Annex A: Sources

NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS Aviation Week and Space Technology Daily Express Daily Mail Daily Mirror Daily Telegraph Financial Times Flight International Economist Guardian New York Times New Scientist Observer Scotsman Standard Sun Sunday Telegraph Sunday Times The Times Washington Post

BBC RADIO 'PM' Today The World at One The World This Weekend The World Tonight

BBC TELEVISION The Nine O'Clock News Newsnight Panorama

198 Annex A 199

GRANADA TELEVISION

The World in Action

INDEPENDENT TELEVISION NEWS

The News at One The News at 5.45 The News at Ten

LONDON WEEKEND TELEVISION

Weekend World

THAMES TELEVISION

TV Eye

INTERVIEWS (* with Professor Freedman)

Colonel J. Alford Geoffrey Archer Group D. Bolton *Sir Frank Cooper Rear E. Gueritz Julian Holland Christopher Lee Derek Lewis Derek McAllister *Major General Sir Jeremy Moore *Sir Michael Palliser *Hugh Pile Henry Stanhope *Neville Taylor Andrew Tausig Christopher Wain Charles Lawrence (Daily Telegraph correspondent with the task force) also spoke to the author by telephone about his experience of war reporting. Annex B: List of Main Commentators on Military Aspects of the Falklands Campaign (with details ofappearances identified)

RETIRED SERVICE OFFICERS

(* details taken from Who's Who) Colonel Jonathan ALFORD, Deputy Director, International Institute for Strategic Studies since 1978; retired Army 1976. Appeared: Weekend World, ITN, Radio 4, Newsnight, and was widely quoted in the press. *Air Marshal Sir Alfred BALL, Vice Chairman (Air) Council of TAVRAs; Military Affairs consultant, ICL; retired RAF 1979, former Deputy CinC RAF Strike Command. Appeared Newsnight, Panorama. *Vice-Admiral Sir Lancelot BELL-DAVIES, retired RN 1981; former Commandant NATO Defence College; staff of SACLANT. Appeared: Newsnight, Radio 4. *Group Captain David BOLTON, Director, Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies; retired RAF 1980. Appeared: Weekend World, Radio 4, consulted by the press. *Field Marshal Lord CARVER, Chief of Defence Staff, 1973-6. Appeared: Radio 4. Admiral Sir Andrew CUNNINGHAM, British naval , Mediterranean, Second World War. Quoted in New York Times. Colonel Gerald DRAPER, Professor of International Law, University of Sussex. Appeared: Radio 4, Newsnight. Major Bob ELLIOT, International Institute for Strategic Studies. Appeared: Radio 4, quoted in the press. Colonel Robin EVELEIGH, former Director, Army Operations; retired Army 1977. Appeared: Newsnight.

200 Annex B 201

*Air Chief Marshal Sir Christopher FOXLEY-NORRIS, former Chief of Personnel and Logistics; retired RAF 1974. Appeared: Newsnight, Weekend World, ITN, Radio 4. Air Commodore Brian FROWE. Appeared: Radio 4. Major General Nigel GRIBBON, retired Army 1972; former Assistant Chief of Staff (Intelligence) SHAPE. Appeared: ITN. Teddy GUERITZ, defence consultant, writer and broadcaster; retired RN 1973; former Director Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies. Appeared: BBC TV News, Weekend World, ITN, Radio 4, consulted by press. *Admiral of the Fleet, Lord HILL-NORTON, former Chief of Defence Staff; Chairman NATO Military Committee 1974-7. Appeared: Radio 4; widely quoted in the press. *Air Vice-Marshal Norman HOAD, retired RAF 1978; former Commander UK Joint Airborne Task Force; Staff of Royal College of Defence Studies. Appeared: Radio 4, Newsnight. *Brigadier Ken HUNT, defence specialist and writer; former Director British Atlantic Committee; has held various academic positions. Appeared: Weekend World, Radio 4, Newsnight. *Major General Bob LOUDON, RM, retired 1975; former Major General RM Training Group. Appeared: Radio 4, Newsnight. *Vice-Admiral Sir Ian McGEOGH, Editorial Director, Naval Forces; author; retired RN 1970; former Flag Officer ; Flag Officer Scotland and . Appeared: Radio 4, Newsnight. Colonel Neil MAUDE, RM. Appeared: Weekend World. *Air Vice-Marshal Stewart (Paddy) MENAUL, Defence Consultant; retired RAF 1967; former Director Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies. Appeared: ITN, Radio 4, TV Eye. *-Colonel Colin MITCHELL, Chairman, Garrison Ltd; retired Army 1968. Appeared: TV Eye. Captain J. E. MOORE, RN, Editor, Jane's Fighting Ships; retired RN 1972. Appeared: Radio 4. *Rear Admiral John NUNN, Editor, The Naval Review; Bursar and Fellow, Exeter College Oxford; retired RN 1980. Appeared: Radio 4. *Major General John OWEN RM, retired RM 1973; last post: Major General Commando Forces RM Plymouth. Appeared ITN, Newsnight, Radio 4. Admiral of the Fleet Sir Michael POLLOCK, former First Sea Lord; retired 1974. Appeared: Radio 4. Brigadier Dick PURVES, Director General, Defence Manufacturer's Association; retired Army 1975. Appeared: Radio 4. 202 Annex B

*Vice-Admiral Sir John ROXBURGH, retired RN 1972; last post, Flag Officer Submarines. Appeared: Radio 4, Newsnight, Panorama. Air Chief Marshal Sir Alastair STEEDMAN, retired RAF 1980; previous posts: UK Military Representative to NATO; Air Member for Supply and Organisation. Appeared: Weekend World, Radio 4, Newsnight. Captain Peter STEWART, RN, Former Naval Attache, Buenos Aires. Appeared: Radio 4, quoted in the press. Captain Roger VILLAR, RN, naval consultant to Defence Manufacturers' Association; Editor,jane's Weapon Systems. Appeared: Radio 4. *Major General Sir Walter WALKER, retired 1972; former Commander-in-Chief Allied Forces N. Europe. Appeared: Radio 4. Rear Admiral Martin WEMYSS, retired RN 1981; former Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (Operations). Appeared: Panorama, ITN, quoted in the press. General Sir Peter WHITELEY, Lieutenant Governor, Jersey; retired RM 1979; former Commandant General Royal Marines, CinC Allied Forces, N. Europe. Appeared: Radio 4.

JOURNALISTS

R. W. APPLE, Jr, London correspondent, New York Times Geoffrey ARCHER, defence correspondent, ITN Bridget BLOOM, defence correspondent, Financial Times Charles CAWDREY, editor, Baltimore Sun (also appeared on Radio 4) Jon CONNELL, defence correspondent, Sunday Times (also appeared on Weekend World) Air Cdre G. S. COOPER, air correspondent, Daily Telegraph Jackson DIEHL, staff reporter , Washington Post Leonard DOWNIE, staff reporter, Washington Post Harvey ELIOT, defence correspondent, Daily Mail Michael EVANS, defence correspondent, Daily Express David F AIRHALL, defence correspondent, Guardian Maj Gen C. FURSDON, defence correspondent, Daily Telegraph (also appeared on Radio 4) Michael GETLER, staff reporter, Washington Post Keith GRAVES, diplomatic correspondent, BBC TV News R. H. GREENFIELD, defence correspondent, Sunday Telegraph HaroldJACKSON, Washington correspondent, Guardian Christopher LEE, defence correspondent, BBC Radio Drew MIDDLETON, military correspondent, New York Times (also appeared on Newsnight) Annex B 203

Chris MULLINGER, Scotsman Ellis PLAICE, defence correspondent, Daily Mirror Doug RICHARDSON, New Scientist Jay ROSS, staff reporter, Washington Post Hugh O'SHAUNESSY, Latin America correspondent, Financial Times Peter SNOW, presenter, Newsnight Henry STANHOPE, defence correspondent, Times (also appeared on Radio 4) Andrew THOMPSON, editor, Latin American Newsletter (also appeared on Weekend World, Panorama) Christopher WAIN, defence correspondent, BBC TV News Brian WALDEN, presenter, Weekend World Desmond WETTERN, naval correspondent, Daily Telegraph Andrew WHITELY, former Buenos Aires correspondent, Financial Times (also appeared on Weekend World) Andrew WILSON, Observer George C. WILSON, staff reporter, Washington Post Nicholas WITCHELL, staff reporter, BBC TV News

ACADEMICS AND OTHERS

Patrick BERNSTEIN, Falkland Islander (knowledgeable about Stanley airfield). Appeared: ITN. Harold BLAKEMORE, Institute of Latin American Studies. Appeared: Weekend World, Radio 4. Admiral Robert FALLS, US Navy Chairman NATO Military Committee. Quoted in the press. Professor Lawrence FREEDMAN, Professor of War Studies, King's College London. Appeared: TV Eye. Bill GUNSTON, writer; consultant to Jane's All the World's Aircraft. Appeared: World in Action, Radio 4, widely quoted in and wrote for the press. Professor Michael HOWARD, Chichele Professor of History, Oxford. Appeared: Radio 4, quoted in and wrote for the press. Admiral 1. C. KIDD, United States Navy. Quoted in the press. John LEHMAN, United States Secretary for the Navy. Widely quoted in the press. Guillermo MAKIN, Argentine academic writer. Appeared: Weekend World. Kenneth MUNSON, deputy editor, Jane's All the World's Aircraft. Quoted in the press. Norman POLMAR, American naval analyst. Appeared: Newsnight. 204 Annex B

Anthony PRESTON, naval analyst; editor, Navy International. Appeared: BBC TV News, ITN, Radio 4, widely quoted in, and wrote for, the press. Mike RENDALL, former Sergeant, Royal Marines (familiar with terrain and conditions in the Falklands). Appeared: Newsnight. Adam ROBERTS, Fellow in International Law, All Souls' Oxford. Appeared: Radio 4. Dr Paul ROGERS, Department of Peace Studies, Bradford. Appeared: Newsnight. Norman ROUTLEDGE, former quartermaster, 45 Commando, Royal Marines. Appeared: Radio 4. Manfred SHOMFELD, columnist, La Prensa (Argentine newspaper). Appeared: Panorama, Radio 4. Jim SHORT, writer on Special Forces. Appeared: Newsnight. Dr William TAYLOR, Director of Political/Military Studies, Georgetown Centre for Strategic and International Studies. Quoted in the press. Admiral Stansfield TURNER, US Navy; former Head of CIA. Quoted in the press. David WATT, Director of Royal Institute of International Affairs. Appeared: Newsnight. Ian WHITE, former pilot, Falklands Islands Government Air Service. Appeared: Radio 4. Philip WINDSOR, Reader in International Relations, London School of Economics. Appeared: Weekend World, Radio 4. Admiral Elmo ZUMWALT, US Navy. Widely quoted in the press. Annex C: The Falklands Campaign (Operation Corporate): A Chronology

APRIL

Thurs 1 Intelligence indicates Argentine invasion of the Falklands likely by 2 April. Various diplomatic steps. Decision taken by Prime Minister, Foreign and Defence Secretaries to put troops on immediate notice for deployment to Atlantic. Argentine landings begin at night. Fri 2 Argentine forces seize Port Stanley. Royal Marines surrender after three-hour battle and are flown out the same evening, with the Governor. Formation of the task force announced. Sat 3 UN Security Council Resolution 502 passed. Britain breaks off diplomatic relations with . Emergency Commons debate: Prime Minister announces that some ships are already at sea. , , captured by Argentines under observation by helicopter from HMS . Argentine corvette Guerrico damaged by Royal Marines. Mon 5 Rear Admiral J. F. Woodward appointed to command the task force. Requisitioning and chartering of merchant vessels, including SS , announced to Commons. embark and task force (including HMS Invincible, HMS Hermes and HMS Fearless) sails. Wed 7 Second Commons debate: Setting up of Maritime Exclusion Zone (MEZ) with effect from 12 April announced, also leadership and command of British forces. It is also announced that the task force will include HMS Fearless and five landing ships. Thurs 8 Haig 'peace shuttle' begins. PM announces enquiry into events leading up to crisis. Requisitioning of merchant vessels Elk, Salvagemen, Irishman, Yorkshireman announced. :3

205 206 Annex C

Parachute Battalion (the Spearhead Battalion) embark on SS Canberra. Fri 9 SS Canberra sails. Sat 10 MoD describe task force as twenty-one ships including support vessels. Mon 12 Mr Haig flies to London from Buenos Aires. 200-mile MEZ takes effect for Argentine vessels. Tues 13 British press claim submarines have arrived off Argentine coast. Wed 14 Mr Haig in Washington. Argentine government complain that British are violating Treaty of Tlatelolco by sending SSNs to South Atlantic. Third Commons debate: Composition of task force described as two carriers, five guided missile , seven , one assault ship with five landing vessels and supporting vessels (including SS Uganda as a hospital ship). It is also announced that Nimrod aircraft are patrolling South Atlantic and additional Harriers to be sent, 'nearly doubling' size of Harrier force. Thurs 15 Mr Haig returns to Buenos Aires. Fri 16 Media correspondents embarked with task force are refused permission to land on . Sat 17 Statement by Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs. British C in C Fleet visits Ascension Island. Sun 18 Main task force sails from Ascension Island (although some elements, including HMS Invincible are subsequently reported to have left earlier). Mon 19 Mr Haig leaves Buenos Aires. Embarkation of 2nd Battalion Parachute Regiment and supporting elements of 5 Infantry Brigade announced. SS Uganda sails from . Tues 20 Mr Haig in Washington. HMG told of latest Argentine proposals. Dockers' strike at Hull delays sailing of SS Norland. Wed 21 Sea Harrier intercepts Argentine Boeing 707 on reconnaissance near task force. SAS landings on South Georgia. Thurs 22 Foreign Secretary arrives in Washington to consult Mr Haig. Publication of Statement on Defence Estimates (the White Paper) postponed. Two helicopters crash while lifting SAS of Fortuna Glacier South Georgia: all safely rescued. Fri 23 Defence zone around task force announced - Argentine government warned in evening not to let its forces approach the task force. Sea King ditched. Sat 24 Foreign Secretary returns to UK. Annex C 207

Sun 25 Mr Haig says retaking of South Georgia would not prevent settlement. Imposition of Air Exclusion Zone announced. Argentine Sante Fe hit and driven ashore by helicopter attack: announcement made by MoD two hours later. British forces recapture Grytviken and Stromness, South Georgia, without suffering casualties. 180 prisoners taken. Mon 26 PM's statement to Commons - omits mention of aborted SAS landing on South Georgia. Formal Argentine surrender of Leith on South Georgia. Argentine prisoner on South Georgia shot dead due to confusion about his intentions; inquiry set up. Tues 27 Meeting of Organisation of American States (OAS) opens. Diversion of RFA Tidepool (about to be sold to Chile) to Operation Corporate announced. Wed 28 MoD announce to take effect from 30 April. Thurs 29 Fourth Commons debate, which includes some argument about tactics. PM announces that thirty-four merchant ships have been taken up. RAF Vulcans arrive on Ascension Island. Bad weather delays task force. Fri 30 US openly sides with Britain, indicating failure of Mr Haig's mediation attempts. Total Exclusion Zone takes effect. Argentine announce their own exclusion zone. MoD confirms that HMS Exeter (which Argentines claim to have sunk) is still in Caribbean. Main task group reaches area around Falklands. Sea Harrier reinforcements arrive in Ascension Island having flown via Gambia.

MAY

Sat 1 Vulcan refuelled in flight from Ascension Island drops 21 X 1000 Ib bombs across Stanley airfield, inflicting one 'hit' on the runways. Harriers follow later and also attack Goose Green airfield. Argentine aircraft on ground damaged. Naval bombardment begins, led by HMS Glamorgan. Warships are attacked by Argentine aircraft; two Mirages and one Canberra shot down, one Canberra damaged and one Mirage believed to be Argentine 'own goal'. HMS Arrow superficially damaged. Frigates and helicopters hunt for Argentine submarine believed to be in the area. Major General J. Moore appointed land deputy to C in C Fleet. First Special Forces patrols 'inserted' into Falklands Islands. 208 Annex C

Sun 2 Foreign Secretary in Washington. Argentine General Belgrano sunk by Mk 8 torpedoes from HMS Conqueror. At the time of the sinking, the cruiser was escorted by two destroyers, outside but near to the exclusion zone. 360 believed dead. Mon 3 Foreign Secretary meets President of the UN Security Council and UN Secretary General before returning to London with first Peruvian proposals. Attack on General Belgrano (but not sinking) made public in morning news. MoD learn of her loss. Two Argentine patrol vessels fire on Sea King helicopter. One (the Sommellero) claimed sunk, but now known to have survived; one (Sobral) damaged by missiles fired from Lynx helicopter[s]. Tues 4 PM's questions: reference to task force's defensive zone. Statements by Mr Nott in Commons on sinking of General Belgrano and loss ofHMS . HMS Sheffield abandoned after being hit by one of two AM-39 missiles fired from Super Etendard aircraft; twenty-one dead, twenty• four injured. One Sea Harrier shot down over Goose Green; pilot dead. Further unsuccessful Vulcan attack on Stanley airfield. Wed 5 Statement by Mr Nott on loss of HMS Sheffield: in reply to questions, he hoped to give more details on the sinking of the General Belgrano - which was within the rules of engagement. Agreement on priority for . Statement by Mr Pym on diplomatic measures. RAF Harriers arrive on Ascension Island. Thurs 6 Peruvian proposals ('Belaunde-Terry proposals') formally presented to the UN: Argentina disagrees. PM's questions: media criticised. stops delivery of Super Etendards to Argentina. Two Sea Harriers collide; both pilots killed. Fri 7 Peruvian initiative collapses. Foreign Secretary makes Commons statement on diplomatic measures. Extension of Total Exclusion Zone to twelve miles off Argentine coast announced. 3 Commando Brigade sail from Ascension Island with HMS Fearless. SS Atlantic Conveyor sails from the UK. Deployment of Nimrod aircraft to Ascension Island announced. Sat 8 Extended Total Exclusion Zone comes into effect. Mirage attack on carrier group driven off by Sea Harriers. Long• range air drops from Ascension Island to the task force begin. Media correspondents embarked with the task force reported to be unhappy at restrictions on their reporting of the 6 May Sea Harrier losses, subsequently made public by MoD in the UK. Annex C 209

Sun 9 Sea Harriers turn back Argentine transport aircraft and attack Stanley airfield. HMS Coventry shoots down two Skyhawks. Argentine fishing vessel Narwal, allegedly being used for surveillance, is attacked by Sea Harriers and then captured by helicopter. missile shoots down Puma helicopter. Naval bombardment of Stanley airfield. HMS Sheffield sinks. Mon 10 UN Secretary General's statement on his mediation attempt. Peruvian President lobbies for ending of EEC sanctions. The Narwal sinks. Tues 11 UN Secretary General seeks diplomatic compromise. Argentina complains to IAEA about presence of SSNs in South Atlantic. PM's questions - clashes over the media. Daily attacks on Stanley airfield continue. Wed 12 QE2 sails from with 5 Infantry Brigade, HMS Alacriry sinks Argentine supply vessel, Isle de los Estados, in . Three Argentine Skyhawks shot down by Sea Wolf missiles from HMS Brilliant, and a fourth Skyhawk lost to Argentine anti-aircraft fire over Goose Green. HMS Glasgow hit by UXB [not announced at the time]. Thurs 13 UN Secretary General continues negotiations. Fifth Commons debate: chartering of a further nineteen ships announced. Defence Secretary winds up with account of Belgrano sinking. One Sea Harrier lost as a result of enemy action. BBC given permission to establish TV link from Ascension Island to the UK on a daily basis, but no permission for filming. Fri 14 British ambassadors to USA and UN return to UK for consultations. Task force placed on active service. Fri/Sat Special Forces night raid on : eleven 14/15 Argentine aircraft destroyed. Sun 16 Naval Gunfire Support party and SBS land at San Carlos. Sea Harrier attacks on Argentine supply ships in Falkland Sound. Mon 17 British ambassadors to USA and UN return to USA. UN ambassador meets UN Secretary General. EEC Finance Ministers agree to extend sanctions for one week. Tues 18 HMS Invincible sails on special task (according to a later report). Amphibious Group rendezvous with Carrier Group outside TEZ and begins transfer of men and material. Decision taken to set up Radio Atlantico del Sur. Wed 19 Sea King crash: twenty-one dead, including eighteen SAS. Radio Atlantico del Sur begins to transmit. (According to 210 Annex C

a later report} HMS Hermes sails on a special task, and launches a Sea King helicopter. Thurs 20 HMG announce that, since Argentine government has rejected 'all reasonable proposals', all the concessions advanced by the UK are withdrawn. Sixth Commons debate: mainly on diplomatic measures. RAF Harriers attack Fox Bay. Two Sea King helicopters lost. A further Sea King helicopter is found burnt out, near Punta Arenas, in Chile. Argentine newsflash claims invasion of Falklands under way. Thurs/Fri Naval bombardment of Goose Green and Stanley airfields 20/21 and installations around Stanley. Diversionary attack on Darwin by SAS. San Carlos landings take place. Fri 21 UN Security Council meets for UN Secretary General's report. Peruvian efforts to find a compromise continue. Seventy-two Argentine aircraft from mainland, and a small number of those based in the Falklands, attack British forces. Sea Harriers bring down nine and possibly ten Argentine aircraft. Total Argentine losses: three helicopters, five Skyhawks, four Dagger and one Pucara. British losses: five damaged, of which HMS Ardent sinks with twenty-two dead, seventeen injured, three helicopters (one on Ardent), one Harrier GR3 brought down by anti-aircraft fire, pilot taken prisoner. HMS Antrim and Argonaut hit by UXB. Sun 23 UN Security Council still in session. Further Argentine air attacks on British forces. Argentine losses: four Argentine helicopters and one Skyhawk and one Dagger (five as a result of Harrier operations), one transport ship, the Monsunnen beached. British losses: HMS Antelope severely damaged by UXB which exploded later that night, killing two and wounding seven. One Sea Harrier lost in accident, pilot killed. Mon 24 UN Security Council still in session. Mr Nott makes statement to Commons reporting San Carlos landings. Six Sea Harriers attack Stanley airfield. Argentine air attacks on task force. Argentine losses: three Daggers, one Skyhawk. British losses: three RFAs hit by UXBs, suffer slight to moderate damage. Order to attack Goose Green given and then rescinded [following intelligence of Argentine reinforcements] . Tues 25 Argentina's National Day. UN Security Council Debate ends. Mr Tam Dalyell MP is refused a debate on SAS operations in South America. Argentine air attacks. Argentine losses: three Skyhawks. British losses: HMS Coventry hit by several bombs and sank with twenty dead Annex C 211

and twenty injured. SS Atlantic Conveyor hit by Exocet missile and abandoned, with four dead. HMS Broadsword hit by UXB, but no casualties and remains operational. Wed 26 UN Security Council Resolution 505 adopted. Mr Nott makes statement to Commons on action so far and details of task force: over 100 ships, 25 000 personnel of whom about 5000 have landed. 3000 men of 5 Infantry Brigade following as reinforcements. Harrier has achieved dominance in air combat. Attack on Argentine air bases not feasible. No evidence that Super Etendards have been refuelled in flight. and destroyers reinforcements join Battle Group. 2 Para begin to advance before first light. 3 Para and 45 Cdo advance on foot. Sea King crew fly out of Chile. Thurs 27 Meeting of Rio Treaty states. PM's Questions: details of loss of HMS Coventry and SS Atlantic Conveyor. PM criticises public discussion about timing and details of operations. SS Canberra, MV Norland and QE2 rendezvous at South Georgia. Argentine air attack on Base Maintenance Area at . BBC Overseas Service refers to advance by 2 Para on Goose Green. One Argentine Sky hawk shot down. Fri 28 British UN Ambassador meets UN Secretary General. MoD announce prematurely the capture of Goose Green. 2 Para with RM, RA and RE units, retake Darwin. Sat 29 2 Para and supporting units recapture Goose Green: 17 British, 250 Argentine dead, 1400 Argentine prisoners. 45 Cdo and 3 Para secure Teal and Douglas. 5 Infantry Brigade leave South Georgia aboard SS Canberra and MV Norland. Argentine air attacks. Argentines begin using high• level attacks with Canberras. Tanker British U»e attacked. Atlantic Conveyor sinks while under tow. SS Uganda ordered in to Grantham Sound to evacuate casualties. Sat/Sun Eight Harriers arrive at Ascension Island from the UK. 29/30 Sun 30 Argentine air attacks on task force with Exocet missile (which missed) involving two Super Etendards and four Sky hawks. Two Sky hawks shot down. Major General Jeremy Moore arrives in the Falklands. D. Sqn SAS occupy Mt Kent. Mon 31 Meeting of Neutral and Non-aligned states (NNA) begins in Havana. UN Secretary General presents new five-point peace plan. RAF Vulcan attack on Stanley airfield. Elements of RA and 42 Cdo move by helicopter to Mt Kent. 45 Cdo move to Teal with Blues and Royals. 3 Para move to Malo Bridge. Advance parties of HQ 5 Inf Bde land. 212 Annex C

JUNE

Tues 1 Two Harriers shot down while attacking Stanley airfield: pilots rescued. Harriers destroy an Argentine C-130 Hercules believed to have parachuted special forces into . HQ 5 Inf Bde lands at San Carlos. RFA Sir Percival moves to Teal Inlet. Accident involving exploding ammunition leads to casualties among Argentine POWs. Wed 2 RM units capture survivors of Argentine special forces. Leaflet raids on Port Stanley urging surrender. Remainder of 5 Inf Bde begins landing. UK TV and press comment on UXB on British Mye despite agreement to refrain. Thurs 3 RAF Vulcan lands in Brazil after difficulties in refuelling. Off-loading 5 Inf Bde continues. 5 Inf Bde HQ moves to Darwin. 2 Para take Bluff Cove. Fri 4 Britain vetoes Argentine UN call for ceasefire. 5 Inf Bde continue to off-load. 3 Para in position on Mt Longdon, 42 Cdo on Mt Kent. Sat/Sun 2SG embark for Pleasant Bay (Bluff Cove) on RFA Sir 5/6 Tristram. Sun 6 MoD announces 5 Inf Bde's arrival on Falklands. 2SG land at Fitzroy and 1WG embark at San Carlos for the same destination on HMS Fearless, but they fail to rendezvous. Mon 7 UN Secretary General puts forward new ceasefire plan. Argentines claim in Security Council that Britain has offered the US naval and air facilities in . Argentine troops on Lafonia surrender to 4 Gurkhas. Tues 8 Two Harriers fly in from Ascension Island; one crashes on San Carlos air strip, putting it out of action at the same time as Argentine air attacks on the RF As Sir Galahad and Sir Tristram at Bluff Cove. British casualties (not announced at the time): fifty-one dead, forty-six injured. Argentine air attacks on landing craft, six dead. HMS Plymouth damaged by UXBs, five injured. Argentine losses: three Skyhawks shot down by Sea Harriers. Most British infantry and artillery units deployed in forward positions around Stanley. Wed 9 Loss of Sir Galahad announced, no casualties given. 5 Inf Bde regroup at Fitzroy. Argentines attack neutral tanker, the Hercules, in two separate attacks. ICRC observers land at San Carlos. Thurs 10 Commons statement by Defence Secretary, giving details of action since 29 May. US protest at bombing of Hercules. Fri 11 Mt Longdon, Two Sisters, Mt Harriet, Goat Ridge taken. Annex C 213

Sea Harriers attack Stanley airfield. Mine-sweeping operations begin in Beukely Sound. Fri/Sat British troops advance to within five miles of Stanley; at 11/12 midnight, battle for Stanley begins. Sat 12 HMS Glamorgan hit by land-based Exocet, thirteen dead, ship still operational. SS Norland arrives in Montevideo with more than 1000 prisoners of war. Neutral zone established around cathedral in Stanley. Sun/Mon 5 Inf Bde move into position: 2 Para retake Wireless 13/14 Ridge, 2 SG retake Tumbledown Mt. 1/7 Gkas retake Mt William. Mon 14 Ceasefire established. Surrender of Argentines on Falklands to Major General Moore. Select Bibliography

HMSO PUBLICATIONS Report of the Committee on the Future of Broadcasting, Cmnd. 6753, 1977 (The Annan Report). House of Commons Defence Committee First Report 1982-3, The Handling of Press and Public Iriformation during the Falklands Conflict, vo1s I & II, 1982 (The HCDC Report). The Falklands Campaign: The Lessons, Cmnd. 8758, 1982 (The White Paper). Falkland Islands Review, Report of a Committee of Privy Counsellors, Cmnd. 8787, 1983 (The Franks Report). K. S. Morgan (ed.), The Falklands Campaign - A Digest of Debates in the House of Commons 2 April to 15June 1982 (1982). The Falklands Islands: The Facts, Foreign & Commonwealth Office, May 1982. Report of the Study Group on Censorship, Cmnd. 9112, 1983 (The Beach Report). The Protection of Military Information, Cmnd. 9499, 1985.

OTHER BOOKS Jonathan Alford (ed.), Sea Power and Influence, Adelphi Library 2 (London: 1155, 1980). Edward Behr, Al!}'one Here been Raped and Speaks English? (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1981). Shelford Bidwell, Modern Warfare (London: Allen Lane, 1973). Patrick Bishop and John Witherow, The Winter War: The Falklands (London: Quartet Books, 1982). Peter Braestrup, Big Story (Boulder Colorado: Westview Press, 1977). Asa Briggs, The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom, vol. III: The War of Words (London: Oxford University Press, 1970). Philip Caputo, Rumor of War (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1977). Michael Carver, War Since 1945 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1980). Anthony Cave Brown, Bodyguard of Lies (London: W. H. Allen, 1977). Winston Churchill, The Second World War, vo1s III & IV (London: Cassell, 1950). Tam Da1yell, One Man's Falklands (London: Cecil Woolf, 1982). John Ellis, The Sharp End of War (Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1980). Jeffrey Ethell and Alfred Price, Air War South Atlantic (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1983). Captain A. Farrar-Hockley, The Edge of the Sword (London: The Companion Book Club, 1955). S. E. Finer, The Man on Horseback (London: Pall Mall Press, 1962). Robert Fox, Eyewitness Falklands (London: Methuen, 1982).

214 Select Bibliography 215

Benson P. Fraser, The Broadcast Coverage of the (Michigan: Microfilms International, 1983). Maj. Gen. John Frost, 2 PARA Falklands (London: Buchan & Enright, 1983). Roy Fullick and Geoffrey Powell, Suez, The Double War (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1979). Rupert Furneaux, News rifWar, (London: Max Parrish, 1964). The Glasgow University Media Group, Bad News (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1976). Graham Greene, The Quiet American (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977). Brian Hanrahan and Robert Fox, I Counted them All Out and I Counted them All Back Again (London: BBC, 1982). Robert Harris, Gotcha! (London: Faber & Faber, 1983). Max Hastings and Simon Jenkins, Battle for the Falklands (London: Michael Joseph, 1983). Francis H. Heller (ed.), The Korean War: A 25-year Perspective (The Regent's Press of Kansas, 1977). R. A. Hooper, The Military and The Media (Aldershot: Gower, 1982). International Institute for Strategic Studies (1l55), The Military Balance (London: 1155, 1981-2). Harold James and Denis Sheil-Small, The Undeclared War (London: Leo Cooper, 1971). Philip Knightley, The First Casualty (London: Andre Deutsch, 1975). Daniel Kon, Los Chicos de la Guerra (London: New English Library, 1983). James D. Ladd, Royal Marine Commando (London: Hamlyn Group, 1982). Brian Lapping, The Bounds of Freedom (London: Constable, I 980) . Latin America Bureau, Falklands/Malvinas: Whose Crisis? (London: LAB, 1982). Mary McCarthy, Vietnam (New York: Harcourt Brace and World, 1967). CaptainJ. Moore (ed.), Jane's Fighting Ships, 1981-2 (London: Jane's, 1981). Chapman Pincher, Inside Story (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1978). J. C. W. Reith, Into the Wind (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1949). Anthony Sampson, The Anatomy rif Britain (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1962). William Shawcross, Sideshow (London: Andre Deutsch, 1979). SIPRI, Tactical and Strategic Anti-Submarine Waifare (Cambridge, Mass. London, England: MIT Press, 1974). The Sunday Times Insight Team, The (London: Sphere Books, 1982). John W. R. Taylor (ed.), Jane's All the World's Aircraft, 1980--81 (London: Jane's, 1980). Hugh Thomas, The Suez Affair (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1966--7). David Tinker, A Message from the Falklands (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1983). Michael Tracey, In the Culture of the Eye: Ten Years of Weekend World (London: Hutchinson, 1983). Jeremy Tunstall, The Media in Britain (London: Constable, 1983). Captain Roger Villar (ed.), Jane's Weapon Systems, 1981-82 (London: Jane's, 1981). Evelyn Waugh, Scoop (London: Chapman & Hall, 1934). 216 Select Bibliography

ESSAYS AND ARTICLES (Excluding newspaper articles identified in the main text and footnotes.) 'Argentina: Facts and Figures on National Defense', MILTECH, 7 (1979). Major J. Bailey, 'Training for War: The Falklands 1982', Review (April 1983). Colonel A. Barker, 'Propaganda', Army Quarter!; (October 1963). Virgilio Rafael Beltran, 'The Army in the 20th-century Argentina' in J. van Doorn (ed.), Armed Forces and Society (The Hague: Mouton, 1968). David Chipp, 'Where Does Patriotism Begin and End?', Jane's Defence Week!; (3 March 1984). Gregory R. Copley, 'How Argentina's Air Force Fought in the South Atlantic War', Defense and Foreign Affairs (October 1982). Major P. J. Fitzpatrick, 'News Media and Military Operations - Democracy in the Balance', Defence ForceJournal Gan/Feb 1983). Professor L. Freedman, 'The Falklands War: Exception or Rule', Paper presented to British International Defence Studies Association, December 1982. --, 'The War of the Falklands 1982', Foreign Affairs (Fall 1982). Globe and Laurel Gourna1 of the Royal Marines) Guly/August, September/October, Christmas, 1982) passim. Lt Col B. I. D. Gourlay, 'Struggle in ', Marine Corps Gazette (December 1965). Stuart Hall, 'A World at One with Itself, New Society (18 June 1970), reprinted in S. Cohen and J. Young, The Manufacture of News: Deviance, Social Problems and the Mass Media (London: Constable, 1983). Anthony Harrigan, 'Borneo Center of Crisis', Military Review (February 1964). --, 'The Indonesian Threat', General Military Review (November 1963). Michael Herr, 'The War Correspondent: A Reappraisal', Esquire (April 1970). C. Richard Hoffstetter and David W. Moore, 'Watching TV News and Supporting the Military', Armed Forces and Society, vol. 5, no. 2 (February 1979). Colonel W. V. Kennedy, 'It Takes More than Talent to Cover a War', Army Guly 1978). Guenter Lewy, 'Can Democracy keep Secrets?', Policy Review (Fall 1983). Michael Mandelbaum, 'Vietnam: The Television War', Daedalus (Fall 1982). General T. R. Milton, 'A Blessed and Troubled Land', Air Force Magazine (April 1982). Major General Sir J. Moore and Rear Admiral Sir J. Woodward, 'The Falklands Experience' (Lecture, printed in The RUSIJournal). Major General V. L. Moulton, 'A Brush-fire Operation - Brunei December 1962', Brassey's Annual, 1963 (London: William Clowes, 1963). Dr Juan Carlos Murguizur, 'The South Atlantic Conflict: an Argentinian Point of View', International Defense Review, 2 (1983). Major Edgar O'Ballance, 'Revolt in Borneo', Army Quarter!; (October 1963). --, 'The Other Falklands Campaign', Military Review Ganuary 1983). Royal Institute for International Affairs, 'The Falkland Islands Dispute: International Dimensions' (London, April 1982). Select Bibliography 217

Royal United Services Institute, 'The Falkland Islands Aide Memoire' (London, 1982). Dr R. L. Scheina, 'The Argentine Navy Today', Naval Forces (April 1981). --, The Malvinas Campaign', Proceedings of the US Naval Institute/Naval Review (1983). Major E. W. Sheppard, The Military Correspondent', Army Quarterly (January 1952). Colonel J. M. Strawson, 'Operations in Malaya and Borneo', International Defence Review, 12 (1965). A. E. Sullivan, 'Getting the Story: Some Facts about War Correspondents', Army Quarterly (January 1961). Robert O. Tilman, 'The Sarawak Political Scene', Pacific Affairs (Winter 1964/65). Time Magazine, 'The Press', in editions 24 and 31 July, 14, 21 and 28 August 1950. Christopher Wain, 'Television Reporting of Military Operations - a Personal View', R USI Journal (December 1974). --, 'Espionage - the Lasting Damage', The Listener, 16 December 1982. --, 'How the Press Swallowed "a Whopper"', The Listener, 27 May 1982. --, 'Mr Nott's Defence Policy', The Listener, 19 August 1982. --, 'The Falklands - Britain's Albatross?', The Listener, 17 June 1982. Gen. Sir Walter Walker, 'How Borneo was Won', The Round Table (January 1969). Rear Admiral M. La T. Wemyss, 'Submarines and Anti-submarine Operations for the Uninitiated', RUSIJournal (September 1981). Index

Abyssinia, 45 Baldwin, Hanson, 39 aircraft, Argentine Ball, Air Marshal Sir Alfred, 112 Aeromacchi, III BBC, 35,53,99, 146--8, 154, 174, 183, 192 Hercules C130, 100, 116 controversy over Falklands coverage, MiragelDagger, 67,71,72,84,85, 153 9--10, 12-13, 148 Pucara, III Goose Green, 19, 119--24 Skyhawk, 70, 71,84,85, 101, 130, 132 South Georgia, 82-3 Super Etendard, 67, 76n, 94-5, 97n, in First World War, 22-3, 24-5, 40n 115 Beach Report, 33, 177-80, 190-1 passim threat to task force, 70-2,99, 101, 107, Behr, Edward, 44, 45 111-14, 126, 127 Belaunde, President Terry, 91 aircraft, British Bevin, Ernest, 26 Harrier, 7, 71, 72,85, 132, 153; GR3, Bevins, Anthony, 127 105--6; number with task force, 50, Bishop, Patrick, 59 66--7,95, 111-12, 113 Black Buck raids, 16,84-7, 100, 152 helicopters, 113, 123---4, 130, 137: Sea Black, Captain Jeremy, 45--6 King, 115--16 Blakemore, Harold, 113, 134 Vulcan, 7,80,84-7,99 Bloom, Bridget, 79, 94 air defence, 72,85,87,88, 111-14, 128 Bluff Cove, 129--32, 136, 137, 138 (see also missiles) Bolton, Group Captain David, 75, 145, Alford, Colonel Jonathan, 80, 166, 167-8, 165--6, 172 172 bombs, unexploded, 101, 109, 112, 116-- Annan Committee, 146, 148, 192 17, 160, 187 Archer, Geoffrey, Borneo, 5, 32-6, 51 commentary by, 69, 70, 74, 79,86, 108, Braestrup, Peter, 38, 39 112, 115, 120-1, 137-8 British armed forces objectives and role, 147, 158, 159 assessments of, 66--72, 98--102, 112-13 Argentina attitudes to media, 4, 16--18, 19,22,37, bombing of airfields debated, 84-5, 90, 136 114-15, 124n casualties, 88, 126, 130-1, 136,137, 144 claims by, 81, 86, 131 families of, 148, 155n government of, 75, 144, 154 (see also British land forces, Royal Air news reports from, 100, 117, 156n Force, ) speculation about plans, 112, 113 British government Argentine armed forces Borneo coverage, 34 air, 75,99--101, 112, 113 encouraged speculation, 19,24,80,81, assessments of, 67-72, 75,89,98--102, 123, 129, 153, 185--7 112-13, 144 HCDC findings, 15, 16 land, 102, 126 Korean coverage, 26, 28, 41n navy, 68--70, 95, 98--9, 155n policy of minimum force, 91-2 Ascension Island, 6, 7,79,85,87, 105-6 political control of task force, 92-3, Associated Press, 25, 41 n 145 Attlee, Clement, 26 objectives in the Falklands, 51, 73

218 Index 219

British government - eont. (see also officers, retired; defence relations with the media, 4, 5, 8, 16-17, correspondents) 192 communications, naval, 6, 14-15,83, 115 Suez, 31-2 communications, satellite, 6, 54 British land forces, 3, 7, 19 Connell, Jon 3 Commando Brigade, 73, 102, 127, commentary by, 73-4, 134 136: 40 Commando RM, 102, 135; objectives and role, 51, 158-9, 162, 168, 42 Commando RM, 102, 133; 45 181 Commando RM, 34,102, 133, 135, Conservative Party (parliamentary), 12, 136; Special Boat Squadron, 102- 54, 115, 127, 129, 186 3; Parachute Regiment 2nd Bn, Cooper, Sir Frank, 21n, 171 102, III, 119-22, 129-30, 132, HCDC evidence, 20n, 51-2, 191 135, 136; Parachute Regiment 3rd San Carlos briefing, 106-9, 164, 185 Bn, 102, 133, 136 Cooper, Air Commodore G. S., 94, 157 SAS, 35-6, 81, 102,115, 119, 124n, 133 copy, transmission of, 4, 6, 14-15,25, 5 Infantry Brigade, \02, 126-30, 135--6: 45-6 1/7 Gurkha Rifles, 136; 2nd Bn correspondents, defence, 8, 68, 109, 116, Scots Guards, 130, 136, 138; 1st 121,152,170, 172n, 179, 183 Bn Welsh Guards, 126, 130, 136-7 main source of commentary, 127, 189- (see also British armed forces) 90 Brunei, 32, 34 and operational security, 153, 159-64 Butler, Major General H.D.G., 165 role, 44, 53, 157-9 sources, 53-7, 59, 185 correspondents, task force, 4, 6, 7, 13, 14, Cable News, 176 45-6,121,175 Carroll, John, 39 correspondents, war, 26-8, 44-8, 60n Cawdrey, Charles, 54 Costello, Bill, 26 censorship current affairs programmes, 58, 147-8 of Falklands coverage, 4, 6, 116, 160-3, (see also programme titles) 175,193 future policy, 177-80, 190-1, 193-4 'D' Notice, 5, 20n, 26, 30 Israeli in Lebanon, 174-5 Daily Express, 151 in Korean War, 26-30 passim Daily Mail, 151, 174, 186 in Second World War, 23, 24-5 Daily Mirror, 10 Censorship, The Study Group on (see Daily Telegraph, 148, 157 Beach Report) Darwin, 119-24 Central Intelligence Agency, 54 Defence, Ministry of Chad, 3, 45 arrangements for media, 4, 6, 13 Chiefs of Staff (British), 11,26,28,85, attitude to public information, 5-6, 17- 106, 116, 153 18, 184-5, 190 Chile, wrecked helicopter in, 115-16, control of commentary, 171, 172, 179- 124n, 125n 80, 191 chronology (see Annex C) encouraged speculation, 13, 81, 123, Churchill, Sir Winston, 22-3, 24, 40n 131, 153, 185--7 commentary on Falklands campaign failed to plan, 5, 14 assessment of, 72,83-4, 138-9, 143-6, and Goose Green, 119-24, 153 151-2, 194 not informed about events, 52-3 demand for, 59,149-50,188 official statements: Black Buck raids, 7, distinguished from news, 146-7, 182 84, 86; task force vessels, 66; South (see also speculation) Georgia, 81-3, 84; General Belgrano, commentators, 58-60 92-3; HMS Sheffield, 94; UXBs, criticised, 8 101, 116; 5 Bde landings, 127, 128; interviewed (see Annex A) Bluff Cove, 130-1, 137; battle for role of, 44,149-50 Stanley, 133, 135, 138 220 Index

Defence, Ministry of - cont. Green, Michael, 108 operational security, 5U, 67, 83, 107, Grenada, US invasion of, 41n, 45, 175-7, 127, 153, 160 183, 192 and parliamentary lobby, 186 compared with Falklands, 3,4, 176 Public Relations, 7, 14, 17-18 controversy over media, 45, 176, 181 refusal to comment, 50, 65-6, 81, 84, Gribbon, Major General Nigel, 121, 166 123, 128, 135, 162-3 Guardian, 10, 49, 58, 148 relations with media, 4, 7, 16--17, 160, Gueritz, Rear Admiral Edward, 69, 71, 162 74, 108, 134, 166 unattributable briefings, 6--7, 17, 18, 80, 106, 116, 135, 164, 183 Hall, Stuart, 149 withheld tapes of briefings, 183 Handleman, Howard, 27 (see also Cooper, Sir Frank) Hanrahan, Brian, 13, 46 Defence Secretarv Harris, Marshal of the (see Nott, John) Sir Arthur, 164-5 democracy, 52, 194 Harris, Robert, 4, 150 position of armed forces in, 18 Hastings, Max, 14, 20n, 47,71, 96n role of media in, 146, 181-2, 192 Henderson, Sir Nicholas, 105 Douglas, 133 Higgins, Marguerite, 26, 60n Draper, Frank, 104-5 Hill-Norton, Admiral Lord Peter, 69, 74, 75 Echols, Colonel Marion P., 25-6, 28 Hoad, Air Vice-Marshal Norman, 85 Elliot, Major Bob, 100 Holland, Julian, 169 Evans, Michael, 116, 120--1 Hooper, Alan, 7, 51, 154 excl usion zone House of Commons Defence Committee air, 73 (HCDC), 5, 13-14, 118 maritime, 69, 73, 75, 76 evidence from Sir Frank Cooper, 51-2, total, 91, 93, 98, 99--100 107, 191 Exercise Spring Train, 65-6 evidence from other government Exocet (see missiles) sources, 5, 14, 53, 83, 117, 183 evidence from media, 7, 15,37,51-3, Fairhall, David, 15,51,74,79,92 123, 144, 148, 186, 192 (see also Farndale, Major General Martin, 196n BBC, ITN et al.) Fiddick, Peter, 5 evidence from senior officers, 11-12, 14, Financial Times, 148, 163 45-6, 117, 171 Fitzroy, 129--32, 185 Report, 15-16, 18,22, 109, 152-3, 160, Flight International, 144 180 Foot, Michael, 10 Howard, George, 12, 13 Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 28, Hunt, Rex, 196n 41n, 83, 177 Foreign Secretary Indonesia, 32, 34 (see Pym, Francis) information Fox, Robert, 119--20, 123, 186 available from open sources, 54-7, 72, Foxley-Norris, Air Chief Marshal Sir 85-6, 188, 193-4 Christopher, 112, 114--15 available from official sources, 9, 13, Francis, Richard, 12 51-2,72, 145-6 Frost, Major General John, 122 peacetime manipulation of, 16--19 Fursden, Major General Edward, 68, 157 policy in wartime, 15, 22, 190--1, 193 public right to, 15, 152-5, 162, 180--2, Gascoigne, Sir Avery, 26 193 Glasgow Herald, 160 (see also news) Glasgow Media Group, 147, 150, 155n Information, Central Office of, 56 Goose Green, 19, 100, 119--24, 153, 186, Ingham, Bernard, 120, 131, 186 187 Inmarsat (see satellite communications) Index 221 intelligence, Argentine, 74, 153-4, 165 MacDonald, Ian, 5, 7, 53, 82, 86, 94, 107, British concern about, 50,117,167,188 121, 128 and task force capabilities, 56, 67, 68 MacDonald, Trevor, 105 and task force operations, 82, 104, 108, McGeogh, Vice-Admiral Sir Ian, 86 122, 129, 132, 137, 167 Marisat (see communications, satellite) intelligence, British, 6, 188 Marshall, George, 28 International Institute of Strategic Marshall, Michael MP, 8 Studies, 55, 56, 58, 170 Mates, Michael MP, 8, 101 Israel, 174-5, 192, 195n Maude, Colonel Neil, 123, 134 ITN, 52, 53,147,148,149,174,183,186 Meacham, Jim, 83 (see also news) media lTV, 13 agenda setting, 48-9, 181 and Borneo, 32-6 Jameson, Derek, 150, 184 complaints by, 5, 13,51, 164 Janka, Les, 176--7 controversy over, 5, 8-14, 148, 152-3 Johnson, President Lyndon, 38 differences between, 58-9, 67, 146--9 Jones, Colonel H., 119--20 and Grenada, 175-7, 181, 183 Joubert, Air Marshal Sir Philip, 31 HMS Superb, 65-6 journalists (see correspondents) and Korea, 25-30 journals, specialist, 54, 56 objectives and role, 16, 146, 149--52, 168, 181-3 and operational security, 123, 152-5, Kalischer, Peter, 25 159--64, 180--1 Kimche, Dr David, 175 relations with government, 4, 5, 16--17, Kitchener, Field Marshal Earl, 22, 39n 160, 192, 194 Knightley, Philip, 44--5 relations with public, 4,5, 19,48-9, Korea, 25-30, 179--80 180--4 parallels with Falklands, 29--30 self-censorship, 30, 109, 117, 123, 128, relations between press and military, 178 26, 28-9 and Suez, 30--2 use of experts by, 53-4, 58-60, 67, 147, Labour Party, 50 149,190 Lambert, Tom, 25-6 and Vietnam, 36--9 Lancaster, Terence, 130 (see also correspondents: democracy; Leach, Admiral Sir Henry, II, 171, 190 HCDC) leaks, 17, 18, 19, 21n, 123-4, 127, 185-6, Menaul, Air Vice-Marshal Stewart, 80, 194 85-9 passim, 108, 112-13, 147 Ie Bailly, Admiral Sir Louis, 10 Menendez, Major General Mario, 104, Lebanon, 3, 48,139,174-5,192 137 Lee, Christopher, 157, 171 Middleton, Drew, 104, 137 commentary by, 69--70, 99, 127, 128, Middleton, Captain Lyn, 90, 117 129, 137 Miller, Robert, 27 and Goose Green, 121-2, 186 Milne, Alisdair, 12 objectives and role, 147, 149, 158, 159, misinformation (see news management) 163 missiles, 56, 68, 100--1 Lewin, Lord Terence, 11,91, 120 defence against, 94 Lewis, Derek, 150, 166, 173n Exocet, 70, 94-5, 99, 100--1, III, 114 Lichty, Professor Lawrence, 175 , 105, 107, III lobby, parliamentary, 129, 139n, 163, 186 Sea Dart, 55, 71, 94, 101 Loudon, Major General Robert, 113 Sea Wolf, 70,94, 100--1 Sidewinder, 99 MacArthur, General Douglas, 25-30 Mitchell, Lieutenant-Colonel Colin, 88-9 passim Moore, General Sir Jeremy, 14, 127, 131, MacDermot, Angus, 86 137, 167, 196n 222 Index

NATO, 3, 74, 159, 178 Preston, Anthony, 75,94,101,117-18 NBC, 176 Prime Minister news (see Thatcher, Margaret) dominated by Falklands, 48 propaganda, 16, 18,52,89 increased audiences for, 49, 148 Prothero, Alan, 49, 154 management of, 13, 16-19, 21n, 184--5 public, attitude of, 8, 37, 148,162, 178, programmes, 49, 51, 74, 147, 169 180-1 television and radio main source, 148, Pym, Francis, 8, 79, 114 155n Newsnight, 147 radio, 24, 55, 58, 67, 145, 146-9 passim, News of the World, 184 151 newspapers, 10, 48, 53, 54--5, 58, 67-8, Radio Atlantico del Sur, 196n 145, 146, 148-9, 151 Rather, Dan, 181 criticised in First World War, 23 Redhead, Brian, 99, 165 increase in sales, 49 Reith, LordJ. C. W., 22-3, 40n Newsweek, 176 Reuters, 5 I, 192 New York Times, 48 Roosevelt, President Franklin D., 23 Nicholas, David, 148, 168 Roxburgh, Vice-Admiral Sir John, 75, Nicholson, Mike, 90, 131-2 164 Northern Ireland, 5 Royal Air Force, 32,84--7 passim, 105, 152 Nott,John MP, 9, 94,108,113,114,127, Royal Institute of International Affairs, 137-8, 186 56 nuclear weapons, 27, 38 Royal Navy, 3, 6, 22, 70,80,93, 138, 175 Nunn, Admiral John, 114 Royal United Services Institute, 55, 56, 58 O'Brien, Colonel Robert J., 176 Ruff, Peter, 80-1 officers, retired Service, 8, 57-60, 127, 139,153,155,164--72,178-9,189 Sabah, 32 refuse to speculate, 121, 125n, 165-6 San Carlos, 88, 104--9 passim, 128, 129 role of, 44, 167-72 Sarawak,32 Operation Overthrow, 23-4 Scotsman, 148 , 104--9, I I I Sea Harrier (see aircraft, British) opinion polls, 12-I 3 security, operational, 15,50,51,107,127, Oppenheimer, Sally MP, 10 152-5, 159-64, 188-9, 193-4 ships, Argentine Page, John MP, 9 General Belgrano, 69, 89-93, 96n, 98, 99, Panorama, 10, 147 138, 145, 146 Parkinson, Cecil MP, 120 Santa Fe, 81-3 passim Parliament, Members of, 8, 10, 12, 53, 54, submarines, 70, 98-9 186-7 ships, British (see also House of Commons; lobby) design of, 101, I 17-18, 138 Parry, Gareth, 91 HMS Antelope, 112 Parsons, Sir Anthony, 105 HMS Antrim, 116 Perry, Williams, 113 HMS Ardent, 10 I, I I I Peru, peace plan, 91, 95, 96n, 146 HMS Argonaut, I I I, I 16 Pile, Hugh, 184 HMS Broadsword, 113, 116 Pincher, Chapman, 21n HMS Conqueror, 69, 90-3 passim Poats, Rutherford, 25 HMS Coventry, I 13, 123 Port Stanley HMS Fearless, 105-6 airfield, 7, 75, 77n, 84--7, 100 HMS Glasgow, 101 battle for, 133-8 HMS Hermes, 66-7, 79,90 suggested as landing site, 104 HMS Intrepid, 105 and Sunderland Newspapers, HMS Invincible, 14--15,66-7,79 53 HMS Plymouth, 126 Index 223 ships, British - cont. Steedman, Air Chief Marshal Sir Alistair, HMS Sheffield, 70, 93-5, 99, 101, 117- 134 18 Stewart, Captain Peter, 68--9 HMS Superb, 65--6, 185 Suez, 4, 30--2, 42n MV Norland, 126 Sun, 10, 12 RF A Olmeda, 90 RFA Sir Galahad, 126, 130 task force RFA Sir Tristram, 126, 130 air threat to, 70--2, 75,99, 101, 107, RMS Queen Elizabeth II, 126--9 passim, 111-14,126,127 158, 196n composition of, 66 SS Atlantic Convryor, III, 113, 123, 161 , 6, 37, 104, 107, 120, 121, SS British JtYe, 116 128, 138, 160, 163, 165, 187, 188 SS Canberra, 126, 158 logistic support for, 66, 75, 123, 137 submarines, 69--70, 72,98, 116 Rules of Engagement, 91-2 Short,Jim, 103 submarine threat to, 70, 75, 98--9 Sissons, Peter, 121 Taylor, Neville, 48, 116, 120 Smith, Anthony, 150 Teal Inlet, 133 Snow, Peter, 9, 157, 168-9, 170, 182 television, 49--50, 55, 58--9, 67,74, 145, on force capabilities, 70, 72, 103, 183 146--9, 181 on task force operations, 79--80, 10 I, Thatcher, Rt Hn Margaret MP, 8--10 105--6, 108, 120--1, 128, 133-4, passim, 50, 67, 80, 91-3 passim, 121 13.5--6 Thomas, Wynford Vaughan, 46 objectives and role, 149--50, 158, 161-2, Thompson, Andrew, 134 171-2 Thompson, Brigadier Julian, 52 South Georgia, 54, 79--84 Tibenham, Philip, 120--1 disinformation alleged, 82-3 The Times, 10, 13, 40n, 47, 49, 148, 160, speculation about retaking, 54, 76, 79-- 181 81 Borneo, 33, 35 Soviet Union, 73--4, 132, 139--40n Tisdall, Sarah, 21n speculation torpedoes, 69, 96n, 99 about British options, 10, 73-6, 87-9, Truman, President Harry, 27, 29 134, 137 Tuohy, Denis, 88 about task force composition, 66--7, TV Eye, 59, 88--9 127-8 about task force operations (general), UXBs (see bombs, unexploded) 65,95, 103: Chile incident, 11.5--16; United Nations, 95, 105, 187 landings on Falklands, 103-9, 127- United Press, 26 9, 187-8; retaking of Goose Green, United States 119--24, 186, 187; retaking of Port as source of information, 54, 74, 79, 81, Stanley, 133-9 83-4,121,179--80 Beach Report, 178--80 coverage of Korean War, 2.5--30 control of, 171, 189--94 coverage of Vietnam War, 36--9 encouraged by government sources, 13, debate about carrier force, 77n 19,80,81, 123, 127, 129, 131, 153, Grenada, I 7.5--7, 192 18.5--7 relations between government and Korea, 27, 29 media, 37, 192 prejudicial to operations, 12,38--9, 122, right to information, 15, 181 153-5, 187-9 Second World War, 23 Vietnam, 27, 34, 35, 36--9 Suez, 31-2 controversy over reporting, 37--8 Vietnam, 38 implications for Falklands, 162, 175 Squires, Vice-Admiral Robert, II Stanhope, Henry, 71, 149, 157, 158, 160-- Wain, Christopher, 13,47, 157, 158, 169, 1,195n 185 224 Index

Wain, Christopher - ront. Westmoreland, General, 37, 38 commentary by, 114, 121, 130, 132, Wettern, Desmond, I t8 135, 138, 187-8 White, Ian, 86 objectives and role, 147, 149, 159, 164 Whiteley, General Sir Peter, 138 Walden, Brian, 71, 72, 74,88, 123, 134 Wilson, Andrew, 131-2 Wales, Prince of, 13 Wilson, Brigadier Tony, 130, 139n Walker, General Sir Walter, 42n Windsor, Philip, 134 Walker, General Walton R., 26 Witherow, John, 59 Washington Post, 48 Woodward, Rear Admiral Sandy, 95,117, Washington Times, 181 120,160 Waugh, Evelyn, 45 (see also task force commanders) Weekend World, 54, 59, 88, 145, 150, 168, World in Action, 21n, 147 183, 184 The World at One, 147, 148, 169 Wemyss, Rear Admiral Martin, 88--9, 91, The World Tonight, 59 108, 118, 147 World War I, 22, 40n World War II, 22-5, 151