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THE SACRAMENT of the EUCHARIST the Completion Of 11/18/2014 THE SACRAMENT OF THE EUCHARIST The Completion of Christian Initiation (CCC 1322) The Perpetuation of the Sacrifice of the Cross (CCC 1323) The “Source and Summit” of Christian life Communion in the Divine Life: Sign and Cause (CCC 1325; cf. 260) Two-fold participation (CCC 1326) ◦ In the heavenly liturgy ◦ In Eternal Life/Resurrection 1 11/18/2014 Eucharist The Breaking of the Bread The Eucharistic Assembly The Memorial The Holy Sacrifice The Holy and Divine Liturgy The Sacred Mysteries The Most Blessed Sacrament Holy Communion The Holy Things – Holy Mass “And from this the mass derives its name [missa; because the priest sends [mittit] his prayers up to God through the angel, as the people do through the priest. Or else because Christ is the victim sent [missa] to us: accordingly the deacon on festival days "dismisses" the people at the end of the mass, by saying: "Ite, missa est," that is, the victim has been sent [missa est] to God through the angel, so that it may be accepted by God.” Summa Theologica Part 3 2 11/18/2014 Two Fruits: Tree of Life and the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil (Gen 2) ◦ “but from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil you shall not eat” Fall of Man: takes place through an act of eating (Gen 3:1-5) Eternal Life: restored through an act of eating (Gen 3:22) Revelation: “He who conquers”: ◦ Will Eat from “Tree of Life” (Rev 2:7) ◦ Will Eat of the “Hidden Manna” (Rev 2:17) ◦ The Twelve Fruits of the Tree of Life (Rev 22:1-2) The Blood of Abel (Gen. 4) The Bread and Wine of Melchizedek (Gen 14:18) The Sacrifice of Isaac and “the lamb of God” (Gen 22:1-8) The Passover Sacrifice (Ex 12) The Bread from Heaven (Ex 16) ◦ The Manna ◦ The Quail The Tabernacle of Moses (Ex 25) ◦ The Bread of the Presence (Lev 24:7) Elijah being sent bread/cakes from an angel (1 Kings 19) Isaiah’s Coal (Is7:6-7) Cleansing power 3 11/18/2014 Mary’s Request and Jesus’ Response: “My hour has not yet come” What is Jesus’ “Hour”? ◦ The Hour of his Crucifixion and Death (John 13:1; 12:22-23) ◦ The Hour of Eucharistic Worship (John 4) Two Levels of Meaning: ◦ A Sign of the Messianic Banquet of Wine (Isa 25:6- 8) ◦ Jesus the True Bridegroom (John 3:28-29; Mark 2:18-22) The Context: Passover (John 6:1; see Exodus 12) ◦ The Feeding of the 5000: Prefigures “the superabundance ” of the Eucharist (CCC 1335) “He blessed, he broke, he gave ” (Matt 14:19; cf. Luke 22:19) When he had “given thanks” ( eucharistesas ) (John 6:11) Response of the Crowd: the New Moses (cf. Deut 18:15-19) ◦ The Demand for a Sign: Moses and the Manna (John 6:30-33; Exodus 16) 4 11/18/2014 The Necessity of Faith (John 6:35-47) ◦ Importance of Belief in the Son (John 6:39-40, 47) ◦ Faith is a Gift from the Father (John 6:44, 65) The Necessity of the Eucharist (John 6:48-58) ◦ The New Manna: “comes down from heaven,” gives “eternal life” ◦ The New Bread “ is my flesh” (John 6:51) ◦ The Jews recognize that he is speaking literally : Jesus does not correct them ◦ The Necessity of Eating His Flesh and Drinking His Blood (Deut 16:4) ◦ “My flesh is real food, and my blood is real drink” (John 6:55) ◦ The Disciples’ Response: a “hard saying,” all leave except the 12 (John 6:66) ◦ The Key: Resurrection and Ascension—Jesus’ risen flesh! (CCC 1392) The Background of the Last Supper: the Jewish Passover (Gk Pascha ) (Exodus 12) ◦ Kill the lamb: not a bone to be broken (Exod 12:6, 46) ◦ Dip a Hyssop Branch in the Blood of the Lamb (Exod 12:21) ◦ Sprinkle the Blood on the Doorposts and Lintel (Exod 12:7, 22) ◦ Eat the “flesh” of the Lamb (Exod 12:7-10); but no bone broken ◦ “Sign” of the Covenant: Blood of the Lamb (Exod 21:13; cf. Ezek 9; Rev 7) ◦ Passover: A Day of “Remembering” to be observed forever (Exod 12:14, 24) ◦ “A Night of Watching” (Exod 12:40-42) “remain here and watch with me” (Mt 26). 5 11/18/2014 The New Passover: “Behold, I make all things New” (Rev 21:5) ◦ The New Lamb: Jesus himself ◦ The New Sacrifice: Bread and Wine ◦ The New Temple: Jesus’ Body (cf. John 2) ◦ The New Priesthood: Jesus and the 12 Apostles ◦ The New Covenant: the family of God restored (Jeremiah 31:31-33) ◦ The New Israel: the 12 Tribes Restored (Luke 22:28-30) ◦ The New Creation: Bread and Wine transformed into Jesus’ Body and Blood ◦ The Messianic Banquet: Drinking New Wine in the “Kingdom” Jewish Passover liturgy had multiple cups ◦ 1st Cup – introductory Rites “Blessed are you, o Lord our God, King of the Universe, who creates fruit of the vine.” ◦ 2nd Cup – Proclamation of Scripture “why is this night different than any other night” ◦ 3rd cup: Eating of the Meal - “cup of blessing” “Blessed are you, Lord God, who brings forth bread from the earth.” ◦ 4th Cup – Concluding Rites Singing of the final Hallel (Psalm 116) “Cup of Consummation” 6 11/18/2014 Jesus does not complete the Passover! He vows not to drink of the fruit of the vine again (Mt 26:29) They sing the hymn then leave! (Mt 26:30) Jesus in the garden: “Take this cup from me) Mt 26 Jesus does not drink on the way to the cross (Mt 27:34) The Crucifixion (John 19:25-30) I thirst He drinks: “ It is consummated...” His legs are not broken “All gather together” Liturgy of the Word Presentation of the Offerings Collection – from early times Anaphora – Prayer over the Gifts Preface Epiclesis Institutional Narrative Anamnesis Intercessions Communion 7 11/18/2014 “The first day of the week” ◦ Day of the Resurrection ◦ New creation “Until he comes again” See St. Justin’s 155 A.D. explanation in CCC 1345 Thanksgiving and Praise to the Father Sacrificial memorial The Presence of Christ 8 11/18/2014 “A Sacrifice of Praise in Thanksgiving” The “Whole of Creation loved by God is presented to the Father” (CCC 1359) Offered to the Father through Christ, with Christ, and in Christ (CCC 1361) Memorial – “making present the sacramental offering of his unique sacrifice” Anamnesis: recalling and making present (“Therefore, O Lord, as we celebrate the memorial”) Memorial is also a proclamation of the mighty deeds become present and real (CCC 1363) “The sacrifice Christ offered once for all on the cross remains ever present.” “As often as the sacrifice of the Cross by which ‘Christ our Pasch has been sacrificed’ is celebrated on the altar, the work of our redemption is carried out.” 9 11/18/2014 By the words of institution: ◦ “Christ gives us the very body which he gave up for us on the cross, the very blood which he “poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins.” ◦ The sacrifice of Christ and the sacrifice of the Eucharist are one single sacrifice . The Eucharist is also the sacrifice of the Church. ◦ The Body of Christ participates in the offering of her Head. ◦ With Him she herself is offered whole and entire. “May he make of us an eternal offering to you, so that we may obtain an inheritance with your elect…” 10 11/18/2014 “by the power of his word and the Holy Spirit” Various “modes” of Christ’s presence at Mass ◦ Most especially in the Eucharistic Species ◦ Unique: the end toward of all the other sacraments The Eucharist is Jesus Christ: ◦ Body, Blood, Soul, and Divinity Humanity and Divinity The Whole Christ is truly, really, substantially contained. ◦ “real” in the fullest sense ◦ Substantial: whole and entire Whole substance of bread and wine into whole substance of Christ ◦ Substance and Accidents Doctrine of Concomitance: whole Christ present in the species and in each of their parts (He is not divided though the species/appearances are) 11 11/18/2014 St. Ambrose’s De Sacramentis (AD 380): ◦ “We receive the ‘figura’ of the body and blood of Our Lord” Figura= substantia Used at Fourth Lateran Council in 1215 Council of Trent (1545-63) Formulated our doctrinal language for the Eucharist with precision Though Christ is substantially present—body, blood, soul and divinity—in the Eucharist, the accidents of bread and wine remain. Neither bread nor wine remains. …the accidents (weight, taste, texture etc.) do remain. Catholics are not guilty of cannibalism is the fact that we do not receive our Lord in a cannibalistic form . ◦ In cannibalism, the accidents of blood and flesh are consumed. One must tear flesh, drink blood, etc. In the Eucharist, we only consume the accidents of bread and wine. Here Christ is not changed… He changes us. ◦ In Cannibalism - one only consumes a dead body, not a person. The person and the soul of the victim would have departed. In the Eucharist, we consume the entire person of Jesus Christ, body, blood, soul and divinity. ◦ In cannibalism = temporal nourishment. Eucharist = communion/divine nourishment/we receive everlasting life (cf. John 6:526:52----55555555). 12 11/18/2014 Symbolic Presence ◦ Eucharist is purely symbolic ◦ Ulrich Zwingli (a father of the reformation) ◦ Baptists, many non-denominational protestants Spiritual Presence ◦ Christ’s SPIRIT is present, not his body John Calvin Anglican Church Many non-denominational Protestants Modernist Catholics 13 11/18/2014 Consubstantiation ◦ Christ’s body and blood exist alongside the bread and wine ◦ Incarnational analogy makes it believable ◦ Martin Luther (impanation) ◦ Some Anglicans Paul VI: The Church has always offered and continued to offer the “cult of adoration” not only during Mass but outside of it.
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