƖƖƖőĺ;;7ubvh-vv;vv- rѴ-|=oul=ou;mv;l0Ѵ;=ou;1-v|bm]o=vr;1b;v7bv|ub0|bomvĺEcography, l;m|lo7;Ѵ=ouv;-v-0bov;1ub||ooѴ;-Ѵ-|bm]rѴ-m|bm|uo71- 32ķƒѵƖŋƒƕƒĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƐƐƐņfĺƐѵƏƏŊƏƔѶƕĺƑƏƏѶĺƏƔƕƓƑĺ |bomvĺJournal of Environmental Management, 57ķƑƒƖŋƑƔƐĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺ $u0;Ѵbmķĺĺķ-Ѵ-l7ķĺ ĺķş u-m1bvķ!ĺĺŐƑƏƐƕőĺ-rrbm] |_; org/10.1006/jema.1999.0297 ]Ѵo0-Ѵv|-|;o=bm-vb;-Ѵb;mvr;1b;vĹ-||;umvo=bm-vbom-m7roѴb1 Ѵll;uķĺķ;v| ķĺķoѴ;vķ ĺķş( bm;vķ ĺŐƑƏ Əѵőĺ Ĺom;u];m1; u;vromv;vĺGlobal Ecology and Biogeography, 26ķ ƕѶŋƖƑĺ _||rvĹņņ7obĺ 7b-]movbv-m7o|r|-m-Ѵvbv=ouĺR News, 6, 7–11. org/10.1111/geb.12517 ঍;hķĺķ-uo঍झhķ(ĺķ;u]Ѵķĺķ!-m7-ѴѴķ!ĺķ_|u৥ķĺķু_mķĺķĻ"࢙7Ѵoķĺ (-m7;u(;h;mķ"ĺķ;ulķĺķ(;ѴѴ;m7ķĺķm-r;mķ ĺķş(;u_;;mķĺŐƑƏƏѶőĺ ŐƑƏƏƖ-őĺ$_;]Ѵo0-Ѵbm-vbomv11;vvo=;m|u-Ѵ uor;-mrѴ-m|vbvu;- -u7;mrѴ-m|v];|-_;-7v|-u|om1Ѵbl-|;1_-m];ĺFrontiers in Ecology Ѵ-|;7|o7bv|ub0|bom1_-u-1|;ubv|b1vbm|_;bum-|b;u-m];-m7vr;1b;v and the Environment, 6ķƑƐƑŋƑƐѵĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐѶƖƏņƏƕƏƏѵƒ |u-b|vĺDiversity and Distributions, 15, 891–903. -m Ѵ;m;mķ ĺķ -vomķ )ĺķ vvѴķ ĺķ;u]Ѵķĺķ )bm|;uķ ĺķ );0;uķ ĺķ Ļ ঍;hķĺķub-m;hķĺķş-uo঍झhķ(ĺŐƑƏƏƖ0őĺѴ-m|bm]bm|;mvb|ķ u;vb- m|omo-ķĺĺŐƑƏƐƔőĺѴo0-Ѵ;1_-m];-m7-11lѴ-|bomo=momŊm-|b; 7;m1; |bl;ķ -m7 vr;1b;v |u-b|v 7;|;ulbm; bm-vbom v11;vv o= -Ѵb;m rѴ-m|vĺNature, 525ķƐƏƏŋƐƏƒĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƒѶņm-|u;ƐƓƖƐƏ oo7vr;1b;vĺEcology, 90ķƑƕƒƓŋƑƕƓƓĺ -mѴ;m;mķĺķ -vomķ)ĺķ"1_Ѵ-;r=;uķ ĺ!ĺķ;v1_h;ķĺĺķş bv1_;uķ ঍;hķĺķ-m1;uķĺĺķѴ0-ķĺķ1u;]ouķĺ ĺķ;u]Ѵķĺķࡈ|-f;uo࢙ķ ĺŐƑƏƐƏőĺu;bm-7;uv7b==;u;m|ĵ1om1;r|-Ѵ=u-l;ouho=1ol- ĺķĻࣂ-mo࢙ķĺŐƑƏƐƔőĺ-|u-Ѵb-|bomo=1;m|u-Ѵ uor;-mrѴ-m|v r-u-|b; -rruo-1_;v =ou -vv;vvbm] 7;|;ulbm-m|v o= bm-vb;m;vvĺ bmou|_l;ub1-Ĺ"r;1b;v|u-b|vķ_-0b|-|vķruor-]Ѵ;ru;vvu;ķu;vb- Ecology Letters, 13ķƖƓƕŋƖƔѶĺ 7;m1;|bl;ĺEcology, 96ķƕѵƑŋƕƕƓĺ -mѴ;m;mķĺķ vvѴķ ĺķ;u]Ѵķĺķum7ķĺķ-u0ombķĺķ ѴѴbm];uķ"ĺķĻ ঍;hķĺķ;u]Ѵķĺķ vvѴķ ĺķ;mm;uķĺķ -vomķ)ĺķu;=|ķĺķĻ-m ;==;uķĺŐƑƏƐѶőĺ$_;1_-m]bm]uoѴ;o=oum-l;m|-Ѵ_ou|b1Ѵ|u;bm-Ѵb;m Ѵ;m;mķĺŐƑƏƐƕőĺ-|u-Ѵb;7-Ѵb;m=Ѵou-o=|_;ouѴ7Ĺ"r;1b;v7b- rѴ-m|bm-vbomvĺBiological Reviewsĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƐƐƐņ0uĺƐƑƓƏƑ ;uvb|ķ|-omolb1-m7r_Ѵo];m;|b1r-||;umvķ];o]u-r_b17bv|ub0- )-Ѵ|_;uķĺ!ĺķ!ot;vķĺķѴl;ķĺ ĺķ"h;vķĺ$ĺķ঍;hķĺķু_mķ |bom-m7]Ѵo0-Ѵ_o|vro|vo=rѴ-m|bm-vbomĺPreslia, 89ķƑƏƒŋƑƕƓĺ ĺķ Ļ 1ķ ĺ ŐƑƏƏƖőĺ Ѵb;m vr;1b;v bm - -ul;u ouѴ7Ĺ !bvhv -m7 ঍;hķĺķş!b1_-u7vomķ ĺĺŐƑƏƏƕőĺ$u-b|v-vvo1b-|;7b|_bm-vb;m;vv orrou|mb|b;vĺTrends in Ecology & Evolution, 24ķѵѶѵŋѵƖƒĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺ bm-Ѵb;mrѴ-m|vĹ)_;u;7o;v|-m7ĵm)ĺ;m|b]Ő 7ĺőķBiological in- ou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƐѵņfĺ|u;;ĺƑƏƏƖĺƏѵĺƏƏѶ vasions, ecological studiesķ(oѴĺƐƖƒŐrrĺƖƕŋƐƑƔőĺ;uѴbmş;b7;Ѵ0;u]Ĺ )"ĺŐƑƏƐƕőĺWorld checklist of selected plant familiesĺ;Ĺ -1bѴb|-|;7 "rubm];uŊ(;uѴ-]ĺ 0|_;!o-Ѵo|-mb1-u7;mvĺ !ou;$;-lĺŐƑƏƐƕőĺR: A language and environment for statistical comput- )b;uv;l-ķ ĺ ĺ ŐƐƖƖƔőĺ $-omolb1 bm=oul-|bom om 1Ѵ|b-|;7 rѴ-m|v ingĺ(b;mm-ķv|ub-Ĺ!ou;$;-lĺ bm |_; &" ņ!" ;ulrѴ-vl !;vou1;v m=oul-|bom ;|ouh !--m-f-|ooķ ĺķ -u;Ѵķ ĺķ -vomķ )ĺķ vvѴķ ĺķ u;=|ķ ĺķ;u]Ѵķĺķ Ő!őĺActa Horticulturae, 413ķƐƏƖŋƐƐѵĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƕѵѵƏņ Ļ(-mѴ;m;mķĺŐƑƏƐѵőĺѴ-m|v1-r-0Ѵ;o=v;Ѵ=bm]-u;lou;Ѵbh;Ѵ 1|-ou|b1ĺƐƖƖƔĺƓƐƒĺƐѵ |o0;1ol;m-|u-Ѵb;7ĺNature Communications, 7ķƐƒƒƐƒĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺ )bѴѴb-lvomķĺŐƑƏƏѵőĺ rѴ-bmbm]-m7ru;7b1|bm]|_;v11;vvo=bm-7bm] ou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƒѶņm1ollvƐƒƒƐƒ vr;1b;v-|7b==;u;m|v|-];vo=bm-vbomĺBiological Invasions, 8, 1561– !;b1_-u7ķ"ĺĺķş-lbѴ|omķĺ)ĺŐƐƖƖƕőĺu;7b1|bm]bm-vbomvo=oo7 ƐƔѵѶĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƏƕņvƐƏƔƒƏŊƏƏƔŊƔѶƓƖŊƕ rѴ-m|vbm|uo71;7|oou|_l;ub1-ĺConservation Biology, 11, 193– ƑƏƒĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƓѵņfĺƐƔƑƒŊƐƕƒƖĺƐƖƖƕĺƖƔƓƕƒĺ !;mm;uķ"ĺ"ĺŐƑƏƐƓőĺ$_;u;Ѵ-|b;-m7-0voѴ|;=u;t;m1b;vo=-m]bovr;ul v;-Ѵvv|;lvĹ bo;1ķlomo;1ķ]mo7bo;1ķ-m7-mr7-|;7om- Ѵbm;7-|-0-v;ĺAmerican Journal of Botany, 101, 1–9. !b1_-u7vomķ ĺĺķş঍;hķĺŐƑƏƐƑőĺ-|u-Ѵb-|bomo=bm|uo71;7 rѴ-m|vĹ 1oѴo]b1-Ѵ7ub;uvo=0bo];o]u-r_b1r-||;umvĺNew Phytologist, 196ķƒѶƒŋƒƖѵĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƐƐƐņfĺƐƓѵƖŊѶƐƒƕĺƑƏƐƑĺƏƓƑƖƑĺ !b1_-u7vomķ ĺĺķ঍;hķĺķ!;fl࢙m;hķĺķ-u0ouķĺĺķ-m;||-ķ ĺ ĺķş);v|ķĺĺŐƑƏƏƏőĺ-|u-Ѵb-|bom-m7bm-vbomo=-Ѵb;mrѴ-m|vĹ om1;r|v -m7 7;=bmb|bomvĺ Diversity and Distributions, 6, 93–107. _||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƓѵņfĺƐƓƕƑŊƓѵƓƑĺƑƏƏƏĺƏƏƏѶƒĺ !ot;|ķ ĺķ $_bѴѴ;uķ )ĺķ ş -;u]m;ķ "ĺ ŐƑƏƐƑőĺ uor; m7;uv uorbѴ7bm]l;]-r_Ѵo];mb;v=oul-1uo;1oѴo]Ĺ$-hbm]r|_; 1_-ѴѴ;m];ĺEcography, 36, 13–26.