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Threats from Introduced Birds to Native Birds

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Threats from Introduced Birds to Native Birds Emu 2014, 114, 1–12 © BirdLife Australia 2014 © BirdLife Australia 2014 doi:10.1071/MU12122_AC Supplementary material Threats from introduced birds to native birds Jack BakerA,B, Kerinne J. HarveyA and Kris FrenchA AInstitute for Conservation Biology and Environmental Management, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. BCorresponding author. Email: [email protected] Page 1 of 17 Emu 2014, 114, 1–12 © BirdLife Australia 2014 doi:10.1071/MU12122_AC Table S1. Interspecific interactions between introduced and native bird species showing the type of interaction, level of evidence, outcome and whether a population-level threat was demonstrated Introduced bird Native bird as named in Location Process Level of Outcome Threat Reference reference evidence demonstrated Austral Thrush Juan Fernandez Juan Predation Anecdotal Introduced species known to be a nest No Hahn et al. (2011) (Turdus Firecrown Fernandez predator of the native species falcklandii) Archipelago Australian Silvereye New Zealand Competition – Causal Native species avoids artificial feeding site No Borowske et al. Magpie interference near introduced species (2012) (Cracticus tibicen) 20+ species including 12 New Zealand Competition – Anecdotal Introduced species seen to attack 12 native No McCaskill (1945) native species interference species Swamp Harrier New Zealand Competition – Anecdotal Introduced species makes 100+ non-contact No McIlroy (1968) interference attacks on native species White-faced Heron, Tui, New Zealand Competition – Anecdotal Introduced species attacks nests and nestlings No Moon (1956) Australasian Pipit interference of native species 45 species, including 27 New Zealand Competition – Correlative Introduced species attacks 27 native species – No Morgan et al. native species interference 33% of attacks on 45 species are fatal and (2005) Predation 25% of fatalities eaten Swamp Harrier, Sacred New Zealand Competition – Correlative Fewer native birds in the vicinity of No Morgan et al. Kingfisher, Masked interference introduced species – territoriality inferred (2006a) Lapwing, Grey Fantail, Welcome Swallow, New Zealand Pigeon and several non-native species Purple Swamphen New Zealand Predation Causal 38 nests monitored – no predation by No Morgan et al. (Pukeko) and several introduced species (2006b) non-native species Canada Goose Native waterfowl Northern Competition – Theoretical Introduced species could affect nesting of No Allen & Mellon (Branta Ireland interference some species at a very local level Environmental Ltd canadensis) (2005) Cattle Egret Black-necked Stilt Hawaiian Predation Anecdotal Introduced species takes chicks of native No Stone and (Bubulcus ibis) Islands species Anderson (1988) Page 2 of 17 Emu 2014, 114, 1–12 © BirdLife Australia 2014 doi:10.1071/MU12122_AC Introduced bird Native bird as named in Location Process Level of Outcome Threat Reference reference evidence demonstrated Chukar Red-legged Partridge Italy Hybridisation Correlative Native population introgressed at genomic Potentially Baratti et al. (2005) (Alectoris level with introduced species chukar) Red-legged Partridge Italy Hybridisation Correlative High level of hybridisation in three Potentially Barbanera et al. populations (2005) Red-legged Partridge, Europe Hybridisation Correlative Introduced species hybridised with native Potentially Barilani et al. Rock Partridge species (2007) Red-legged Partridge Iberian Hybridisation Correlative Introduced species hybridised with native Potentially Blanco-Aguiar et Peninsula species al. (2008) Red-legged Partridge Spain Hybridisation Correlative Introduced species hybridised with native Potentially Tejedor et al. species (2007) Common Myna Tahiti Monarch Tahiti Competition – Correlative Reproductive success of native species Yes Blanvillain et al. (Acridotheres interference reduced – predation inferred (2003) tristis) Silvereye New Zealand Competition – Causal Native species does not avoid artificial No Borowske et al. interference feeding site near introduced species (2012) Various species Global Disease Theoretical Introduced species presumed to carry diseases No Brochier et al. that infect native species (2010) Black-backed and Red- New Zealand Competition – Anecdotal Introduced species fights over some food No Counsilman (1974) billed Gulls food items with native species Honeyeaters and other Australia Competition – Anecdotal Introduced species presumed to have No Crisp and Lill native species food negligible competition with native species (2006) Various species Global Predation Theoretical Introduced species may be a predator of native No Dhami and Nagle (review) eggs and chicks, may outcompete native (2009) Competition – species for food, and may spread parasites and food diseases to native species Disease 17 native and 3 Australia Competition – Correlative Reduced abundance of one nativespecies – No Grarock et al. introduced species nest site competition for nesting hollows inferred (2012) Competition – Growth in populations of 7 native species was interference slowed – competition inferred Silver Gull, Australian Australia Competition – Causal Interspecific aggression measured – inferred No Haythorpe et al. Magpie, Noisy Miner, food that competition for food not significant (2012) Australian Raven, Crested Pigeon Sooty Tern Ascension Predation Causal Introduced species a predator of nest-contents No Hughes et al. Island of native species (2008) Page 3 of 17 Emu 2014, 114, 1–12 © BirdLife Australia 2014 doi:10.1071/MU12122_AC Introduced bird Native bird as named in Location Process Level of Outcome Threat Reference reference evidence demonstrated Common Myna Various species Australia, Disease Correlative Introduced species carries parasite (avian No Ishtiaq et al. (2006) (cont.) Pacific malaria, Plasmodium spp.) lineages to sites of islands introductions Mauritius Kestrel Mauritius Competition – Anecdotal Introduced species excluded native species No Jones (1996) nesting sites from nest-boxes Seychelles Magpie- Seychelles Competition – Correlative All nesting attempts (n = 9) by native species Yes Komdeur (1996) Robin interference abandoned when introduced species present Wedge-tailed Hawaiian Predation Anecdotal Introduced species a predator of nest-contents No Long (1981) Shearwater Islands of native species Various species Disease Introduced species carries diseases Various species Australia Competition – Causal Introduced species had low rate of nesting in No Lowe et al. (2011) nesting sites native vegetation – lack of competition with native species inferred Competition – Introduced species had low rate of aggression interference toward native species Purple Martin USA Competition – Anecdotal Native species attacked at its nesting sites by No Neville (2003) nesting sites introduced species 7 small common garden Australia Competition – Correlative No native species was negatively associated No Parsons et al. birds interference with presence of introduced species (2006) Red-rumped Parrot, Australia Competition – Causal During breeding period, introduced species No Pell and Tidemann Crimson Rosella, nesting sites was dominant aggressor and user of nest- (1997) Eastern Rosella hollows Tanga’eo (Mangaia Cook Islands Competition – Anecdotal Introduced species disrupted one nest of No Rowe and Empson Kingfisher) interference native species (1996) Pomarea spp. Tahiti Predation Causal No egg predation by introduced species No Thibault et al. (Monarchidae) (2002) Various species New Zealand Competition – Correlative Native species increased in abundance with No Tindall et al. (2007) interference removal of introduced species – release from competition inferred Common Various species North Competition – Theoretical Introduced species does not compete with No Elton (1958) Starling (Sturnus America food native species because it occupies a new niche vulgaris) Red-rumped Parrot; Australia Competition – Correlative Availability of nest-hollows was not a limiting No Gates (1996) Tree Martin nesting sites factor for native species Page 4 of 17 Emu 2014, 114, 1–12 © BirdLife Australia 2014 doi:10.1071/MU12122_AC Introduced bird Native bird as named in Location Process Level of Outcome Threat Reference reference evidence demonstrated Common Rufous Hornero, Chalk- South Competition – Anecdotal Introduced species disrupted 3 nest-hollows of No Ifran and Fiorini Starling (cont.) browed Mockingbird, America nesting sites one native species (2010) Shiny Cowbird, Golden- breasted Woodpecker Red-bellied North Competition – Causal Nest-hollows lost to introduced species and No Ingold (1989) Woodpecker, Red- America nesting sites correlated with reduced fecundity in one headed Woodpecker native species Red-bellied North Competition – Causal Nest-hollows of native species lost to No Ingold (1994) Woodpecker, Red- America nesting sites introduced species headed Woodpecker, Northern Flicker Northern Flicker North Competition – Causal Native species pairs that delayed breeding had No Ingold (1996) America nesting sites reduced fecundity – competition for nest- hollows with introduced species inferred Northern Flicker North Competition – Causal Supplementation with nesting boxes did not No Ingold (1998) America nesting sites reduce competition with introduced species Mountain Bluebird, Tree North Competition – Correlative Introduced species had little effect on No Koch et al. (2012) Swallow America nesting sites fecundity of native species – Tree Swallow may shift nesting niche in response to density of introduced species 27
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