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Women and the British Columbia CCF: Political Osmosis at Work

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Women and the British Columbia CCF: Political Osmosis at Work STAND BY YOUR MAN An Examination of Women's Participation in the Ontario and British Columbia Cooperative Commonwealth Federation 1933-1950 by ALEXANDER GUY RICHMOND A thesis submitted to the Department of History in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Queen's University Kingston, Ontario, Canada April, 2000 copyright O Alexander Guy Richmond, 2000 National Library Bibliothèque nationale of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Oîîawa ON KI A ON4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence Our lile Notre réërence The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sel1 reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of ths thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fi-om it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othenvise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Abstract The role of women in the early years of the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation has been the source of much academic interest in recent years. Canadian political historians have attempted to analyze both the form of women's participation in the party and the consequences of their involvement. Joan Sangster, in Dreanîs of'Equality, addressed these issues through her analysis of the role of women on the Canadian lefi and how both the Communist Party and the CCF dealt with issues of women's equality. Regional analyses have been undertaken by historians such as Dan Azoulay, who explored the role of women through his work on the Ontario CCF, and by Irene Howard, who studied CCF women in British Columbia. Most historians have approached the study of women in the CCF by examining their roles in CCF controlled organizations. The full extent, however, of women's participation in the fight for the socialist cause and the consequences of their actions cannot be completely understood if the analysis is not expanded to include the work of women in autonomous women's groups. CCF women paraded, demonstrated, produced weekly radio broadcasts, ran as candidates, and directly confronted those in authority. On many occasions CCF women acted without any assistance from the party, and in several instances, in direct conflict with both federal and provincial party leaders. This thesis explores the role of CCF women in two distinct regions and their participation in the spread of socialism during the 1930s and 1940s. CCF women's experiences in Ontario and British Columbia were different, and 1 argue that such issues as the origin and makeup of the British Columbia CCF generated a different environment in which socialist women enjoyed greater acceptance by the male leadership of the party. CCF women's participation in the party was constrained in both British Columbia and .. II Ontario. B.C. CCF women7sefforts, however, were far more extensive and consequently they had a greater impact in their fight for social justice and their attempt to introduce socialism into their local cominunities. Acknowledgernents My greatest debt of gratitude is owed to my wife and best fiiend Brenda Richmond. The concept for this thesis evolved fiom ideas she first explored in an undergraduate essay. Brenda has been my greatest source of inspiration and support throughout the two years of the Masters programme at Queen's and the many years spent working towards the B.A. She sacrificed much to come with me to Queen's and 1 would not have survived had it not been for her love and friendship. In addition she spent many long hours with me travelling the 401 only to spend more time pouring through letters and meeting minutes at both the Thomas Fisher Library and the NAC. 1 would also like to thank my parents, Elspeth and Chris Richmond, for 28 years of continual love and support. Without the foundation of confidence they provided and the continuai challenge to think about life and the society we live in, 1 certainly would not have succeeded in my stsidy of history. 1 thank both of you for the opportunities you provided. Six very good friends of a different kind also aided me in the completion of this thesis. Astro, Lando, Arlo, Cosmo, Georgie and Lea - friends of the four-legged fùny kind - al1 provided continual love. Whenever 1 was stressed out one of them always seemed to find my lap and their purr brought a smile to my face. Much of the British Columbia chapter was brought to life through interviews and insight provided to me by Irene Howard. Mrs. Howard was very generous with both her time and iv her research. 1 cannot adequately state how valuable are the interviews with these fascinating CCF women. Of equal value is the friendship of Irene who read over an early draft of my chapter on the Ontario CCF and offered helpful suggestions on how 1 might approach the B.C. material. Her work on both Helena Gutteridge and the Mother's Council of Vancouver paved the way for my own contribution. Thank you, Irene. For his patience and ongoing generosity 1 thank Bob McDonald of the University of British Columbia. Always extremely busy with his own work within the department of history, Bob took the tinle to edit each chapter. His suggestions were most helpful. In addition his friendship over the last few years has meant a lot. Also at UBC, 1 would like to thank Phi1 Resnick, Chris Friedrichs, and Frank Roberts. A special thanks is owed to Car1 and Angela Johnson. Their support and friendship has meant so much. At Queen's: My good friend Dave Regéczi: again, there is not nearly enough space to thank him enough for al1 his help. From Our insane tennis-bal1 battles and weekly encounters on the ice - much needed stress reliefs -- to his guidance and expertise on everything from computers to word processing. Thank you Dave! v Also at Queen's: The best part of my experience at Queen's was the incredible support 1 received from several new fi-iends: Thanks to: Jamie Murton, Ross Cameron, Me1 Cook, Heidi Cooinbs, Alice Mao, Julie Johnson, Jake Whalen, Mike Dawson, Krista Kesselring, Amy Bell, Meghan Leuprecht, Jenn Marotta. Special thanks to Chris McCreery. No other goalie would let me take a slap shot at their head and ask for more. No one else would sing Gilbert and Sullivan with me. Special thanks to my office mate and good friend Erin Melvin. Support Staff at Queen's: 1 benefited greatly fiom the help provided by Yvonne Place, graduate secretary, and al1 the office staff: Debbie, Joe Anne, Norma, and Judy. Thank you for making me feel welcome. At the Queen's Archives, 1 met two new fiiends, George Henderson and Stewart Renfi-ew. Again, there is not enough space to recount al1 the ways in which George aided me. The Staff of the University of British Columbia Special Collections: Thanks to George Brandak, Raymond Adams and Sarah Eccelston. Al1 of them made my many hours spent at the archives an enjoyable experience. 1 thank Dr. Bryan Palmer for his work as my thesis supervisor. 1 thank Bryan for accepting me as his student, even though it was probably a surprise for both he and 1. vi Thanks to the staff at the Thomas Fisher Library. Their speedy photocopy service saved the day! A special acknowledgement goes to Ron Francis, who has inspired me over many years and has shown me what hard work can do. Finally, 1 would like to acknowledge the lives of the CCF women who fil1 these pages. They lived through such hard times, and yet faced them with determination. "I'm laughing at the superior intellect." List of Abbreviations CAC Consumer Association of Canada CCF Cooperative Commonwealth Federation CCW Canadian Congress of Women FOR Fellowship of Reconstruction HCA Housewives' Consumer Association LPP Labour Progressive Party NPA Non-Partisan Association NWC National Women's Council PEL Political Equality League PWC Provincial Women's Committee UFC United Farmers of Canada UFCSS United Farmers of Canada Saskatchewan Section UFO United Farmers of Ontario UWA Unemployed Women's Association VLCW Vancouver Local Council of Women VMC Vancouver Mother's Council VWUC Vancouver Women's University Club WAC Women's Action Committee WILPF Women's International League for Peace and Freedom WJC Women's Joint Committee WNEL Women's New Era League Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................... i Acknowledgements ....................................................iii List of Abbreviations .................................................. vii Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................1 Chapter 2: Women. Women's Groups and the Ontario CCF .................. 13 Ontario CCF Women in the 1940s ....................................36 Conclusion ......................................................60 Chapter 3: Women and the British Columbia CCF: Political Osmosis at Work .. 63 AFamiliarDilemma ..............................................66 An Inherited Tradition .............................................71 B.C. CCF Women: Identity and Experience ............................74
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