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Download Report BTO Research Report No. 229 Review of the Status of Introduced Non-Native Waterbird Species in the Agreement Area of the African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement Research Contract CR0219 Authors M.J. Blair, H. McKay, A.J. Musgrove & M.M. Rehfisch Report of work carried out by the British Trust for Ornithology under contract to the Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions February 2000 British Trust for Ornithology British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk IP24 2PU Registered Charity No. 216652 CONTACT NAMES AND ADDRESSES British Trust for Ornithology The Nunnery Thetford Norfolk IP24 2PU Contacts: Dr Mark Rehfisch, Head of Wetland & Coastal Ecology Unit (Scientific Matters) Mr Michael Blair, Introduced Waterbirds Project Officer Dr Andrew Musgrove, WeBS Low Tide Counts Organiser Dr Nigel Clark, Head of Projects (Contractual Matters) Tel: 01842 750050 Fax: 01842 750030 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Central Science Laboratory Sand Hutton York YO41 1LZ Contact: Dr Helen McKay, Wildlife Management and Conservation Team (CEP6) Tel: 01904 462060 Fax: 01904 462111 E-mail: [email protected] CONTENTS Page No. List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................... 3 List of Appendices ................................................................................................................................ 5 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... 7 2. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 9 3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................. 11 3.1 Key Objectives of the Contract ............................................................................................ 11 3.2 Major Areas of Work ........................................................................................................... 11 4. PROJECT CONCEPTS AND IMPLEMENTATION ....................................................... 13 4.1 Project Structure.................................................................................................................... 13 4.2 Lack of Information on Introduced Waterbirds in the Literature.................................... 13 4.3 Changes to Project Documentation ..................................................................................... 13 4.4 Project Implementation, Information Services and Questionnaire Design ...................... 14 5. DATABASE ........................................................................................................................... 15 5.1 AEWA Database and Contents ............................................................................................ 15 5.2 Data Quality .......................................................................................................................... 16 5.2.1 Lack of detailed knowledge of introduced species ................................................ 16 5.2.2 Quality of responses ................................................................................................. 16 5.2.3 Inadequate responses ............................................................................................... 16 6. SPECIES ACCOUNTS AND GLOSSARY OF LITERATURE ...................................... 17 6.1 Full Species Accounts ............................................................................................................. 17 6.1.1 Sacred Ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus .......................................................................... 18 6.1.2 Greater (European Flamingo) Phoenicopterus ruber ............................................... 19 6.1.3 Chilean Flamingo Phoenicopterus chilensis .............................................................. 21 6.1.4 Mute Swan Cygnus olor .............................................................................................. 22 6.1.5 Black Swan Cygnus atratus ........................................................................................ 25 6.1.6 Greylag Goose Anser anser (incorporating Feral/hybrids) ....................................... 28 6.1.7 Bar-headed Goose Anser indicus ................................................................................ 30 6.1.8 Canada Goose Branta canadensis .............................................................................. 32 6.1.9 Barnacle Goose Branta leucopsis ............................................................................... 36 6.1.10 Egyptian Goose Alopochen aegyptiacus .................................................................... 38 6.1.11 Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea ........................................................................ 40 6.1.12 Muscovy Duck Cairina moschata (forma domestica only) ........................................ 42 6.1.13 Mandarin Aix galericulata ......................................................................................... 45 6.1.14 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos (incorporating Feral/hybrids) ...................................... 48 6.1.15 Red-crested Pochard Netta rufina ............................................................................. 52 6.1.16 Ruddy Duck Oxyura jamaicensis .............................................................................. 53 6.2 Species which have Escaped and Bred or Survived at Least One Year in the Wild ........ 56 BTO Research Report No. 229 February 2000 1 Page No. 6.3 The Compilation of an International List of References on Invasive and Introduced Organisms........................................................................................................... 75 7. INTRODUCED WATERBIRDS: GOVERNMENTAL AND NGO PERCEPTIONS ... 77 7.1 Population Estimates ............................................................................................................ 77 7.2 Factors Affecting the Presence and Spread of Introduced Waterbird Species ................ 77 7.3 The Threat Posed by Introduced Waterbird Species to Indigenous Waterbird Species . 78 7.4 Governmental Responses to Introduced Waterbirds ......................................................... 78 7.4.1 Africa ......................................................................................................................... 78 7.4.2 America ..................................................................................................................... 80 7.4.3 Asia ............................................................................................................................ 80 7.4.4 Asia Minor and the Middle East ............................................................................. 80 7.4.5 Europe ....................................................................................................................... 81 8. GAPS IN COVERAGE IN THE AEWA AREA ................................................................ 87 8.1 Africa ...................................................................................................................................... 88 8.2 America .................................................................................................................................. 89 8.3 Asia ......................................................................................................................................... 89 8.4 Asia Minor and the Middle East .......................................................................................... 89 8.5 Europe .................................................................................................................................... 90 8.6 Collecting the Missing Data .................................................................................................. 90 8.7 Updating the Database .......................................................................................................... 91 9. STATUS OF INTRODUCED WATERBIRDS IN THE AEWA AREA AND THEIR EFFECT ON NATIVE WATERBIRDS - PROJECT CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................93 9.1 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................ 93 9.1.1 Literature .................................................................................................................. 93 9.1.2 Project findings ........................................................................................................ 93 9.1.3 An assessment of introduced waterbirds as potential threats to native waterbird species ...................................................................................................... 94 9.1.4 Trends ....................................................................................................................... 97 9.1.5 Contradictory responses .......................................................................................... 98 9.1.6 Hunting releases ....................................................................................................... 98 9.1.7 Which introductions are the greatest threat to migratory waterbirds? .............. 99 9.1.8 Usefulness of the data obtained by the project .....................................................
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