Complimentary b i

Fall 1 A

Election coverage interviews with Audrey Mclaughlin Sheila Copps . ~. All-p~rty coverage of; Employm·ent Debt_ ·Healthcare refgrf::p·olicy En vi roJ1m:e1tt NAFTA

Violen.ee: ' Abori.ginal Self Gov$rn·ment Social Pr9gr~ms Childcare Culture Humart Rights Agric·ullure Fisheri>es Abortion New Rl~p:ro· Also in thls Technologies::· issue:· .lmmigt.J:ltign .·ME!nopa,µ~e.: Sorqali:~. ··>·victory for:. Rape•·,crtslt· ·c··•· •.·.··.··•k··.·c· w·· e!n·tres .. u·c Uu' page 2 Fa/11993

Editor: Joan Riggs Womenspeak Managing Editor: Caitlin McMorran-Frost

Editing and production staff: Catherine Browning, Saira Fitzgerald, Valerie Mclennon, Michelle Simms, Lynne Tyler, Viviane Weitzner. Dear Woman/st leadership of the Conservative Who helped with this issue: Lucy Chapman, Lyse party to make a difference. Blanchard, Noelle-Domenique Willems, Michelle Lemay, Laura Kim Campbell's clinching of Defence minister Campbell's McFarlane, Joanne Steven, Donna Truesdale. Alex Keir, Jane From Inside Out the Tory crown is not a victory new policy of zero incidence Vock, and Anne, Leah, Daniel, & Matthew Haynes. by Patricia Ellen for women in Canada. I do not has not changed anything for Cresswell agree that Campbell's win will victims of harassment and Special thanks to the people who have financially give women more courage to discrimination who have assisted us with this issue: Roberta Hill, Lil & Tim Tyler, have high expectations. grievances with the Canadian Campbell's win will not help Barbara Chapman, Lucy Chapman, Claire Fellows, Lucy Dear Womanist: Armed Forces. Fellows, Ted Riggs. women and girls to realize they I joined the (RCAF) Canadian can be winners too, in any field. I am working on a piece Armed Forces for a steady Kim Campbell's election will Published by: about the bureaucratization of income, patriotism (1967 was Catalyst Research and Comunications help a few women in Canada, our Centennial year), career grass roots organizations from women like her who have 41 York"Street, 3rd Floor a grass roots point of view. I opportunities, travel and to Ottawa, Ontario bought into the Tory dog-eat- leave home and become a have been given many reasons dog, Darwinian survival-of-the- K1N5S7 for the phenomena taking place responsible adult fittest, survival-of-th a-richest The following is based on 22 in shelters, and the underlying agenda. Circulation: 20,000 message is that the change is years of observation and my Distributed: nationally· Former Minister of National own personal experience while a necessary evil and a natural Defence and Quebec progression. I say "bull"! serving on HMCS Provider and The Woman/st was created to empower and enable women. lieutenant, Marcel Masse, and These are the feeble rote at CFB Esquimalt, and s,hows We want to get back to the basics, the common ground that former Associate Minister of how the Canadian Armed excuses of narrow-minded built the women's movement, while celebrating our differences. National Defence, Mary Collins, patriarchal clones devoid of Forces deal with complaints of did little to assist members of sexual harassment and sexual imagination. What can we agree upon? That we as women are important and the Canadian Armed Forces discrimination. When I The potential of the shelter that we have a right to be heard, to be respected, and to be who are victims of harassment complained about harassment movement as a force on the trusted. and discrimination. The seven in the workplace, steps were cutting edge of social change member advisory board on taken to ensure that I would be must be nurtured, encouraged As a movement, we have a responsibility to enable all voices to women in the Canadian Forces released from the military. be heard, equally. That is the commitment in this newspaper, and fought for. Shelters bring chaired by Ottawa lawyer Mrs. to empower with ideas, information and inspiration. the message of anti- Shirley Greenberg has oppression and emancipation travelled for three years, but The Woman/st appears approximately 4 times a year. of women out of the large little has changed for victims Continued on page 58 centers and into small towns who complain. Canada's first and rural areas where attitudes female Defence minister, Prime are often stuck in a "1950's" Minister Kim Campbell, was too time warp. busy campaigning for the I have drawn my line. In my heart, in my gut, I know that shelters must grow from a woman-centered philosophy, and the internalized patriarchy which seems to be spreading must be stopped now. l source of the accepted strongly believe that standard of management is not Definition of Womanist internalized patriarchy is the a brave new way resulting from most destructive force women's experience in the 1. From womanish (Opp. of "girlish", ie, frivolous, irresponsible, presently working within the work place. Their standard is not serious.) A black feminist or feminist of colour. From the shelter movement. the same old well-used black folk expression of mothers to female children, "you Breaking the silence has methods based on power-over, have been victimized while acting womanish," ie, like a woman. Usually referring to become a familiar phrase to control-over patriarchy. employed in a shelter or are still outrageous, audaeious, courageous or willful behaviour. most women. Those who have Patriarchy and empowerment being abused speak out now Wanting to know more and in greater depth than is considered been victims of abuse are are diametrically opposed. before it is too late. Since I "good" for one. Interested in grown-up doings. Acting grown being encouraged to speak One canr,ot exist in the began putting my thoughts up. Being grown up. Interchangeable with another black folk out, make public the hitherto presence of the other. To try together in May, I have been expression: "You trying to be grown." Responsible. In charge. secret behaviour of the and administer a shelter which laid off due to "lack of work" in Serious. perpetrator. When the shelter is dedicated to the the shelter. I remain as movement began, long-silent, empowerment of women using committed to the movement as 2. Also: A woman who loves other women, sexually and/or frightened women stepped methods based on the I was when I began working nonsexually. Appreciates and prefers women's culture, forward with their stories. traditional model creates an seven years ago. Has anyone women's emotional flexibility (values tears as natural When the shelter movement atmosphere of suspicion and out there made the same counterbalance of laughter), and women's strength. began, I expect there were high dis-ease. Unfortunately the discoveries? I would like to Sometimes loves individual men, sexually and/or nonsexually. hopes that this might be the shelter developed into a place connect with you for the Committed to survival and wholeness of entire people, male beginning of a new age for of secrets and fear. The purposes of discussion, and female. Not a separatist, except periodically, for health. women. victims in this instance were, sharing support, and ideas for Traditionally universalist, as.in: "Mama, why are we brown, pink My experience as a and still are, staff. I believe it positive action. Please write! and yellow, and our cousins are white, beige and black?" Ans: counsellor in a shelter had is time to break the silence. "Well, you know the coloured race is just like a flower garden, such a beginning. At last there Anything less would be Yours in sisterhood, with every colour flower represented." Traditionally capable, was a safe place to put to use breaking the faith with those Patricia Ellen Cresswell as in: "Mama, I'm walking to Canada and I'm taking you and a the accumulated knowledge whom I have counselled. SS3, Site 3, Comp21 bunch of other slaves with me." Reply: "It wouldn't be the first gained through years of Shelters play a vital role in Penetanguishene, Ont time." women's tireless work. I was in the emancipation of women, LOK 1PO for a rude and painful children, and men from the 3. Loves music. Loves dance. Loves the moon. Loves the awakening. The shelter in belief that might is right. What (Part of this letter was first Spirit. Loves love and food and roundness. Loves struggle. which l was employed became role are we, as staff, modelling published in Quota) Loves the folks. Loves herself. Regardless. a text book model of the uphill for others if we continue to struggle women must still allow ourselves to b e 4. Womanist is to feminist as purple is to lavender. endure against the worst of mistreated in order to protect a patriarchy, power and control system that has developed From In Search of Our Mother's Gardens, Womanist used and abused by others such a major flaw? Here is an Prose by Alice Walker. who believe that their methods example of a double standard are the accepted standard. which must not be tolerated. l They are correct, but the am requesting that women who [ Fa/11993 page3

The Election Issue - pages 11-51 The next 40 pages contain detailed information about many issues that need to be addressed during this election. We have ·articles from the Bloc Quebecois, Green Party, Reform Party, and National Party interviews with Audrey Mclaughlin and Sheila Copps analysis of 17 issues and positions by the three main parties.

Editorial------What's in this issue?

Since we first started the country. We are better and reality over the last five years. News publishing five years ago, The better known among a diverse We are available in 75 Panel on Violence ...... 5 Woman/st has been and growing readership that communities in Canada, and 30 Justice for Jocelyn Case ...... 6 committed to making free includes the women's countries around the world. We copies of the paper available to movement, but also reaches have remained free ... you can Victory for rape crisis centres ... 7 far beyond it. women who could not afford find the paper in libraries, Sexual harassment in the military ... 8 That success depends on subscriptions, or who would not welfare offices, daycares and, support from our readers. We Menopause ... 9 otherwise see the paper. We yes, bookstores. But the cannot· continue to took a chance that, if we published The Woman/st, finances have never matched publish free copies of our enthusiasm. Election coverage the paper without more you would want to support it. And many of you have. But we We naively thought that, Sheila Copps interview ... 12 financial support from although the paper was you, our readers. need many more subscribers to Audrey Mclaughlin interview ... 13 keep going. PI ease distributed free, women who We think we have grown into, could afford the paper and Green Party ... 15 not just Canada's largest, but subscribe today. The Woman/st was one of supported it being accessible Reform Party ... 16 one of the best feminist those wild and crazy ideas two to others, would subscribe. publications in the country. Bloc Quebecois ... 17 women had five years ago. And. over 1,000 women have. Where else can you find National "Party ... 17 Why not put out a quality But it hasn't been enough. articles from women across the newspaper that speaks to This issue will be our Employment ... 18 country on topics from the debt women about how the world is fourteenth. Our debt averages Debt ... 20 to menopause? Where else affecting us? A newspaper $10,000 per issue. We need can you find a womanist Healthcare ... 22 that isn't just available to your help. Foreign Policy ... 24 perspective on the major women who already identify This paper is important it economic, social and with the "feminist" movement, means something to women. Environment ... 26 international issues of the day? There are hundreds of women NAFTA ... 28 In The Womanist, you get who already feel comfortable going into a women's who distribute this paper in Violence Against Women ... 33 facts, you get analysis from Canada and internationally. On leaders in the field, and you get bookstore. If feminism is to be Aboriginal Self Government ... 34 truly a social change average, over 70 different personal stories from women women write for the paper Social Programs ... 36 who have been there. movement, then we need to share and develop ideas based every time it comes out. Childcare ... 38 We publish 20,000 copies Women have written, on the realities of all women. each issue, and distribute them advertised, d i st r i b u t e d , Culture ... 40 The dream has become a in over 75 communities across subscribed, lent us money Human Rights ... 42 have always been there for Agriculture ... 44 The Woman/st. We know that many of our Fisheries ... 46 readers think this is a great Abortion ... 48 paper, because some of you New Repro Technologies ... 50 wrote us as part of the readers' Subscribe now survey ... "I love the range of Immigration ... 51 topics, valuable information and the fact that it has a International Canadian focus" .... "The best women's magazine I have Somalia ... 52 come across" ... "I love it! Vienna Human Rights Conference ... 54 There is literally something about everything'" ... "The 1990s has been a keep quiet, Reviews and Stuff don't make waves decade. Thinking Positive ... 54 Your magazine has brought out Joy Luck Club ... 55 many voices needed to be heard. Thank you. It's History Quiz ... 56 important." OUT ... 57 Help with what you can. We love this paper, and we hope you do, too.

Subscribe.Donate. Advertise. Thanks! see back page page4 Fa/11993 Inclusion and democracy In :.d~:andra the women's movement Lately, I am much mo re We are not talking about 10 as women and as people and responding in positive ways, moving away from simply motivated to speak out. For years, 20 years or even 50 then work to combat them. but many are finding this a very "giving spaces" to women of although I am constantly years. We are talking about at Only then can we talk about the difficult challenge. colour, lesbians, women with reminded that the past least 500 years of deep commonalities and struggle on As a woman of colour I am disabilities, older women and struggles of women and men of inequities--500 years in which common ground. I think being often intrigued at the creative other women who have been colour have made it possible the bedrock of racism has been women together is not enough ways in which some White excluded. That is for me to sit up here and speak shaped and deepened. We are - has never been enough - will women maintain their privilege "accommodation" and limits the to you, sometimes that talking about conquest. We never be enough. If we just and power, while at the same potential of those who are then knowledge does not inform my are talking about slavery. We locate our struggle at the level time asserting their feminism. included - and limits the organi- everyday reality. are talking about colonialism of a gender analysis, what will Some White women's attempt zation from truly benefiting all When I look at the all too and imperialism, and all other our understanding be of to deal with the race question is women. What we have to do is familiar struggles in which my forms of oppression. We need racism, classism, hetero- predicated on their belief that transform the organizations so 20 year-old daughter and her to remind ourselves of the sexism, able-body-ism, and all well-meaning efforts to simply that they become new entities friends are involved, too often women who were destroyed or the "isms" that separate us as include women of various - so that they are informed with they are engaged in similar were subjugated to the will of women? differences will solve the all of our different values, struggles, using the same kind the conquerors. Where we are located problem. But such good experiences and visions. of words, getting the same intentions often fail to We need to facilitate those kinds of answers I've gotten. understand and deal with the deeper kinds of changes. Race continues to determine Such changes will not be easy. too much of what they can be. deep systemic barriers and the hidden racism endemic in such When we include women who This bothers me-it makes me organizations. have been left out we need to want to cry-but it also makes Others, when responding to be prepared for conflict, me so very angry that J ~ant to the issue of race, understand it conflicts that can only fuel our get out and become more to be limited to some model of movement further as we involved in the struggle to racism awareness training for collectively seek an inclusive create a world in which we can staff while everything else is future. Of course when we as all find safety and security and business as usual. And, women of colour are included dignity. having provided this training, we bring with us a variety of The theme of this conference they become impatient and feel experiences and ways of is "Healing the Past: affronted if someone finds the seeing the world. Our What Forming the Future." courage to challenge their reference points will be does healing the past mean for perspective or interpretation of different at times. me? Healing seems tQ be events or their approach to about "fixing" and "mending." "including differences." But - if you have never had a We have to challenge "whole" th at was safe and ourselves and to ask ourselves inclusive - what are you some very tough questions: healing? As women we need to Has there ever been a single understand the past as it has When we look at the horrors depends on our colour, our women's movement that spoke impacted on all women before that are coming out of the class, our sexual orientation, to all of us? we can begin a healing former Yugoslavia, the brutality our ability, our age, our Women all over the world, in process. We need to ask some of rape and violence elsewhere geographic location and, of many communities, have very fundamental questions in the world where there are no course, our gender. A s struggled and continue to about what it is we are healing TV cameras, many of us, as women, we also use our struggle for women's rights. and not to take the easy·way women are not sure what to privilege to suppress, exclude, Within Canada, this is equally out and rush into seeking say, what position to take, or and marginalize those of our so, but not all these women are commonalities. what to do. sisters who come "wearing their seen as feminist or are Many people who are looking I hear women talk about the differences." So - within included in our collective at violence against women talk need to talk about the gender analysis - we have to picture of the women's The experience of most non- about the increase in violence commonality of rape and in so create an analytical framework movement. We need to name Wh ite people has been that in recent times. Some talk doing they are not naming the in which people who are these women as reference their contributions to the world about the safer world of ways in which men who have excluded or marginalized find points when we are naming our have been silenced or negated. yesterday. But safer for power use race and ethnicity in the safety and honesty to talk struggle. Women of Colour in particular whom? The world has been an the brutality of rape to do about the way in which they There have been many have not had their unsafe and violent place for "ethnic cleansing." I think it need to struggle. women's movements and contributions named. One is most people for a very long can be a very dangerous thing The divisions in women's whether we need one entity - or reminded of the not too distant time. Those of us involved in for us to ''flatten" struggles to communities are fuelled by mis- many - will depend on the past when great discoveries in the struggle to end violence look for commonalities that are conceptions, mistrust, and terrain of struggle and who is the non-European parts of the against women need to be very very easy and simplistic. misunderstanding. The need to involved. world were explained away as careful in our analysis and our Of course we need to seek question and challenge I think there is space for all either the work of White male understanding of the past. We out our commonalities as existing models and definitions of us, and there is much to do visitors or the visits of extra- need to challenge ourselves to women, but we also need to is critical if we are to form a to keep us all busy. But there terrestrial beings. make the connections between understand and respect the better future. The need to is no place for a hierarchy in While I would not suggest all the ways in which all women profound differences that exist include other perspectives in this struggle. We can begin to that we do away with all of our are violated. and have existed between us our analyses is vital if we are to challenge this hierarchy today. reference points; I would work together with all of our One way of doing so is to certainly encourage us to differences. I may appear to include the works and ways of examine them - and include be all over the place but that is women other than those who new ones that speak to the because I come ''from all over AND are currently seen as the contributions and histories of the place." My analysis and "leaders" of our struggle. We all women. If we begin to do contribution will be informed by need to rethink the definition of that, we will begin to heal the the interconnectedness of my feminism, to one that includes past and form a future that is experiences. us all. inclusive of al/women. Recently, established What we are talking about women's organizations have here is how to democratize our Chandra Budhu is currently the found themselves being organizations, how we move Coordinator of Community challenged by women of colour, from the exclusive to the Action on Violence Against native women, lesbians, inclusive. How we work for this Women for the YWCA of WE CAN women with disabilities and democratization of our organi- Canada and a founding member others to become "open and zations and our feminist of Women in Global 344 St W., Toronto, Ont MSS 1A7 inclusive." A few are agenda is very important. It is Partnership. ( 416) 323-9658 fax ( 416) This article is based on a presentation made by Chandra Budhu at the National Association of Women and the Law Conference "Healing the Past: Forming the Future", this summer. Analysis of the Report of the Panel on Violence Time for action by Dale Godsoe

The YWCA of Canada is one abuse they suffer to their "Section 4 - Monitoring and of the largest providers of inequality as women. Accountability Measures." shelter, transition housing and The Panel has contributed Two important, although far counselling for women who are new and important research on from perfect, recommendations Small print, non-user-friendly victims of violence in Canada, Aboriginal and Inuit issues are worth noting. A monitoring format, and cost may deter serving 11,000 women and ·which connect women's and accountability body people from reading it. their children in 1992. Because subordination to historical composed mainly of So how well did the Panel our front-line workers racist practices. representatives from women's succeed in writing an action experience first-hand the Economic inequality is organizations, "a zero urgent and compelling need for clearly exposed as the main tolerance accountability board" plan that will make a difference in the lives of women? solutions, we felt a compelling contributing factor to violence is recommended in the Report. Although the Panel gave us need for the report of the against women. This linkage As well, "the elevation of the Canadian Panel on Violence may result in an important shift Sub-committee on the Status grist for our mill, it did not Against Women to make a real in the way our society views of Women to full parliamentary difference in the lives of violence. committee status, with women. How well did it responsibility for regular review succeed? of p r o g r e s s t o w a rd Panel on Violence excerpts If we remember that the implementation of the National mandate of the Canadian Panel Action Plan and the federal "Canada ranks second among nations (to Japan) on the on Violence Against Women government's commitment to Human Development Index compiled by the United was to deliver a National Action ending violence against Nations. However, when the Index is adjusted for women." Plan to end violence against gender disparities, Canada drops to 11th place overall.'' women, it may be easier to The process was at times measure success or lack of it. disrespectful to the women who This was a very consciously came to testify. The Panel The average annual wage of women full-time workers in set mandate because· many frequently gave them little 1991 was $26,842. For men, it was $38,567. who work in the field doubted notice of dates and locations, Three out of four earners in the ten lowest paying the need to once again study arrived late, often did not allow occupations are women. Eight out of ten earners in the issue. Once the Panel was women enough time to speak the highest paying occupations are men. in place the priority became and not in their own language, Breast cancer is the leading cause .of death for clear - a clear well-resourced sometimes seeming not to really listen. The flaws in the Canadian women aged 35-54 and the leading cause of action plan, not more words on death from cancer for women aged 30-74. Less than paper. process left some people At over 400 pages, the final feeling bruised from their 1% of health care research funds are spent on breast report, Changing the experience, victimized again. cancer." Landscape, is daunting to From all corners we hear Changing the Landscape: Ending Violence - read. The panel makes almost criticism of the $10 million cost Achieving Equality, Final Report of the Canadian Panel on Violence Against Women, 1993 500 recommendations, with no of the Panel. It is a huge clear focus, and even more The slow pace towards amount of money spent at a disappointingly, no prioritizing, equality for women can be time when funds are and no action strategies with directly linked to the lack of increasingly scarce for groups suggested resourcing and political will and financial working on equality issues and deliver what was so compelling We cannot afford to let this time lines. commitment from government the delivery of services to a need, a National Action Plan. report gather dust. This wish Instead, the Panel Report is and institutions. The economic women survivors of violence. We must all take list must be turned into action a gigantic wish list, at a time inequality of over half of our The $10 million spent by the responsibility for pushing for a NOW. In the final analysis, When women in Canada need population is not only Panel can only be justified if it concrete action plan now. It that is how the report of the action, not more words. All of terrifyingly unjust, it deprives results in substantive action by will not be easy, as the Canadian Panel on Violence us know that a wish list offers us of a great source of governments, institutions and landscape of violence is so must be judged. governments, businesses and productivity. In the end, the by individuals. deeply rooted and pervasive The report calls on the individuals the excuse to delay result will be a longer term The cost of the Final Report that only massive will and Federal Government to even more while they pick and deficit, in both human and and the accompanying effort, collective and individual, respond to the choose whatever may fit their financial terms, than the one Community Kit is prohibitive. It can effect real change. This recommendations with a clear ideologies and their budgets. we face now. is somewhat inconsistent to landscape of violence can only state.ment of commitment Further, government cannot be The final report includes an decry women's economic be changed if the women of within three months. We must held easily accountable without analysis of the process and inequality on the one hand and Canada, women's not lose sight of this and must these clear action statements lessons to be learned. Even then charge $20.00 for the Kit organizations and individuals, hold the new government with accountability measures. more importantly, and $32.00 for a copy of a and the larger public demand accountable immediately. Not all the news is bad, for recommendations for report which urges the whole that the resulting action plans the report does recommend an accountability are included in population to take a ct ion. be implemented. Dale Godsoe is President of important and radical shift in the YWCA of/du Canada the way our society views violence. Not since Florence To order Bird issued the Royal Commission on the Status of documents from Women Report in 1970 have we the Panel had a national call for women's equality which covers so many Please note that you have to pay bases. the government to get these This report, with its linkage of YWCA reports. We have also been valuable research with the of/du Canada infonned that you should quote voices of women survivors, will the catalogue number when ordering. be an extremely valuable resource for those working in Final Report: Catalogue No. the field and for those in SW45-1 /1993E $32.00 government who attempt to •Community Kit: Catalogue No. form action plans. SW45-4/ 1993E $19.95 The report's analysis •Executive Summary: Catalogue carefully describes how No. SW45-3/ 1993E $19.95 sexism, racism, and classism sanction and promote power Years of Service Canada Communications Group J00 Publishing Division and control of men over women in a society still largely in denial Ottawa, Ontario K1A 089 about the violence it produces. to the Women of Canada tel (819) 956-4802 The compelling voices of these fax (819) 994-1498 women irrefutably link the page6 Fa/11993 Justice for Jocelyne C. by the Justice for Jocelyne C. Ad Hoc Committee

Jocelyne C. has not seen her determined by the courts. access" every 15 days. Judge awarded to the father on April mainstream press within six year old daughter since A second question that we Paul Corriveau determined that 2, 1992. Quebec has given the case May of 1992. After turning need to consider is, why should the "supervised access" was to On May 21, 1992, Jocelyne limited and unsympathetic herself in to authorities in her a known abuser be granted take place in the home of the C. turned herself in after coverage. Almost nothing has home town in northern Quebec, access to his victims at all? man's brother and sister-in-law. consulting a criminal lawyer. been reported outside of on May 21, 1992, Jocelyne C. And perhaps most importantly, Not convinced that these visits Jocelyne was held in prison Quebec. Jocelyne has has been held in the Orsainville what psychological effect will would in fact be supervised, without bail, because she was received some support from Prison for Women in Quebec the child suffer if contact Jocelyne C. began to seek considered "dangerous". CALACS (Quebec Component City. continues between the abuser other legal counsel and did not On October 7, 1992, of Women Against Violence Her crime? According to the and the child, even if the visits comply with the court order. Jocelyne C. was found guilty of Against Women) and her justice system, it is contempt are supervised? Subsequently, on September contempt of court. 0 n immediate family has always of court. Jocelyne C. refused The justice system has failed 13, 1991, the ·father was December 4, she was supported her choices. to comply with the courts and women and children in many awarded custody. When the sentenced to 2 years less a Unfortunately though, divulge her daughter's different ways and often police and the Quebec day in prison. She was brought Jocelyne C.'s story is only one whereabouts. According to mothers faced with this of many, many women who are Jocelyne C., she was simply situation feel they have little faced with similar protecting her daughter. option but to agree to the court I BELONG TO ME circumstances. A film was Disclosing where her daughter order. Refusing to comply may and it's up to me to made recently about an was would have allowed the mean risking permanent American woman, Elizabeth child's father, an alleged custody of their children. Morgan, who made similar sexual abuser, court-ordered Jocelyne C., however, made choices as Jocelyne C. access to the child. Sixteen the decision to take that risk Whatever choices the mother months later, the whereabouts and did so at a huge cost. may make about her child, it is of tne child are still unknown. The child's father had been without doubt, the child who The issue of access by an physically, emotionally and suffers most, whether in the alleged and/or known abuser is sexually violent with his wife presence of abusers via one that warrants serious Jocelyne for most of their supervised access or in hiding consideration. The question sixteen years together. When equivalent of the Children's Aid to evade court decisions. Jocelyne C. asked herself and Jocelyne C. realized that he Society arrived to pick up the Meanwhile, Jocelyne C. we, as women and mothers, had begun to abuse their three daughter on September 14, remains incarcerated in the must ask ourselves, is how and a half year old daughter, 1991, Jocelyne C. was there, Orsainville Prison for Women. back to court again on April 13, Her health is deteriorating, she safe is a child, if the court- she left him. She soon found but without her daughter. ordered "supervised access", Jocelyne C. left her home town 1993 and again found in suffers from weight loss, herself embroiled in a bitter seizures, fainting, hyper- (supervised visits by the custody battle over their September 17, and a warrant contempt of court and given an alleged or known abuser), is to for her arrest was issued on additional 45 days. ventilation and dangerously daughter. be facilitated by members of September 26, 1991. The case of Jocelyne C. has high blood pressure. Her his family? Family members Although Jocelyne C. was Court proceedings began become an extremely daughter is still in hiding and may not believe that the child is originally awarded interim without her present on October complicated one, full of bizarre has not seen her mother in at risk and so may not custody on July 10, 1991, the 31, 1991, and after many court details and questions that beg more than sixteen months. supervise the visit as father was allowed "supervised dates, sole custody was to be answered. The Who is the criminal?

THE Battered Women's Syndrome THE by Kim Pate The 1990 decision of the personal defects o r support to women in abusive Conference, 25-27, 1993 Supreme Court of Canada in incapacities. We would like to relationships. Our legal the Lavallee case marked the see a defense that defines as system in turn furthers the Toronto recognition of the "battered "the problem" the man's abuse, abuse by punishing the women, intrusive women's syndrome". For the rather than the woman's who often are forced to resort toys, and children first time, the limits of self- response - an interpretation to such drastic measures in intervention with survivors defense were altered to which stresses reaso'nable order to escape their desperate living in violent environments recognize battering within a actions of self preservation. circumstances and achieve and much more on treatment, prevention and intervention domestic homicide. Over the past two years, we some degree of personal For information, (416) 921-3151 orfax 921-4997 At that time the Canadian have explored t h e safety. Association of Elizabeth Fry circumstances of a number of CAEFS has requested that Societies commenced a women who have been charged the government of Canada Battered Women's Defense and convicted as a result of undertake an en bloc review of Project. their involvement in the deaths the cases of women currently As a result of the Lavallee of abusive partners. serving federal sentences of Canadian Association of Fry Societies decision, if a judge or jury finds At the present time, it up to life imprisonment as a Post Card Campaign that a woman who reasonably appears that there is no result of their involvement in apprehended death or grievous consistent resolution of these the killing of an abusive bodily harm was in a cases within the criminal partner. This is a process relationship where she was justice system. In virtually which permits the cases of all battered, and that she used an identical circumstances, some women who are in similar appropriate amount of force in women have been acquitted on situations to go before a review response to the threat, then the basis of self-defense and body at the same time. the woman should b e as a result of the court's We are presently seeking the acquitted. Accordingly, this acceptance of evidence of assistance of others, to decision set a precedent by "battered women's syndrome", persuade the government to determining that evidence of while others have received first conduct an en bloc review of abuse could legitimately be degree murder convictions and the situations of women raised at a woman's trial in life sentences. In most cases currently incarcerated due to Canada. it is virtually impossible to their involvement in the deaths While this was clearly a step launch conviction and of abusive partners. forward for Canadian women, sentence appeals, often we would now like to see a because evidence of abuse defence that more clearly was never raised in court or HELP ENCOURAGE THE GOVERNMENT recognizes the realities of was deemed irrelevant at the Kim Pate is Executive Director women's experience of abuse, AN EN REVIEW! time. of Canadian Association of rather than needing a To obtain postcards, contact CAEFS, - 251 Bank Street, There is a growing perception Elizabeth Frye Societies. For "syndrome" defense that Ottawa, K2P 1X3, Phone (613) 238-2422 Fax (613) that these women were abused more information contact stresses the woman's not •only b.Y their spouses, ·but CAEFS, StJite 600, 251 Bank victimi.zat.ion and defines her also by a society that provides Street, Ottawa, Ontario, K2P behavior in terms of her own insufficient assistance and 1X3. Fa/11993 page 7 A welcome victory

by Anne Marie Keeping rape Wlcksted crisis centres safe Try to imagine this scenario: had no choice but to risk a to the striking down of the Rape You have just been sexually contempt of court charge and Shield Law saw a dramatic assaulted; you are confused possible jail sentence. decrease, in the following six and terrified but know that you It has taken many years to months, in the number of young girl until she finally took must reach out for help if you build our agency into a safe women wanting to enter the her life in 1990. are to survive. So you call the haven for survivors. The Criminal Justice System. Our counsellors work one place you know will be a needs of victims of sexual Women felt they no longer had diligently to promote a feeling safe place; you call the local assault as they have defined protection if their private life of safety. All of us sign a Rape Crisis Centre and speak them are for confidentiality and was to be open for review and confidentiality statement in to a counsellor. After several the security of the information scrutiny. which we promise to protect the appointments in which you sort given to our staff and We can learn from the identity of callers and any through your most intimate volunteers. Victims need to experience of the children, information regarding them. understand the profound and feelings, you feel strong know need to be when they fear being exposed. Any breach of this promise will, often permanent trauma enough to report the crime to guaranteed that nothing Most of the children who call and has, resulted in their experienced by victims of sexual assault. .. That there be the police and soon will have would ever be disclosed to our service do not follow immediate dismissal and/or a source of counselling your day in court. anyone. through with treatment disassociation from our available to such a victim is Later, when your assailant We did not want t o because we cannot guarantee agency. It is a promise they essential." He went on to say, goes to trial, his attorney participate in the further them confidentiality. Minors must renew annually. "I do accept that if such subpoenas the records as well victimization of this woman and frequently express their I am convinced that if victims . disclosures between the as the counsellors at the Rape we also wanted to give a strong intense fear of not feeling safe of sexual assault heard that sexual assault victim and her Crisis Centre. You remember message to all victims that we due to our legal obligations to their identity and file counsellor were made all the private, embarrassing would protect their privacy, at reveal their identity and the information could be accessed accessible it would result in things you spoke of, and once all costs. circumstances of their abuse. by defense attorneys, they injury to the victim, and to the again feel betrayed. Therefore, our agency They cite this specific reason would no longer feel safe at our for not seeking help and most agency nor at any Rape Crisis relation between her and the remain in their abusive Centre in the country. The counsellor. As an axiom of situations instead. security and mandate of our common sense, the spectre of In 1987 I responded to a 13- services would be lost even if having these most intimate year-old girl who called the the risk of disclosure of disclosures made open for crisis line late one evening information is minimal. There public·scrutiny would be most asking for help. She described would no longer be a inhibiting. For some victims, that her step-father was guarantee, a solid promise this would be an regularly having sexual that we could make to insurmountable hurdle that would prevent or delay them intercourse with her as well as survivors of sexual assault. from seeking counselling and forcing her to perform fellatio Victims of sexual assault would therapy." on him. We spoke for several stop calling and crimes would The Judge .concluded his hours one evening and I was go unreported and unpunished. unable to convince her to follow What deterrence would there decision· by stating, " ... I am through with continuing support be if no one reported this persuaded that the relative or to report her abuse. She crime? values in favour of privilege in would not agree to reveal On August 10, 1993, we these circumstances outweigh herself unless I promised to walked into the courtroom those in favour of the protect her identity. supported by a large group of defense ... ! do uphold the This young girl eventually did people peacefully protesting assertion of a privilege with call back several years later - outside the building, to hear the respect to communications on precisely the day she turned judge's decision. We felt between this complainant and 16 and I could protect her. confidant but had our bags her sexual assault counsellor." Sadly, she had to endure packed just in case. We walked out of that several more years of abuse Judge Robert Main began court room victorious and before she could get the help reading his decision and from elated - an unfamiliar feeling for The defendant believes he attempted to have the she deserved. I am sure that if the very beginning we knew we women within the Criminal has a right to have access to subpoena quashed by she had been able to get the had won. " ... to understand the "Justice" System. all your statements about the maintaining our client's right to support she needed to feel issue in the balance, one must alleged assault so that he may "privilege" within the courts. In strong enough to escape her have some· sense of why a Anne Marie Wicksted is the have a fair trial. But you are our defense on May 19, 1993, abuse, she would have been sexual assault or rape victim Executive Director of the Barrie thinking, "what rights do I our agency's lawyer, Gavin saved from the continuing talks to a counsellor. Sexual and District Rape Crisis Line. have?" If you had known that May, argued on the Rape Crisis damage of her step-father. assault is unique. As a society She 'has worked with more than everything you said could be Line's behalf, making the This damage tormented this we are just beginning to 2500 victims of sexual assault. revealed to your attacker, following points. would you have made the Each year the Rape Crisis decision to report? Would you Line responds to an increasing have even reached out for number of callers; last year help? Would any victim? more than 1200 victims The women working at the received assistance within SELF-DEFENCE Rape Crisis Line in Simcoe Simcoe County. An additional County, Ontario recently faced 500 people used our crisis line this scenario. As Executive anonymously, too frightened to Director of Barrie and District identify themselves. We could Rape Crisis Line, I was recently not convince them that their FEAR THE ANSWER subpoenaed by a defense identity would be protected attorney, along with another either because they were under this 12-15 hour program, designed to meet the needs of women today you be counsellor, Bonnie Bobbette, the age of 16 (and therefore we presented with a of: ' and our records of a client we are legally obligated to report had recently assisted. We the abuse) or for other l) to 2) to raise awareness were being asked to disclose reasons. everything the woman had said Approximately 15-30% of our results in an and gives you a in her counselling sessions. In callers eventually report their sense of choice and an to being a victim. Canada, only th e abuse to the police. This Appropriate to women regardless of age (12 and up) or confidentiality between a client percentage fluctuates with the and their lawyer is recognized information that is heard in the by law, not the confidentiality media about the consequences between a client and their of reporting. For example, the counsellor. We believed we intense media exposure given Information/registration: 741-6162 pageB Fa/11993

Thank-you to all the women who organize and participate in the work to end ra

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Phone: 872-8212 Fax: 876-8450 24 Hour Line Speakers on 234-2266 -Inmvidual/group survivors (16 yrs. and up) T House Women for Women and their Women's of sexual assault and sexual abuse chlldren Centre education and information Groups HEALTH P.O. BOX 441, STN E. K1S 24 Hour Crisis Line E, K1S (519) 337-3154 118 Victoria N. Fax 519 337-0819 N7T W The Fa/11993 page9 Sexual harassment In the military By Caitlin McMorran Frost (with excerpts from interviews with Patricia Tondreau) Private Patricia Tondreau's the work done by the next day. stand for everything that is story is long and painful and He would yell at me for good and honorable in this because I was in a "conflict of takes a number of twists and speaking trench because he country, and it doesn't work. It interest" because I was turns that are hardly believable said that it was an "English doesn't protect its people and accusing a higher ranking in a country where we are proud only" office. cannot guarantee a safe work military member. I was told that of our rights and freedoms. Once he started seriously environment for women. That I had to hire my own lawyer if I She want to be able to harassing me,~I started is the story. wanted to be represented. This recommend the military as a reporting him on a weekly The complaint process: was not a choice, it was a noble career choice, but today basis. After two months, When I told the offender that matter of survival. When the she cannot do that. nobody was talking to me his behavior was not military said that I was going to in fact have the legal discretion Instead, after years of because he would yell at appropriate and that he had to be discharged for "poor to release the information but harassment, retaliation and anyone who spoke to me. The stop, his answer was that I was conduct" chose not to. numerous military hearings and worst thing was when he would "paid seven days a week, Fighting the case In the The court challenge: investigations, Patricia call me at home to ask me twenty four hours a day", and I legal and political arena. The court challenges being Tondreau is challenging the personal questions about my would do as I was told. My When I applied for Ontario brought forward by Patricia and Department of National answer was that I would do as I Legal Aid I was told it was a her lawyers include a challenge Defence. sex life. At that point I no was told, but he had to keep Canadian Human Rights matter to the Crown Liability and The Canadian Forces has longer felt safe in my own home. By the end of the 6 his hands off me. I signed my complaint on Proceeding Act, a law that policies on personal and sexual months of harassment, when Over a period of months I January 19, 1990. The gives sweeping immunity to the harassment as well as reported the harassment to Canadian Human Rights Department of National discrimination, but in Patricia he came near me, I would jump in fear. one, two, and three levels Commission undertook an Defence. Tondreau's experience, and in objective investigation. They They hope to change this act other cases of harassment told me that they did not defend so that individual military across Canada, there seems to me or the offender and that I members, regardless of rank, be a serious problem with the would have to wait. As of yet I are accountable to the laws of way this policy is (or seemingly still have had no legal Canada. It will help to make a is not) implemented. In representation from the safer work environment for all Patricia's experience, the commission. military women and men, and guidelines were seriously In the meantime they sent a will help to make a safer neglected if not totally ignore, letter to the Department of country for all Canadian which has resulted in serious National Defence advising people. It is not wartime in consequences in both her them that I had signed a Canada, and military persons personal and professional life. complaint. This put me in a do not need the immunity that As a result of intense personal situation where my employer wartime may require. and sexual harassment that could take free shots at me. The second challenge in the was allowed to go on for What I want is an apology, case involves the problems months, Private Patricia and I want to know what action faced by any victim of Tondreau now suffers from was taken. I want the system workplace harassment or Post Traumatic Stress improved for other women discrimination. The lawyers Syndrome (caused by intense People don't realize the above his head but nobody going through this. In my argue that there may need to trauma which causes impact it has when your boss is responded. I was forced into redress I had asked that a be a Tort of flashbacks and sometimes being verbally and physically the position of having to go to sexual harassment briefing be Harassment/Discrimination, blackouts). She has suffered abusive to you. I was see the offender's boss myself started at the headquarters. I which would allow individuals to not only the trauma of extreme physically ill at the thought of - five ranks above me - the asked that the offender and his take those cases to court, sexual harassment, but she my workplace. I feared for my "Chief Warrant Officer of two bosses be disciplined rather than having the Human has suffered retaliation for safety, my livelihood, and my Discipline". His response to my according to Military Law, that Rights Commission as the only reporting the harassment. She well being. My whole social life complaint was that I was "too the two other supervisors be option for recourse. The need was shunned in her workplace, was destroyed because he had sensitive", and that "women briefed as to their for such a Tort is based of the was denied the usual training, me working so much overtime. should never have been let into responsibility, and I asked that reality that the Human Rights and expected promotions as Some people in the media try the forces in the first place". the harassment policy be Commjfision can be the systematic dismissal to get me to name the man who The military has conducted revised. I was told that it was understaffed and very slow, process took its course. She harassed me. My point is to .several investigations. The not a "personal oppression" so and does not guarantee a was eventually released from get the system changed, to first summary investigation according to them it was "none hearing will ever take place. her job of seven years on deal with the Issues publicly, concluded that I was harassed of my business". Patricia now needs to raise August 15, 1993. not with the individual. but stated that I was to blame I was then offered $25,000 to the r:noney to be sure that this The Background: Focussing on the individual because I was a "Disciplinary drop the case. To me that is case goes to court instead of The problems began in man who harassed me does not problem". Suddenly my file wrong. No amount of money being swept under the carpet December of 1988 when I was change things for all the other mysteriously filled up with can compensate me for what I by the military. Her case may transferred to the National women who are facing complaint letters and I was have suffered and what I must notbe resolved until it reaches Defence Headquarters. I had harassment now, and will face labelled as a "problem". I was still suffer as a result. A public the Supreme Court of Canada, been posted up north working harassment in the future. Of treated as if I were mentally apology gives me back my but to go there she needs to as a finance clerk until this time course he must be dealt with as unstable because I was dignity as a human being, and raise the funds. The case has and I had received many letters an individual, but it is the reporting harassment. I feel sends out a message to any cost well over $30,000 to date. of recommendation and reports system that failed to protect that they put me of other privates out there and to She has now been officially of exceptional work. In my new me, and it is that system that tranquilizers to keep me under the population as a whole, that discharged form the military position in Ottawa I was placed we are challenging. Remember "control". sexual harassment is not and is now unemployed. on filing duties. the Bonnie Robichaud case or In the military it is not like a acceptable, and that you do Donations can be sent to any Soon the problems with my even the Anita Hill case? I civilian job. You cannot just not have to remain silent about branch of Canada Trust in superior officer started - the don't want that to happen to walk off your job. If you do you it. That I can live with. Canada, or can be mailed care pats on the bum, the sexual me. It is easy to pile of: will be charged as a deserter In June 1990, Associate comments about my body. everything on one individual and will be put in military prison. Defence Minister Mary Collins When I lifted my arm to protect The Tondreau Defence and sensationalize our lives. You are victimized and re- officially acknowledged that myself, he threatened to Then nobody has to ask victimized by the same people the harassment had occurred, Fund ch a rg e me w i t h themselves how come this who perpetrated the abuse and said that disciplinary Canada Trust Company insubordination. He could do harassment lasted six months originally but you have to action had been taken. 1800 Carling Avenue this because he was a higher with fifty staff members there? remain there. However, citing the Privacy Ottawa, Ontario rank than me. He would give How come people were too Also, because I was in the Act, Ms. Collins refused to L2A 1 E2 me far too much work to scared to say anything? This military, I could not get legal aid disclose any information complete in a day, and would is about a major system in the for military matters. I was told regarding the action taken. It Caitlin McMorran Frost is tell me that I would go to Department of National by a military lawyer that I could is believed by Patricia and her Managing Editor of The military prison if I didn't have Defense - which is supposed to not get military legal aid supporters that Ms Collins did Woman/st. page 10 Fa/11993 Midlife and new begin n1ngs (Excerpts from a speech given at the September 1993 by Janine O'Leary conference in Ottawa "Women Cobb in Mid-Life: New_ Beginnings.") The idea that midlife and issue of Vanity Fair is more "put me to bed". Of all of these, you. You tend to bounce off more time with old friends, or to menopause bring eris~ and reassuring. She notes that, in the most important is "take me each other - husband, boss, make new friends based on our disarray is pervasive in North a survey of close to 700 women out for a walk" because, more lover, children, associates at common experience of being a America. at or around the age of fifty, the and more, I have come to work - while you undertake woman. I want to examine the lowest sense of well-being believe that regular vigorous the painful task of In societies where the aged possibility that the changes of registered at 47 ... followed by exercise is the key t o renegotiating your role in are rare, they are highly valued midlife, including menopause, the highest sense of well-being successfully negotiating these relation to each, and eventually and respected. Because we are "positive adaptive at 53. biological twinges and aches. to all. live longer than men, old age is responses" on the part of the Menopause has become If the woman in that body I have been speaking for essentially a society of women. female. What can midlife offer problematic only in this century chooses to ignore these inner years about the letters I And that society exists, so far, us in the way of new beginnings and only in Western societies. promptings, her biological receive, from women who within a culture which ... biological, psychological, In less developed countries, alarm merely gets louder and decide that they no longer want denigrates aging . social or cultural? where multiple pregnancies are louder, the ailments to cook meals or do laundry or The terror of aging is so Yet, I recently heard again at the norm, menopause is a non- accumulate and ultimately it take care of the social pervasive in this culture that the North American Menopause affects everyone around her. secretary stuff for their we are expected to think and Society's annual meeting, the It is impossible to predict families, in addition to a full- behave in prescribed ways: we old and tiresome description of what biological changes will time job outside the home. must continue to try and look women in midlife as "sick" and affect each of us because it's These women are often urged young, to be sexually in need of treatment. highly individual. But these to go to a doctor to get attractive, to move lightly, to Both the International biological changes are something that will return them dress in fashions that maintain Menopause Society' and the necessarily reflected in a to the "the way they were". The the image of youth. North American Menopause woman's psychology. implication, of course, is that Thanks, but no thanks. Society are dominated by male We tend to think of midlife women should continue in their want clothes that are gynecologists - so much so, psychological changes as usual roles, that any change is comfortable, I don't want the that at the last International negative changes ... irritability, threatening to the people bother or expense of tinting my Menopause Society meetings mood swings, confusion about around them. hair, I have tried to lose the (in Stockholm this past June), the ego, the mind that we And it Is threatening. But I weight gained over the last it was suddenly realized, to the persist in viewing as in charge wonder why women are decade but I can't so I've consternation of many, that of this body. expected to continue to play learned if not to love my there wasn't a single woman on Any body undergoing internal the same old roles, without rounded body, to at least the executive committee. The stress, whether it's due to 'flu complaint, year after year? Is accept it as a permanent incoming president caught wind or surgery or menopause, is it menopause, or is it just time extension of me. of a petition being signed by more vulnerable to external to move on, to get a promotion, Women intuitively recognize the women (and some men) stress ... more irritable, more or to transfer to a different that menopause is a threshold attending the conference, and prone to "the blues" or to department ... where someone to aging, that the transition to a hastily "appointed" two women event. Multiple pregnancies sudden fits of weeping. Why else does the laundry, the new status, the non- to the board. may expose a woman to danger should we be surprised? grocery shopping, and the reproductive woman, is a I leave you to imagine an in terms of difficult childbirth, Ursula Le Guin, the well- Christmas cards? biological marker which gains International Congress on but they also protect a woman known science fiction writer, us entry (whether we like it or Prostate Problems which is from many of the hazards we has said that midlife is the time not) to a new stage of life. organized and directed by associate with menopause when women in this society "Women don't have There are losses to be women only. Is tbis not (such as hot flashes) as well as give birth for the last time ... hot flashes. They acknowledged, there is bizarre? from the risks that, in this they give birth to themselves, grieving to be done. But the A majority of gynecologists society, increase with age - the "I" who is more than mother, have power surges." energy that we spend in in both Societies - a s such as osteoporosis and daughter, sister, wife, or fighting the terror of aging is compared to family physicians, breast cancer. whatever other label you have energy that could be spent in for instance - believe that Initially, it is the biological used to defined yourself. Midlife brings the "Now or more productive ways. There menopause is some sort of changes of midlife that we Women feel guilty for strong Never Syndrome" - the is a time to fight, and there is a deficiency condition. A few recognize. When menstrual feelings of anger or resentment compulsion to re-adjust time to surrender. With a believe that it's a disease. periods become less but these are merely labour youthful dreams to present thoughtful surrender of The myth of menopause as predictable - lighter, heavier, pains and the corollary of that reality and to do something unrealistic dreams, of counter- crisis was not helped by Gail occurring more or less anger or resentment is often a about it. productive "if only's" - we find Sheehy's book, The Silent frequently - or, even before new and unexpected The readjustment often peace and renewed purpose. Passage: Menopause. this, when we find that we gain assertiveness. (I'm sure entails trading in old roles for The biological changes of Her latest article, "The weight more easily, get tired you've heard the new slogan: new. Some women quit their midlife can have an enormous Flaming Fifties", in the October too quickly, suffer from This is not a hot flash. This is a jobs, some women enrol at impact on one's sense of self. headaches more frequently, power surge.) university, some women start The interactions of the feel temperature changes more The psychology, then, new businesses, some women biological, the psychological, acutely, ache in this joint or involves the inner self: the leave their husbands. These the social and the cultural are Imagine ... A three day vacation that ... whatever the bodily voice that asks, "What do I do kinds of decisions may cause circular and each affects the ... in just one hour ... sensations, they act to put us now? What kind of person am I all sorts of repercussions in the other. It is difficult to maintain in touch with our bodies, our becoming? What do I do with short term, but the long-term a strong sense of self, a / maginez ... de biological selves. We slowly the rest of my life?" Plato said results are usually very positive self-image, within a De ca/me ... De relaxation ... realize that we have taken our that the unexamined life is not positive indeed. , culture which demeans aging. own well-being for granted and worth living. Midlife offers a One way in, which women Therefore, I would ask each Explore vous offre are now, often reluctantly, time when the examined life change at midlife is their of you to join me in this quest to compelled to pay m ore assumes new importance. valuing of female friends. The nudge our culture into a more Roat sessions Bains jlottants attention to our bodies. I would argue that this kind of experiences of menopause are gracious acceptance of the massage Massage Our bodies appear to have a introspection is a very so uniquely female that they vagaries of, and individual New age music Musique du biological alarm that starts to necessary and a very positive are almost impossible to share responses to, both midlife and Helpful books Livres pratiques ring as we get close to fifty. response to midlife ... although with anyone other than a aging. This would indeed mean and jewellery et Aromatherapy products It's a sophisticated alarm that the examination may take time female friend. A man can be a new beginning, a beginning Gift vibrates very quietly at first, away from once important supportive and soothing, but which could have enormous heard only by the body's owner duties and responsibilities. he simply cannot understand in positive impact on the and then only if she's This is where psychology the way that a woman can. experience of midlife for our St accustomed to listening hard. meets the social. 'Any changes When we see ·research that younger sisters, daughters and eut the more that alarm is . in . the ~ y.eu .~ ;..,..~,fl!.!Kf'~ .~ .ir~ even grandda~hters. iftic•; it*~ ...... "teed me bder .:. jt-·-·~Ski!! me out for a walk" . .. "stroke me oft~ 6rfhihklng shout this undoubtedly a positive and publisher of the and let me relax" ... "stop the transition - are bound to have adaptive response when menopause newsletter, A noise and all the demands" ... an effect on the people around menopause urges us to spend Friend Indeed. Fa/11993 page 11

This election is about economics. There a problem . Debt Facts NAFT A Facts . Employment Rules facts 1992-93 it was $687 .3 p t by a permanent official or 66.7% of our GD be en ore . . not bureaucratic rate in 1993 was Individuals now pay almost table to Canadians. we add the unemployed, the halt of the country's accoun bs Existing laws to protect underemployed and the corporations pay only 7 d or environment cou discouraged the rea interest rates were lowereo hea d as "barriers to trade unemployment rate becomes to their traditional level of 1.4 challenge . Canada to above inflation, it would save NAFT A compe uth to t t . y resources so The average cost to the a e $ billion in federal debt energ it there 6 of an person payments in the first year alone. meet needs. even is a national shortage here. a y_ear. There is an alternative - read Hazel Henderson.

Election issue The next 40 pages contain detailed information about many issues thilt need to be addressed during this election. we· have ·articles from the Bloc Quebecois, Green Party, Reform Party, and National Party interviews with Audrey Mclaughlin and Sheila Copps analysis of 17 issues and positions by the three main parties. Changing the way economics works by Hazel Henderson

Hazel Henderson spoke with The world is now facing a Old economic theories are people? institutions. Hillary Clinton is recently, karmic impasse that will force a The Woman/st being blown away by today's But the debate floundered on discovering in the US just how outlining some of her views on complete economic hurricane of change and the protestant work ethic. We complex it will be to restructure the current economic crisis in restructuring. This crisis is were told that if we separated the "health care" system (which turbulent globalization the Northern industrialized inevitable, and in fact is almost work and income, people would is really not about health care, processes: the globalizing of nations, including Canada. necessary to bring about the become lazy and stop working but about medical crisis 'technology, production, Some of her comments are profound change needed. altogether. Even those who intervention through information, financial fiows and excerpted below. Throughout Leaders of the G7 at their had jobs would quit them technology), because, stock markets, labour and the article, in italics, are recent summit -were seen because it would be so although it is expensive, excerpts from her article wringing their hands at the migrating workers, arms attractive to have the income, inefficient, and unhealthy, it "Shifting Gears" from the perplexing "new" phenomenon trafficking, and pollution. Most even a much lower income, involves huge numbers of jobs. British journal, Resurgence. of "jobless economic growth". economic models still assume without working. As is the case of the military How can it be that o u r that economies tend toward The most important economies are growing, they general equilibrium; that economic issues facing the say, and yet the unemployment markets can allocate economies of the North, such rate is also climbing? Most resources between guns, as Canada, are the Western European nations are education, public transport and relationships we have with the experiencing unemployment investments in research and nations of the South. In levels of at least 1 0%, and development; that relative northern countries, two-thirds Eastern Europe is far worse distribution of income, wealth, of our economic activity is off, yet wealth (i.e., goods, power, and information related to consumption - our services and profit) is being between people is irrelevant; economies are built on waste, generated. that nature's capital (clean air, obsolescence and water, and environment) is still consumption, whether through What is so perplexing to the essentially free and shopping malls, capital- leaders of the G7 is painfully inexhaustible; that scarce obvious to many people around intensive agriculture, etc. This resources can always be the world. For 300 years, the consumer spending is fuelled substituted; and that the planet goal of the industrial revolution by advertising and easy credit, has been to produce more can continue absorbing human and can no longer support two- goods and services with fewer and industrial wastes which thirds of consumer societies' workers. We have been economists downplay as economies, even in the U.S. spectacularly successful. "externalities." The Southern hemisphere The old economic textbooks I started to recognize this in countries following our industrial complex - we must used to say that as we the 1960's and began raising a During the 1970's, we methods and the outdated dismantle this dinosaur, and automated agriculture, workers public debate about how we decided that the way to deal economic development yet we must do it carefully, would move into growing jobs in would deal with this cornucopia with the problem of technology theories we have set out, are the manufacturing sector, and of technology overwhelming throwing people out of work because there will be such a generating more and more then, as we automated people's lives and jobs. Should was for the government to disruption to so many people's stresses on the environment, manufacturing, workers would we say that, if the machine become the employer of last lives. This is just an indication added to those we have move into new jobs in the takes your job, you resort. Governments did this of the magnitude of change we already created. Their expanding service sector. automatically own a piece of in three ways: warfare (wars are talking about in economic bargaining chip has become Well, now we are automating the machine? Or should we create loJs of jobs), workfare re-structuring. the future of the planet - the the service sector, and there is provide a guaranteed annual (all the various subsidies to Unfortunately,, the ozone layer, the rainforests, nowhere left for-the workers to .income, so . .that people would industries so they would stay in tremendous opportunity fo.r the oceans. All they have to do go. This trend, so accentuated have money even if they did business), and welfare. positive change in Eastern is keep doing what we have in the Western economie.s-. is not have a job? Or should we But then these took on a life Europe over the last few years been doing, and the earth will happening to a lesser extent all institute a shorter work week, of their own, and became entire. has been derailed by our old not survive. over the world. to share the jobs among more social and e co n o m i c economic textbooks from the cont'd on pg. 12 Vllornanist t?S 1 f'SS'''f , 5 7 5 page 12 Sheila Copps speaks

Sheila Copps, Deputy Leader program, he also announced Our view is that the economy Question: What are the candidates being women of the Liberal Party, spoke with the intended cancellation of the has to be more knowledge- main differences between the (although I originally wanted The Woman/st during her helicopter purchase, to pay for based. That's a shift from the Liberals ten years ago and 30%), and here we are in the election campaign. it. past focus in Canada on now? campaign with 23% women resource-based industries. candidates. Question: Some comment- We have also looked Political parties, of all kinds, We tend to have higher Question: Your job- ators have suggested that significantly at the feminization tend to to follow rather than success rates among women creation plan seems to there needs to be a complete of poverty in our platform. lead changes in the public. candidates, because they reinforce the notion that re-thinking of our economic That's one reason we have That being said, there is a real have to work extra hard to get building infrastructure is limited policy, that for example, GNP moved on childcare. We are recognition that in this election to where they are. Because of to construction projects. Why and GDP and the traditional not prepared to kill it off the the voice of women is a that, I think we will see about a not, like Clinton, expand the economic levers do not way the Tories have. Childcare significant shaper of public 30% increase in women in the definition of infrastructure to accurately take into account policy in a way we have not next Parliament. include education, training and the complete economic, seen before. For the Liberal party, 1988 other investments in people? environmental and social Two years ago, I talked to was a tough election, but this picture. To what extent is the Mr. Chretien about getting more year we stand a better chance, We have. There has been a Liberal platform looking at women candidates, because and the smell of victory is in the public misunderstandin~ about significant changes in the that's where the real power is air, which means a lot of women our approach to this area. In economic paradigm to reflect not in advisory boards or candidates would tend to get fact, the public works aspect (I this? special committees, but around elbowed out of the way by the prefer "public works~ to the the caucus and Cabinet tables old boys. So, given that, 23% term "infrastructure") is only If you are referring, for where decisions are made. of candidates being women is part of our program. Several example, to the unpaid work of There are many within the especially significant. years ago, Canadian women in the home not being party who criticised me, and municipalities asked for lielp on not only weren't supportive but included in the GDP, it's true Question: You have public works, and that aspect that is a shortcoming. Some of actively blocked m y of our platform is a response to suggestions, calling me a man- mentioned several key issues this thinking has been useful of interest to women. Are there their need. Overall, we are hater and so on. To Mr. background for us for any others you would like to proposing a $5.6 billion Chretien's credit, he not only example, Marilyn Waring, add? program, of which only about author of Economics As If was supportive, but asked me to put together a program. If it $2 billion is for public works, Women Counted, I just hope people see dealing with the basics of fixing participated in one of the hadn't been for his support, the change as real change. Kim roads and sewers and so on. Liberal policy conferences. is needed for women to be a whole thing would have been Campbell is playing on the fact But the biggest part deals with That is reflected to a certain part of the paid labour force in a sabotaged by others in the that she is a woman and is from enhancing knowledge-based, degree in our platform. way that is remunerative to campaign organization. Many the West, but I hope people high-tech industries, especially However, for the election them and to the economy of them were horrified at having look at the real issues. We had small businesses, where· period, we have decided to overall. goals, saying we shouldn't the experience of a woman women have been notably focus on the fact that there are We have set funds aside in have "quotas". Prime Minister in the U.K. who successful. We also have the 1.6 million people in the paid our platform for women's However, the change has surrounded herself with men. youth job development, which labour force who are not health, for example, pre-natal happened, and even die-hard That's not a direct analogy to provides opportunities for work working. There are obviously nutrition. These are relatively misogynists in the party see Kim, but she certainly has in environmental protection. some very serious issues that modest expenditures, but they the wisdom of it now. We Socred leanings, which will When Mr, Chretien need to be add res s e d do indicate a serious eventually agreed on a goal of mean policies that are announced the public works immediately. commitment to the needs. one-quarter of Liberal damaging for women. ~he continued from pageway 11 economics works West. Eastern Europe has 4) in the public sector countries that is unpaid been pushed into a 19th "investment# in maintaining (volunteering, do-it-yourself century version of capitalism. public infrastructure roads, home building, repairs, food The advice and experts we dams, public buildings, growing, local government have sent over haven't even airports, etc. is classified in service, parenting children, imported a recent version of GNP as "spending" because, caring for the elderly, sick, and disabled, maintaining in capitalist economies. The inexplicably, public facilities result is inflation rates of 200- are not carried on the books in households, etc.) is ignored. 300%, unemployment at national accounts as "capital In developing countries, the depression levels, and the assets". If they were, the percentage of such unpaid work is much higher. This NO consequent breakdown of deficit would shrink. The only reflects a deep bias in formerly very cohesive value country which has reformulated TO economic theory that co- systems. The only markets we its GNP/GDP to account for have encouraged are black operative, altruistic work is such capital assets is New markets. "irrational" and only humans Zealand; maximizing their individual self- 5) GNP/GDP as "scorecards" To achieve the necessary interests competitively are of wealth and progress which "rational. turnaround of G-7 and other came into widespread use industrial economies, policy during World War II to mobilize makers must free themselves China will be profoundly the allies' civilian economies of such out-dated economic important in the next decade, and war-production. Few generalizations as: partly because it is the only 1) "free trade" is always in politicians relying as they do major country still committed to the best interests of everyone; on their economists have socialism, what they call 2) "industrial policy" is since examined the premises, socialism with Chinese always bad even if some goals, and values still characteristics. They have countries in Europe and Asia underlying GNP/GDP; military always acknowledged the do it; production and output of goods usefulness of markets, and 3) "investment# is always and services are valued highly have recognized that markets good in the private sector, while educated citizens, make good servants but bad Kim was to do an inteNiew with whether in research to children (a nation's future), and masters. The challenge over The Womanist due to lack of time. "innovate" a new brand of dog environment are valued at the next years will be to see if food or in fibre-optics, whether zero. Only money transactions they can demonstrate the in a new toy factory or another are tracked--whi/e some 50% of evolution of socialism with productive work in all industrial S&L; cont'd on page 14 The J 3 ut & !t & 1 Fa/11993 page 13

Audrey Mclaughlin speaks

Audrey McLaughlin, Leader about it isn't a new idea. Well, And many women of the New Democratic Party, when UNICEF releases its immigrant women, aboriginal was interviewed by The statistics on child poverty, it women, and others - face Woman/st during her cross- better be an issue we talk double the pain. country election campaigning. about. We only have to look to The upsurge of "home-work" the south to see what happens is basically a return to 19th Question: Ma n y when there is an ever century working conditions, progressive governments, for increasing gap between rich with no benefits, n o example, provincial ND P and poor. environmental protection, no or because their full-time jobs governments or the Clinton If you think you can ignore health safeguards. These are have been cut back. The administration to the south, the environment, just look to terrible conditions, and very expansion of part-time work will have come into office with Eastern Europe, where people different from the comfort and have a long term impact no one major reforms, but have run are dying, children are dying, independence of working at is talking about what will into larger economic forces, because they set aside home on your own computer at happen when these women notably the central banks, environmental guidelines. The your own pace. reach 65? Their pension international investors, and human and economic cost The lack of childcare is earnings will be much smaller multinational corporations. there is enormous. inseparable from the economic because they were part-time How do you plan to implement a If you think you can ignore self-sufficiency women are workers, and their chances of national employment strategy racism, just look to South striving for. Women rely on the poverty will be that much or economic development Africa, where apartheid is availability of adequate, safe, higher. policies in light of these tearing them apart. There, too, affordable childcare to be able Undermining the universal constraints? they are paying a financial to return to work, or to health care system is a serious cost, with an economy that is undertake training or concern of women, whether it is No doubt there have been and health care we will not be very unstable as a result of the education. related to pre- or post-natal negative experiences, but both able to build a healthy economy racial hostility. We have to take a holistic care, or the devastating issues through my own observations or ensure the full participation It is the same with inequality approach to what we want as a of breast cancer. and in talking with colleagues in of women. for women there are social society. The environment, Women tell me they feel we Europe, I have concluded there Often those who present .and economic costs to this way social programs, and the are going backwards, that are ways to address these themselves as radical and new of thinking. economy are not distinct progress we have made in the areas. are really radical and old, Many of the elements in our entities, but inextricably last 20 years or 50 years is It's a question of being fair - proposing policies which really system are based on listening related. This is often a difficult now in jeopardy, for example, no one is trying to drive amount to "the survival of the to only one group in society. concept to get across. I the potential recriminalization business out of Canada. I fittest". That is not the kind of Instead, I believe that people in sometimes reflect on my of abortion, an issue I feel very have talked to heads of country I want ·for my positions of power, elected previous life1 doing cross- strongly about. business who say that for them grandchildren. politicians such as myself, cultural work, because this is In hard economic times, the bottom line is profit. For I believe we are a ·rich have a responsibility to ensure really the difference between there tends to be greater example, if there are n o country - rich in resources and the needs of a II people are linear thinking and horizontal ·pressures on women, both environmental guidelines, they in people and in intellect. We addressed. thinking. In horizontal thinking, emotional (as women are often are happy to work that way, but need to safeguard and build on all elements become part of expected to hold the family if there are environmental that richness. Many of the Quest/of!: What do you one. Whereas in our western together), and economic (as guidelines, they will find a way supposedly radical new parties see as the key issues for European way, we tend to put women feel pressure to stay things in little boxes. In a to be profitable while working would see us return to a women in Canada right now? out of the paid workforce when global system, this is within them. system we had 50 years ago. jobs are scarce). impossible. We cannot say, for The broader issue of the In terms of ecological Like many Canadians, As a mother, I have always example, that as a country we power to implement new approaches, that is certainly women have been very hard hit felt that work in the home is have no responsibility to policies is important. One part of my own thinking. It is by unemployment due to vastly undervalued. When we reason we are opposed to important to base our policies Conservative policies - the people around the world who diminish the value of what NAFTA is precisely because it not only on sustainable trade deals, the interest are hungry, because our women do in the home, we transfers power towards large development, but on a policies, farm policies, and economic, social and diminish the value of all corporations and away from sustainable society, because it others. There are huge environmental future is women's work. elected governments. goes far beyond the economic pressures on women as the connected with theirs. Women, like everyone, are side of our lives. economy heads downward - Many women I have talked concerned about a range of Question: Some of the I find it frustrating when just one example is the textiles with have part-time work, not issues, but these are some of newer political parties on the people say that poverty isn't a industry, where many women out of choice, but because the ones that I hear more about scene have been advocating a current issue, and talking work. they cannot find full-time jobs than others. complete re-thinking of our approach, a "paradigm shift". They talk about sustainable development, focussing on domestic markets rather than global competitiveness, and ensuring a human scale of development. Why has the NDP not chosen this route of more fundamental change? our In fact, we have often been leaders in those areas. We have been proposing ways to to for change the system without doing away with it. Many of these other groups are essentially proposing the elimination of programs and supports that now exist. Those Canadians who would feel the absence of many of the present systems most severely would be women. For example, unless we have a strong foundation of childcare Changing the way economics works continued from page 12 some of the positive elements nations exist very large groups responsible investment decision-makers, and make companies that create of capitalism, while maintaining of dissenting populations, organizations, people who their powers more connected to domestic jobs. This is in the "iron rice bowl", the ordinary people who are practice "shopping for a better the needs and realities of the contrast to the more familiar commitment that all citizens already practicing the new, world" (rewarding responsible people whose lives they affect. investment tax credit, which are entitled to food, clothing healthy, sustainable forms of companies and avoiding the Most central banks are much was supposed to create jobs and shelter - even as some will economics. This includes the products of those whose labour more linked with interests of via trickle-down theories, but become richer than others. holistic health movement, or environmental practices are stockholders and investors which cannot work in a global How will the economic re- organic farmers, natural food not responsible). than with the majority of us who economy, since investors will structuring needed in Canada networks, those who are re- are employees. simply go all over the world and other northern economies examining the concern of "Sustainable development" is We must completely change looking for the highest return, take place? Through the Native American cultures with replacing the old formula of the way in which our economies rather than start new emergence of new values. the effect of their actions on "economic growth." Thus the work. Why do we encourage enterprises and create new Everywhere throughout the G7 future generations, socially first task of steering human industries to put people out of jobs in Canada; societies into healthier forms of work, through so-called probably requires less development is that of "investment" incentives that government to regulate. examining old assumptions, favour technology over actual One hundred and thirteen New belief-systems, and paradigms people doing the work? Why do Democrat women candidates. that were appropriate in earlier, we allow companies to avoid The power of central less complex times but are now paying the real cost of dysfunctional. producing their product, banks to set policy Cent treize candidates including the cost to the over the heads of However, despite these environment, to future politicians needs to neo-democrates. generations, to communities widespread movements for be checked. These change, the forces of the past they abandon for cheaper Yukon: Audrey McLaughlin. BC C.-8: Dawn Black, labour elsewhere? Why do we banks are one of the Lynn Hunter, Joy Langan, Margaret Mitchell, Sandra Bauer, still have the lobbying power to control most governments. encourage the diseconomies of last rearguard Betty Baxter, Lynn Fairall, Gillian MacDonald, Heather And when new governments scale, whether in vast cities, or holdouts of the old Suggitt, Sylvia Surette. Alberta: Susanne Abildgaard, Rita with new ideas come to power huge nuclear power plants, or Egan, Jacquie Gaboury, Andrea Garnier, Colleen Glenn, Lori (like Bob Rae, who came into elsewhere? ways of economic Hall, Karen McLaren, Catherine McCreary, Stephanie office with some quite sensible thinking. Economic models are linear Michaels, Catherine Rose, Anne Wilson, Terry Zawalski. ideas), these forces of change run into the power of the central and economists often do not Saskatchewan: Lois Ross; Caroline Saxon, Donna Shire, see what systems theorists Elizabeth Thomas. Manitoba: Rose Buss, Pauline Dupont, banks, such as the Bank of Canada. and ordinary citizens find Infrastructure must be Connie Gretsinger, Maureen Hemphill, Leslie King, Martha The power of central banks obvious: what goes around, redefined from its initial focus Owen, Judy Wasylycia-Leis. Ontario: Rosemarie Blenkinsop, to set policy over the heads of comes around. For example, on military fortifications, roads Gayle Broad, Emily Carasco, Barbara Clarke, Ursule Critoph, electiad politicians needs to be GNP produces a short-term and bridges needed for troop Carolyn Davies, Shirley Davy, Marion Dewar, Julie Foley, checked. These banks are one "cash-flow" type of accounting movements, as well as its Denise Giroux, Rosanne Giulietti, Mary Anne Greenwood, of the last rearguard holdouts which would lead a private nineteenth-century focus on Gael Hepworth, Mary Ann Higgs, Cathy Hird, Margaret Hoff, of the old ways of economic company to under-invest and transportation and concrete neglect maintenance - ending pouring: dams, railways, Jane Hughes, Lynn Jacklin, Betty Lambeck, Stephanie thinking. For example, this crazy goal in bankruptcy. interstate highways, canals, Levesque, Mary Maron, Lynn McDonald, Judie Thus the U.S. economy, on a and public works. Twenty-first McSkimmings, Marsha Mitzak, Cindy Moriarty, Winnie Ng, of zero inflation shows that those who promote it do not "net worth" basis, has century infrastructure not only Lesley Penwarden, Pat Peters, Norma Peterson, Karen Ridley, understand the causes of disinvested in public means education and Lucy Rybka-Becker, Carmela Sasso, Diana Stewart, Catherine inflation. Even if you infrastructure and fallen behind communications systems. It Vainio, Janice Waud-Loper, Lili Weemen. Quebec: Helene disemployed half of the all its G-7 competitors. Worse, must a/so include better Bois, Francine Bourque, Martine Caouette, Gisele Charlebois, population, you still would not since GNP/GDP does not management of forests, Audrey Carpentier, Maryse Choquette, Louise Cloutier, have zero inflation, because account for "human capital", conservation of soils, and Majella Desmeules, Nicole Des Roches, Frances Ebourne, Ann the econolT1y is not linear as education continues to be restoration of damaged treated as "spending", which watersheds and other eco- Elbourne, Suzanne Fortin, Elizabeth Holden, Patricia Houle, these theorists seem to think - during the Reagan/Bush era systems. Shifting gears will Marie D. Jalbert, Catherine Kallos, Renee-Claude Lorimier, instead it has very fast feedback loops, so that lowered U.S. functional literacy entail not just public Stephanie Mitchell, Christine Moore, Francine Poirier, measures to curb inflation rates below most other infrastructure construction but Germaine Poirier, Josee Panet-Raymond, Afsun Qureski, (such as high interest rates) industrial countries and even restructuring in all countries Marie-France Renaud, Catherine Rideout-Erais, Nathalie cause immediate impacts that developing ones such as Costa and shifting their entire Rochefort, Marielle Sanna, Martine Simard, Marcella Tardif, lead inevitably back to more Rica. production bases to run on Jutta Teigler. N.-8: Shirley Brown, Kim Gallant, Pauline inflation. This is because renewable energy and MacKenzie, Parise Martin, Nancie Quigley. PEI/ 1.-P.-E: interest rates underlie the If we make this transition resources using environmentally compatible Dolores Crane, Karen Fyfe. NS I N.-E: Barbara Jack, Lynn prices of all goods and successfully, we will have an economy that is: technologies--all managed for Jones, Joanne Lamey, Sheila Richardson. Newfoundland I services in the economy. When they are raised, this guided by a new scorecard sustainable, long-term Terre-Neuve: Linda Soper, Sharon Walsh. productivity. tends to raise all other prices in of progress, such as my a multiplier effect. Country Future Indicators (see chart), instead of GNP; Moving to sustainable forms decentralized, with many of development will require The Agnes Macphail Fund I ... "inflation" is now coming D $25 D $100 more small enterprises, worker restructuring and won't be Le Fonds Agnes Macphail from new sources not yet stock ownership, greater easy. The best way to get from 310 Somerset Street West, described in economic employee participation, and co- here to there is to de- Ottawa, Ontario, K2P OJ9 textbooks: the increasing operative structures; emphasize macro-economic complexity of interdependent has a price system that management, demote the Name/Norn industrial societies where rising rewards employment, economists, and bring more social, environmental, and sustainability and responsible multi-disciplinary approaches Address/Adresse regulatory costs enter the price corporate behaviour; to be on complex policy issues. system and cannot be green taxes that squeezed out of the consumer discourage waste, Hazel Henderson is an price index by throttling Telephone obsolescence, use of virgin independent futurist, economk activity and (unrecycled) materials, and international consultant on employment. The Agnes Macphail Fund helps women enter pollution. (European studies development policy, and show that revenues from these syndicated columnist for Inter- politics. Contributions are eligible for a federal All of the European type of taxes would be so Press Service (Rome) and the tax credit. economies are at the mercy of significant that governments Los Angeles Times-Mirror Le Fonds Agnes Macphail aide les femmes a se the Bundesbank, the central could reduce income taxes); syndicate. Her most recent lancer en politique. Les contributions vous bank in Germany. A huge taxes that favour book, Paradigms in donnent droit un credit d'impot federal. outcry has arisen over recent employment, such as an Progress, is published by a years about the need to employment tax credit that Knowledge Systems, democratize these central would give a tax credit to Indianapolis. ___

Fall 1993 page 15

The Green Party

by Morgan Van Wyck

The Green Party of Canada and the environment. environ mentally-friendly implements, instruments of has just celebrated its tenth Employment op po rt unities infrastructure will provide a Canadian culture and recycled anniversary. While it has not, which are not subjected to the wealth of new jobs. For products, to name just a few, like its sister parties vagaries and pressures of example, we can build would be tax free, while heavy throughout Europe, elected a globalization can be plentiful, sustainable communities, taxes on non-renewable member to the House of meaningful and much more develop better urban and mass resources would be phased in Commons yet, the upcoming viable over the long term. transit systems, support more over a given period. In addition general federal election should At present, however, the comprehensive recycling to resource and a carbon tax, see that goal coming into view. Free Trade Agreement and programs, and invest in we would press for the The last year has seen NAFTA increase product environmental technologies, imposition of emission and we wish to make· it more possible for women (or men) to extensive and repeated globalization, cultural and including renewable energy disposal taxes to replace the remain at home with children if coverage in the media of the lifestyle homogenization, and systems. The global trend - in non-discriminatory GST. they so wish. It should not be Canadian electorate's the global division of labour the interests of g Io b a I Additionally, Greens suggest necessary for two parents to frustration and disillusionment (loss of local expertise). competitiveness - continues to shifting the government's main work full time, especially if it with politics and politicians. Wealth, power and control are see workers being replaced source of revenue from jeopardizes the integrity of the Canadians are definitely concentrated in fewer and with robots, computers and personal income taxes onto family. As such, the Green sending out the message that fewer hands, t h u s communications technologies. unsustainable and disruptive Party supports job-sharing they want a change, a disempowering communities While we know that a Green practices such as extraction initiatives, financial significant change, in the way and bioregions. Democratic society is a society which must and use of non-renewable compensation for a stay-at- the country's affairs are control over production and include the best of technology resources and land home parent, reduced work conducted. resources is increasingly lost, and science, we also know that development. weeks and other creative and As a Green Party candidate Central to Green Party human-centered approaches to in this election, I feel that the philosophy and political focus integrating women's needs and Greens offer the most your is the need for deep-seated societal change. comprehensive and life- mother not your change in societal values The above represents just a sustaining agenda for the short maid ! Pick up regarding competition, your own very brief introduGtion to Green and long term. Our positions mess! domination, confrontation and on every aspect of public and progress at the cost of other Party policies. It is a large and private life address the values. As such, the Green extremely complex agenda and pressing issues of unemploy- Party stance goei far beyond one which, in many instances, ment, deficit reduction, women's issues as usually will not meet with great ecological destruction, seen from the political enthusiasm, because it would community empowerment and perspective. 1• be seen as threatening to the need to abandon the In order to be able to move those currently dominating the centuries-old patterns of beyond the practices and political and economic agenda. patriarchy and hierarchy which attitudes that contribute to We believe that our position on dominate all our institutions poverty, violence, economic every aspect of life touched by and our political agendas. gender disparity, and the politics makes enormously Above all, a Green society is destruction of a healthy good sense, and, additionally, one which is sustainable. environment, the Greens is extr~mely realistic. If it is as speak openly about the need to yet a "small voice in the Sustainable activities a re . those which use recyclable adopt what are traditionally wilderness", it is a clear and materials, continuously reliable seen as '1eminine" attributes of vibrant voice nonetheless. sources of energy, and which forcing the acceptance of the we must return to more labour co-operative, egalitarian and Canadians of every persuasion come mainly from the potential lowest common denominators intensive activities in the holistic approaches at all levels and from every region have so of human beings. Sustainable in environmental and labour interests of employment of public activity. As the public much to. gain by embracing a activities are also sensitive to standards. opportunities and economic reflects these values, so too Green vision for this still the cultural and social needs of Green Party policies would stabilization. will the more intimate details of beautiful country. people, and to the very foster job creation programs In keeping with the focus on women's private lives change. pressing need to protect that included the adoption of sustainable activities, the In concert with this basic Morgan' Van Wyck is an nature's genetic and biological sustainable fishery, forestry Green Party advocates the philosophy, the Greens Environmental Consultant in diversity. There are signs all and agricultural practices. Job creation of government policies propose a number of solutions Ottawa and is a Green around us that we have losses through reduced yields favouring increased research to the marginalization of women candidate in the riding of reached a critical point in our in forestry and the fisheries, for into and use of continuously and women's voices. Ottawa West. pursuit of growth for greed's example, could be replaced reliable sources of energy. In order to eliminate the sake, and in our rates of through v a I u e - added Nuclear and large-scale fossil poverty trap that single parents investment and consumption production in these fuel developments are experience, most of whom are needed to buoy an artificial communities, rather than unacceptable sources of women, a Guaranteed Income economy. It is more than time through the export of raw logs electricity and home heating. Supplement Plan would replace to work for policies that aim to and wood fibre. A Green Greens would press for most income-support programs meet the needs of everyone, government would support aggressive conservation and subsidies and would be not just those who are already organically grown food programs and the promotion of non-judgemental and cheaper Do you get down when you advantaged, and in a way that production - which employs soft energy sources like solar, to administer than the present think about our depleting does not undermine the more people, requires fewer wind, geothermal, bio-mass programs. inputs and builds soil instead of and wood-fuel co-generation. ozone layer, nuclear integrity of the earth's Greens also support weapons, andourdying ecosystems. destroying it- and would make Fossil fu~ls are expensive, increased pressure to A Green government would it increasingly profitable for unecolog1ca~ and should be implement pay equity oceans and forests? support ecologically-sound and organic growers to compete in replaced with mo.re local, programs. Legislation to socially useful businesses. the marketplace. Financial renewable and cleaner so~rces eliminate sexism in advertising Help us smash the apathy Priority would be given to local assistance could be offered to of energy that do not contribute and the media must be and save the planet. businesses since they keep Canadian farmers making the to glc;>bal warming and toxic introduced. Maternity and money in the community, as transition from petrochemical pollution. paternity leave should be CaHyourlocaf Greenpeace opposed to multinationals agribusiness and, rather than If we ~ccep~ that . the extended. Strict gun control which drain money from supporting the GATT proposals governments main. _role 1s to legislation must be revisited. office to find out how you communities. The current free- of internationalizing pro.~~te and discourage Safety considerations in urban too can help save our market and increasingly agriculture, Greens act1v1t1es through ~axes and design should be introduced. planet. globalized system consistently recommend regional self- tax breaks, then instead of Universal access to day care undervalues life-sustaining sufficiency in basic foods to across-the-board taxes, a through tax credits and assets, and fails to provide the fullest extent possible. selective "green" tax system community-based facilities are We've got the job adequate protection to social Further, environmental would promote Green values. fully supported by the Green for you! systems, cultural uniqueness cleanup and developing more Bicycles and gardening Party while, at the same time, page 16 Fa/11993

The Reform Party

by Diane Ablonczy

Reform is a new political good incomes and to sustain consistent with our belief in the years; reduce the perks, pay in our goals and policy force created by ordinary essential social services. We equality of all Canadians, and pensions of Members of solutions. We expect this people determined to .change want a Canada where seeking policies which Parliament; reduce government interest to develop in Quebec the way of politics in Canada. politicians are accountable to effectively eliminate systemic spending on lower priority after the federal election, once The Reform Party was those who elect them and barriers while recognizing programs; and abolish grants we have demonstrated an founded in 1987 by Canadians where streets and communities individual liberties. to corporations. ability to win support who are committed to working are safe for everyone. • Social issues would be Jobs: We believe that elsewhere. together for democratic Reformers disagree with the handled in a manner which these measures will encourage Reformers will continue to political change. From, the traditional parties' methods of respects personal values and job creation. Government work together on specific start, women have filled treating issues such as child majority opinion while spending does not create real public policy issues, including positions of leadership in the care, abortion, pay equity, and recognizing the Reform jobs. If it did, at the rate past issues affecting women, party. In 1989, the first Reform family abuse as "women's concept of universality based governments have spent, there searching for realistic solutions Member of Parliament, Deborah issues." We believe that these on need. should be zero unemployment within the context of a Grey, was elected. I served as issues are of concern to the • Justice issues would b·e in Canada! In our view, the democratic society of free Party Chairperson through whole society, and that this dealt with through mechanisms greatest obstacles to job individuals. Reform's first formative years. categorization implies that whose prime focus is creation are government debt, Reform exists to address, There are about 200 Reform women are not equally prevention, backed by a legal government deficits, high through open, bottom-up candidates in this· election, concerned with the nation's system based on common law interest rates, and the tax processes, the concerns of all many of them women. fiscal, economic and principles that place the levels that are required to Canadians, including women. I Reformers believe there are constitutional problems. protection of law-abiding support them. Reform wants to issue an open invitation to all of a number of serious issues We are concerned that it has citizens above all other remove these obstacles and you who are dissatisfied with facing Canada which are of led to the segregation of objectives. Sentences must create a more vigorous the state of the country and concern to the vast majority of women into a special interest provide an adequate penalty economy that will lead to your political options to Canadians in every part of group, diminishing both the and deterrent. private sector job creation. investigate the Reform Party Canada. Rank and f i I e voice of women and the Here is a brief outline of This will help ensure financial as an option for real change. Reformers have been working effectiveness of the traditional some Reform positions that security and independence for But please don't rely on what together for the last several parties in dealing with many may be of interest to you. women and men in this country, you hear from others about us; years to vigorously address vital matters of public policy. and their children. find out for yourself. these concerns with fresh Women should not be Social Spending: The Free Trade: We believe in ideas. Through extensive marginalized as a minority goal ·of Reform's detailed free trade, but not at any cost. Diane Ablonczy is a founding discussions and votes at the "interest group." They economic plan is to safeguard You might be surprised to know member of the Reform Party grass roots level, we have comprise half of the population, and preserve funding for the that Deborah Grey voted and is the Reform candidate in arrived at a solid platform of and Reform prefers to address services th at are m o st against NAFTA. The Reform Calgary North. policies which we believe truly all issues in a m a n n e r important to Canadians. These Party believes there are major reflect the common sense of consistent with that fact. include health care, advanced flaws in the current Canadians. We prefer to categorize education and ski 11 s government's approach. The We are working toward a these issues as equality adjustment programs, government did not follow Thinking of Canada where all citizens are issues, social welfare issues, pensions for low-income through with training for voting Reform? treated equally regardless of and justice issues, all of which seniors, public protection and displaced workers, or with race, language, culture-, creed can be addressed in terms of justice, and programs to spending and tax cuts Reform policy calls for priva- or gender. We want a Canada Reform principles and policies: protect the environment. To do promised to go along with the tization of the "vast majority" of where the economy is strong Equality issues would be this we will gradually make the original Free Trade Agreement. crown corporations. Th at enough to produce goods with dealt with in a m a n n e r government smaller over three These items are again being would mean the sale of the ignored as part of the NAFTA CBC, the National Film Board, package. It is our belief that the Post Office and what's left they have to be addressed first of Via Rail, and much more. to ensure we keep Canada on a Preston Manning has solid economic footing. opposed universal medicare Immigration: T h e since it was first established. immigration policy of the Manning wants to turn over Reform party is designed to social services and part of the meet the following objectives: education system to private to be a non-racist, non- enterprise - and charities. The discriminatory policy based on Reform policy book states that Canada's economic need. government programs are not to create a positive source the best way "to care for the of economic growth, cultural poor, the sick, the old, and the 1 9 8 4 1 9 9 3 diversity and social renewal for young." Canada. The Reform Party will end the to remain responsive to debt by ending social 36 Ways the Tories Have Hurt Canadians! humanitarian needs through a programs, eliminating grants to legitimate refugee policy, advocacy groups for women Tory times are tough times. Everyone knows that. In the nine years since the Tories took based on grounds of threats to and others, and by implement- power in 1984, Canada's economy, living standards and social programs have all declined. personal safety, but which ing a huge 15% across-the- adequately deters false Unemployment and poverty have worsened. The gap between rich and poor has widened. board cut to spending. refugees. Manning says he'll not only The middle class has been decimated. Americanization has eroded our sovereignty. to respect the need for. keep the GST but expand it to united family units through include food. 'The Tory WRECKord" is an invaluable reference tool for election activists, and for anyone facilitating the unification of Manning says his party is who wants a short and readable account of what the Tories have done to Canada. It's also a immediate, dependent family "populist." But it was founded members. Kim by millionaires. Manning's useful reminder of what the real Campbell really stands for. Quebec: Some people "New Canada" would look an wonder why there are no awful lot like the Old Canada of Order your copy today! Kim Campbell can't excuse nine years of destruction. Reform candidates in Quebec the 1930s where survival of the this election. This is because fittest created misery for 82 pages @ $5.35 each (includes GST). Send your cheque or money order to: Reform is a populist, "bottom- millions. In fact, Reform up" party which cannot policies look a lot like Tory Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives/ effectively organize in any policies. The main difference is Centre canadien.de recherche en politiques de rechange region or province or that Preston Manning would get #804 -251 Laurier Avenue West constituency unless there is us there faster. Ottawa, Ontario KlP 5J6 genuine rank-and-file interest Action Canada Network Fa/11993 page 17 National Bloc Quebecois Party by Pierrette Venne, MP by Daphne Kelgard

The Bloc Quebecois is a Debt federal government in the The National Party has been directly on all such nation- sovereignist party. If there is Among the seven largest fiscal, taxation, a n d in existence for less than one changing issues. one thing which- is clear for industrialized countries, unemployment insurance year. The Party was founded ln keeping with our stated Quebec sovereignists, it is that Canada is the one in which the fields, and calls for a reform of because a group of Canadians positions on democratic reform sovereignty will only b e public sector debt has grown federal administrative felt it necessary to do we are committed to developing achieved through a democratic most rapidly during the past 1O operations with a view to something new and different our policy position by means of referendum, and such a years (from 1984 to 1993). The reducing costs. about the crises facing this wide-spread consultation with referendum can only be called federal government, which is We also call for a country: the loss of Canadian our membership and with other by a Quebec government. responsible for 80% of the total substantial reduction in military sovereignty, the de! ibe rate groups and organizations. But more importantly, the public sector debt, must be expenditure and the adoption deindustrialization of Canada, Because of our youth and the Bloc Quebecois has n o held accountable for this of a policy on participation in the dismantling of Canadian election campaign, we have not intention of obstructing the situation. international action that is more social programs, the corruption had the opportunity to business of the House of In 1984, the year in which the in keeping with Canada's of the democratic system, and formulate the details of Commons. It will not seek to do Conservatives came to power financial capacity. the growing despair of many comprehensive, programmatic what can only be done through promising to tackle the deficit, The Bloc Quebecois is also Canadians, particularly the policy in most of the areas you a referendum in Quebec. The Canada's net public debt was asking for the outright abolition young. raise. Bloc will abide by the rules of 26.7% of GDP as compared of the Senate. Not surprisingly, our platform We can state definitely, the House of Commons. Why with 29. 7% for all the G7 for this election focuses on however, that the policies we should the Bloc undermine countries. In 1993, Canada's Social and Health economic reform and are developing will be parliamentary democracy, figure is 57.8% of GDP (more Services democratic reform as essential consistent with the framework which will be the foundation of than doubled in 10 years), as The Bloc Quebecois is measures for taking back of principles enunciated in the its strength and legitimacy? compared with 36.2% of GDP calling for respect for Quebec's control of our lives and our pamphlet "Hope for a New and jurisdiction and for the transfer country. Better Canada". It clearly of all federal budgets related to Among our economic policies states: health and social programs. In which affect the debt and "equality for all the meantime, the Bloc deficit, we advocate reducing Canadians ... " Quebecois will defend the real interest rates (to bring "the National Party equity Quebec has lost in the down carrying charges for recognizes and embraces form of federal government federal, provincial and many feminist solutions to end contributions to the financing municipal governments as well violence and discrimination of joint programs. as businesses a n d against women ... " In its quest for t h e individuals), letting the dollar " ... rape, domestic violence preservation of the principles find its own level (a lower dollar and sexual harassment are of universality and of increases e'leports stimulating totally unacceptable." accessibility to social and employment while decreasing "the difficult decision health programs, the Bloc imports), increasing tax audits regarding an abortion should be Quebecois will oppose any of transnationals, introducing made by the woman." Like most MPs, we intend for all of the G7. cuts in these items and is tax reforms to close loopholes, "a policy of full employment first and foremost to represent As is illustrated by th e therefore opposed to user the interests of our growth of the public debt, fees. constituents as best we can. public finances in Canada are a This being said, the mandate of disaster. Unfortunately, this is Violence Against Women the Bloc will be a clear one. but one aspect of the poor The Bloc Quebecois is the Should Ms. Campbell try to management of the public only federal party that unilaterally cut $4 billion from purse. Every year the cost of supported the principles transfer payments to overlapping jurisdictions and contained in the Final Report of provinces, or should Mr. duplication of service is the Can-adian Panel on Chretien try to go ahead with growing at a catastrophic rate. Violence Against Women, his plan of further invading A federal Treasury Board study published earlier this year. The NationalNational Party of Canada I Parti National du Canada provincial jurisdictions, then has identified numerous cases clearly the Bloc will act with the in which federal programs Bloc Quebecois will continue to utmost determination. In the overlap with provincial be extremely concerned by all same way, the Bloc Quebecois programs. Analysis of the types of unfair treatment of government restructuring to coupled with pay equity and intends to assure that Quebec services offered by the two women, be it physical violence, cut duplication, and a full affirmative action programs (to) receives its fair share of the levels of government has working conditions, income employment strategy. In correct inequities in the work most strategic fed er a I shown that overlapping exists security, family rights or addition to the economic force .... " expenditures, those that are in 45% of the programs daycare services. stimuli, we have developed a 'we do not intend that vital in the development of a examined, which represent The Bloc Quebecois wants to policy to improve small women's perspectives be modern economy and in the approximately 42% of the abolish the enormous costs business access to capital, to limited to only a few things search for competitiveness. expenditures on the federal related to the overlapping research and development, ,arbitrarily identified as programs - over $40 billion. jurisdictions and duplication of and to skill-building. The focus "women's issues." We would NAFTA The Bloc Quebecois has services between the federal is particularly on new frontier ask the other parties, "just A North American Free Trade prepared resolutions on the and the provincial governments and value-added resource which issues do you think are Agreement between Canada, rationalization of public programs in order to put industries. not women's issues?" the United States and Mexico expenditures. The party's priorities where they belong: The economic reforms we are In order to be that party, we would normally be an excellent principal proposals are reducing the deficit, developing are designed to will take the necessary time to maintaining health and social opportunity for Quebec to even summarized below: ensure that we return to the create the detailed policies that services at their present further increase its exports and The Bloc Quebecois calls principle of universality and of merit women's "Yes". The levels, and improving the rights strengthen its manufacturing for a substantial reduction in truly national standards for women from whom we seek of women. sector. But, will it be the case the number of federal ministries Canadian social programmes. input are women from the if we collectively decide to A corollary of this position is a diverse communities in Canada and a general rationalization of Pierrette Venne is the Member sanction this agreement? return to a progressive who have demonstrated federal expenditures. of Parliament for Saint-Hubert- In order for the provinces to personal income tax system. commitment to seeking and We are also asking for, a Quebec. benefit from such an halt to investments in The National Party actively expressing the perspectives of agreement, one condition will megaprojects such as opposes NAFTA for reasons of women, as women, on any and need to be fulfilled: Quebec, Hibernia, in which the political and economic all issues. like the rest of the provinces, government has sunk billions sovereignty, an d will have to put in place a of dollars without the slightest environmental integrity. Yes, Daphne Kelgard, Ph.D., is the mechanism to actively guarantee of profitability. we would abrogate the Free National Policy Director of the participate in managing this The Bloc Quebecois insists Trade Agreement between National Party of Canada. agreement and to efficiently that an evaluation be made of Canada and the U.S. for the resolve the disputes and come the administrative costs of same reasons. Further, we up with solutions acceptable to services assumed b y believe that the Canadian all parties concerned. employers instead of the people must be consulted An employment strategy: Building on small business by Catherine Swift

Until the mid-1970s, Canada should be introduced into these have had employees and run a Business, we frequently enjoyed a very high standard of discussions. For one thing, business out of commercial survey our members on their The issue of job creation has living and low unemployment. proponents of the "increase premises. The pressure of high most pressing problems. What become, as it should be, the Around that time, the value of truces on business" school of truces at federal, provincial and we are hearing at very high paramount issue of importance natural resources were thought seem to believe that municipal levels and regulatory volume these days is how the in the upcoming election. reduced. To this day most corporate income tax is the overload has driven that lead blanket of over-taxation Although the various political, commodity prices have only tax businesses pay. On person to work out of their and over-regulation is parties may have different remained flat and are expected the contrary, the real tax story home .and sub-contract work smothering small firms, and ways of coming at the issue, to remain that way for the over the past decade has had out to others who are self- providing a disincentive to job there is no doubt they all see foreseeable future. Also, from nothing to do with corporate employed. creation as a result. The the question of jobs as vital, about the late 1960s, we saw a income tax and everything to When looking at the recent current unattractive climate for both substantively for the virtual explosion in the size and do with the proliferation of other data on where any employment small firms also discourages economy and symbolically for cost of government at all types of taxation such as is being created these days, it prospective entrepreneurs voters. The real question is levels, which was increasingly payroll taxes, capital truces, comes as no surprise that the from establishing new firms, whether any government, what- financed not by current sales taxes and property fastest growing category is and most analysts agree that if taxes. self-employment. Of course ever their political stripe, can revenues but by incurring debt. we are to see significant job really do anything meaningful Secondly, small businesses there is nothing wrong with self- Another major trend affecting creation in the next few years, to actively create long term and large businesses pay employment, but it should be everyone was the beginning of at least half of it will arise from quality jobs at a cost the the technological revolution different rates of tax, with small happening for positive new businesses that do not Canadian economy can sustain which saw labour in many firms consistently facing a true reasons, not negative ones. even exist today. at a time of very high industries replaced by burden 25% to 30% higher than An interesting trend in the Support small business - help generate employment government debt and rapidly computers or related their large business small business field over the Accordingly, we at the CFIB changing global technology. counterparts. And many of past fifteen years has been the have made detailed recommen- circumstances. . Over the past 15 years, these taxes are levied as a explosive growth in the number dations to all political parties on Before addressing that Canada has seen the percentage of payroll, whether of women starting businesses. such topics as simplifying the question, we should look at emergence of the small and the business is making any At one point in the mid-1980s, GST, reforming the how we got ourselves into our medium-sized business sector money or not, and therefore women were starting up new unemployment insurance current unemployment rut. as the primary job creators. dampens a business owner's firms at a rate five times that of system, streamlining the Canada's problems are hardly Although larger companies will enthusiasm to add employees, their male counterparts. The regulatory burden and reducing unique. All nations currently continue to employ significant thereby increasing payroll and current rate of growth is about the overall tax burden on small face a global recession to numbers of Canadians, there is the attendant true load. three times that of men - firms. varying extents, and not expected to be much, if Another question that should somewhat reduced but still Whatever the outcome of the unacceptably high levels of any, expansion in employment be asked is how accurate is our impressive. Research also election, the next federal unemployment, a cold comfort in these corporations. In fact, official unemployment data. shows that women employ a government must, in to the many unemployed in throughout the 1980s over 80% We know that the officially higher percentage of women consultation with other levels Canada today. of the net new jobs created measured unemployment is than average, lending some of government, address the twin problem of over-taxation Canada does, however, have arose from firms with less than over 11 %, and yet many people hope for improved employment and over-regulation if the small several unique characteristics 50 employees. This proportion who are counted in these prospects for women in the business sector is to fulfil its will at least remain the same, if statistics are actually working future. that bear mentioning. Largely job creation potential. because of Canada's proximity not increase, in the 1990s. but not declaring their income. At the risk of sounding The growth in taxation on all simplistic, if we really want to to the United States, our Over the same period we Catherine Swift is Senior Vice- economic development has have seen a proliferation of Canadians over the past create jobs, it would seem that decade has led to a greater encouraging the job creators - P resident, Canadian been characterized by the taxes which hit the s ma 11 Federation of Independent incentive to avoid paying small and medium-size9 presence of many branch business sector harder than Business, and is an economist taxes, and a number of businesses - should be the top plants of U.S. companies with the larger corporations, and a by training with private and researchers have recently priority. At the Canadian Fede- decisions being made outside multiplicity of new regulatory public sector experience. of Canada's borders. Although programs and more onerous shown how this growth in r at ion of Independent Canada does have a domestic employment standards which underground activity really manufacturing sector, it has made the business took off with the introduction of never been well-developed. To environment much more the Goods and Services Tax in be fair, Canada has also complex and costly for smaller 1990 combined ·with a severe enjoyed a better standard of firms who more frequently had recession. So although there living that it otherwise would to employ consultants, is undoubtedly a serious have because of the volume of accountants and other unemployment problem in U.S. investment. As well, professionals to assist ·th em Canada, the dramatic growth in Canada's natural resource through the regulatory maze. the number of individuals advantage over the U.S. has There is a lot of rhetoric on buying and selling goods and provided a balance to U.S.- the part of some groups in the services in an undeclared way owned firms' domination in election campaign that makes it difficult to get a grip other sectors prior to the mid- businesses are not paying on the true magnitude of the 1970s. enough truces, but some reality problem, and on appropriate solutions. The combination of relatively high levels of taxation on indivi- career group leadership duals and small businesses counselling facilitation training and the often dubious returns to trocpayers from governments using our tax money has led to a lot of wasted energy spent on ROBERTA F. HILL, BA, M.B.A. avoiding taxes and regulations, instead of energy being spent on more productive pursuits R. F. such as creating jobs and R.R. 2 wealth. How many of us have CARP, heard of a small business owner, who ten years ago may Fa/11993 page 19

Party positions: Employment Employment Employment

by Donna Hicks by Marlene Prime Minister Kim Campbell postsecondary education. We estimated $21.9 billion to One of the principles of provide a constructive outlet has outlined the principles upon also need more and better operate in 1993. Last year, governing in 1990s is for the skills and talents of which a new Canadian training. We have to make sure premium revenues were $4.5 understanding that the key younger Canadians through our partnership for jobs and new the training fits the skills that billion less than costs. Unless measure of social policy must Canadian Apprenticeship economic opportunities will be are needed. Government, action is taken, the shortfall will be investment in people. The Program and the Canadian built: business and labour must do climb even higher. best way to create Youth Service Corps. We will A series of measures to better and do more to train and We must keep UI costs in employment, generate enhance the opportunities for encourage the creation of small retrain--life-long earning line. This can be done by economic growth, and produce job training and improve businesses and the growth of requires life-long learning. raising premiums or capping a decent quality of life is to give literacy and numeracy skills of existing ones. Eighty per cent Creating new export markets spending. We have chosen to people the opportunity, the Canadian workers. We will of new jobs come from small for our products. With a small control spending rather than education, and the tools to be improve access to employment business. We will simplify the market at home, the best jobs increasing the tax burden of prepared for the challenges for women and single-parents GST for small firms. We have policy is a good trade policy. A Canadians. ahead. by making quality child care expanded our pilot-project satisfactory conclusion of the Part of the way we are In the economy of the 1990s, more available. We will create Canada Service Centres GA TT talks is a priority. The capping spending is by it is the information and jobs immediately through a across Canada, giving small NAFTA opens up the Mexican effectively freezing average UI knowledge-based industries federal/provincial/ municipal business one-stop shopping for market. We will also seek to benefits for four years, staring with their new products, new infrastructure program. This government services, and expand trade with Latin April 4, 1993. We expected services, new markets for both program will also pay long-term eliminating overlap and American and Pacific Rim average weekly benefits to old and new products, and new economic benefits for duplication. A Community countries. increase by about 3.5 per cent processes for existing Canadians by enhancing our Venture Capital Program (up to Science and technology. during 1993-94, based on businesses that are providing competitive strengths. current wage increases. We $32 million over five years) will The entire economy of the foundation for jobs and A Liberal government will be are offsetting this increase by help potential investors get the tomorrow will be knowledge- economic growth. For Canada committed to maintaining a reducing the UI benefit rate for managerial and other support based. We will hold a Science as a whole, comparable system of unemployment new claimants from 60 per cent they need to succeed. We will and Technology Summit to find advantage now hinges not just insurance that provides of insurable earnings to 57 per provide a tax break to those practical ways to increase the on our natural resources or our cent. protection for Canadians who who put money in capital pools inadequate level of business location, but on our We are also denying UI have lost their jobs and are that invest in small business. R&D in Canada. A new technological prowess - on the seeking work. We will ensure benefits to voluntary quitters-- We will extend the 5 per cent decision-making system will sophistication of our people who simply choose not that the funds now paid out as downpayment program for help the federal government infrastructure, our ability to to work. People who quit their unemployment benefits are homebuyers for another five spend its own R&D dollars innovate, and most important, better spent to help the job for a good reason, such as years. smarter, and with greater the education and skill levels of unemployed acquire the skills Education and training. We effect. We will build upon the sexual harassment, unsafe our population. necessary to find work. To need better education for all Industrial Research Assistance working conditions or obligation The challenge for a Liberal achieve this goal, a Liberal Canadians to make sure our Program to help businesses get to take care of a child will still government in the 1990s is to government will work closely investment in this area is their ideas to market. We will have full access to benefits. recognize these new realities with provincial· governments paying the dividends it should. restore full funding for the We will continue to ensure and to work in partnership with and the private sector to We must do a better job of Centres of Excellence Program that the Unemployment business, labour, and all levels determine training needs and teaching our children the to its original annual level of Insurance system is of government to ensure that opportunities. basics and equipping them with $48 million. maintained for those who need Canadians can participate fully In contrast to the the skills they need. Prime These measures will lead to it. in the benefits of this economy. Conservative legacy of 1.6 We must help Canadians Minister Campbell has already an environment in which the million unemployed Canadians, prepare so they can have good announced measures to private sector is able to create our -economic plan will create jobs with good incomes. increase computer literacy in jobs. Donna Hicks is Progressive Jobs and growth depend jobs and opportunities in the Canada's schools, and to The UI system will cost the Conservative candidate for upon making the necessary short term and build a strong improve access to federal government an Nepean. investments in ourselves and foundation for new employment our children. Liberals will better in secure, well paying jobs. prepare for the transition from school to the workplace and Marlene Catteral/, MP, Ottawa-West

by Audrey McLaughlin

Women's participation in the promote fair trade agreements businesses created 85 per workforce has dropped for the that guarantee the right to cent of all jobs in this country. first time in 25 years - a collective bargaining, During 1980-85, women quarter-century trend reversed workplace safety, and human launched more than half of by nine years of Conservative dignity. Canada's small businesses. callousness. The result is that Second, our Plan supports That's millions of new jobs at a many women are forced to adjustment and training time when corporations we re choose between catching up programs for women entering or laying people off. and just plain giving up. Canada re-entering the workforce. As a fourth initiative, we'd works when Canadians work. Key to that end is our third eliminate the GST. How? By Canada's New Democrats initiative: a national child care phasing it out over five years have unveiled a plan for jobs program which provides and making up the losses by that views women as full 600,000 Canadian children with closing corporate tax partners in a full employment quality care, creates loopholes. Compare that to economy. meaningful jobs for 70,000 Jean Chretien's pledge. He Democrats are committed to women forced to leave their Let me mention a number of child care workers and opens says, "Sure, I'll get rid of the improving the unemployment jobs. proposals to get Canadians up education and employment GST, but I'll tell you how after insurance system, so that it We will work to reverse the working again: opportunities for countless you elect me .... " does a better job of helping to Conservatives' eligibility and First, our Jobs Plan would parents. Contrary to popular Fifth, our Jobs Plan offers build a full employment entitlement restrictions to cancel the Conservative trade opinion, child care is not a concrete programs to spur economy. ensure that the unemployment agreement with the United "woman's issue." It is an entrepreneurs. Our National The federal government has insurance system is fair. States, and bid the same economic issue. And New Investment Fund would give punished unemployed The New Democratic Party farewell to the bad trade deal Democrats have made it an innovative and expanding Canadians by callously limiting Jobs Plan treats women as a with Mexico, a deal that will kill election issue. Canadian enterprises the Unemployment Insurance necessary part of a healthy more jobs in the industries Above all, our Jobs Plan capital to create high-skilled benefits and eligibility economy. In that way it where women are the majority sees women as the spirit of jobs right here at home. requirements. New Democrats validates our unique needs and of workers--clothing, textile, small business in Canada, and Sixth, New Democrats fiercely fought against the experiences. data processing and public the cornerstone of our strongly support improved pay draconian "reforms" in the Audrey Mclaughlin is the services. Instead, we would country's economic renewal. and employment equity. House of Commons, in leader of the federal New Between 1979 and 1989, small Finally, under our plan, New particular for the sake of Democratic Party. 11¥0111anist page20 How to avoid being bullied by Allee deWo/ff and Ruth Rose (excerpted from NAG pamphlet We Can Not Afford to be Bullied by by the debt the Debt) We constantly hear that our economy are private sector The introduction of the GST biggest problem is the debt, jobs. Many economists has transferred a large tax and that the only way to tackle disagree, and estimate that Lower income people responsibility from it is to cut social programs and every $1,000 spent creating a have experienced a corporations to individual jobs in the public service, and job - whether it is a government 115% increase in their consumers. minimize barriers to corporate job or a private sector job - taxes since 1984. The A fair tax system would lower growth, like taxation, high becomes between $1,500 and the percentage of government country's richest revenue that comes from sales wages and trade barriers. We $2,500 in the economy. Of that people are paying only know that these policies are amount, about half returns to taxes, ensure that personal creating greater disparitie.s federal, provincial and 20% more taxes. and corporate taxation is between Canadians, and municipal coffers. Individuals now pay progressive, and increase the creating a climate where our People with decent jobs almost half of the percentage that comes from communities are beginning to spend money and contribute country's taxes; these corporate and personal believe that we can't affdrd taxes. When they do this, corporations pay only taxes. equality. more businesses can open, 7%. The "Debt" is t h e more people can be hired, more accumulated amount that the money will circulate through the country owes. Interest on the economy and more taxes can resources more equitably. revenues. Since 1984, high Taxes as a debt is an important 'Part of be paid. In turn, governments They are an attack on the idea interest rates, plus the lost Percentage government spending and may can begin to pay off the debt. of equity itself. revenue due to unemployment contribute to the "deficit" which Low unemployment reduces Spending on effective health and an increasingly unfair tax of Total Revenue government spending. The care is spending on jobs. So is is the yearly difference policy, have been the principle D Personal between income and spending. government estimates that the spending on child care, home causes of the yearly deficits - In years where there is a formal unemployment rate of services for seniors and not spending on social deficit, the debt gets bigger, 11 % will cost employees and citizens with disabilities, public programs. while a budgetary surplus employers $19 billion in housing, public transportation, Lowering interest rates to reduces the debt. In Canada, Unemployment Insurance (UI) improved recycling, roads, their traditional level of 1.4% as in many Third World payments and retraining this military conversion projects, above the rate of inflation countries, both the debt and year. international humanitarian would save the federal the deficit have been used as projects, e nvi ro nm e nta I government $6 billion in the 31 arguments to cut social Many economists cleanup, and better education. first year, and $10 billion by the spending and reduce the range disagree, and estimate When jobs are created that third. of government activity. that every $1,000 assist with social equity and Lower interest rates would 34.1% There is no denying that the environmental protection, the also stimulate private sector current debt is large. In 1992- spent creating a job benefits multiply and become economic activity by reducing 93, it was $687.3 billion, or whether it is a part of the solution. the cost of financing new 66.7% of our GDP, up from government job or a Interest on the debt has investments, especially for 44.7% in 1984-85. The 1992- private sector job become the biggest single item small and medium sized 93 figure is comparable to what becomes between in the federal budget, businesses, and for community it was in the 1930s during increasing from $21 billion to economic development $1,500 and $2,500 in % another period of major the economy. Of that $39.5 billion since 1984-85. projects. recession, and ·much lower amount, about half High interest rates, the result The federal government must than it was during World War II. of deliberate policies of the regain democratic control of But even the Conference returns to federal, Bank of Canada, have been the the interest rate policy. Our provincial and 47.7% Board of Canada recognizes main cause of this increase. economic policies must not be . that we don't need to panic; municipal coffers. The Bank of Canada insists dictated by foreign banks and 199.2-93 they estimate that with that it has raised interest rates other large financial interests. reasonable economic growth Bringing the unemployment in order to cpmbat inflation. We no longer have a fair tax (between 3% and 4% per year), rate down to even 6% would Since 1988, however, there system in Canada. The the debt will return to a more reduce UI payments by almost has been no real pressure to frequently painted picture of normal proportion of the $10 billion. Getting the create inflation other than that rich white men shouldering high economy by the end of the hundreds of thousands of provoked by rising federal taxes to underwrite the costs decade. people who want to work off sales taxes. of supporting the poor, most of Putting people back to work welfare and into decent jobs Following the negotiation of whom are women, many of That the country has a debt is the solution. In the current would free up another $5 or $6 the Free Trade Agreement whom are non-white or native is not in itself a negative thing: debt hysteria, governments are billion in provincial and federal (FTA) in 1988, the Bank of people, is no longer accurate. like any business or refusing to create jobs, and act resources for other programs. Canada suddenly began raising In principle, our income tax household, governments as if they believe that the only Social programs are the its bank rate. This resulted in a system is "progressive", that borrow in order to finance long- jobs that truly contribute to the heart of the solution. We are in change in the value of the is, where individuals and term investments. Hospitals, the midst of a large, Canadian dollar from 78¢ to 84¢ corporations are taxed schools, roads, coast-guard international tug-of-war US in the space of a few according to their ability to pay. equipment, even educated and It makes $ense... between governments and the months. Even in financial In reality, it is increasingly less healthy people represent private sector about the control circles, there was speculation "progressive". In the last ten assets which are the of different parts of our service that an 85¢ dollar was a secret years, the proportion of federal counterpart to the debt. sector. Not surprisingly, the clause in the FTA. An over- government taxes paid by A federal government that international nee-conservative valued Canadian dollar, not corporations has been cut valued equity would formula for cutting the debt justified by underlying almost in half, while income tax reduce unemployment; includes transferring what are economic forces, did terrible on low and middle income protect and develop When you give your now public services to the damage to our ability to export. individuals now accounts for effective social programs earned money to a private sector, either by selling It also greatly increased the almost half of the country's and public sector jobs; institution, you expect government assets or by share of our national debt held revenue. reduce interest rates on customer service. Right? reducing programs and jobs. by foreign creditors. Lower and middle income the debt; Our federal government has Governments are in a Canadians are paying bring in fair taxes; bought this formula, and has different position from considerably more taxes than trade fairly with many severely cut back and in some individuals or private ten years ago. Lower ·income countries. cases eliminated programs. businesses when faced with people have experienced a Federal program spending their responsibilities to pay 115% increase in their taxes Alice deWo/ff is a researcher was cut from 19.5% of Gross their debt. Governments have since 1984. The country's and consultant, and a member Domestic Product (GOP) in considerable influence on the richest people are paying only of NAC's Economic Policy 233-7711 1984-85 to 16% in 1989-90. interest rate itself, and their 20% more taxes. Individuals Committee. Ruth Rose is an Cuts to social programs are an overall policy determines the now pay almost half of the economist who teaches at the Fri. i attack on our ability as a level of economic activity and country's taxes; corporations University of Quebec in country to divide our society's consequently their own pay only 7%. Montreal. Fall 1993 page 21

Party positions: Debt Debt Debt Debt Debt Debt Debt Debt

by Dianne Marleau by Mary Ann Higgs

As far back as November declining revenues and a funded within existing The best way to reduce the corporate minimum tax and a 1991, Liberal Leader Jean growing underground economy. expenditures. We will exercise debt is to get Canada - and restriction on tax deductibility Chretien outlined the five Unlike the Conservatives, unwavering discipline in Canadians - back to work. on borrowing to finance economic principles that would Liberals believe that increasing controlling federal spending The strong contribution of investments overseas. We will guide a future Liberal taxes is not a deficit reduction and will reorder current women in the unpaid and wage scrap the GST over five years. government. One of them is strategy. spending priorities to make economy is especially 3. Sustained low real interest "being a truly fiscally Deficit reduction can and sure that maximum return is important. rates, which are essential if we responsible government", must be achieved through a obtained on each investment. New Democrats are are to re-orient federal scrutinizing every single item two-track approach which Expenditure reductions will committed to controlling the economic policy towards of spending. Mr. Chretien combines unwavering be achieved by cancelling national debt through fu II building full employment, stressed that if the debt burden discipline in controlling unnecessary programs, employment policies, for leading to a reduction in the is allowed to escalate further, government expenditures with streamlining processes, and the following reasons: national debt. "it will paralyse government's a comprehensive strategy to eliminating duplication. This Left to grow indefinitely, the 4. A program to get the ability to act". foster economic growth. effort will take place in debt threatens the federal federal government's house in Liberals realize that the Track one: A Liberal partnership with provincial government's ability to build full order. We would reallocate deficit and the debt, government will adopt a series governments. employment and social justice. spending away fro m employment, economic growth, of measures to put Canadians A Liberal government will Each dollar spent on interest is unproductive tax expenditures, inflation, and taxation are all back to work and foster have as its goal the elimination a dollar not spent on building i.e. wasteful and inefficient interrelated. Liberals also economic growth. We will take of the deficit. Liberals believe full employment, on the contracting-out of pub Ii c believe that economic policies short-term measures such as that a balanced approach to environment, or on alleviating services, and from the defence must not merely attack an renewing Canada's deficit reduction must be child poverty. budget (no $5.8 billion individual problem in isolation infrastructure. We will also take adopted one that recognizes The federal debt is submarine-hunting from its costs in other areas. longer-term measures to creat.:i that excessive government becoming a regressive helicopters). We would phase Our balanced approach to jobs and growth by focusing on spending, lack of economic instrument, transferring wealth out no-strings-attached cash economic policy will deal with small and medium-sized growth, and high from lower-income taxpayers to gifts to business, have a the five major problems facing businesses where most of the unemployment all contribute to higher-income debt owners. smaller federal Cabinet and an the Canadian economy today: job growth is, setting the stage growing deficits. As an interim The rising percentage of independent review of MPs' lack of growth, high for an innovative economy. We step, a Liberal government total public debt held by and senior public officials' unemployment, high long-term will invest in people through priority will be to reduce the offshore investors threatens pensions, eliminate duplication real interest rates, too-high initiatives such as ·a National federal deficit as a proportion our national sovereignty, and between_ federal departments, levels of foreign indebtedness, Apprenticeship Program, of Gross Domestic Product, bleeds our economy. and between the federal and excessive government encourage research and from its current level of 5.2 Spending proportionately government and other debt and deficit. development, and foster trade percent to 3 percent: the more on public debt charges jurisdictions. New Democrats At the same time, Liberals initiatives. standard set by the European than 9ur tradil}~ partners would encourage government are aware that, as a country, Track Two: A Liberal Community in the Maastricht means that we have less public departments to be more we are very close to, if not government will reduce the Treaty. capital for productive innovative, and promote already at that threshold where deficit. We will implement new investment - a long-term excellence in the Public Diane Marleau, MP, Sudbury, increased taxes lead to programs only if they can be Service by speaking directly ON comparative disadvantage. The debt is the consequence with those who are doing the of high unemployment, not the work. cause. These measures would Our plan fundamentally reduce --the deficit and get the by Dorothy Dobbie reorients federal economic federal debt under control policy, placing the priority on within the next five years. The debt is the sum of all five years, more must be done. jobs. We propose to deal with The federal New Democrats' past deficits. Canadians have And we must work in the debt in four ways. approach to the Canadian made it clear that they want the partnership with the provinces 1 . An employment strategy economy would have a very deficit brought down though to meet that goal, finding less that will increase revenues and beneficial effect on federal spending cuts, not higher costly ways to deliver programs reduce spending on income balances, according to an taxes. We hear you loud and and services. located in different offices in support by creating 500,000 independent economic clear. Governments must the same city. This drives up additional jobs. analysis conducted by a Taxes are at the limit in this coordinate their plans to keep the cost of government, and 2. Tax reform to share the private econometric research country. There must be no new the lid on taxes, hold the line on makes it harder for you to get tax burden fairly. We advocate firm. According to that firm's taxes and no new tax spending, and eliminate the help and information. Adding to progressive taxation, forecast and analysis, the federal debt would drop to $8.0 increases. Prime Minister Kim deficit. the problem are provincial increasing the number of billion in 1997, and our Jobs Campbell has made it clear that You have had it with offices doing similar things. We personal income tax brackets, Plan would cut a total of $10.9 there will be neither. Any governments fighting over turf, can give you better service at a wealth tax, eliminating most billion from projected federal additional revenues must be over who will run what program, less cost by starting to capital gains exemptions, and deficits over the five years those that are the result of over who will spend your tax combine federal offices in one taxing private trusts. We from 1994 to 1998. economic growth. The deficit dollars. You. want better results place, and by combining federal oppose business deductions must be brought down through and better use of your tax and provincial offices. for the costs of me a Is, Mary, Ann Higgs is the New spending control. There will be dollars. For businesses, we are entertainment, and escort Democratic Party candidate for no real increases in spending. Better results must begin at setting up Canada Business services. We propose a the riding of Kingston and the In the 15 years before 1984, the top. Prime Minister Centres to provide easy one- Islands. program spending rose by an Campbell has made the largest stop access to government average of 13.8 per cent a change to the way the services while cutting back on year. We cut waste, and government is structured in our overhead. reduced grants to.business and history. There are now only 23 Workers who need help are computerized system for serve our country or to save special interest groups. Many departments instead of 32. faced with a multitude of federal government benefit cheques the life of others should fly in will provide better service at programs Ottawa could no She has brought back together and provincial offices, and a what are becoming antique less cost. longer afford are gone. Since functions that had been apart patchwork of programs that are aircraft. Buying 43 instead of Prime Minister Campbell is 1984, we have held program for too long and cut operating not coordinated enough. We 50 will save $1 billion. We are deeply committed to deficit spending growth to an average costs. have taken specific action to doing what we can to save reduction. of 3.6 per cent a year. When outsiders look at work with provincial money. But we will not put in One of the hardest decisions We passed a law to limit Canada, they do not just see governments to meet the needs jeopardy our security, our she has already had to make spending. The Spending Ottawa's $30 billion deficit. of workers, while cutting back safety, or our sovereignty by Control Act will help us hold the They see a total federal and on overhead. We will talk to was to reduce the size of the cancelling this purchase. growth of government spending provincial deficit that is twice each province about other helicopter order. All of the cuts These are but a few on programs to an average of that amount. Within 30 days of ways to cut overlap and apply to shipborne aircraft, and examples of the things that 1.7 per cent a year until 1997. the election, we will hold a First duplication, and to improve not to the 15 to -be used for must be done in the years This year's budget set out a Ministers' Conference to service. search and rescue. ahead. plan to bring down the deficit to discuss a National Plan for You should not have to wait She does not, and I do not, Dorothy Dobbie is Progressive $8 billion by 1997. As our goal Debt Management. weeks when you need accept the suggestion that Conservative candidate for is to balance the budget within Too many departments are government help. A new those who risk their lives to Winnipeg South. Fa/11993

Healthcare: The Basics by Jane Fulton

costly publicly funded health medical service and there are and provincial governments States, where each service system on earth., Even with no bad debts. have picked up the deficit. delivered is billed to a variety of Canada's health care system this expenditure, Canada Emergency care is available This year, in the midst of a insurances, each of whom may has become a media event and remains behind Sweden and to all Canadians (and all recession and with government challenge the diagnosis or a cornerstone of the federal Japan in infant mortality and visitors to Canada) at no cost revenues down, these deficits accounting. election campaign. Politicians, longevity but well ahead of the at the emergency room. There will not be welcome. Universal health insurance journalists and the public are United States on the same is no out-of-pocket charge for It is true that medical has beneficial effects on the caught in a storm of measures. It follows that ambulance dispatch centers to technology is less available in economy. Small businesses controversy surrounding the spending more on health care the most appropriate Canada than in the United are not at risk of bankruptcy questions of whether or not is no guarantee of health. emergency if several are States. It is also true that our because of health premiums Canada's system will continue The health delivery approach nearby. For example, a trauma infant mortality is lower and sky-rocketing. Canadian to survive as we know it, or in Canada is structured around victim may be routed to a Canadians live longer than automobile plants produce cars whether it will be.come ,harsh ten provincial health plans. hospital where a surgeon and Americans. It is difficult to for $700 less per vehicle than and elitist like the United Canada actually does not have an anaesthetist are already on accept that the over- plants in the United States States' health care system. site, rather than a hospital that capitalized and under-utilized because the auto industry There are a few facts we FOR HEALTH OR FOR PROFIT? diagnostic equipment is not the does not pay health premiums. should remember In this key to good health. It sounds The choices Canadians have debate. The basic more like an industry marketing made are made explicitly, by philosophical principles of strategy than common sense. politicians, hospital boards, Canada's health system were In fact, Canada prefers to be and doctors. The Canadian formalized in the Canada compared to other health non-profit hospital industry Health Act in 1984, three systems whose values about allows consumers to choose decades after the first access and fairness are their doctor, their hospital and legislative moves to make similar. Good comparisons are their home care support. It is a health care available to all. Sweden, Japan and Germany, system that eliminates the fear These principles are where Canadians are in the of child birth or illness or old universal coverage, compre- same ball park, but still at age. It eliminates the fear of hensive benefits, portability of greater cost. financial ruin due to chronic the coverage, public (non- Health planning in Canada illness or disability. It profit) administration and no also benefits from one eliminates the fear of a extra-billing. In otherwords, all insurance plan in each physician who refuses Canadians have liealth province. Central decisions treatment because of a insurance coverage, wherever about where to place a patient's inability to pay. they live or work. This lithotripsy program, or which The majority of Canadian coverage is provided by a community needs an air doctors find universal government agency whose ambulance assist in assuring insurance and the simple billing revenues are drawn from a national health program. maximum utilization of the procedures in Canada a personal taxes and excise Rather it has national resource and fair remuneration support to quality care. taxes on commodities such as legislation which causes tax is five minutes closer. for the physicians working with Patients are treated early, alcohol, tobacco and gasoline. revenue to flow to provinces Choices about major a program. Entrepreneurial needed drugs are free for In Ontario, citizens also (on a limited basis). programs, such as heart spirit within hospitals vulnerable groups, and state- encourages government to contribute through insurance In Ontario, for example, 2 transplant or trauma units, are of-the-art diagnostic proce- premiums paid by employers billion of the 17 billion dollars made by the boards of fund new programs where they dures are available for those but deducted from the spent on health programs is a hospitals in consultation with are needed, rather than add whose conditions warrant. The individual's pay. These transfer from the federal faculties of medicine in univer- technology where there is a Canadian Medical Association premiums cover about one-fifth government in Ottawa. sities, and governments who limited patient load available. reported that only 152 of the health care costs in must pay the bill. These Ontario. The resources Hospitals in Canada are not choices attempt to reflect collected are paid out by this "nationalized" or government- owned, as in Great Britain. public opinion as well as other The U.S. spends over 12% of its national wealth on government agency to potential uses for pub Ii c hospitals in the form of global More than 95 percent of health care, compared with Canada's 9.5%, but resources such as education, budgets and to physicians as Canada's hospitals are despite spending such vast sums, more than 37 privately-held corporations, industrial development and fees-for-service. which are funded by million Americans have no health insurance, and Seniors and many other low- subsidized day-care. There- income Canadians are covered government. Admission to a fore, the kinds of services and another 50 million have only partial coverage. This is hospital does not depend on by a drug benefit plan which the availability of those mainly because so much of U.S. health care money is ability to pay, but on medical pays for pharmaceuticals and services are determined need as determined by a siphoned off in profits for more than 2,000 insurance other health aids. There are no through this explicit priority physician. For example, it is a companies, the top 20 of which shared $760 million in charges to Canadians at the setting. physician who will assess the point of service delivery. All Waiting is not evidence of profits in 1990. Action Canada Network urgency of an elective this, combined with an the inadequacy of funding, but procedure and prioritize patient an example of priorities. For extensive public health system access to surgery. A second and a long term care system, example, in 1991 British Approximately 44% of physicians left Canada for the opinion is not necessary to Columbia elected to give an Ontario's health budget is United States in 1991. With costs Canada 8.9% of its GNP. determine patient eligibility for Notwithstanding, efforts to annual fee increment to family allocated to hospitals, about more than 40,000 practising surgery, nor is checking with a practitioners that would have 30% goes for physician fees, physicians in Canada, this is constrain growth in the system, third party payor. Government paid for the entire cardiac 6% is directed to emergency less than a drop in the bucket. Canada still has the most pays all of the agreed fee for a surgery program for the services including ambu- On a world standard, Canada province twice over. As a lances, 5% for mental health is only one of the many result, media attention to services, 4% for community- industrial nations that use "waiting lists" for coronary based care, 5% for the drug public resources to create and artery bypass in British benefit plan and only 1% for support a healthy population. Columbia has little impact on ad ministration. Canada is neither the most the health plan. This low administrative cost efficient producer of health The choices of how to spend occurs because Canadian care, nor the healthiest nation. thP. public's money were made physicians are trusted by jointly by physicians, hospitals government and bills are Jane Fulton, M.Sc., Ph.D. is Evelyn Gigantes and the government insurance generally paid in full within two Associate Professor in the plan in advance of the year's weeks of submission. It is also Faculty of Administration at the expenditures. Almost without due to the global budget University of Ottawa. Canada. Centre fail, hospitals and physician system of paying for hospitals. She is the co-author of Health payment exceed the budget This differs from the United Care in Canada, a description (613) 237-0212 and analysis of Canadian health setvices. Fa/11993 page 23 Party positions: Healthcare Healthcare Healthcare

by Dawn Black, M.P.

Shortly after I gave birth to Jean Chretien are counting on We are dedicated to were defeated by Liberal and There are health twins, my two-year-old son people blaming the provinces upholding the principles of the Conservative MPs. consequences to women's became critically ill with a for these cutbacks. The real Canada Health Act: My New Democrat colleague inequality and violence against retinal tumour. I was shocked problem is a culmination of 18 universality, accessibility, Joy Langan has been in the women. Aboriginal men and and upset at the problems we years of federal government portability, forefront of getting unsafe women have lower I if e had with the health care policies of shortchanging the comprehensiveness and public breast implants off the market. expectancies than their non- system. It was a politicising provinces' health budgets. administration. But the federal An implantee herself, after Aboriginal counterparts. experience for me. I wanted to The New Democratic Party is government can only enforce beating breast cancer, Joy Poverty is related to illness. do something to improve the firmly opposed to user fees these standards by threatening worked tirelessly and We need to take a larger view quality and accessibility . of AND the underlying reasons to withdraw funds from persistently on this issue, of health care in general, and health care. why provinces are even provinces who don't meet raising it in the House of women's health in particular. I became politically involved, considering user fees: the them. Without a commitment to Commons until a moratorium on Measures that promote and found that the NOP had the federal withdrawal of funds stopping the federal cutbacks the use of these breast women's equality, economic greatest commitment to health from health care. to health care, any statement implants was declared. In and social justice are an care. New Democrats would: in favour of the Canada Health 1991, I suggested that the integral part of controlling House of Commons Sub- A 1991 study by the National stabilize federal transfer Act is also meaningless. health care costs, and of a committee on the Status of Council on Welfare reported payments for health care The New Democratic Party is healthier Canada in all Women, of which I am a that according the current promote preventative care officially pro-midwifery, and respects. member, study the issue of the federal cutback formula, by the support health research wants to support the underfunding of breast cancer year 2010 no federal funds at and eliminate federal proliferation of women's health Dawn Black is the N e w research and prevention. The all will be spent on health care. measures such as excessive clinics. I proposed the only Democratic Party status of report led directly to a $25 Because the federal/provincial patent protection, which motion to increase support for women critic and incumbent funds are administered by the increase the cost of family planning research and million federal increase in candidate for N e w spending on breast cancer provinces, Kim Campbell and prescription drugs. education. Both these motions Westminster-Burnaby. research.

We are strongly committed to by the Hon. Mary Col/Ins Canada's national health care system and will continue to by Dr. Hedy Fry make sure the Canada Health Act is respected. We have said that we will work with the provinces to uphold the five Medicare is one of our comprehensive re-examination the issues, help focus the basic principles of the Act-- greatest national projects and of the financing of Canada's discussion, and assist in universality, equal access, a defining element of Canadian health care program is developing solutions and comprehensiveness, society. Medicare is based required. Since 1986, the strategies always in portability, and non-profit upon the belief that every impact of the Conservative accordance with the five administration. provide a block tu nd Canadian has a right to receive government's successive, principles of Canadian We understand that health contribution for health care the health care needed unilateral adjustments to the medicare. care is a fundamental part of which the provinces may regardless of personal formula used to establish The Liberal Party rejects the Canadian identity. We have allocate according to their own circumstance. federal health care user fee.s as a means of no intention of opening up the priorities. EPF funds a re A Liberal government is contributions has been well funding health care. In Canada Health Act to user provided in the form of cash committed to preserving known. These adjustments principle, user fees run counter fees. That means no user fees and tax points. Tax transfers universal health care, knowing have put added financial to the Canadian value of for medically necessary are as legitimate a means of full well that the years ahead pressure on provincial sharing certain major risks in services. support as cash transfers. The will offer many challenges to governments. While economic order to build a better society Contrary to what some Canada Health Act allows the the survival of our health care conditions may change, the for all. In practical terms, user people are saying, there is no federal government to cut EPF system. health care requirements of fees do not work. The Canadians remain. 0 u r crisis in Canada's health care transfers dollar for dollar if a The Liberal Party is implementation of user fees in objective is to establish system, but we do need to re- province imposes user fees for committed to protecting the Saskatchewan from 1968 to funding arrangements that will examine the way health care is medicare services. Legislation principles outlined in the 1971 did not result in lower provide financial certainty and delivered so we can maintain it allows that money to be Canada Health Act health care costs for predictability for both the for future generations. deducted from other transfers if (1984). gover~nment. User fees, in provinces and the federal We cannot allow our national the cash portion of the EPF theory, merely shift a small The federal government government. health system to b e transfer is nil. This preserves fraction of the cost from the cannot withdraw from its fiscal The first objective of the fragmented. Different needs our ability to enforce medicare obligation to medicare. public to the private sector. standards. federal government should be It is clear that a But the overall cost remains. and concerns govern the to help the provinces manage approaches taken by various As part of our overall deficit- And it is the overall cost which fighting restraint program, we the challenges they face with provinces and territories. That bears upon the productivity have reduced the growth of In the 1970s, 50% of the funding and effective is to be expected. However, we and competitiveness of our EPF payments. There has, health care costs were administration of health care. society relative to others. To believe that Canadians across however, been no cut in the In a country that is already the this country should have equal paid by the federal grasp at user fees as a "quick level of payments, which are highest per capita spender on fix" is to tinker with the health access to quality health care. continuing to increase. In fact, government. Today, health care of any country with At the same time, we must get care system at its margins and EPF transfers to the provinces Ottawa contributes only a national health care system, to· deceive ourselves into better value for our money from have risen from $14.6 billion in spending more money is not the system. 24% of these costs; and, believing that we can ignore the 1984-85 to an estimated $21.4 the answer - spending it more real challenge of achieving a We must--and want to--work if future scheduled cuts billion in 1993-94. wisely is. That is why a Liberal better balance between more with the provincial governments Canada already has a great are made, federal government will establish The appropriate care for the sick, to ensure that programs are health care system, but I financial support for National Forum on Health. and dealing with the every-day delivered in a cost-effective believe that we can make it Medicare will end The National Forum on Health experiences that determine of manner that is in touch with the even better. will bring together the major the health of Canadians. needs of Canadians. completely by the end of partners and parties involved in Mary Collins is the Minister of this decade. dealing with the health of Dr. Hedy Fry is the Liberal Health and Progressive Action Canada Network Canadians in order to define Candidate for Vancouver Through the Established Conservative candidate for Centre. Programs Financing Act, we Capilano-Howe Sound. Lr_ZP_a_·~_7e_2_~______F._a1_1_1_s9_3 _ Canada in the world: missionary or mercenary? by Lyse Blanchard

Many of the teachers I had recipients as Indonesia, for As Canada has followed palliatives, and usually as a child were nuns who had example, were spared. other recession-battered complicate the situation. returned to Canada after years This is in line with the same Northern countries in reducing Nothing short of a spent teaching in Africa. They External Affairs document aid, Canada's important comprehensive review of would often hold assemblies to which recommends that presence in Africa - the only Canada's foreign policy will show us slides of African "geographic allocations (of industrial country at once a help make some sense of our children in open-air Canadian aid) be targeted on member of the Commonwealth economic, defense, trade, classrooms. One of the key countries of long-term and la Francophonie - has diplomatic and aid positioning Sisters gave us each a photo strategic interest to Canada withered. Unfortunately, the in the world. At the moment, all of an African child around our and on the basis of foreign trend towards disengagement political parties seem to be own age. Even if these policy priorities, including from Africa by Northern shying away from such a children looked different than development objectives." The countries coincides with and review, a review which the NGO us, she said, we had a lot in document adds rr in case we exacerbates deepening community is calling for. common. Only they were poor. missed the point - that, "in poverty, violence and the Long-term solutions that They were so poor, we were Among the hardest-hit by the some cases commitments may dismantling of local economies, promote international security told, that they didn't have budget cuts are the non - have to be broken."' with all their consequences. lie in human development, enough to eat. The Catholic governmental organizations CIDA's current direction Sisters encouraged each of us (NGOs) such as Crossroads, contradicts the Conservative to help our African friend by CUSO, Canada World Youth government's stated aid policy, going without lunch for a day a and the Centre canadien outlining in the 1987 document month and donating the 5 0 d'etudes et de cooperation Sharing Our Future. That cents saved to church school internationale. These NGOs policy says, "the primary and development projects in run community development purpose of Canadian ODA Africa. projects, like water wells, (overseas development assist- That experience left an agricultural projects, women's ance) is to help the poorest impression on me. I'm sure groups, rural schools, literacy countries and people of the other Canadians have been training and health clinics. world." touched by similar lessons At External Affairs, The contradiction was from their ,schoolteachers, meanwhile, a leaked document confirmed when Prime Minister religious and secular. We have Polley Update, which made Mulroney announced at the a history of helping others. We saw these Canadian values reflected in the overwhelming "More and more CIDA assistance is being made response to the famine in the conditional on the recipient countries' adherence to Horn of Africa in 1984-85, when World Bank or International Monetary Fund structural individual Canadians donated some $50 million to the relief adjustment programs. These programs usually include effort. Somewhere between cutbacks in health and education spending, currency the missionary tradition and the devaluations, export promotion (favouring cash crops mercenary approach to development, Canada's foreign over food, for example), and the elimination of food aid has evolved over the years price subsidies. 11 to create a "good-guy" image. But unless there is a major shift in the present direction, this "In a recent report, UNICEF blamed the deaths of image will quickly fade. 500,000 people on the suffering caused by the Canada's foreign aid became structural adjustment programs imposed on poor more "professional" with the countries by the IMF and World Bank on behalf of the growth of the Canadian 11 lnternationat Development northern creditor nations they represent. An example is Somalia. Only democracy and social change. Agency (CIDA), a Crown a few years ago, most These solutions cannot be Action Canada Network Corporation set up in 1968 and Canadians had scarcely heard found without the sincere and headed by its own cabinet of it. But since 1990, Canada sustained engagement of both has resettled some 12,000 minister until recently. CIDA's Northern countries and NGOs, the rounds in the NGO Yeltsin-Clinton Summit in the refugees in Canada, sent budget grew to nearly $3 billion nor without the building of community last winter, argues spring of 1993 that Canada will hundreds of food relief flights as Canada sought to be a major alliances between people, that Canadian aid should give $200 million to Russia. and peacekeeping troops. communities and organizations player in the UN, the Common- concentrate on those parts of This money came from the However, some analysts wealth and la Francophonie, who share a common agenda the world that offer "an financial 'envelope' containing predict that Africa currently for change. and as the federal government economic rationale." The logic funds for aid to the developing holds another 20 potential sought to support the efforts of Increasingly, NGOs in the of that means Canada would world. We take from Africa and Som alias. Canadian voluntary agencies North the secularized pull out of Africa. The give to Eastern Europe. "Migration, drugs, progeny of the missionary nuns at work in the Third World. withdrawal has already started. environmental degradation and The latest cuts bring total who taught us as children rr Today, at CIDA headquarters Canada pulled out trade offices reductions to projected ODA terrorism will hammer on your have adapted their mission in Hull, a massive downsizing a couple of years ago. In since 1989 to $4.4 billion. Of doors like you won't believe," statements to strengthen their exercise is underway, as: March, CIDA announced that aid that remains, now 0.4% of Hahbub UI Haq, special advisor partners and build alliances: officials implement $4 billion in budget cuts required that GNP, more of it than ever is to the United Nations, told a the NGOs, labour and farmers' development aid cuts imposed bilateral aid be ended to 14 driven by export promotion and House of Commons committee unions, women's groups and by the Conservative countries, including seven in "market penetration" objectives recently. With 95 of every 100 popular organizations of the government since 1989. Africa. Such middle-income rather than helping the poorest. children born this decade living South. It is these groups that in the Third World, he said, the represent and channel the notion of global security has dynamism and discontent of MATCH International Centre An International Development taken on a whole new meaning. the marginalized. It is they who Many wars currently raging in will create social change, 1102-200 Elgin Agency Working for and the South, and crises identified democracy and authentic Ottawa, Ontario with Women in the by Haq, are rooted in hunger, human development. inequality and exploitation. As K2P Third World. is proving the case in Somalia, Lyse Blanchard is the Tel: 238-1312; Fax: 238-6867 Join MATCH foreign troops and refugee Executive Director of CUSO. relief are only short-term Fa/11993 page 25

Party positions: Foreign Policy Foreign Policy Foreign

by Suzanne Duplessis

UN has taken on new Foreign aid leads to This government is human rights issues throughout year we have taken part in importance with the end of the improvements on all levels of committed to working for the world. peacekeeping and Cold War, as many states are social, economic and political stronger international security, A UN study found that peacemaking operations--15 more willing to work through the life. It supports projects that respect for democracy and Canada is one of the best operations around the world. body to address international attack the root causes of human rights, and prosperity countries in the world to live, Peacekeeping is expensive problems. Secretary General instability and conflict. The through international trade. based on factors like health, work. We believe that the UN Boutros-Boutros Ghali's An basic framework of Canada's As a responsible member of education, life expectancy, must be able to call on more Agenda for Peace, spells out foreign aid was set out in our the world community, we want employment opportunities and nations to shoulder the burden. the UN's role. We played an Foreign Policy Framework to maintain a peaceful wages. We are taking steps to We will work with our allies to important role in the (published in 1991 ). Our goals international order so we may ensure we continue to prosper. reform groups such as the development of the Agenda. are to: pursue our own interests. We We are unequivocally Much of it also reflects our own United Nations. This will Strengthen cooperative are committed to defence and committed to the United philosophy and experience in strengthen the international security; collective security, arms Nations. It has always been peacekeeping. community's role in control and disarmament, and our view that the UN is the best Create sustainable We believe in adapting peacekeeping and conflict prosperity; the peaceful resolution of vehicle for international peacekeeping to meet prevention, and help equip it to Secure democracy and disputes. We strongly support progress toward stability. The changing needs and have respond quickly to crises. respect for human values; acted on these beliefs. This Prime Minister Kim Campbell Continue our policies aimed has already led discussions on at humanitarian assistance and this issue at this year's G-7 alleviating poverty. Military Facts Summit in Tokyo. We are committed to helping •In 1987, the Candian government committed itself to Canada's defence policy people around the world who a 15 year, $200 billion spending program. The $5.8 statement of April 1992 helps need our help. What we spend us protect our vital interests on foreign aid and where we billion attack helicopters are only part of this and maintain our peacekeeping spend it depends on need and outdated Cold War plan. efforts. It reflects the what we can afford. ·The Defense Department has grown by 40% after spectacular developments that have shaken the world. It also Suzanne Duplessis is the inflation in 12 years. makes sure National Defence Progressive Conservative •Only eight other countries spend more money on the does its part to cut the deficit. candidate for Louis-Hebert. military than Canada. Canada's military budget exceeds the combined military budgets of all South American countries. Canadian Peace Alliance by Emily Carasco

Addressing global inequality create and use a real "peace expo_rts have the same access by Christine Stewart and injustice is among the dividend" to improve the social, to the markets of our trading important responsibilities economic and environmental partners that they have to Canada holds as a world well-being of all - this should ours, and that developing nation. Canada must play a be Canada's only long-term countries get fair prices for more active role in closing the security policy. New their products. Canada can North-South gap, and in raising Democrats believe that a best promote global equality Liberals will pursue a more to make international standards of living and quality reformed United Nations could and security by giving even independent foreign policy. We peacekeeping a priority role for of life for people in the South. play a central role in promoting greater support to the goal of see Canada as having a unique Canada's armed forces and will We must recognize that women global security and sustainable environmentally sustainable opportunity to play a major role direct defence dollars that way. have a key central role in human and economic developi:nent. We should in the creation of a post-Cold The $5.8 billion helicopter deal Southern societies and must development. increase the quality of War era of international will be cancelled because it is recognize the need to reinforce There Is no longer any need Canadian official development cooperation. Liberals want to unnecessary and unaffordable the position of women in for Cold War thinking and the assistance through a greater pursue policy initiatives that more cost-effective options development. Cold War alliances of NA TO emphasis on untied aid. seek to improve global will be considered. Surplus The New Democratic and NORAD. We favour Canada must also push for organizations, such as the UN, military bases will be converted approach to sustainable "common security" based on the 'removal of protectionist to alternative uses and the NATO in Europe, and the development focuses on reduced armaments, lower barriers to North-South trade defence industries will be OAS in Latin America, to meet meeting basic human needs military spending and civil and, just as important, for encouraged to convert to new global peace and security and in this the critical role of confidence building measures reforms to regional and international development challenges. Liberals see an peacetime and/or women. We want to improve in Europe and elsewhere. At banks. In place of ruinous debt opportunity to create new peacekeeping equipment both the quality and quantity of home, Canada can reduce the production. repayment programs, regimes for international Canada's development size of our military, cancel countries moving towards cooperation in the Arctic and Liberals also intend to assistance. Essential in doing unnecessary equipment pur- democracy should be granted the Pacific, and to focus involve Canadians much more so is supporting women's chases, and close bases no debt forgiveness to free up attention on pressing issues in foreign policy decision- education, health care and longer needed in a post-Cold capital for investment at home. such as world population making. Parliament will be nutrition, family planning, and War world. Canada should New Democrats are opposed migration, the global arms consulted before any role in water management. develop expertise in peace- to structural adjustment trade, environmental peacekeeping or other major New Democrats believe keeping, search and rescue, programs which damage degradation, human rights, and international commitment is Canada should be a world environment protection, drug incomes, social welfare and the chronic poverty in the Third made. A National Forum on leader in promoting human interdiction, surveillance and environment in Southern World. Relations with the Canada's International rights and democracy, disaster relief. We propose the United States will be friendly Relations will be established to countries. In place of the use sustainable development, creation of a United Nations but business-like; the of massive commodity and seek the views of Canadians peaceful conflict resolution, peacekeeping training centre in emphasis on "special personal as to what should be the key cash crop exports to pay down environment rescue and Canada, which w o u Id relationships" will be eschewed priorities in our foreign policy. foreign debt, we favour an building a stronger United encourage women recruits. in favour of a substantive A Liberal government will Nations. Future peace and expansioh of South-South partnership between close but New Democrats believe that trade and greater regional self- consult widely and regularly security depend on progress in trade and aid must be linked to independent nations. with interested and these areas. sufficiency. The Liberals want to take the human and labour rights knowledgeable Canadians. The end of the Cold War records of our trading partners. Canadian defence policy in a challenges Canada and other different direction. They intend Fair trade between Canada and Emily Carasco is the New Christine Stewart, MP, nations to better address the rest of the world is our goal: Democratic Party candidate for Northumberland, ON global issues. One way is to we must ensure that Canadian the riding of Windsor West. ______The Womanist page26 Fa/11993 Our real debt is to the planet by Elizabeth May

When the politicians say down the wrong road and have on trade sanctions weakened they understand the problems not yet begun to turn around. In Canada 1 4 , O O O the over-all agreement. Of Canada faces and that they will Yet the election rhetoric of lakes are dead and course, the side-deals to govern so as not to leave our 1993 is almost entirely devoid 40,000 more are dying. protect the environment would children with an unacceptable of environmental content. Over 11 billion acres have had to be phenomenal to burden as the result of our Liberal leader Jean Chretien around the world - 35% counter-act the environmental actions, they are, of course, actually did a major one-day of the Earth's I and damage of NAFTA itself. Then talking about the deficit, debt, focus on environmental the draft regulations to the unemployment and sometimes, technologies, but the press surface - are becoming Canadian Environmental even, social programmes. ignored him for his troubles, unusable. These a re as Assessment Act were What they are not talking and no other leader, other than are home to more than released. The act, which had about is the one really critical the Green Party, has 850 million people. been a campaign commitment issue of our time - survival. mentioned it since. More than 11 million in 1 988, has passed the House While the severity of the deficit In their responses to this hectares of forest are and Senate, but will not be is subject to some debate, paper, the parties put their destroyed each year. proclaimed until the regulations there is no question that the greenest foot forward. Of the are in place. The draft ecological deficit, the result of three, clearly Lynn Hunter of greenhouse gas implicated in hype, and the cynicism it regulations fell so far below decades of abuse of, our the NOP comes closest to climate change, by 20% of spawned in the public has hurt what an advisory committee of natural world in the name of espousing the ethic from the industry, environmentalists 1988 levels by the year 2000; the prospects for future long- short term profits, threatens Brundtland Report, The World and the provinces had to create an office of term environmental planning. not just the fiscal health of Commission on Environment recommended that Environmental Auditor General Since Kim Campbell became future generations, but their and Development, that the environmentalists were in with independent powers; to Prime Minister, the chances for a tolerable quality environment cannot be dealt shock. Major projects and review all government environment has taken a of life, for breathable air, with in isolation. That activities would be able to subsidies to identify where beating. First, Parks Canada drinkable water, for nourishing environmental problems and they undermine long-term avoid assessment. food. development issues are was moved from the federal We need a full debate on sustainability; to strengthen environment department to the At the dawn of the 1990's, inextricably linked, and that the environmental assessment. environmental issues. And, the Worldwatch Institute third leg of that stool is newly created Department of more fundamentally, we need a Beyond the policy document, Heritage. What sense this dubbed it the "Turn-Around militarism. debate on the direction of our the Liberals also committed to makes is beyond most Decade", signifying that our Still, the NOP has not been economy in order to ensure preserving Clayoquot Sound as conservationists, but it did task in the last ten years of this raising the environment as. an that it creates jobs while a National Park. succeed in removing 40% of millennium was to change election issue and is protecting the environment. An However, the Liberal party's Environment Canada's budget society's course in order to sabotaged by its provincial record on tough issues is also aggressive program in energy and 50% of its staff. avoid some of the catastrophic parties' performance - uranium not reassuring. On the Fixed efficiency could create Negotiations for results that threaten the mining in Saskatchewan and Link between P.E.1. and New thousands of jobs across environmental side-deals on biosphere as a result of our logging Clayoquot Sound in Brunswick where the two Canada, and be less over-consumptive lifestyle. British Columbia. provincial premiers promoting NAFTA were further evidence, expensive, while creating more The Earth Summit in Rio was a The Liberals have included a the scheme are Liberals, the as if we needed more, that the energy than any one of the hopeful sign. chapter on "Sustainable federal party has been environment was a non-issue gargantuan energy mega- In 1992, nations of the World Development" in their policy reluctant to criticise the abuse to the new Prime Minister. projects currently funded by had a golden opportunity to document, Creating of process around the rushed Canada's positions in the federal government. And change course, meeting Opportunities. (It is interesting and inadequate environmental negotiations was less while creating jobs, energy together at the world's largest- that the notion of "sustainable review. environmental than the U.S. efficiency would bring us closer ever summit. But they did not development" which is The Pro g res s iv e government's and their fixation to our target of greenhouse gas seize that opportunity. They envisioned as the complete Conservative party has quite reductions. left Rio having accomplished integration of environment into unexpectedly gotten much The current economic crisis the perceived politically economic decision-making, or worse in its environmental Recent releases creates an opportunity to re- acceptable minimum. And a consensus or compromise performance since the CANADIAN RESEARCH think our traditional somehow, with Rio out of the position, is slowly coming to swearing in of Kim Campbell. INSTITUTE assumptions about the role of way, politicians felt safe in replace the word "environment" As a matter of policy and THE ADVANCEMENT the economy. We need to re- ignoring the environment. The as a point of advocacy. We practice, the government has WOMEN examine the assumption that press joined them. But when we still need explicitly all but abandoned its much unlimited economic growth is a are talking about issues like environmental positions to feed touted Green Plan. Of the $3 Feminist Engagement with requirement and fundamentally ozone depletion, climate into the transition to billion originally committed in the Law: the legal recog- a good thing. change and the largest mass sustainability.) The media, 1990, only $496 million has nition of the Battered We need to ask whether extinction of species since the predictably, have not been allocated. Woman Syndrome, people exist to serve the needs mentioned the commitments in As flawed as the Plan was, it of transnational corporations, dinosaurs, the issue of survival beth Comack. 64 p. $5. has its own imperatives. the Liberal document. was a reasonable first step in or whether in fact, Three years into the Turn- The Liberals have made committing the federal governments exist to provide Around Decade and we have some strong promises - to government to environmental Learning from Diversity. the greatest number. What if, only begun to glance over our reduce carbon dioxide programmes. But the Green An Tool instead of putting corporate shoulder. We are still moving emissions, the major Plan was overwhelmed by its by, and for Racial profits first, governments put Minority and Immigrant the needs of people first? A Women in Canada. radical reorientation of our BILINGUAL. 181 p. $15. economic assumptions will lead women's history - Poster series us to a different relationship Women and Work: with the natural world. . Feminist Research in We can no longer afford to Progress , Linda leave the economy to Christiansen-Ruffman, economists and the _ Francine Descarries, Mary environment to Nellie McClung Agnes McPhall The Famous Five Lynn Stewart. English environmentalists. The two are who won for women the right to who, her sister suffragists, linked, although you would the first woman p, EN p. elected to be persons. won the vote for women. never know it from this election campaign. These women deserve their place in the schools, offices, homes and official corridors of the nation. An ORDER AND ideal gift. Posters are 16X20, in sepia tones, particularly attractive when framed. each or package Elizabeth May is an of three for plus (postage packaging) for 1 poster (.50 for each additional poster). CRIA W, environmental lawyer and Laminated copies are an additional each. OTTAWA KIP 5H3. Executive Director of the Sierra Women of Vision Series, Box Station C, John's, Nfld A1C SNS Club of Canada. Fa/11993 page 27

Party positions: Environment Environment Environment

by Lynn Hunter, MP

In every community across have these standards? this direct health threat, the tail of the Grand Banks of average family size Canada, and indeed through Frankly, there really is no Conservative government has Newfoundland. significantly decreases. Better most of the world, we have artificial division between dragged its heels on concrete The world's armed forces are education for women improves witnessed mounting tensions economics and th e initiatives that would halt the estimated to be the biggest the health of their children and stemming from environmental environment. One cannot continuing destruction of the polluter on the planet. Global leads to improved living degradation. Polluted water, honestly talk about an ozone layer. As well, virtually military spending is estimated coriditions overall. Protracted air and soil, a depleting ozone economic deficit without no money has been allocated to be a trillion dollars: international debt prices, a layer, deforestation, toxic addressing the environmental to researching the impacts and grave unsustainable financial waste and spills, nuclear "acci- deficit. Our national and global adaptations of UV radiation on Overpopulation, poverty and burden, have become the dents". It seems endless. long-term security depends on crops and forests. debt in developing countries is principle obstacle to making smarter choices than Our kids deserve better. perhaps the biggest development for much of the We also hear about the we have in the past. environmental threat we have world's poor majority. tensions between reconciling Federal leadership is New Democrats would yet to face. Without the As one visionary said, jobs and the environment, desparately required on increase research and necessary f u n d a m e n t a I "poverty is not sustainable". making tough choices in several fronts. When will this development targeted at changes in living conditions Long-term food security resource-based industries government act on the myriad developing sustainable and population size in reduces costs of famine to the such as mining, forestry and health threats of ozone agricultural methods; provide developing countries, world. There are common fisheries; essentially (so we're depletion? Little action has adequate funding for Fisheries environmental destruction on a sense solutions that make told) it comes down to been taken to protect and and Oceans to ensure proper massive scale will continue. humanistic, environmental and employment versus inform Canadians about the enforcement, study and co- One of the root causes of economic sense. preservation. We hear a lot dangers of UV radiation despite management of fish stocks, as poverty and overpopulation from business about the cost the fact that most people well as establishing Canadian can be traced to the lack of of compliance with receive 80% of their lifetime jurisdiction over the entire education and emancipation of Lynn Hunter is an NDP MP from environmental regulations. exposure to UV radiation continental shelf off Atlantic women. It is clear that when Saanich - Gulf Islands in British They ask: can we afford to before the age of 18. Beyond Canada, including the nose and women become educated, Columbia.

by Denise Falardeau

The PC government The Green Plan is our reserves, a plan to promote the helps people at the community protection. The Green Plan is recognizes that cleaning up blueprint for action. It sets out sustainable development of our level get started with one example--few countries and protecting our environment how, when, where, and why we forests and help for industries environmental projects in th~ir have such a complete action is the key to long-term will clean up, protect and wanting to develop and market own neighbourhoods. plan. economic growth, good health improve Canada's environment. technologies to prevent and The Environmental Choice Canada played a leading role and maintaining our way of life. It includes important targets clean up pollution. Program offers consumer at the Earth Summit. For And it has a solid record when it and deadlines: how much we Other projects focus on a products that have passed example, we were the first comes to tackling will clean up and when it will be particular region in need of strict environmental standards. cour::itry to say we would sign environmental problems. We done. It works in all areas, from help. British Columbia's mighty The Green Plan is just one the Biodiversity Treaty have a plan that recognizes the forestry and farming to Fraser River, upon which part of a bigger strategy. We protecting endangered plants importance of looking after the transportation and world hundreds of thousands of have also introduced new laws and animals. We are also Earth for ourselves and our affairs. people rely for their livelihood, and stricter rules. In fact, the leading the fight to save the children. The Green Plan works with will be restored to its former Environmental Protection Act is ozone layer. We held an international conference that The Green Plan, introduced science to find the best ways to productive capacity. We also one of the toughest led to the Montreal Protocol--a by the PC government, is an solve problems and improve our set out a $110 million St. environmental laws in the world. important action plan which world. It works with people, We are also proving to be a pledge to stop the use of CFCs. Lawrence Action Plan to clean Canada, under the PC includes over 80 projects to with you and me, to encourage up the St. Lawrence River. world leader when it comes to meet the concerns of everyone to do their part to action on the ozone layer and goverqll)ent, has proven that it Canadians. These key issues clean up and protect the Earth. For Canadians who like to roll preserving our natural regions is committed to taking positive include our health, clean air and Some Green Plan projects up their sleeves and get and wildlife. action on the environment. water, preserving our are national in scope, such as a involved, we have programs Canada has taken a leading Denise Falardeau is resources and protecting our program to improve water and like the Environmental Partners role when it comes to Progressive Conservative special spaces and species. sewer facilities on Indian Fund. This imaginative program international environmental candidate for Lac-St-Jean.

by Margo Brousseau

A worried public is signals point in the same enforcement of federal environment are our greatest and business respond with demanding a healthy direction, and we will use pollution staodards. assets in moving towards tightened environmental environment as the basis for a strong environmental policies Ozone depletion and global sustainability. A Liberal practices, a new industry--the high quality of life. At the same as a means of making our warming may be the greatest government will create an environmental industry--has time, pollution and the wasteful economy more efficient. environmental dangers we independent national ·campaign sprung up. A dynamic use of energy and raw We will appoint an face. Liberals will cut down on to communicate the individual domestic environmental resources are increasingly Environment Auditor General to the release of chemicals that and collective actions needed industry can offer Canada new being seen by business report annually to the public on deplete the ozone layer. To for sustainable development. business opportunities, value- leaders as symptoms of an how successful federal combat global warming, we will Thousands of Canadians added exports and high-calibre inefficient industrial system. programs and spending are in support a shift to increased have called on their jobs while directly tackling In the past, environmental supporting the shift to energy efficiency, which can governments to protect environmental challenges. protection was often seen to sustainable development. Our offer positive returns on the increasingly endangered Building on Canada's global conflict with economic goals. commitment to a cost-shared economic as well as the natural habitats and wilderness reputation as an environmental The winning industries of the infrastructure program will environmental side. For the areas. Liberals will work with leader and policy innovator, future will be those that are the finance environmental projects longer term, we will support a the provinces, territories, and Liberals will support the first to integrate economic and environment industry as a such as new or renewed transition towards a Aboriginal Peoples to protect environmental efficiencies. highlight of our economic municipal sewage and water sustainable mix of energy portions of the country's A Liberal government will strategy. treatment. We will make sources. natural regions, and we will establish a framework in which Margo Brousseau, Liberal pollution prevention a national Public concern and complete the National Parks environmental and economic System by 2000. candidate, Louis-Hebert goal and strengthen the commitment on the As the public, governments, page 28 Fa/11993 NAFTA: by Maude Barlow

forest products. The U.S. is to interpret and apply the common code, NAFTA leaves Foreign companies no longer expected to remain the leader agreement and set common Canada totally vulnerable to have to transfer expertise to in high technology and financial rules and procedures of trade U.S. interpretation of its own Canada or make a commitment "More than 150 years ago, services, and to make a bundle and economic development for trade law. to benefit Canada by balancing Simon Bolivar, the liberator selling everything from the continent. It has strong The new Commission is exports with imports when it whose statue stands outside sneakers to soda to Mexico's enforcement mechanisms at its provided with powerful tools to takes over a Canadian this. hall, spoke about a n millions." disposal, and will operate as a prevent national or provincial company. Nor can we now America united in heart, Like the FTA, NAFTA has powerful unelected level of governments from insist that, at least, Canadians subject to one law and guided become the supreme law of government, largely in secret, implementing measures, laws be appointed to senior by the torch of liberty. My Canada with powers to override with no accountability to or practices disapproved of by positions in foreign owned friends, here in this not only federal but provincial Canadians. the new NAFTA "government." companies. hemisphere, we are on the way legislation as well. Like the Panels will be set up under Under NAFTA, corporations NAFTA cuts off any ability by to realizing Simon Bolivar's FTA, NAFTA is designed to this Commission to arbitrate have the choice to challenge the Canadian government to dream, and today, with the transfer power away from disputes, and the members of Canadian laws (federal or stop the hemorrhaging of signing of the North American democratically elected the panels will be chosen from provincial) before a new body, money out of this country from Free Trade Agreement, we take governments and place it in the a roster of experts in law and the International Centre for the subsidiaries to their parent another giant step toward hands of transnational international trade Settlement of Investment companies. And it places making the dream a reality." corporations. Like the FTA, technocrats who may come to Disputes, which is not significant new limits on our George Bush, December 17, NAFTA's purpose is to render have more power in certain accountable to the public ability to control investment 1992, the day he sigoed the American and Canadian areas than elected politicians. affected by its decisions. If a through crown corporations. NAFTA agreement. corporations competitive by Without an invitation, government does not conform New public enterprises can to a ruling of this panel, the only be created if they act as if they were commercial. If, for In September, 1992, the NAFT A is an issue of democracy. Once complainant can seek trade Globe and Mail, the Wall retaliation under the dispute example, Canadian Airlines and Air Canada were merged to Street Jou r n a I, and E I we have de-linked the interests of system established by the save the Canadian airline Financiero collaborated in Commission. business from the interests of the nation industry, and the new company the production of a special state, we cannot harness any of its profits Existing government report on NAFTA and each activities considered to the greater good of our citizens. undesirable could be taken printed several contributions To understand from the other papers. Yet, the Increasingly, it won't matter what our directly to the Commission, and difference between the way the if a government continues with who will benefit government does. The new continental Canadian and U.S. papers a prohibited practice, it can be from NAFTA, it is described the deal was economy will be more powerful and will forced to pay compensation, or trade measures can be taken crucial to stop striking. The Globe and make the decisions for Canada. Mail cover story was called to punish it. For instance, one thinking in "The Three Amigos", and country can challenge existing showed three small people giving them free range in their environmentalists, I abo u r or proposed environment or national terms. It under the covers of a bed with decisions about the location of representatives or other public consumer safety laws of is not a case of another country that it . the words NAFTA printed on it. production, and much of the interest sectors will not be able Canada vs. the The players certainly looked text is geared to the removal of to participate or intervene, nor considers incompatible with equal and very .cosy. "Canada regulations governing their will they be able to provide the NAFTA rules. Even if laws or United States or Wakes up and smells the,Chile" behavior or requiring them to be panels with information on the regulations of one country do Mexico. This is a declared another front page responsible corporate citizens impact of their decisions. not violate NAF'T A rules, another country can issue a headline. of any country. These panels will proceed in lose-lose-lose The cover story of the Wall Like the FTA, NAFTA helps secret and only the final challenge if these practices prospect for reports wilf be made public - too cause the latter to miss Street Journal on the other build a fortress in North working hand was called "One America" America: one in which Canada late for public accountability. economic opportunities it "could reasonably have and showed a map of North is the attic, drained of its Any new laws we wish to conditions, job expected to accrue to it." America, with one hand erasing resources, economic pass as well as many current This gives the U.S. great security, and the border between the U.S. autonomy, manufacturing practices will be open to and Mexico. The picture was sector, and political will; the challenge. This is lethal for control over Canada. Why? wages of the almost an exact replica of the U.S. remains the command Canadian public policy and a Because the cost to the United working people of Liberal party ad of the 1988 centre, although many of its clear transfer of authority from States of Canadian retaliation federal election which the people will suffer; and Mexico Canada to a continental is low and can be ignored. But the three nations Tories and their allies in big will serve as the basement for jurisdiction dominated by U.S. the cost to Canada of U.S. and a win-win-win retaliation is huge and could business called hysterical and North America's industries - a interests. for their dishonest. place to put the garbage and During the FTA negotiations, wipe out whole se.ctors of What is striking about this keep the se,rvants out. Canada and the United States Canadian industry. NAFTA corporations. story is the very different ways But NAFTA goes a lot further were un.able to agree on what legitimizes retaliation of the in which this deal has been sold than the first free trade deal. constitutes unfair trading strongest, and gives the U.S. in Canada and in the United Perhaps the first myth to dispel practices and to come up with a continental domination of its was made a public enterprise States. American trade is that it simply adds Mexico to commor1 subsidies code. In trade laws. again, it could not deliver to negotiators and politicians are the existing free trade the FTA, only two areas of communities that don't pay quite open about why they want agreement. In fact, NAFTA government subsidies were Corporate Rights their way. a continental, and eventually, a contains an Accession Clause exempt from challenge by the Entrenched Provincial measures are hemispheric trade agreement. opening the door to the other other party - the search for new NAFTA gives many more also open to challenge from The United States must countries of the Americas to energy supplies and military rights to corporations and another country, and from become competitive again, and join the trade block if they production. further limits demands corporations directly, even if needs the resources of Canada accept its onerous conditions. Beyond these, no governments can make on they are totally legal in Canada, and the cheap labour pools of The dream is the creation of outstanding issues were these companies in return. The as long as the other country Mexico and other developing a U.S.-dominated economic settled. The two countries basic principle is that a can prove that the measures countries of the region. zone that recognizes no agreed in the FTA to continue corporation should be able to have caused it to miss Overwhelmingly, the reaction borders and contains the to negotiate a common code for operate in any country of the economic opportunities. to NAFTA is that it will be good fewest regulations possible a period of five to seven years, trade bloc without However, unbelievably, for American business. When from the northern top of and if it were not found, either discrimination from the other provinces do not have the right the negoUations were Canada's Arctic to the party could abrogate the deal. two. to challenge U.S. corporate or completed in August, 1992, the Southern-most tip of South This process, so crucial to This includes freedom from government practices, make Wall Street Jou rn a I was America. Canada's future, has government-imposed submissions to dispute jubilant. "The early betting is effectively been dropped from performance requirements, settlement panels, go before that Mexico will end up making A New Governing Body NAFTA. The U.S. continues to freedom to take unlimited the Commission whose much of North America's glass, NAFTA establishes for the assert that U.S. laws must profits out of any country, mandate is to harmonize cement and steel. Canada, it is first time, a new, permanent prevail in a conflict with the freedom to move top standards, consult with widely believed, wiU be the low- North American Free Trade trade deal. So without the management, and provisions to Mexican or American trade cost producer of paper and Commission with broad powers promise of developing a force the provinces into line. officials, or retaliate. Fa/11993 page29

Like the FTA, NAFTA helps build a fortress in NorthAmerica: one It's not just a trade deal in which Canada is the attic, drained of its resources, econ- omic autonomy, NAFTA opens up the sell drugs in India, without There has been a recent produce the seed hybrids, they Canadian telecommunications creating any jobs there and spate of patent claims by are prevented by the patent manufacturing and data processing industries would be able to set the prices mathematicians at Stanford holder. sector, and to U.S. competition. It is one it chose. Worse, it would also and MIT on mathematical Recognizing the lucrative political will; the more nail in the coffin of a wipe out the domestic generic procedures, particularly future of seed patenting, sane, fair telecommunications drug industry, putting the cost algorithms, which are used in pharmaceutical companies like U.S. remains the system developed over years of drugs way out of reach of the computer programs like the Pfizer, CIBA-Geigy and command centre, in Canada to provide services majority of the population. reservation systems of airlines Sandoz are buying up seed equal in all parts of the country. The Indian School for Social and telecommunications companies. Companies who although many of We had established a universal Sciences says that companies. This trend is made fortunes manufacturing its people will telecom network in which long transnational drug patent rights changing the unwritten rules chemicals for agribusiness now distance revenues were used would mean an increase in drug that guided mathematicians control which seed varieties will suffer; and Mexico to provide affordable local prices in India of between and scientists for centuries - come on the market, ensuring will serve as the service and averaged the price 1,000 and 3,000 %. namely that all "discoveries" that the chemical end of their basement for North of service for individuals and By the year 2000, it is are based on the shared business stays lucrative. businesses whether they are estimated that five million knowledge of years of prior As the report of the America's located in urban, rural or Indians will be infected with work. Universities now find International Conference of industries - a place remote areas. This AIDS. If a cure is found, under themselves tied to the Civil Associations for arrangement did not prevent the new GATI regime, most of commercial interests of Development (Brussels, 1990) to put the garbage the Canadian industry from those infected could never industry and their knowledge is stated: "The vast biological and keep the developing into one of the best afford the drug. As it is, a being lost to the public. diversity of the developing servants out. in the world. single course of treatment of Processes extracted from countries is becoming the AZT costs over $4,000. One plants and medicines used industrial property of private Private Property Rights third of all AIDS patients are in since the beginning of time are industry. This is resulting in Enshrined higher prices for seeds, and less than equivalent brand Unlike the FTA, NAFTA increased use of harmful agro- name drugs and that the contains a comprehensive chemicals. Genetic uniformity transnational drug companies chapter on intellectual property will be exacerbated, posing seeking patent protection rights, which is a major victory new threats to global food spend abou1 $300 million every for the large pharmaceutical, security." year in Canada on research publishing, electronic, In Canada, the potential and $700 million on marketing computer, agribusiness and h.arm of intellectual property and promotion. other corporations specializing rights may not be as sweeping, The ending of compulsory in leading edge technologies in but will have profound impacts licensing, the practice order to advance their goal of on our country none the less. sustaining generic drugs, will world-wide monopoly controls. Unless we abrogate NAFTA, no cost consumers an estimated The production and future government will ever be $500 million per year. It will ownership of technology and able to recreate made-in- seriously jeopardize the fu1ure knowledge - from life forms to Canada drug laws that have ~f universa~ drug plans for the application of mathematic provided us with cheaper seniors and destroy a pillar of equations - has become generic drugs. our health care system. increasingly concentrated in No one is suggesting that Another provision of the the hands of transnational there should be no rights for intellectual property section of corporations which hold the the companies who do the NAFTA gives corporations vast majority of the world's research on a product. additional rights to potent patents. These companies are However, as analyst John biological material. Patenting found in a small number of Dillon points out, corporate life forms increases the developed countries whose rights need to be balanced with tendency to consider animals governments seek to extend social responsibilities. This as consumer products, not as international patent rights on legislation tips the balance living beings, and greatly their behalf through trade totally to the side of corporate incre.ase the danger of their actions. They know the the Third World, and their being discovered and rights. abuse. It is outrageous that unlimited potential for profits numbers are growing. Patent patented, forcing Third World Ninety-five per cent of all scientific discoveries relating that the privatization of protection for drug countries to pay royalties to patents are owned outside to the human body could be knowledge and the exclusive manufacturers would mean the use products that have been Canada, and they have controlled by private corporate ownership of discoveries bring. deaths of millions of people looted from them in the first succeeded in bringing the ,interests, for their exclusive use and profit. They are the winners in a shift whose countries are prohibited place. Transnatio~als Canadian industry to its knees. A summer 1992, edition of of attitude from knowledge as from manufacturing the drug at appropriate the massive The Intellectual Property Business Week, a journal common heritage to knowledge competitive prices. genetic wealth of these Committee that advised the as private property. In fact, the entire process of countries, make some minor U.S. government on this not generally critical of free trade, contained a special For years, a powerful lobby the transfer of technology modifications, and take out section of NAFTA represented of U.S. corporations has been could come to a halt, world patents on them. many of the same players report on the Global Economy pushing for intellectual effectively cementing the deep Plant Patent No. 559, a pushing for patent protection in in which it said that a potent mix of freer trade ·and property rights under both divisions between the process developed from a the Third World, giants in GATI and NAFTA. developed and developing heliotrope plant, was granted to drugs, chemicals, technology have been The Dunkel draft of the GATI worlds. What would be the an American who accidently entertainment, and computers, responsible for "an contains provisions to enforce impact on agriculture if farmers discovered it in Guatemala, successfully promoting what unprecedented surge in income corporate patent rights over were denied their traditional where it has been used for the Indian School for Social inequality between the most- seeds, drugs, industrial rights to conserve seed? centuries. Guatemalans are Sciences calls "intellectual and least-educated halves of designs, inventions, What would be the impact on now prohibited from property apartheid." the U.S. work force." It cites a trademarks, and much more, the Third World of the sharp commercially utilizing this plant The U.S. industry stands to direct link between increase in provisions so tough that they increases in seeds and food in the U.S. make a great deal of money trade and the decline in worker would force many countries to prices once corporations had American companies Pioneer from these provisions of income: "From 1979 to 1989, rewrite their laws. full patent rights? What would Hi-Bred and Calgene have NAFTA. According to the as the sum of exported and For instance, India would be the effect on countries pre- acquired licenses for journal Fortune, the imported goods rose from 55% have to overhaul its patent empted from utilizing certain incorporating into their crops a drugmakers of the Fortune 500 of U.S. manufacturing to 82%, legislation that now requires a technologies for 20 years? Or gene for insect resistance already enjoy the fattest profits the average pay and benefits foreign patent holder to on science and technology, which is found in a seed used in the business. of U.S. factory workers fell 6% manufacture the product in research and development, for centuries in Nigeria. If In Canada, researcher Joel after inflation. Meanwhile, India in order to hold patent when mathematicians cannot Nigerian farmers want to buy Lexchin reports in the plant productivity rose 42%." rights there. work on certain formulations these crops. with insect Canadian Medical NAFTA will accelerate this A transnational drug because they "belong" to a resistance, they will have to Association Journal that trend, says the report, company would now be able to corporation? pay royalties. Jf they want to generic drugs sell for. up to 80% including high levels of continued on page 32 page 30 Fa/11993

The Canadian Advisory Council on

Find out for yourself how Women's votes count. the candidates measure Women are 52% of the up on women's political population, and just as priorities. likely to vote as are men. Get commitments from The 1980s revealed candidates before you gender differences in elect them. Here are party support and on some questions to ask: certain political issues.

What policies would you in the paid labour force were services produced in this when possible. advocate to eliminate concentrated in clerical, country. Many women in What measures will your violence against women and sales, and service jobs. the paid labour force must party take to relieve the 1 ions of c 1ldren across children? Aboriginal women, racial come home to another day's poverty ot single mothers Canada require child care so What support systems will minority women, and worth of unpaid work. Yet and their children? that their parents can work in you fund to help all women women with disabilities were unpaid work is not the paid labour force, study, and children who are the still most disadvantaged in systematically included in or receive training. As welt, victims of violence? terms of representation, job the current calculations of stay-at-home parents need profile, salaries, and hirings the nation's production. Despite pension reforms, support from time to time. A and promotions. Consequently, much of women still rely to a large wide range·· of viable; What changes will your women's contribution to the extent on government culturally appropriate party make to the economy continues to be benefits in retirement. options is required to meet Often, federal training Employment Equity Act to ignored. The Canada Government programs such their needs. The federal programs and labour market make it more effective for Census does nol yet as Old Age Security (OAS) government needs to do adjustment Initiatives either women, and particularly for include questions on un- and the Guaranteed Income more to address this issue. have focused on industries Aborlginal women, racial paid work. Women's unpaid Supplement (GIS) are In 1992, the promise of a employing mostly men, or minority women, and work must be recognized, particularly impartant. for national child-care program channelled women into low- women with disabilities? measured, and valued if women who have not been was abandoned in favour of paying jobs. Federal "·What otheninitiatives will women are to receive their in the paid work force or who programs and policies which spending on tr.ainiqg yourpartyundertakeso1hat fair share of the nation's have ·had sporadic paid will do little to make good directed at members of all women can participate economic and social employment. The maximum quality child care accessible· disadvantaged groups who fully aOd equally in the paid resources. amount available from these to all families whci need it. do not qualify for labourforce? What does your party two programs is consider- How will your party ensure unemployment insurance - intend to do to ensure that ably below the poverty level that viable child~care options many of whom an;i women - unpaid work, in the home for an individual. The are available to all f amllies has declined significantly in and elsewhere, is counted? earnings-based Canada/ who .need them? recent years. Every year, ven wit pay equ ty ·How will your party's Quebec Pension Plans thousands of immigrant legislation, women with full- economic and social·pollcles replace only 25% of average women need language time paid jobs still earn only reflect this important annual lifetime earnings; training, but many are not 70% of the average contribution to the nation's because women generally ne m our women will be eligible for such programs. earnings of their male economy? earn less than men, this sexually assaulted at some counterparts. Despite the Culturally appropriate, poses a serious problem for time in her life; half of these fact that equal pay for work gender-sensitive compon- women. assaults will' occur before of equal value is called for ents must be included in What changes will your age 17. One in 10 women is under the Canadian Human e maionty o sing e program design. party make to Canada's beaten by her husband, ex- Rights Act, enforcement of mothers in Canada are poor, What policies and pension system to ensure husband, or live-in partner. programs will your party put the law depends on with incomes that are only In 1991, 120 women in individual complaints and 61 % of the poverty line. adequate retirement in place to address women's incomes for all women? Canada were killed by labour market training has not yet proved Higher child support awards current or former partners. needs? effective. The federal gov- and automatic collection of Some women are especially ·How will your party reform ernment's 1992 decision to both current and overdue vulnerable. For example, the eligibility criteria for limit retroactive pay equity support payments can two recent studies have language training programs payments for its own partially offset the poverty of found that 80% of so that all immigrant and employees will further some single mothers and Aboriginal women surveyed refugee women can fully undermine the impact of pay their children. However, the in Ontario had been integrate into Canadian equity legislation. reality is that many families assaulted or abused; and society? What will your party do to barely get by when they are that over 80% of federally eliminate the wage gap? managing one household sentenced w o m e n What will you do to ensure and cannot earn enough to interviewed had been that women working under afford the increased costs of abused. Women with Inequities in employment federal jurisdiction receive two separate households. disabilities have been found are major obstacles to equal pay for work of equal Thus, family law reforms to be anywhere from 2 to 1O women's full and equal · value? alone will not resolve these times more vulnerable to participation in the paid situations. Some countries sexual abuse than women labour force. Neither (e.g., Sweden, France) also who are not disabled. Low- education initiatives nor provide public advance Questions-chocs . income and immigrant employment equity legis- Statistics Canada estimates maintenance programs, women are more v_ulnerable lation has had a significant that unpaid household work where the government to abuse. Many women impact on the segregation - 2/3 of which was done by "advances" a guaranteed est egalement from these various groups of women into traditionally women - was worth $198 amount of child support say federal initiatives on low-paying, fem a I e- billion to the economy in sufficient for maintaining the violence don't address their dominated jobs. In 1991, 1986; this represents 39% children and collects it from offert en franc;ais. needs. more than 1/2 of all women of the value of all goods and the non-custodial parent Fa/11993 page 31

Promises are not enough... Women want action!

The government is Since 1988, the federal The lack of affordable Many medical treatments Since 1974, the number of increasingly relying on government has reduced housing for Canadian used on women women candidates and of consumption taxes such as unemployment insurance women and their families are based on research women elected to the the GST, which are benefit. payments remains a growing problem. conducted entirely on men. House of Commons has financially harder on women including those for maternity Women are much more Research into women's increased significantly. because they have lower and parental benefits - likely than men to be specific health problems has Despite these gains, only incomes and must spend by 3% and reduced the renters, to have difficulty not been a priority in 13% of. federal MPs are most of what they earn on average duration of finding affordable housing, Canada. The death rate women. The success rate necessities. In 1992, the benefits. Women are and to be in need of social f ram breast cancer of women candidates In federal government abol- concentrated in low-paying housing. Sole .support continues to increase. federal elections Is about ished the family allowance, jobs; unemployment insur- mothers, elderly women on Breast implants. which were halt that of men, partly dependent child tax credit, ance at 57% of women's their own, women with ·insufficiently tested, have because women .are not and the refundable child tax average full-time earnings disabilities, women leaving been suspected of causing often nominated in credit and used these puts them below the violent family situations, and various. health problems. "winnable" ridings. Women "savings" to pay for a child poverty line. the homeless are among Women are the fastest- candidates in the 1988 tax benefit. The tax system Employees who voluntarily the most disadvantaged' growing group of those federal election said lack of no longer recognizes that quit their jobs "without just groups whose housing infected with HIV. yet almost funding was the greatest families with children do not cause" are no longer eligible needs are not adequately no research has been done obstacle to their candidacy. have the same ability to pay for benefits. However, met. Racism prevents full on women with HIV/AIDS. All barriers to women taxes as families without many women cannot access to housing for Millions of research dollars seeking elected office must children. The new child tax publicly challenge abusive Aboriginal women, immi- flow into new reproductive be examined, including benefit will give only $500 employers. Also, battered grant women, and racial technologies, while other party procedure, election annually to working poor women who flee from their minority women. In spite of rules, the electoral system, families and nothing new to jobs as well as their homes important health concerns and work and conduct in the the obvious need, federal are ignored. most families on social to escape violent partners, funding of new social House of Commons. assistance. The federal and women with conflicting What will your party do to What measures has your housing units has ensure that research on government's failure to work and family respon- decreased in recent years. party wt in place to support restore full inflation indexing sibilities, will be without health problems specific to women candidates? The federal co-operative women becomes a top to the system means that benefits; they cannot housing program, which What limits does your party the child tax credit and the "justify" the reasonableness priority, and that women's put on spending for benefitted women and health becomes a major GST tax credit will gradually of their actions to other disadvantaged nomination contests? consideration in health lose their value. unemployment insurance groups, was terminated in What measures has your What will your party do to officials; 1992. policy development? party put in place to ensure address the negative impact What will your party do to How will your party help that women's concerns are of tax reform on women? address the negative impact women obtain access to central in formulating party Will your party restore full of unemployment insurance adequate, affordable, inflation indexing to the tax changes on women? quality housing? system?

- Canadian ---- Conseil Advisory Council consultatif canadien on the Status of Women sur la situation de la femme The Canadian Advisory Council on the Status of Women (CACSW) was established in 1973 as an independent organization funded by the federal government. The CACSW's mandate is to advise the government and inform the public on matters of concern to women'. Related materials on many of the issues identified in this Shocking Pink Paper have been published by the CACSW. For more information or a copy of our publications list, please contact: CACSW National Office 11 o O'Connor Street, 9th floor Box 1541, Station B Ottawa, Ontario K1P5R5 Telephone: (613) 992-4976 Fax: (613) 992-1715 page32 Fa/11993 Party positions: NAFTA NAFTA NAFTA NAFTA

by Sheila Copps

by Joy Langan, MP Throughout its two terms in However, we cannot ignore to govern the North American office, the Conservative the reality that the United market, Canadian exports will government's economic States is our largest trading continue to face trade agenda has been dominated by partner. Consequently, our harassment. Equally important, free trade. Liberals recognize trading relationship with the one must not lose sight of the that trade policy is n o United States must be fact that both the FTA and the The Canada-U.S. trade deal substitute for sound domestic managed in a way that best NAFTA are as much about has been a disaster for Canada trade deal, there have policies. Monetary, fiscal, serves Canadian interests. investment as trade. Without Canada, and NAFTA (North investment, training education, In 1988, Liberals opposed common trade rules governing American Free Trade been deep cutbacks in health care and community services and research policies go hand- the Canada - United States the North American market, Agreement) will only make a tied to the "harmonizing" of in-hand with trade policy. The Free Trade Agreement because Canada risks an investment bad situation worse. Canada's social programs with Conservatives have failed to it was flawed. Prior to and chill. Large-scale investment The New Democrats will tear U.S. counterparts. recognize this reality. throughout the Canada - US such as auto plants will not up NAFTA and abrogate the New Democrats are Free, fair, and open trade is free trade negotiations, come to Canada, as long as US Canada-U.S. trade deal. committed to broadening essential to the future of our Canada's key objectives were trade harassment can deny However, it is not enough just Canada's base of trade beyond country. Indeed, one in five to "secure and enhance" Canadian producers secure to tear things up - that's why the United States. Canadian jobs is directly access to our largest export access to the US market. the New Democrats have the And it is only the New dependent on exports. market. By extension, a A Liberal government will "Jobs Plan", which recognrzes Democrats who are offering an Therefore, Canada's central mutually acceptable set of seek changes to both the Free that Canada is a trading nation. alternative to the devastating objective in its trade policy trade rules governing Canada - Trade Agreement and North It is vital to realize that impact the U.S.-Canada trade must be to secure and increase US trade was essential. Only if American Free Trade NAFTA simply reinforces and, deal has had, and NAFTA will access to world markets. the rules of the game were Agreement, including a in some cases, strengthens have, on wages, working In the past, the multilateral agreed upon could Canada subsidies code and an the arguments against the conditions and social trading system under GATI expect to enjoy anything antidumping code. In addition, U.S.-Canada trade deal. programmes. Canadian women has served Canada well. A resembling a "level playing a Liberal government will seek NAFTA will be more binding are most vulnerable to the successful Uruguay Round will field". a more effective dispute on the provinces becau.se all effects of free trade - from the provide Canadian firms with the If implemented, the NAFTA resolution mechanism and the new provincial legislation must cost of consumer goods, to opportunity to invest, create would completely scrap the same energy protection as be consistent with the rules of access to social services, to jobs, develop new technologies working group on subsidies and Mexico. A Liberal government NAFTA. The deal also weakens job selection - in essence, and products, and of course, to antidumping and replace it with will also work to expand trade in Canada's ability to set high their basic quality of life. trade. That is why the Liberal a Trade and Competition the Pacific Basin and with the standards for health, safety, Party continues to support the Committee that has a limited European Community. environmental, and working Joy Langan is the NDP MP for GATI as a cornerstone of mandate. conditions. Since the U.S.- Mission-Coquitlam Canada's trade policy. Without a set of trade rules Sheila Copps, MP. Hamilton

by Bobble Sparrow

Our p0sition on trade is clear. value-added final demand rules, spend years at the Mexico would not have been Canadian producers need products which create high- GATI, or impose tariffs and able to trade freely with each secure access to major wage manufacturing jobs. trigger a trade war that would other. Foreign investment agreements that will mean markets. We have taken The Progressive harm Canadian consumers and would have moved to the U.S. better protection for the North strong action to achieve that Conservative plan is working. producers. instead of its northern and American environment and help access. The Canada-U.S. Free Our merchandise exports to the The NAFTA builds on the FT A southern neighbours. We improve working conditions in Trade Agreement (FTA) ana the U.S. surged to an all-time high and makes sure Canadian acted. the North American workplace. North American Free Trade of $122.3 billion last year, interests are met in the world The NAFTA will keep all of the They are scheduled to come Agreement (NAFTA) give smashing the previous record marketplace. gains we made in the FTA. Like into force at the same time as Canada membership in the of $110.5 billion set in 1990. In June 1990, the U.S. and the FTA, it will continue to the NAFTA, on January 1, world's largest trading bloc. In addition, the FTA's dispute Mexico announced they were protect our culture, water and 1994. The U.S. continues to be a settlement mechanism helps us working towards a two-way free social programs, the Auto Pact, growing market for higher resolve trade disputes with the trade agreement. It would have and our supply management The Hon. Bobbie Sparrow, value-added goods. Over 80 U.S. in far less time than the left Canada in the cold: the system for agriculture. Minister of Natural Resources per cent of our exports to the bulky GATI process would U.S. would have been able to Since the NAFT A was and Progressive Conservative U.S. are manufactured, and a take. Without it, we would have trade freely with Canada and negotiated, we have is the candidate for Calgary large proportion are higher to either abide by American Mexico, but Canada and successfully reached side Southwest.

NA FT A continued from page 29 poverty, mounting welfare and But America's loss will not be many jobs that it offsets the corporations of the continent, what our government does. unemployment costs, class Mexico's gain, say economists damage it is causing, and there regardless of their country of The new continental economy warfare and "resentment of the Timothy Koechlin of Skidmore will always be the millions of origin, are free to choose will be more powerful and will wealthy that could reach a College and Mehrene Larudee unemployed from countries to production location. They will make the decisions for boiling point" if the potential of the University of the south of Mexico, who will be do that based on Canada. problems are not dealt with. Massachusetts, in a study on used to threaten Mexican considerations of profit, and And it will have a dramatic Already, many American NAFTA's effects on wages and workers into wage compliance. gravitate to low-wage sites. impact on workers. A companies are behaving as working conditions on Mexican To understand who will They will continue to support deregulated global economy Canadian companies did when workers. Opening up free trade benefit from NAFTA, it is crucial the kind of trade regime we are means that workers anywhere free trade came to Canada. in agriculture will throw millions to stop thinking in national building in North America (as are in direct competition Smith Corona of Cortland, New of Mexican farmers off the terms. It is not a case of opposed to Europe, where against workers everywhere. York, set off a firestorm of land, sending them to the Canada vs. the United States there are standards) precisely As MIT economist Lester criticism in the fall of 1992, border in search of jobs. Even or Mexico. This is a lose-lose- because these inequities exist. Thurow points out "Quite when it closed its last the most optimistic predictions lose prospect for working In the win-or-die reality of a simply, supply and demand remaining U.S. factory and of job gain for Mexico don't conditions, job security, and deregulated continental require it. In a global economy moved the 875 jobs to Mexico, contain numbers that would wages of the working people of economy, the only companies a worker has two things to offer citing the low wages of the new offset these losses. Farmers the three nations and a win-win- that survive will be those that - skills or the willingness to location as the major factor in and workers displaced from the win for their corporations. stop thinking in national terms work for low wages." Walter the decision. lt joins hundreds thousands of domestic When we speak of American and think only of themselves. Russell Mead in a highly- of American companies that Mexican industries expected to dominance in this trade bloc, it This is why NAFTA is an praised recent article for have already relocated to be shut down from is because of the domination of issue of democracy. Once we Harper's Magazine Mexico in anticipation of transnational competition will American corporations, who have de-linked the interests of explains what this will mean to NAFTA. Says AFL-CIO join the almost one million are in a key position to take business from the interests of International business. We are economist, Mark Anderson, young Mexicans coming into advantage of the lowering of the nation state, we cannot setting up twenty-first-century "What jobs aren't at risk from the job market every year. It barriers. harness any of its profits to the technology under an early the current structure? I cannot greater good of our citizens. will be a long, long time, if ever, NAFTA creates one continued on page 33 think of any." Increasingly, it won't matter ______before free trade can create so economic region in which the _ Fa/11993 page 33

Party positions: Violence against women

by Mary Clancy by Gayle Broad On April 22, 1993, Liberal implement a national violence Like many of my fellow leader Jean Chretien prevention programme in candidates in the New announced the Party's school that deals with, among Democratic Party, I began my comprehensive package on other things, family violence, community activism with the Democratic Party supports: equality for audiences ranging crime and justice. Included in violence in dating women's movement, working to We support funding of from elementary classrooms to the proposals, which will form relationships, and non-violent end violence against women. women's centres and tougher the judiciary. The CRTC would part of the Party's election conflict resolution; and As my personal understanding sexual assault legislation. be instructed to intervene more platform, are strong measures 8) amend the Criminal Code, grew I realized that changes Dawn Black, NDP Status of forcefully in the issue of to combat violence against Customs Tariff Act, and the needed to be made in many Women critic, succeeded in violence on television, women and children. Television Broadcasting areas if violence against having a private member's bill especially in the case of Regulations and Broadcasting women was to end: areas such passed, establishing violence degrading women and children. These include: Act to prohibit violent, as affirmative action, equal pay December 6 as an annual The New Democrats support dehumanizing and degrading for work of equal value and National Day of Remembrance the recommendations from the 1) increased funding for pornography. accessible child care. We and Action on Violence Against Panel on Violence Against services for battered women In addition, the Liberal need to restore the power Women. Women as a first step in the and their children. Women's Party's crime and justice balance between women and Working with provincial shelters are currently turning men. governments, New Democrats process of ending violence, but proposals include measures to we recognize that as each away two women and their combat hate crimes, The New Democrats have would support increased children for every women they developed a comprehensive funding for flexible, community- recommendation goes into strengthen gun control, help effect, changes will need to be accept. prostitutes who want to get off set of policies which will based programs in shelters and 2)measures to make peace address this power imbalance transition houses. Federal- assessed and improvements the streets, and rehabilitate made at the next level. bonds effective in keeping and truly begin the process of provincial agreements would be sex offenders. As our understanding women safe from abusive men; ending violence against developed to support the cost We accept the guidelines on increases, the New Democratic 3) measures to facilitate the women refugee claimant women. Governnient is only of outreach services and removal of a man from the one of the major players in this policies have improved. The fearing gender-related training for public health New Democrats have a depth home in the cases of violence; persecution issued by the work - men, women and the workers in crisis intervention, many other institutions in of understanding which 4) legislation to make Chair of the Immigration and and in child abuse. stalking illegal. The society also have to work translates into policies which Refugee Board in March, 1993; Aboriginal comm unities will lead to an end to violence government subsequently together to bring an end to the however, we are disappointed would be supported in finding introduced such legislation and tragedies experienced by so against wo.men. that the Immigration Act was solutions to the cycle of it was passed by the House of many women at the hands of not amended to incorporate Commons. Liberal fought hard fathers, lovers, friends and violence they endure; including Gayle Broad is the New these provisions. for amendments which would spouses. programs to deal with the Democratic Party candidate in have strengthened the Bill; Elelow are some of those poverty and racism which the Northern Ontario riding of Mary Clancy, MP, Halifax 5) a national public education policies directly related to contribute to the cycle. Algoma. Most recently, she campaign to counter violence ending violence against Education is a key part of has been a community legal against women and children; women, which the N e w any strategy to end violence. worker where she h a s 6) mandatory judicial training New Democrats support the represented sexual assault in gender sensitivity; provision of education about survivors before the Criminal 7) work with the provinces to violence prevention and Injuries Compensation Board.

no woman court ~~~~~dce~ave to in fear of lni~~a~i~:s·~~= ~~~~~li~~o~~n~~ se~~~I C~~~se~e~~~n~dak~~il~ With that in mind, in August support public education, easier for children to testify in 1991, we established the emergency housing, training court. continued from page 32 Canadian Panel on Violence and research and ' The Department of National nineteenth century economic future economic plans for this Against Women. It examined demonstration. In 1991, we Defence has initiated a Military regime, using high-tech, low country are based on the the issue of violence against developed a four-year, $136 Family Support Program which regulation electronic acceptance of record women from all aspects, and millionplantotargettheserious provides for a policy office at sweatshops. "The First and unemployment, reduced reported in July 1993. problem of family violence. Its DND's multi-family resource Third worlds will not so much opportunities for the majority, The Panel also produced a goals ar~ to: change attitudes centres at bases and stations, disappear as mingle." an impoverished social network Community Safety Kit to assist that lead to violence; call the and an· advisory board This is a new form of and deep class disparities. communities in assessing abusers to account; and help. providing similar services for feudalism in which the It is the wrong foundation for themselves and achieving the victims. In conjunction with foreign locations. resources and human Canada, for the continent and measures toward zero the Canada Mortgage and We have also announced the productivity of the world are for the world. tolerance. Housing Corporation, almost establishment of a network of being harnessed in t.he service The Panel report addressed 500 shelters have been built. five centres on family violence of an increasingly small elite. It Maude Barlow is the voluntary violence-specific issues and We plan to spend more than and violence against women, in is the face of the new Cold War, National Chairperson of the recommendations, and also $20 million on some 150 self- Vancouver, Winnipeg, London, and it represents a watershed Council of Canadians. cast th e ·issue o f womens• contame· d uni·t s f or v1c· t'1ms of Fredericton and Montreal; the transformation in the world victimization in a framework of family violence after they leave launch of a large-scale national economy, as great a turning gender equity. Issues of emergency shelters. We will public education program point in the history of human economic, social, legal and also build another 100 through YWCA-Canada; and evolution as the industrial religious inequality wer_e emergency shelter units. awareness-building sessions revolution. d i s c u s s e d a n d Criminal Code amendments for the National Parole Board. It gives fresh meaning to the recommendations put forth to have also been introduced as We will do everything we can term being used in Canada, address systemic questions. part of our action to address to make sure that no woman that ours is a "jobless In response to the report, the aspects of family violence or lives in fear of violence-- recovery." This is no accident. government has adopted a other violence against women because a life without fear of Having been a leader in this policy of zero tolerance of issues: violence is every woman's new economic system, the violence against women. Bill C-126 created the new right. Mulroney government must We are reviewing the almost offence of criminal harassment, Tamra Mann is Progressive now put the best face on it for 500 recommendations of the or "stalking.",._ Conservative candidate for Canadians. The harsh reality Panel. We will have a Bill C-49 restricts the use of a Hamilton-Mountain. remains, however, that the· comprehensive response to rape victim's sexual history in __ page 34 Fa/11993 Oh Kanada: our home on native land by Rhonda Johnston

Prior to any European setting keep solemn commitments In 1982, the Canadian Aboriginal rights on and to land foot on these lands, Aboriginal made in treaties. Aboriginal Constitution was patriated and be a requirement for the The Chief Commissioner of peoples exercised a rights to hunt, fish and be included a section recognizing settlement of I a n d the Canadian Human Rights responsibility placed upon educated, to name only a few, and affirming the existing negotiations. Commission, Max Vaiden, has them by the Creator. This were consistently denied and Aboriginal and Treaty rights of Instead of accepting repeatedly warned about the responsibility was to care for resulted in the imprisonment of the Aboriginal peoples of responsibility for the past potential for a "permanent and protect Mother earth for all many Aboriginal peoples who Canada. As was subsequently wrongs of the Canadian underclass" among urban generations to come. sought to exercise their rights. articulated by the Supreme government and spending natives unless Ottawa begins Aboriginal peoples governed Aboriginal peoples were forced Court of Canada, in the money to empower and improve to acknowledge its - Sparrow case, a strict duty was themselves by this overriding onto tiny tracts of reserve Aboriginal peoples lives, the responsibilities. A lack of responsibility, understood that also placed on the Crown to lands to be governed by an Conservative federal affordable housing would this was part of their inherent deal honourably with Aboriginal Indian Act th at is both government has funded a contribute significantly to this nature and as such had n'o repressive and immoral. peoples. Royal Commission o n trend. authority to relinquish this. Governments have Federal policy was and responsibility. consistently ignored the continues to be directed The Native Council of Canada This relationship with the illegality of their actions which towards colonization (now land and the ensuing sometimes referred to as neo- In Canada, the Indian Act responsibilities of Aboriginal co lo n ization). Instead of has been used to legally public who said "no" to the governance has never been scrapping the Indian Act in its restrict our ability to do many of Charlottetown Accord as a understood by the colonizers entirety and recognizing the the things that other Canadians whole. and was ignored in the inherent right of self- take for granted. Instead of working with historical rush to "settle" government, the Conservative At one time or another, we Aboriginal peoples to find Canada. - Indeed, the very right federal government has been have been prevented from creative solutions to enable the providing huge sums of money of Aboriginal peoples to owning property, travelling exercise of Aboriginal and exercise governance was for the development of Indian Treaty rights, the Conservative Act alterNative legislation that freely, using the courts, federal government refuses to ignored and denied. controlling our own lands and Prior to the Conservatives continues to be premised on a break out of archaic and resources, homesteading on forming the federal government delegation of authority from the patronising policy and, at great in 1984 Aboriginal peoples federal government. Aboriginal "Crown" land, voting, pursuing expense to Aboriginal peoples have faced historical and peoples know that their higher education, enlisting in and the taxpayers of Canada, concentrated efforts by authority to govern comes not the military, practicing our waits for yet another court to successive Canadian from a foreign government but religions, raising our children, tell them they are breaking their governments to assimilate has resulted in the nearly from their own people. living where we wanted, or even own laws. them into mainstream Canadian complete destruction of The Conservative federal marrying who we wanted. The list of matters upon society. This process of Aboriginal peoples, their lands, government refuses to deal These legal restraints which the Conservative federal colonization enabled Canadian their cultures, their languages, with the land issue in an amounted to a huge affirmative government refuses to deal society to participate in the their pride and their very honourable and respectful action program for non- with Aboriginal peoples in a arbitrary theft of lands and the essence as human beings. manner that recognizes the Aboriginal people as they respectful manner goes on and on. One only has to recall Oka consequent violation of the The Canadian courts have fundamental inability of encroached on our lands and to be reminded of the overall right of Aboriginal peoples to_ be articulated a m1n1mum Aboriginal peoples to give up exploited the resources. self-determining and to requirement of the federal their responsibility to care for approach of the Conservative government's legal and government in dealing with exercise governance. and protect Mother earth. The Native Council of Canada Successive federal constitutional responsibility Instead, they continue to Aboriginal peoples and their governments have failed to towards Aboriginal peoples. demand that extinguishment of rights: allow a golf course to be built over sacred lands that Aboriginal Peoples to belong to a First Nation, and document old news which will then send in the army when that First Nation objects. Centre for Research in Women's Studies and Gender Relations supposedly give them "better" direction. and the School of Social Work, University of B.C. Instead of recognizing and Rhonda Johnston is a Metis are co-sponsoring respecting Aboriginal peoples' woman presently articling with right of self-determination and the law firm of Mandell Pinder in governance, the Conservative Vancouver. These views are POVERTY: FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES federal government continues her own and do not represent to deny that the inherent right the views or position of the law Conference of self-government exists in firm or of any Aboriginal November 18-20, 1993, Vancouver Canada for Aboriginal peoples government, association or and blames the Canadian person in Canada.

Thursday, November 18 6:00pm International House, 1783 West Mall Oxfam Feast or Famine Fundraising Dinner Guest Speaker from the Caribbean

Friday, November 19 Graduate Student Centre, 6371 Crescent Road 9:00 - 4:00 pm Workshops with End Legislated Poverty the Aboriginal Women's Council • the Coalition of People with Disabilities ·Affiliation of Multicultural Societies and Service Agencies of BC PRINTINc THE 478 River Avenue at Winnipeg, Man. R3L OC8 Ph: 452-9682 Saturday, November 20 9:00 - 5:30 pm CARDS Social Work Building Concurrent Paper, Panel and Workshop Sessions CALENDARS JEWELLRY

More information on the conference can be obtained by calling (604) 822-9171, fax 822-9169, or address: 1896 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 121. Fa/11993 page 35

Party positions: Aboriginal self government Aboriginal

by Ethel Blondln- Andrew and Reina Sinclair

A Liberal government will act structures or reviving Royal Commission. government for making on the premise that the traditional structures; for The Liberal Party recognizes _budgetary and policy decisions by the Hon. Paul/ne inherent right of self- others the immediate objective the urgent need to build a directly affecting Aboriginal Browes government is an existing may be simply greater control relationship based on trust and Peoples with out their input. A aboriginal and treaty right over the provision of mutual respect between Liberal government will develop We remain firmly committed within the meaning of section governmental services such as Aboriginal Peoples and the a more comprehensive process to the achievement of self- 35 of the Constitution Act, education and health care. federal government. The for consultation between government, and to finding 1982. The Royal Commission has cornerstone of this new federal minister and aboriginal practical ways to implement it A Liberal government will suggested four basic principles relationship will be the representatives with respect to within the context of the current decision-making that directly work with the Aboriginal for the successful recognition of the inherent right Constitution. This is already affects First Nations, Inuit, and Peoples to define mechanisms implementation of self- of Aboriginal Peoples to govern being achieved through a broad Melis peoples. We will work for implementing the inherent government: the process themselves. We believe, as range of approaches including: with Aboriginal Peoples to rights of self-government that should be initiated by the does the Royal Commission on community-based self- identify where existing federal are workable and that meet the aboriginal group in question; Aboriginal Peoples, that it is government negotiations, expenditures, currently in needs of the many diverse wherever possible, self necessary to move ahead on claims settlements, and excess of $5 billion a year, can aboriginal communities in government should be aboriginal self-government at devolution of program delivery. be redirected into more Canada. For example, some implemented with this time and that it is possible We are presently negotiating productive uses. We shall also Aboriginal people have federal/provincial/territorial to do so within the existing with 40 different Indian bands explore new fiscal suggested using treaties to set cooperation; the procedure constitutional framework. on community self-government should be flexible; arrangements with Aboriginal issues. We want to help out the basic framework, A Liberal government will be governments have a Peoples. Canada's Aboriginal peoples criteria, and mechanism for prepared to undertake a responsibility to ensure that regain control over the implementing self-government. program of reform oriented the land and resource base of Ethel Blondin-Andrew, Mp, management of matters that The Royal Commission on towards the implementation of Aboriginal Peoples is adequate Western Arctic directly affect them, and Aboriginal Peoples stated in its the inherent right of self for self-government: and that Reina Sinclair, Liberal preserve their cultural identity. August 1993 interim report on government, through long-term fiscal arrangements Candidate, Regina-Qu'Appe//e, Our aim is to develop a new self-government that negotiated self government implementing self-government are in place. A Liberal SK relationship with Aboriginal agreements. will mean different things to government will study closely Aboriginal Peoples have peoples so that we can respond different aboriginal groups. For the recommendations of the criticized the federal to their aspirations with some it may mean new initiatives that increase their autonomy and self-reliance. Our first priority will be land claims. We will ensure that legal undertakings regarding land' transfers to treaty Indians, given as much as a century ago, will finally be honoured. In September 1990, we committed to accelerate the settlement of land claims through negotiation. Since then, we have settled six major comprehensive claims in the North, established the B.C. Treaty Commission and reached a cost-sharing agreement with that province. We also want to work with Aboriginal leaders and by Colleen Glenn provincial governments on a range of improvements to basic community programs and There are always through consultation and "Buffalo Jump of the 1980's". need balance and soon. services. These include water, contradictions facing negotiation. Voting for either of these Aboriginal women were sewage facilities and better Aboriginal activists in partisan In contrast, the 1969 White parties is voting for Aboriginal excluded from the negotiations housing on some reserves. politics. After all, we are Paper, entitled "Choosing a extinction. leading to the Charlottetown entering the political process Path'', was· proposed by the Until the 1982 Constitution, Aecord. The Native Women's The Hon. Pauline Browes is the that is responsible for our Liberal government of Pierre which names Inuit, Indian and Association of Canada won a Minister of Indian Affairs and oppression. But we can also Trudeau while Jean Chretien Matis as aboriginal peoples, Federal Court of Appeal Northern Development and shape the process, and act as was the Minister of Indian both Liberal and Conservative decision that agreed that their Progressive Conservative decolonising agents. Affairs. That hated document governments have taken the exclusion was discriminatory candidate for Scarborough Canada's New Democrats recommended the termination position that Metis people have but did not give them a remedy. Centre. recognized the inherent right to of all Aboriginal and treaty no Aboriginal rights. The demise of the accord self-government for Aboriginal obligations and promoted the Within the Aboriginal allows all political parties, peoples years before the idea of assimilation. Aboriginal community, women have been including my own, to make Charlottetown Accord. New people recognized that this organizing to assure their certain that women's rights are Democrat governments in the would mean being "assimilated" participation in the process of protected during further provinces and territories have into Canada's urban slums. self-government, not always negotiation with respect to self- implemented policies Although the Liberals backed with success. Aboriginal men government for Aboriginal supporting self-government, off on their plan, some parts of have embraced the patriarchy people. showing that our commitment the White Paper policies have as their own in spite of Aboriginal Canadians have to fair treatment for Aboriginal been implemented by considerable evidence, both much to offer. Our full people is not just something we subsequent federal written and oral, that women in participation in society will like to talk about at policy governments. Aboriginal societies exercised enrich the Canadian conventions. Then there was the Neilson power and influence in all social experience. And we're The Yukon Umbrella Final Task Force Report on institutions. certainly colourful. Agreement negotiated by the Aboriginal women today say Government Expenditures of Penikett New Dem oc rat 1986, which proposed that the that the current state of male Colleen Glenn is a Metisse government is an example of Conservative government domination is spiritually wrong, feminist activist who lives in how a comprehensive "reduce expenditures on that there is no· "balance". Edmonton. She is a candidate agreement on land claims, self- Aboriginal men say that this Aboriginal peoples by as much for the New Democrats in the g over nm en t a n d idea is .the insidious result of as 75%". Their o w n federal election. interjurisdictional association with "white bureaucrats described this as arrangements can be made feminists from Toronto". We ·earn page 36 Fa/11993

Investing 1n the future by Sheryl Mcinnes

was possible when people's decades, where government minimum standard of the elderly and disabled to live survival depended totally on took on some responsibility for And, if we do, are these the outside of the family unit. The Language has a strange way the wage-labour system in a a wage "subsidy" right social programs? nuclear family, which a of telling truths. We talk about "free" market. (Unemployment Insurance), When these programs were benevolent government felt the social welfare system in . Prior to the 1940s, social and the security of the family first introduced, Canada had a responsible for supporting, Canada as being dismantled (to programs, like the Mother's unit (the Family Allowance). booming post-war economy, had, by the early 1970s, had its undress, or strip) or unravelled Allowance, were unevenly The provinces were able to with near full employment and moment in history. The (to separate the threads). I administered, restrictive, and extend their role in social governments, at all levels, econbmic recessions that hear those words and think often used by the government, welfare through federal- being responsible and followed over the next two about how close they are to through its social service provincial cost sharing deals generous in meeting the decades virtually guaranteed women's lived experience, and agencies, to regulate the way such as the Canada expectations of Canadians. the necessity for married how apt they may be for women kept their homes and Assistance Plan (CAP). In National economic strength women's participation in the women's lives in a Canada raised their children. The 1972, with the implementation and social welfare were seen labour force. where the universality of the poverty of the Depression led of Medicare, the Canadian as connected: if we have a By the early 1990s, women's social welfare system is further to a popular demand that social welfare system, as we strong economy we can afford incomes were necessary to eroded, or lost completely., Canadians should b e know it today, was in place. social programs. This same keep the family out of poverty. Why do we have the universally entitled to a Today, all of these programs idea is now being used as the Yet there was a strong rationale for dismantling the Canadian welfare system we minimum standard of living. are being challenged and we perception that women were welfare state. Daily, we are have today? The Depression This led to the subsequent are faced with difficult earning "extra" money for the and War years revealed the questions. Do Canadians still given the message that we family. Women's incomes development of social welfare cannot afford the universality depth of human mii;~ry that have a commitment to a could now save government programs over the next three of social welfare programs. In dollars, women could (or a clever twist of the facts about should) use their income to the deficit and the cost of support family members who welfare programs, the might otherwise be receiving Canadian people are being social assistance or old age made to feel responsible for the benefits. debts and deficits of If social welfare is privatized government. We are told it is back into the family, many not g o v e r n m e n t women may have to move out mismanagement or regressive of the labour force into care- tax policies that are at fault, it taking roles in their homes. is the lazy unemployed and However, in the 1990s, few welfare moms who are to families with a single income blame. could financially take on Social programs are based responsibility for elderly on certain assumptions or parents, disabled family beliefs. In the post-war members, or children who have economic boom, social become single parents. programs assumed a nuclear Exactly who would support or family would be the norm. Dad care for those who do_not have would be out earning the family a family is never made clear in income, and mom would be at all the talk about shifting home raising the children, responsibility back to the caring for grandma', and using family. her spare time for the volunteer As we approach a federal activities that back up the election with a Prime Minister monetary aspects of social who is already talking about welfare. The family was seen "reform" of welfare systems, we as self-regulating, with women need to pause and think as the major source of labour in carefully about what life in Because wife assault usually For emergency assistance or the home; giving birth to Canada would be like in the children and keeping everyone future without Medicare, happens at home, people tend referral, call the Wife Assault clean, fed and happy. Social Unemployment Insurance, a to think of it as a family affair. Helpline, listed in the white welfare programs were Child Benefit allowance, or Old designed to fill the gaps by Age Security benefits. As But wife assault is not a private pages of your telephone ensuring that women, children, women, we need to make our matter. It is a crime. directory or call the police. the elderly, the disabled and potential leaders aware that the any man unfortunate enough to majority of the "people" who As a community we should Ontario Women's Directorate lose a job, could not only use, or need, social welfare maintain a decent standard of programs, are women and all be concerned. living, but also remain within children. this idealized family home. A deficit-free country may be By 1956, women, particularly a worthy goal, but not if the married women, were joining ultimate result is a country of the labour force in steadily impoverished and unhealthy increasing numbers. Changes women, men and children. in the divorce laws, in the attitudes toward pregnancy Sheryl Mcinnes is a fifty- and child rearing outside of two something, women's liberation parent families, and in the style feminist, with a BA in timing of childbirth and size of Women's Studies. She is families with the legalization of about to begin a new birth control, led to a further adventure, working toward a increase in the number of Master's Degree in Sociology women with pre-school at the University of Alberta. children, who were employed. Women were rapidly Linda McOuaig's recent book disappearing out of the home. The Wealthy Banker's Wife This opened up new social (1993, Penguin) debunks the welfare demands such as idea that Canada cannot have universal day-care, maternity both an adequate social leave and the pension welfare system and a strong THE LAW supplements that would allow economy. Fall 1993 page 37 Party positions: Social programs Social programs Social

by Sandra Lawn

Our social programs were set Encouraging individuals to up at a time when break the cycle of dependency unemployment, regardless of and help them to help skills, was a brief condition themselves. Our social By Catherine McCreary between jobs, when most programs don't always women stayed at home with encourage independence and their children, and when child initiative. For too many on "Finally, the obvious but vital to have a decent standard of especially large corporations. social assistance, work means poverty was not even point must be made that social living. This trend must be reversed. measured. less income. That cannot security payments are not That comprehensive program Put an end to the deductibility That is not today's reality. continue to happen; money lost. The social should also include the of the business lunch in favour Canada and the world have Making social programs as insurances, even some following: or programs that help people. seen great change in the last flexible as possible so that they straightforward disbursements Fighting unemployment: Making our social welfare decade alone. meet individual needs; and like children's allowances, are People with jobs do not require system universal. There Throughout these changes, Ensuring our income support investments in morale and as much government support. should be income support for the Progressive Conservative programs help prepare people health, in greater family People with jobs will also pay people in need. There should Party has shown vision. We for the future, not just take care stability, and from both material their fair share of taxes. also be a return to Family realize that to meet the ·of their immediate needs. and psychological viewpoints, Allowance in an amount large challenges of the 21st century, Those who lose their jobs The federal government in human productive efficiency. enough to be a significant help we must restructure our because of a changing and should raise the minimum wage It has yet to be proved that any to families. It is one of the competitive labour market must in the federal sector and work traditional roles and democracy which underwrites ways to address the pervasive be given the opportunity to with the provinces to raise their relationships. the social minimum for its problem of child poverty. retrain or start their own levels. Nothing ends poverty To make sure Canada and citizens is any weaker or less The federal government businesses. They must be faster than a job with a living Canadians grow and prosper, wealthy for doing so." should also invest more in allowed to continue to wage. we know we need to create Leonard Marsh, 1943 report, housing so all Canadians have contribute to the communities Job training programs are economic opportunities and "Social Security for Canada". a decent and affordable home. they helped build. another integral part of a full encourage lifelong learning. Reforming our social We have made it clear that employment strategy. That is why we have Succeeding Canadian programs with the goal of we will not start to unilaterally Establishing a national, encouraged business, labour governments, most notably the making them more effective overhaul our income security universal day care program: and social action groups at Mulroney/Campbell Tories, and cost-efficient: We cannot programs. We believe that This creates jobs and is every level to join with us in reject those words of wisdom. proclaim that our soci a I governments, business, essential in any attempt to promoting education and The Tories have seriously programs are sacrosanct and labour, non-governmental eliminate poverty among training. eroded Canada's socia I unalterable. We must organizations and individuals women and children. Unless At the same time, we want to programs. They, have constantly review our social must join forces to make sure there is affor.Oable, accessible, make our social policy better abandoned our most needy programs so they provide the reflect the reality of our time. reform is comprehensive and citizens. quality child care, we are generous. preventing some women from services we need. We want to help Canada's The government of Brian We all have a stake in the children lead happy, healthy We want to modernize our Mulroney and Kim 9ampbell participating in the paid labour social programs so that they force. We are also forcing their type of society in which we live. lives. We want families--indeed has shirked its responsibility I want ours to be a fair and just meet the needs of Canadians in children into substandard care. all Canadians--to have a better for federal funding of social society._ tomorrow. We want all the 1990s and into the 21st programs by shifting this Making gender equality a top It is going to be much more Canadians to be able to reap century. burden to the provinces. Many priority. Women earn sixty- expensive to Canadian society the benefits of their labour. We of those provinces either three cents for every dollar if we neglect people's basic want to help those who need it Sandra Lawn is the Progressive cannot or will not pay to made by men. Until we solve needs. It will be a case of pay the most. Conservative candidate for maintain social welfare this problem, women will always Our vision is guided by these Leeds-Grenville. programs. form a significant proportion of now or pay more later. Just principles: The Canadian government the underclass. This inequity think of the suffering and should oversee a is unacceptable. misery that we can avoid if we comprehensive social welfare Reforming our tax system to pay now. system consisting of universal make it fairer: The Tories have CHART 1- Social Spending health care and education as shifted the tax burden to Catherine McCreary is a New Government spending on social security and other transfers as a per cent well as enabling all Canadians middle-class individuals and Democratic Party candidate for of GDP, 1990. away from the wealthy, Calgary Centre.

29.1

15 by Lucie Blais

Liberals are firmly committed effectively means that OAS is have to be renegotiated. This 5 to maintaining the integrity of no longer a universal program. will be a priority for a Liberal Canada's health care system Any decision to re-establish government. In recent years, Fr Nor Den Ger It Can and upholding the five pillars of universal family allowances or provincial governments have raised concerns about the and Martin, Government Spending and medicare. We consider such OAS would entail a significant difficulties they are having in Deficits: Trends in the and for the health care a right of increase in expenditures. fiscal planning as a result of Economic Studies, No. 17, Table 2, Autumn 1991. citizenship and a competitive Given the country,s fiscal advantage over other nations. situation, alternative the unilateral decisions of the Conservatives to transfer CHART 2 - Economic Growth With the exception of approaches to assisting medicare, universal social families and seniors may be responsibilities for programs Labour productivity: per cent change at annual rate, 1979 - 1989. programs as we once knew more effective and feasible. and cut financial transfer 3 them, no longer exist in Canada Liberals are committed to payments to the provinces. 2.6 because of actions taken by working toward a greater Predictability of financial 2.5 the Conservative government. equality of social conditions arrangements is vital to fiscal responsibility. For this reason, 2 Family Allowances were among Canadians. abolished as of January 1, One of Canada's basic one major objective of such 1.5 1993 and replaced by another values is that Canadians are negotiations will be to achieve system of benefits. For entitled to a minimum level of the maximum degree of 1 several years now, Old Age public services regardless of predictability and stability for Security (OAS) benefits have the region or province in which each level of government. been fully taxed or "clawed" they live. back from some Canadians at a In the near future, federal- Lucie Blais, Liberal Den Aus Ger Neth Can Nor rate 100 percent, which provincial arrangements will Candidate, Abitibi Economic Outlook, July 1991, Table 43. page 38 Fa/11993 Who will look after the children?

by Martha Friendly

a range of flexible high quality access to similar health and income, region of the country, a perfect consensus is Since 1984, childcare has childcare services under social welfare programs across or work status should be reached. Yet other been a federal election issue. provincial jurisdiction, including the country. entitled to good childcare. expenditures, with or without Three elections arid almost ten centre-based and family day Much of the public funding •Comprehensive service consensus - the military, tax years later, Canada is still care, nursery schools, family for childcare must come from provision. Different families, breaks for the wealthy and without a national childcare resource centres, and other the federal government. Most children and communities have business, and political policy and childcare services services tailored to the of the provinces and the varying childcare needs. To patronage - continue to be are visibly deteriorating in community, complemented by territories are unlikely to be meet these needs, a range of made. In good times and bad, every region of the country. In improved parental leave. able to contribute substantially service options should be other spending priorities almost the 1993 federal election To date, childcare has to childcare spending at this available. always supersede those campaign, childcare is once remained solely a provincial point because their economies High quality. Childcare related to children. again on the agenda. program without a federal are so weak. Unless the policy should begin with a basic The key factor driving policy framework. This has not federal government makes a assumption that programs will The Vanier Institute commitment to play the major demand for childcare is the encouraged adequate progress incorporate the best available for the Family ever-increasing labour force to meet childcare needs funding role, childcare knowledge about child anywhere in Canada. It is hard programs in provinces like estimates that 1.3 participation of mothers of development and childcare, million Canadian to imagine that future provincial Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, including adequate wages and young children. Almost 70% of children are in need of Canadian women with good working conditions for preschool children are now in staff well trained in early child care. Yet there the paid labour force, most of childhood education. are only 3 0 0 , 0 O 0 them full-time. These women, Contextual characteristics of licensed child care as well as those in training and an environment which best spaces in the entire educational programs, need supports high quality childcare country. reliable childcare. include public funding, an Poverty, to which sole effective system of regulation A national childcare program support mothers are especially and non-profit auspice. is a necessity, not a frill. Many vulnerable, is now a regular A comprehensive system of people believe that feature of Canadian- life. It is high quality childcare services strengthening Canada's impossible for low income best meets the needs of capacity for durable growth by parents to move towards self- families and children if it is investing in human resources sufficiency by participating in complemented by public policy is a key part of effective and the labour force, occupational providing expanded paid dependable management of the training or education without parental leave, workplace economy over the long term. affordable childcare. Any flexibility and other family From this point of view, strategy to reduce child and policies. investing in childcare is part of family~ poverty must include What are not solutions or the solution, not part of the childcare as a key component. alternatives to a universally problem. Good quality childcare is a accessible, high quality Today, Canada is one of only valuable investment tor childcare are: a few major industrialized Canadian society as a whole Targeting childcare to nations without a national because it fosters healthy governments will be more New Brunswick a n d needy families; childcare policy. Other development for all children. willing or better equipped to Saskatchewan will continue to Relying on work-related countries recognize that The nation's future well-being make substantial be underdeveloped. childcare; healthy societies are not and economic success depend improvements, especially in Provision of high quality •Tax measures or vouchers; achieved unless the on a competent workforce. regions with limited financial childcare to families across the Commercial childcare; development of children is High quality childcare can help resources or with conservative economic spectrum is Relying on unregulated safeguarded. These nations determine the adult constituency bases. impossible without substantial childcare; spend significantly on high competencies available in the Delivery of childcare, like public funding. The most Relying on user fees to quality childcar or early Canadian workforce because a other Canadian health and effective way to deliver public support childcare services. childhood education. clear relationship exists social services, is within funding to services is by It may sound credible in Public spending on high between early experience and provincial jurisdiction. funding programs directly, not difficult economic times to quality childcare is a prudent later competency. However, other national offering tax breaks or vouchers argue that public spending for investment in the future. It is The term "national childcare Canadian health and social to parents or through targeted childcare must wait until the time for Canada to take the program" may convey an image welfare programs have been subsidies. deficit is under control or the necessary steps to make this of a monolithic system of developed with a strong The following set of economy grows sufficiently. investment. institutional programs for measure of federal leadership, principles is proposed for a This argument is not only young children. On the policy and funding. These Canadian childcare system: flawed but deceptive. Martha Friendly is the Chair of contrary - an effective national national programs have served Universal and equitable Children's needs must wait, the Child Care Committee of the childcare policy could ensure Canadians relatively well by access. All children and we are told, until more National Action Committee on that all regions of Canada offer providing similar, not identical, families, regardless of family resources are available or until the Status of Women. v THE

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Party positions: Childcare Childcare Childcare Childcare by Karen Gainer

by Donna .Shire

Child care touches many governments. Parental fees, New Democrats are The National Child Care issues, The growing overlap determined by a sliding scale advocating a national day care Program proposed by the NDP between work life and family life based on income, will provide plan during this federal will provide care for 600,000 means that employers need to the remaining 20 percent of the election. This program will Canadian children, provide understand the stress faced by cost. The four-year cost to the serve Canadians well in three worthwhile jobs for some their employees as they federal government of creating important ways. 70,000 child care workers, and attempt to balance work and 150,000 new licensed child Firstly, most Canadian open up employment and family responsibilities. For care spaces will be $720 families find it necessary to training opportunities for employers, access to high- million. By 1997, when existing have both partners working in hundreds of thousands of quality, affordable child care stock is included, this plan will order to make ends me et. parents. can improve the productivity of result in the existence of Quality child care is the first In detail, the National Child employees who have young almost 500,000 regulated child priority of these parents - they Care Program will: children. For women, child care care spaces, and the creation won't leave home without it! double the number of is an issue of economic of 30,000 new child care jobs. Secondly, nothing the licensed child care spaces equality. For lone parents, the The objective of the Liberal government can do will create available to parents over the majority of whom are women, policy on child care is to create more jobs per dollar invested next four or five years, with real choices for parents by access to affordable, high- than child care. According to a growth targeted to the non- encouraging the development quality child care can provide a 1986 study on the economics profit sector; way out of the poverty trap, of high-quality, flexible child offer better opportunities Fundamentally, however, high· care alternatives. In addition, for early childhood the Party supports a system quality child care means giving development for hundreds of based on payment according to a growing number of Canadian thousands of Canadian children (who need non- the ability to pay. chi1dren; Child care that is funded by parental care) a good start in let more parents, Parents will assume the final governments is already funded life. particularly women, raise 20 per cent of the cost through 50150 by the federal and It is an accepted feature of parental fees, assessed on a provincial governments. families while still having modern, industrialized sliding scale according to Canada needs to do more. It is access to jobs or training societies that the state has a income. Parental contributions essential that the federal opportunities - and a chance vested interest in the welfare of ensure community and parental government work in for a stable employment future; children. They are the adults control of child care, cooperation with the respective relieve the stress of and decision-makers of parents worrying about Uoder our plan, roles and provincial and territorial responsibilities for the program tomorrow. A society's survival inadequate care for their governments in designing child of child care by economist will be carefully allocated to is dependant on its youngest children; care alternatives that respond Monica Townson, 75 cents out avoid administrative overlap citizens being well fed, housed, to local need and ensure high provide real, immediate nurtured, educated, and cared of every dollar spent o,n child and duplication. We want a standards. is our financial relief for low and for, It care goes to salaries. ·. As part decentralized system that is expectation that the provinces middle-income families, by Most parent who participate of a comprehensive strategy to highly responsive to local and territories will design an reducing parental fees, and in the paid labour force do so get Canada back to work, needs. accountability mechanism to assessing fees on a sliding out of necessity. The Ontario investing in child care makes a The federal government will ensure that parents have a say scale according to income; Women's Directorate estimates great deal of sense. set a common framework and in how the various program put the child care system that the number of two-parent Thirdly, we, as a nation, will ensure all provinces and operate. on a sound financial footing; families below the poverty line never solve the issue of territories have roughly equal A Liberal government will ensure community control would increase by 78 percent if poverty, and the effect it has resources. Provincial and work with the provinces and the by having parents oversee only one person in the on children, until we can territorial governments will each centre in partnership with household had paid work. The business community to identify provide single-parent families administer the system. their child care professionals, provision of high-quality child appropriate incentives for the with secure, affordable child Parents will oversee each child creation, and funding of child such as those in Aboriginal care. services, at a cost that care. This is why child care care centre in partnership with families can afford, makes the care spaces in the work place. has to be high on the agenda of communities; offer children programs that their child care professionals. difference between a family anyone working to advance the The Vanier Institute for the living on the edge of poverty on cause of women in poverty. reflect the values and Karen Gainer, Calgary West traditions of their culture; and Family estimates that 1.3 living with a moderate standard million Canadian children are in of living. improve the salaries and working conditions for child need of child care. Yet there Some child care already are onJy.300,000 licensed child exists in Canada, In 1991, care workers, Under our plan, the federal care spaces in the entire there were approximately country. 333,000 regulated full-time government will assume 40 per cent of the cost of this In 1990, Canada signed the child care spaces. The need U.N. Convention on the Rights exists for more and better child by Allee K/lm program. This will cost the federal government about $1.5 of >the Child. Child care is care for Canadian families. The recognized in that convention economic and social indicators billion per year, once the program is fully implemented. as a significant children's provide compelling evidence of We could not afford to go $2,000 to $5,000. Our new Provincial and territorial rights issue: Every child has the need to take action on child ahead with our plan to double Child Tax Benefit provides up to governments will be asked to th'e right to adequate care, care in the 1990's, There are the number of subsidized child an extra $213 for children under match this sum, injecting either by a pareht or by another important linkages between care spaces under the National seven, if child care is not another $1.5 billion into the caregiver. quality child care alternatives Child Care Strategy in 1987. claimed. program. The federal and a comprehensive But we remain committed to Under the Canada government will negotiate a Donna Shire is the New economic and labour force quality care for Canada's Assistance Plan, we share "top-up" to its contribution in Democratic Party candidate for strategy. children, because we realize daycare costs with the "have-not" provinces. Regina Wascana. A Liberal government, in how important it is for their well- provinces for low-income cooperation with the provinces, being and for the future of our families. We also help people in will expand existing regulated country. federally sponsored training child care in Canada by 50,000 We currently spend a total of programs pay for child care. new quality spaces in each $9.73 billion on child care, Further, -the federal 315 CAMBIE ST. year following a year of 3 including some $6.08 in direct government is assuming a VANCOUVER, percent economic growth, up to leadership role with respect to support and $3.65 billion in V6B2N4 a total of 150,000 new spaces. indirect support. children at risk. The $500 TEL: (604) 684,0523 This is a realistic and fiscally We have put in place tax million Child Development responsible initiative. to measures and the Child Care Initiative, part of our Brighter (Mail Orders Welcome) increase the number of child Initiatives Fund that supports Futures initiative, will focus on prevention, promotion, care spaces in Canada. research, projects and protection, and partnerships We propose that the federal innovative child care. Since through community action. government assume 40 1984, we have more than - percent of the cost with doubled the Child Care Alice Klim is Progressive matching funding of 40 percent Expense Deduction, from from provincial and territorial Conservative candidate for Okanagan·Shuswap. ran, s z n z page40 Fa/11993 Canadian Culture: 'The price IS right' retaliatory action of a n 75% of all programs on English equivalent commercial effect television are American; against any other sector. This by Action Canada, with 80% of the English language "notwithstanding" clause excerpts from Canadian book market makes profits for the M u Ir o n e y which actually creates a new Forum foreign publishers; government's assault on the right for the U.S. entertainment institutions and traditions of industry has been •and homegrown films get Canadian civil life have been incorporated into NAFTA and access to the silver screen monumental and profound. Via extended to apply to the about 3% of the time. Rail, Air Canada, the CBC, provinces. Family Allowance, universality~ In a country as big and the Science Council; the only diverse and sparsely populated national symbol without a as Canada, national culture bounty on its head may be the cannot survive without beaver. (Susan Crean, government support. That Canadian Forum, July I support under the Tories has August 1993). steadily been reduced, with whole sectors of our cultural Although Canadian culture is life being starved financially or key to defining our coun,try's completely shut down. values and distinct characteristics, the federal Culture is now in the hands of Tory g o v e r n m e n t h as the Minister of Finance who undermined and underfunded takes no prisoners, and whose all areas of culture over the ideology won't allow him to encouraged more production to past nine years. And despite believe that public spending in be done in the U.S. claims to the contrary, the the cultural sphere is cost and Even though the Canada Tories' free trade deals the job effective. His preferred Council is a major funder of our FTA and NAFTA do not instrument of cultural artists and writers, the Tories exempt culture. Rather, they development is the axe; to wit, have repeatedly capped grants expose our cultural industries the 24% drop in federal to the Council, reducing them in government aid to domestic to challenges and retaliatory contributions between 1984 real dollar terms by more than publishers, many more are actions by the United States. 20%. As many as 197 facing bankruptcy, and with The notorious and 1990 - a figure which by now may be closer to 30%. theatres, 31 orchestras, 164 them will go the opportunity for "notwithstanding" clause in the publishers, 35 dance Canadian writers, novelists and FTA's cultural exemption (Susan Crean, Canadian Forum, July/August 1993). companies, 65 film and video poets to be published. provision means that, if a producers, 50 artists' centres, Canadian cultural measure Canadian magazines are 80 public galleries and 1 00 also in deep trouble. More than denies benefits to a U.S. The CBC has been a prime cultural publications depend to target for Tory cutbacks. The half of them - 150 in all - are cultural producer, the U.S. a greater or lesser extent on hundreds of millions of dollars either losing money or barely government can take Canada Council support. chopped from the CBC's breaking even. Instead of budget have forced th e intervening to help them, the Tory government ended postal shutdown of 11 production The Canada Council's recent subsidies and then hit them r------, centres and dozens of local 10% cuts in its performing arts with the GST. No wonder their Women's stations, and the cancellation grants will create a n e t ad revenues have dropped by of much local programming. increase in the public debt, & 1994 22%. Already nine out of ten Festival Over 1,400 CBC employees according to a study released the have been laid off. yesterday in Toronto (Globe magazines sold in Canada are foreign,owned, most of them voices of The severity of these and Mail, March 31, 1993) p E & describe cutbacks has resulted in the American. their to the intimidation of CBC senior Many in the arts and culture Canadians will have to turn forces of & oppression managers, prompting them to community now doubt if the increasingly to U.S. films, For ticket info. women & the West reduce or soften programs Council will be able to survive if books and TV for their or 772-0359 Coast Domestic Workers who have in the critical of the Tories in a vain the Tories are re-elected and information and entertainment. name of justice and attempt to ward off further continue to cut back on Council Tory neglect and abuse of tremendous pressure, as weU our cultural industries will have budget cuts. grants. Indeed, the Tories Featuring works from as & musicians Faith In tandem with the FTA, the have asked a fed er a I serious economic Tories reduced the capital cost committee of deputies to consequences. As many as Newfoundland, Canada, allowance to investors in designate which cultural 350,000 Canadians are Australia Canadian films from 100% to support measures they can employed in the various 30%, sending a clear signal turn over to the provinces and cultural sectors, including & China, including that the production of abandon. The Canada Council telecommunications, independent Canadian feature tops the list. Without such a broadcasting, publishing, films Kanehsatake films no longer had government funding body for the arts at the and recording, making culture Women's Story backing. In the wake of this national level, few writers, film- the fourth largest employer in My Left cutback, the number of makers or artists will be able to Canada with annual revenues Canadian film productions survive in the small Canadian of $12 billion. ... and many more outside Quebec has fallen by market. As we move into the 43%. Canadian-owned book "information age," our cultural The inclusion of advertising publishers, hard hit by the GST industries and artists cou Id in the FTA has facilitated the and foreign competition, are become the fastest,g rowing rapid takeover of Canadian ad also struggling to keep afloat. and most strategic part of our agencies by large U.S.-based Many have failed and gone economy. But under the Alanis & Winsom who use their multinationals. The result has under. Most others are Tories, our chances of to been a 25% decline in carrying heavy deficits. developing the kind of high- communities & aH our commercials produced in Publishers' sales have dropped tech information-based Canada and a 22% drop in by 30-to,40%, forcing them to economy that Canada needs $11.95 performers' earning from reduce the number of Canadian will be remote indeed. 233- 517 ST, M6G 4A2 commercials since 1988. The books they publish and printing imposition of the GST, which fewer copies of those they are Action Canada Network; forces Canadian performers to able to publish. With the FTA Prepared by the Canadian add 7% to their fees, has also and NAFTA preventing any Centre for Policy Alternatives . ;z $;. s. £ ' z a _ Fal/ 1993

Party positions: Culture Culture Culture Culture Culture

by Shella Flnestone use of investment tax credits for the production of Canadian films, sound recordings, and Canadian culture embraces cooperation is essential. At Broadcasting Corporation, the ninth-largest industry in the books. We will also take our shared perceptions and the federal level, nation- Canada Council, the National country, with direct revenues measures to enable Canadian beliefs, common experiences building has included promoting Film Board, T elefilm Canada, of $11.5 billion. Liberals producers of cultural products and values, and diverse public broadcasting and and other institutions illustrate recognize not only that the to export their work to linguistic and cultural creating the Canada Council, the Tories' failure to appreciate promotion of cultural industries international markets. We will identities: everything that the National Film Board, and the importance of cultural and contributes to enhancing explore the provision of. makes us uniquely Canadian. Telefilm Canada, among other industrial development. The Canadian identity, but also that income-averaging mechanisms Culture is the very essence of national cultural institutions. recent attempt to consolidate cultural products create jobs at in the Income Tax Act for home and bring in revenues national identity, the bedrock At a time when globalization the Canada Council and the Canadian artists. of national sovereignty and and the information and Social Sciences and from abroad. FinaHy, a Liberal government A Liberal government will national pride. It gives communications revolution are Humanities Research Council will be committed to stable help Canadian books, films, meaning to the lives of every erasing national borders, is but one more example of this multiyear financing for national and sound recordings to Canadian and enriches the Canada needs more than ever disregard for the promotion of cultural institutions such as the increase their share of the country socially, politically, to commit itself to cultural artistic endeavours. Canada Council and the CBC. and economically. development. Instead, the In Canada, over 400,000 domestic market through the establishment of policies and This will allow national cultural Culture is a matter for both Conservative regime has people are employed in all institutions to plan effectively. federal and provincial deliberately undermined our aspects of the cultural legislation with respect to economy. Arts and cultural marketing, distribution, and governments. It is an area national cultural institutions. Sheila Finestone, Liberal activities have become the exhibition. We will explore the where federal-provincial Funding cuts to the Canadian Candidate, Mount Royal, QC

by Judy Wasy/yc/a- lels

The 1993 Federal election is endeavours. Cutbacks to to protect Canadian culture, For the NOP, it is absolutely fundamentally about Canada's agencies, like the CBC and the even within the parameters of imperative that the federal future and, by implication, our Canada Council, and political this very narrow definition. government withdraw from the cultural future. Canada is interference with cultural Faced with American US-Canada Free Trade under attack and the very boards have been destructive opposition, the Conservatives Agreement and stop the existence of our unique cultural and damaging. But nothing refused to bring in legislation proposed NAFTA agreement. identity is at stake. compares to the devastation opening Canadian theatres to The challenges facing We believe that government being heaped upon Canadian Canadian movies. Postal rates Canadian culture go beyond has a major role to play in culture by Conservative trade for U.S. magazines were erosion of puq!ic funding and cultural policy and that deals. effectively equalized and a American domination. To be government support is Although the NAFTA includes promised $220 million in direct truly a mirror of our society and necessary for maintaining our an exemption for Canada that subsidy to Canadian publishers a tool for social change, cultural identity. That means allows the government to take was whittled down to $45 Canadian culture must above reforming tax policies which measures to promote cultural million. all rid itself of any hint of racial hurt our artistic community industries that would not Throughout the debate on bias, patriarchy, and contempt beginning with the elimination normally conform with other free trade, we have been told for alternative art forms. of the GST on reading material. these deals will give us access NAFTA provisions, it also It means recognizing the It also means rescinding the to the huge American market. allows the United States to basic right to freedom of cuts to cultural agencies Unfortunately, this is not the retaliate with "measures of expression for artists and for groups and empowering contained in the April 1993 issue for our artistic and equivalent commercial effect". equality of opportunity for all otherwise powerless members budget, retaining the Canada cultural communities. The Both deals adopt a definition people regardless of sex, in our society. It can and ought issue, in fact, is access to our Council as a separate agency, of culture that reduces it to just colour and race. It means to be a powerful force in the own domestic market. 75% of introducing film distribution another business sector which access to cultural activities development of Canada as all programs on english legislation, protecting only serves to devalue the regardless of income and both a just and productive television are American; 80% Canadian magazines, and whole idea of culture as an geography. It means the nation, and in the struggle for a of the english language book appointing only well-qualified expression of national identity. development of creative talent social existence in this country and representative Canadians There is abundant evidence market makes profits for in all individuals from the role of based'on humanizing relations. to cultural boards. that the FTA clause foreign publishers; and, professional artists to the homegrown films get access to The Conservative supposedly protecting cultural expansion of amateur activity. Judy Wasylycia-Leis is the the silver screen about 3% of government has systematically industries has not functioned It is our view that cultural NOP candidate for Winnipeg undermined cultural the time. policy is an important vehicle North. by the Hon. Monique Landry

Our culture is what we have operation with all stakeholders policy infrastructure gives system shall be owned and in common. We believe culture in the process of determining Canadians the room and controlled by Canadians and is intrinsic to our sense of what that allocation should be. support to dream, think and act should safeguard, enrich and nation, to our shared identity, The government must both creatively in every artistic strengthen our cultural, to our human spirit and to our provide leadership and build pursuit, through every cultural political, social and economic Trade Agreement, it is obvious economic prosperity. Our partnerships in every part of industry. Since 1984, we have fabric. that the Canadian cultural imagination and scholarship in Canada. This is even more adopted a number of measures We fight hard to protect sovereignty is intact. the art forms and disciplines of important now with our to help make this happen. Canada's national interests. In Our principles and initiatives cultural heritage, and our economic resources under Broadcasting is a major Tokyo, Prime Minister Kim demonstrate that it is a priority entrepreneurship and such great pressure. determinant of our culture as Campbell said: "In Canada, our for our party to support investments in cultural content The challenge to all partners Canadians. It plays a major national security is very much a Canadian culture. We will and its communications, must in the fields of culture is to work role in defining our national, question of our own ability to continue to protect and continue to flourish in Canada together so that these regional, local and even our preserve our culture." In July encourage a strong sense of and throughout the world. important sectors continue to individual identities. It is, 1993, we closed a loophole in cultural identity in Canada in a Cultural vitality within grow into healthy enterprises, therefore, much more than just our foreign investment laws way that corresponds to the economic reality is essential for contributing to both Canadian another industry. that would have allowed so- economic, fiscal and the existence of Canada. In all unity and self.knowledge. In 1988, we developed a new called Canadian versions of international contexts. of its efforts related to culture, The Information Age of the broadcasting policy and foreign publications. the Progressive Conservative We are making sure our The Hon. Monique Landry is the 21st century will be driven by legislation to provide more and government has respected and cultural industries are Minister of Canadian Heritage individual creativity. This gives better Canadian programming. will respect two important We passed the new protected in international trade and Progressive Conservative the government a vital role to priorities: to allocate Canadian Broadcasting Act. It affirms agreements. After five years of candidate for Blainvifle-Deux play, ensuring that Canada's public funds with wisdom and that the Canadian broadcasting implementation of the Free Montagnes. care, and to continue close co- legislative, regulatory and ~'--p_a_ge__ 42______F-_a_n_1_9_9_3 __ Canada's secrets:

Human rights byat Patricia Seeleyhome

As Canadians, we like to judges are women. An are committed to immediately think that we live in a fair and immediate step might be to expanding the definition of just society which respects raise the consciousness of spouse in the Canadian Human everyone's rights and provides judges and adjudicators to their Rights Code, to include same adequate recourse to those own personal biases and sex couple. whose rights are violated, biases within the I aw s The Canadian Human Rights either accidentally or delibe- themselves against women, Code still does not protect rately. At the very least, we people belonging to racial and gays and lesbians against want to feel that we are working ethnic minorities, aboriginal discrimination in federally towards that kind of country. people and people with regulated employment or When we think of "Human disabilities. services. Most of the Rights", many of us think of Find out which parties will provincial codes have already major violations such as make a committment to deal been amended, and the federal torture, "disappearances"; honestly and honourably with Commission is squirming with incarceration for long periods Canada's First Nations. the embarrassment of being so of time without trial and other The federal government has far behind. forms of bullying and three major identities A separate but related issue terrorization up to and including domestically: legislator, is official recognition of outright murder of politically service provider and employer. spousal relationships between dissident citizens by state Internationally, it is responsible partners of the same sex. agents. for Canada's reputation and Recent attempts to amend the In Canada, we tend to feel we, as Canadians, depend Code failed because the relatively safe from such overt upon it to conduct itself in a government wanted to protect abuses (unless, of course, we way which makes us proud. individual gays and lesbians, are Aboriginal people). Here, Recently, I attended the but didn't want to alter the human rights law is about premiere showing of Alanis definition of family or marital discrimination and discrimi- Obomsawin's new film status to allow for same-sex natory practices: racial slurs, Kanehsatake: 270 Years relationship recognition. sexual harassment on the joo, of Resist a n c e at the The 1992 Michael Leshner or refusal to hire on the basis of Toronto Film Festival, and was decision in Ontario struck down disability. Many of us are horrified to discover how the sections of the Ontario actually quite foggy about what quickly I had "forgotten" the Human Rights Code which connection there is between feeling of shame I had' so required a spouse to be "of the employment, housing or keenly felt during the weeks of opposite sex''. Two of the service discrimination and the Oka stand-off such a short three-member panel justified those headline-grabbing acts time ago. their decision using Charter of of violent injustice. Someone in the audience Rights reasoning, while the No law can actually protect asked if the film would be third argued that even without anyone's rights - only vigilance distributed internationally. It the Charter argument, the can ensure that our own and will be, and I am re-filled with opposite-sex wording should others' rights are respected, shame when I think of others in be struck from the Code! and that violations don't go the world seeing the idiotic, Federal opposition to spousal unnoticed. However, laws can dishonest, mindless behaviour Although this is very positive country. recognition is outmoded and and do define rights, spell out of government officials at a II news, there was no Racial prejudices are viruses unjust. the mechanisms in place to levels of Canadian government committment made as to the which we all carry within us, Find out what your candidate defend them and provide when dealing with Aboriginal start-up date of the new whether in active or dormant represents. Make sure you will avenues of recourse to follow people. programme, and no real form. Racism, on the other be voting for a champion of should they be violated. Find out which parties are assurance that this would be hand, is a function of power human rights -- someone who In Canada we have a Charter committed to the establishment considered a permanent and relations. People who are more will say things you can be of Rights Act, in addition to of a funded charter challenge integral part of the I e g a I empowered within a political proud of not only when they system are automatically each province's codes of civil system such as the Court mechanisms for achievement speak publically in the House "racist" simply by their and human rights law. All these Challenges or Charter Law of an equitable society. of Commons, but also when laws are designed to provide Development system. Find out which parties plan to immersion, however "innocent", they speak privately, in the justice, but it is a system that When the Charter of Rights amend existing legislation within that sysem. Becoming a back rooms, in the hallways of can only be as good as the and Freedoms was instituted, which does not conform to the non-racist requires an active, Parliament, over lunch and at people who are administering so was a Court Challenges Charter of Rights and conscious effort on everyone's cocktail parties. and interpreting the law. programme, whereby laws Freedoms in its treatment of part, and anyone who is not There are pressing questions which unjustly impacted on people with disabilities. Find actively making those efforts that must be addressed related particular individuals or groups out which parties will prioritize a is, by definition, part of the to human rights in Canada in could be challenged in court. coordinated and cooperative problem. this upcoming election. In other words, one did not approach to the full social and The government of our Ask the candidates if their have to be wealthy or privileged economic integration of people country must actively make party is committed to to apply to have an equality with disabilities. real efforts to free itself from eliminating sexism, racism and issue heard. The Conservative Disability rights groups have the viral infection of racism, ableism within the federally government, in what it claimed lobbied for change in many whether its efforts begin at the regulated justice systems. was a cost-cutting measure, areas which fall under federal legislative level, with the Indian The recent report, eliminated funding for the Court jurisdiction directly, such as Act, the Immigration Act, or the Touchstones for Change, Challenges programme. Given immigration, inter-provincial Employment Equity Act, or at prepared by a task force the relatively low budget of the transportation, unemployment the policy level, for example, headed by former Supreme programme in the first place insurance and job training, within the military, prohibiting Court Judge, Bertha Wilson, for (about $2.SM), equality- federal employment equity and membership in racist groups the Canadian Bar Association, seeking groups saw the move universal health care. such as the Heritage Front. confirmed the need for as a slap in the face of justice. Although the feds have a 5- Immediate amendments to the diversification, education and In a recent speech in year National Strategy for the Criminal Code to toughen and scrutinization of the behaviour Edmonton, Kim Campbell Integration of Persons with make enforceable the laws of judges and adjudicators announced the establishment Disabilities, critics charge that against hate propaganda is a throughout the justice system. of a new Charter Law activity has been more direct challenge to racism. Presently, only 12% of Development Fund, with apparent than real. Finally, find out which parties federally appointed judges and operating funds at about the Find out which parties will will amend the Canadian Human 13% of provincially appointed same level as the Court begin to address the reality of Rights Code to protect lesbians Challenges Programme. institutionalized racism in this and gays, and which parties __~_-a_T_;,_5_;_~_~_-;_- z_-_c _s-_-_$______-; 5-r -I -I -3 -z _?_, __ _ -s -s -1 __·_z_a

Party positions: Human rights Human rights We did not receive an article on human rights from the Liberal Party-. by Leena Evlc-Twerdln

Our government is a leader in rights, since the federal previous program and it will be citizenship. Congress. promoting human rights at government has delegated run by a non·profit, arm's length The Progressive Since 1989, our national home and around the world. We those powers to them. agency. It will fund test cases Conservative government education campaign to combat believe that each and every The Charter of Rights and of federal laws involving not launched the National Action racism has centered around individual has a right to be Freedoms constitutionally only language and equality Plan for Police-Minority March 21, the International Day treated fairly, justly and protects certain fundamental rights, but cases based on Relations and worked closely for the Elimination of Racial humanely. freedoms that custom and law fundamental freedoms in the with the Canadian Association Discrimination. It is based on a For example, we have tabled over the years had made Charter, such as freedom of of Chiefs of Police and Police partnership among hundreds of a bill to bring the Canadian almost universal in our country. conscience and religion. Services. We also helped thousands of individual Human Rights Act (CHRA) into It would be wrong to think that When it comes to gay and establish the Canadian Centre Canadians, as well as line with the Charter of Rights the Charter embodies all our lesbian rights, we introduced a for Police-Race Relations. business, labour, the media, and Freedoms. We are leading rights as Canadians; rather, the bill to amend the Canadian We have worked closely with other levels of government and the way by promoting Charter only guarantees a Human Rights Act to add schools and universities to educators. employment equity within basic minimum set of rights. sexual orientation as a develop culturally sensitive These initiatives federal departments. We We all have other rights that prohibited ground of programs and practices. We demonstrate that anti-racism is passed a law to help give many derive from federal, provincial, discrimination. The Department continue to work with a priority for us. We will Aboriginal women back their international and common law. of Justice has already begun a municipalities and provinces on continue to fight racism and status and right to band And, of course, Parliament or a review of federal legislation and sensitization programs. promote multiculturalism as a membership. We are working to provincial legislature can policies that make distinctions We helped the Western fundamental characteristic of ensure gender equality in the always add to our rights. on the basis of marriage and Judicial Education Centre Canada through all our justice system. We ratified the The Constitution affirms that family relationships. The issue develop sensitivity training institutions, government and UN Convention on the Rights of we are a multicultural country of benefits for gay and lesbian programs in sentencing for otherwise. the Child. We have stopped and that Charter rights must be partners will be considered as judges. We have a strong and active affirmed consistently with this direct aid to countries that part of this review. We help organizations and commitment to the ideal. blatantly violate human rights, We are dealing with race institutions be more accessible advancement of human rights. and are directing it to those that Recently, we announced the relations issues in a and sensitive to members of We have demonstrated that foster human rights. reinstatement and improvement progressive way. We are minority groups. We help commitment. We will continue In Canada, protection of the of a program to fund test cases focusing on the day-to-day action and research groups to work to ensure the fair, just individual's rights and freedoms dealing with certain Charter problems faced by people of across the country fight and humane treatment of every is a subject of both federal and provisions. The new program diverse origins. We are leading racism. We launched a "racism individual. provincial jurisdiction. The will be called the Charter Law the fight against racism so all in the workplace" education territorial governments also Development Program. It will Canadians can equally enjoy program for the unions that Leena Evie- Twerdin is the may legislate to protect human have the same funding as the the benefits of Canadian belong to the Canadian Labour Progressive Conservative candidate for Nunatsiaq.

by Margaret Mitchell, MP

Article 1 of the Universal status, family status, disability points out that "Poor families to the Ontario N D P Declaration of Human Rights or conviction for an offence for have disposable incomes that Governments's amendments to states: "All human beings are which a pardon has been are an average of one third the Ontario Human Rights Act born free and equal in dignity granted." below the poverty line." We will continue to work for the and rights." Section 2 of the Today these rights are being Even though Canada played right of individuals to equal Canadian Human Rights Act constantly violated or ignored a prominent role at the World justice under the law, the right states: "every individual should by Canadian governments. Summit for Children in to be free from hunger, have an equal opportunity with New Democrats believe some September 1990, and signed violence and poverty, the right LESBIAN GAY LITERATURF other individuals to make for of the key human rights issues and ratified the International to equal access to jobs, himself or herself the life that in Canada include the Convention on the Rights of the language training, retraining he or she is able and wishes to -establishment of a long term Child, one in six children go regardless of race or sexual ST, have, consistent with his or her job strategy pro g ram . hungry every day in Canada. orientation, and a strong policy duties and obligations as a Essentials include such basics At the same time, Canada of anti-racist education MA_ member of society, without as skills up-grading and contributes significantly to throughout the school system being hindered in or prevented creating job apprenticeships to global spending of over $900 and in the workplace. 59BA ST. from doing so by discriminatory replaee needed skills, billion for weapons of The New Democrats Federal practices based on race, mandatory employment equity destruction. Poverty Action Plan to combat racism national or ethnic origin, colour, laws, anti-racist laws with increases the loss of human includes: religion, age, sex, marital protection from harassment, potential, reduces dignity and the right to live and work inevitably Canada's future Proclaiming Bill C-63 to without fear of attack because competitiveness abroad. establish a Canadian Race of one's sexual orientation, The indignities perpetrated Relations Foundation, with Federal and Provincial equal access to education in on Aboriginal people is another funds; governments together either official language example of government Acknowledging past developing. positive especially far newcomers, inaction and easily rank among injustices against Ukranian, educational programs for all basic right to food and shelter some of the global human German and Italian Canadians ages, including a re-writing of regardless of income level, and tragedies. The Davis Inlet interned in war time; history books to accurately the right to health care. incident,· where several Amending the Criminal Code document our multicultural Poverty in Canada is children died before the to make racism a criminal past. unacceptable. This is a nation Canadian government did offence and strengthening Canadians want a caring and that prides itself on having one anything, is a further example sections dealing with hatred compassionate society that of the highest standards of of the lack of commitment to and propaganda; cares for children and the living in the world. It is a upholding basic human rights. Reinstating the Court elderly, respects women, Lesbian national disgrace that 4 million The shooting and killing of Challenges Program, to ensures education and jobs, Blacks in our urban cities, by people are poor. According to establish a foundation so that the universality of health care, Feminist the very police who are paid to the Economic Council of disadvantaged groups can and the tolerance a n d Gay Books Canada's 1992 report, The protect them, also highlights clarify their Charter rights; acceptance of the diverse this. New Face of Poverty, Providing adequate funding races that make up our nation. Free Catalogue "Based on market income, the New Democrats will continue to community based advocacy These are the essentials of a St·Laurent proportion of Canadians in to demand amendments to the and human rights groups; truly just society. poverty (incidence of poverty) Canadian Human Rights Act to Increasing cross-cultural protect gays and lesbians and has changed little in the past training, enforcing mandatory Margaret Mitchell is New persons with disabilities two decades." The report also employment equity in all federal Democratic Party MP for against discrimination, similar departments and agencies; Vancouver East. V'lomanist page 44 Fa/11993 Empty nets:

The future of theby Barbarafishery Nels a relatively open access offshore groundfish stocks smaller and landings declined, closure, earn more on the inshore fishery and The allocation to the these draggers lined their nets package. This means women's government subsidies to move inshore sector was set at a with other nets to keep their incomes on the package are into the industry. level than its catches up. consistently lower than men's. The Atlantic fishery is mired By 1981, many of the big landings. Within fishing communities, Many groups, such as young in the deepest and most companies were on the verge For the first time, the fishery-related incomes got people who worked seasonally profound crisis it has ever of bankruptcy as they got offshore companies' share of narrower. Fishing and fish in plants and went to known. The futures of the caught between high debt the resources took the form of processing families became university, do not qualify. fishery resources and of the loads incurred during the Enterprise Allocations (EAs), differentiated. In search of Without summer employment, communities dependent on expansion, high interest rates, private shares to be fished and alternative incomes, a few their educational future may be them are shrouded in high costs of production, and distributed between their plants women successfully jeopardized. uncertainty. low prices in the foreign according to their corporate challenged discriminatory More recent compensation In rural Atlantic Canada an markets. The federal goals. As the decade legislation that had helped packages have been less estimated 50,000 fishers and government set up the Kirby unfolded, further pieces of the keep women out of the boats generous and more difficult to 19,000 fish processing workers Task Force with a mandate to fishery resource were parcelled by denying them the right to qualify. This bodes ill for the depend directly on the fishing collect unemployment future. industry for employment. An insurance if they fished with Retraining is allowing some additional 47,000 other workers their husbands. to tackle long· standing are indirectly dependent on it, a As fishery resources began illiteracy and others to pursue figure that does not include the to decline, household and courses of interest to them invisible, unpaid workers such corporate investments in outside of the fishery. as wives and mothers in the ...... fishing technology were forced However, there are significant estimated 1,300 fishing .. up. It took more gear to catch questions about the quality of communities for which the - fewer fish, and more of the the training that is being industry is the lifeblood. In the ... resources of fishing delivered and the extent to last decade we have witnessed households flowed off the land, which it will provide adequate policies that have helped bring out of the community and into support to those who may want the industry to the point of the boats. In some cases, to leave the industry. For collapse. women followed these those who want to stay, The latest crisis in the resources and began working particularly plantworkers, little Atlantic fisheries forced itself with their husbands as is being offered. onto the national crewmembers in order to keep This summer, fishers who consciousness with the more of the fishery-generated would normally be up and out announcement of a two year wealth in their households. on the water by 4:00 or 5:00 in moratorium on the northern cod As some skippers no longer the morning were still in their stocks in July 1992. The recommend ·~ays to "achieve out in the form of Individual had to be concerned about beds at 11 :00 a.m. Some are symptoms of crisis were there and maintain a viable Atlantic Transferable Quotas (ITOs) to providing employment for their doing occasional training long before the northern cod fishing industry." Most of its many of the larger dragger wives and families in the local programmes, primarily fishery- moratorium was announced. recommendations were owner-operators in southwest plant, their commitment to related. They've recently Conflicts, protests an d accepted and the resultant Nova Scotia and west coast selling their catches in the heard that the fishery on which deepening resentments within policies, together with the Newfoundland who had used community declined. they depended may not reopen and between communities were flawed assumptions on which lucrative licenses in crab and Communities fragmented and for several years. Women in powerful symptoms of they were based, contain other species to finance large, internal conflicts and divisions their forties who worked for a accelerating resource deCline. important clues to the origins of costly fishing vessels. deepened. Plantworkers found decade or more in the local They also reflected growing the current crisis. As early as 1984, some themselves fighting with fishplant find themselves with inequities in access to The authors of the Kirby inshore fishers were vessel-owners and workers in no work, low incomes, and remaining fish. Federal policy Task Force report set two challenging claims that stocks other communities in an effort most of their wealth tied up in initiatives in the 1980s have policy objectives: a) creating were recovering. Their to hold on to a share of the homes, communities and contributed to these inequities an economically viable industry landings were going down, their declining resource. fishing gear that might have no and to resource decline. no longer in need o f seasons were getting shorter, Whether they were working in future value. When the federal government subsidy and, b) the fish was smaller and they the plants or in the boats, A young woman I talked with government extended the 200 only secondarily, maximization were having to use more gear women's jobs paid less than feels glad to get away from her mile limit in 1977, this was of employment from the to get the same amount of fish. men's and this was reflected in community so she doesn't supposed to provide the basis industry. They also challenged the lower unemployment insurance have to watch her father for resource conservation and Starting from the premise failure of the federal premiums and, as seasonality struggle with empty days and a enhancement of stocks that although the industry has government to place observers increased, greater difficulty bleak and uncertain future. Her depleted by foreign and local many problems, "a shortage of on offshore boats in order to getting enough work to qualify. friends are all leaving, she tells overfishing since the 1950s. It fish is not one of them," the reduce waste and ensure more Fishers were allowed to use me; that is, those that can. was also supposed to provide report and the politicians who accurate estimates of total fish their ten best weeks as a basis Because loss of work can the basis for limiting access to accepted its recommendations landings. for unemployment insurance mean loss of their homes and communities, because the fishery resources by ensuring confidently advocated policies Political pressure from the but the same privilege was not fishery is what they know but that those closest to the that were supposed to produce powerful offshore companies extended to plantworkers, something they are no longer resources, those with the a leaner, more efficient, year- and federal commitment to most of who are women. able to do, and because strongest historical claim, round industry with fewer "rationalize" the fishery to Until recently, nothing was unemployment is high would have first access. participants, higher incomes, create a context in which the done to stop the downward elsewhere, welfare may be the In the case of the northern economic, social and less UI dependence and better concerns of inshore fishing only meaningful option for cod stocks, inshore quality products marketed ecological spiral within which communities were largely many if current policies communities had the.strongest more effectively. many fishing communities ignored. Requirements for a continue. historical claim but their The premise that fish "healthy" stock were found themselves. The capacity to survive depended shortages would not be a recently announced moratoria downgraded, and overfishing Barbara Neis is a sociology on cod stocks recovering, problem was based on on northern cod and other and wastage were allowed to professor at Memorial access to alternative sources optimistic projections about the equally endangered groundfish persist much longer than they University in St. John's, of employment, different recovery of the northern cod stocks were long overdue. For should have. Newfoundland and is currently species and/or the incomes of stocks. those eligible, the government Throughout the 1980s, working on a book on the other household members The result of the Kirby Task landings in the small boat, compensation package has postwar Newfoundland fishery. during periods of low prices, Force was the creation of two inshore fisheries without ITOs provided some security until poor landings and increasing supercompanies, National Sea declined. Fishery resources next July. Beyond this, costs. Products and Fishery Products that in many communities had however, the future is After 1977, investment in the International (FPI). A large, been communally managed in uncertain. Atlantic fishery expanded share of the northern cod the past became the private The current compensation rapidly as companies struggled stocks, traditionally fished by property of mobile draggers by package is sustaining and to position themselves so as to inshore fishers, was allocated virtue of their possession of perhaps deepening divisions gain access to the anticipated to these firms, in addition to superior, mobile fishing within communities and fishery bonanza. Fishing some of the valuable between regions. Those who technology and excessively households took advantage of shellfishery resources and the earned more before the high quotas. As fish got Fa/11993 page 45

Party positions: Fisheries Fisheries Fisheries Fisheries

by Jean Payne and Bonnie Hickey

Th.e fishing industry is exist about the threats to with foreign fishing outside the federal efforts to increase processors -- are not actively Canada's oldest. Yet, in less salmon habitat and spawning 200-mile limit and scrutinize seafood exports with priority involved in the decision-making than a decade, the fisheries streams. Conservation and foreign quotas within 200 miles. objectives identified by the process. In considering issues policy of the Conservative rebuilding of the stocks will be We believe that fish industry. and policy which have a government threatens the' the top priority of Liberal harvesters and processors are The quality of infrastructure dramatic and immediate impact survival of hundreds of fisheries policy. an integral part of the small and in the fishing industry is a on the lives of individuals, communities throughout We recognize that medium-sized business primary determinant of the sincere efforts must be made Atlantic Canada and an historic groundfish stocks are in community in Atlantic Canada. industry's overall success. A to solicit input and legacy dating 500 years. serious trouble and that fishing By its inaction with respect to Liberal government will participation. A Liberal Conservative policy has efforts must be ended or marketing, market access, and implement measures to ensure government will ensure that created an employment crisis severely curtailed in many export market development, that adequate fisheries those who earn their living in unseen in Canada since the areas. But Liberals also know the Conservative government infrastructure is provided and the fishery will have meaningful Great Depression. that this crisis is not simply a obviously believes otherwise. maintained. involvement in the decision- Recent scientific information "fisheries" problem ; it is an Liberals believe that the crucial None of the measures making process. outlined above will succeed in reveals that the stock levels of issue with massive economic role of government in revitalizing the Atlantic fishing Atlantic groundfish such as and social implications. The innovation is to work in Jean Payne, Liberal Candidate, industry or ensuring the cod, haddock, and pollack government must respond to partnership with the private St. John's West have never been so low. While renewal of commercial stocks, this national crisis and on an sector to identify strategic Bonnie Hickey, Liberal salmon runs on the West Coast if participants in the industry -- international level as well. A opportunities for the future. A Candidate, St. John's East are strong this year, concerns fishermen, plant workers, and Liberal government will deal Liberal government will link

by Margaret-Ann O'Rourke The fishery is a valuable processed in the Atlantic; new Canada. Then we set quotas or serious effects overfishing has resource and important to the markets should be sought for the Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for our fishery. Our efforts are way of life in Atlantic Canada. Atlantic Canadian fish; fishing for different types of fish in paying off. At a September This is why it is so important to communities should be helped different areas. Since 1989, 1992 meeting of the Northwest help it overcome the crisis in to diversify their economies; scientists have found fewer Atlantic Fisheries Ornanization, the fishery. To rebuild and and those who work in the and fewer fish. Each year, we all members agreed to quotas prepare for a better tomorrow. fishery should be involved in have responded by cutting the for 1993, including a ban on creating a strong export-led In Halifax, on September 18, the decisions that affect their TAC to protect fish stocks. fishing for northern cod outside private sector to help create We also set up a catch the Canadian zone. This was Prime Minister Kim Campbell livelihood. wealth. We will also create monitoring program--an outlined her plan to help get the We are helping the industry the first time the EC had agreed Innovations Atlantic to help the enforcement measure to make fishery back on a surer footing change with the times and are that no fishing for northern cod development of ideas and get sure quotas are met. We set would take place. and support Atlantic Canadians working to preserve our them into the marketplace. out the requirement that all through hard times. It reflects precious fish stocks. We have Prime Minister Kim Our new approach will use fleets prepare conservation the beliefs that: there must be made long-term management of Campbell's plan to help Atlantic the modern tools of economic harvesting plans. an end to foreign-overfishing the fishery a priority, have Canada reach its potential and growth and apply them to outside the 200-mile limit; taken steps to preserve the We have worked hard to promise is based on new Atlantic Canada's home-grown harvesting and processing stocks, and are working to solve the serious problem of economic partnerships-- strengths. should match the fish available, reduce the impact on people, foreign overfishing by raising between governments, the industry should become families, and communities. awareness and improving business, labour and people Margaret-Ann O'Rourke is the more self-sufficient and self- Each year, w.e have done our cooperation. We have been and communities. It includes Progressive Conservative reliant; efforts should be made best to determine the amount of making the European creating an environment where candidate for Humber-St. to add value to fish products fish in the waters off Atlantic Community aware of the small business can thrive and Barbe-Baie Verte.

by Pau/lne MacKenzie

The first signs of collapse of the economic stability of representatives of the fishing Finally we must acknowledge fishery has sent shock waves the Atlantic fishery were thousands of Atlantic industry and community. that the fishing industry will not a~ross Atlantic Canada. An evident to the coastal fishers a Canadians. Destroyed too, is In the future it should be a return to its former size - that earlier effort at introducing numb·er of years ago. The what has been in the past, one condition for obtaining a fewer people will be required to responsible management of the reasons for the collapse of the of the world's most abundant licence that the vessels used harvest the resource. resource would have groundfish stocks, the renewable food stocks. in the Canadian fishery are With fewer people harvesting demanded sacrifices on the backbone of the Atlantic coast What should be done in the Canadian made and fish, how do we ensure that the part of a number of people fishery, vary from foreign over- future? maintained. Canadians should benefits derived are returned to involved in the industry. fishing and the misuse of The first principle must be a be manufacturing the engines, the fishing community, that However, it might have technology, to changes in dedication to the growth and the boats, the nets and the fishing families rather than prevented .the ecological water temperature and development of the fish stock. other essential gear of the fishing corporations are the disaster all Atlantic Canadians government mismanagement. The days of harvesting fish fishing industry. The fish beneficiaries of an ecologically must deal with today. caught in Canadian waters Since the federal without regard for tomorrow are and economically well managed Pauline MacKenzie is the New should be landed and government has complete over. The sea's abundance resource? Democratic Party Candidate for processed in Canada. jurisdiction over the fishery off can return only with careful The collapse of our off-shore Fredericton York Sunbury the Atlantic coast, the midwifery. New Democrats have· not responsibility for its collapse Secondly, once the stocks wavered in their position since must be laid at the feet of the are replenished, the federal 1975 that unless the international community federal governments, past and government must b e assumes fisheries present. We should have been responsible for the Pursuing Equality moving toward closure years management beyond our 200 conservation of this public mile zone, Canada should. Historical Perspectives on Women in ago. resource ahead of all other What brought us to this The federal government must Newfoundland Labrador concerns or corporate be prepared to continue to Linda Kealey, Editor unfortunate crossroad? The interests. This means that new answer is obvious. The fishery compensate fishing families 0-919666-77-9 pp photos $24.95 harvesting methods which while a moratorium is in effect as it was conducted for the last ensure conservation must be Books decade, has proved to have and until viable employment Memorial University of Newfoundland developed in co-operation with options are found by those left been environmentally both the provinces and the John's, Newfoundland unsustainable. Destroyed is without a livelihood. AlC Tel. 737-7450 737-2041 __ .. l

page 46 1993

No farms, no food, no future

by Sally Rut_herford

is another factor that has had a balanced position of significant Given all of the uncertainties major impact on Canadian reductions of export subsidies and challenges that face farm Canada needs to farms. During the past five and the maintenance of the families and farm women in promote locally-grown years, trade agreements have provisions to protect the particular, it might be surprising food, thus supporting A farm woman's typical day changed the way that marketing systems for dairy, that they do remain on the is, in some ways, not much producers of specific poultry and egg producers (as farm. The truth is that farmers family-run farms, different from her day 10 years commodities, and who e a minimum) is crucial to the do not take their vocation or regional food self- ago. sectors, have had to in the healthy functioning of their lifestyle lightly. They will sufficiency, and She is likely to be, quite marketplace. agriculture in Canada for the continue to work hard for a alternatives to literally, "chief cook and bottle If a farmer is involved in an next 10 to 20 years. strong agriculture industry in chemical-intensive export commodity, such as washer". She is also probably Despite all of these Canada and strong rural farming techniques. chief bookkeeper, tractor beef, pork or grains, the pressures, one aspect of the communities. driver, herds "person", Canada-U.S.Trade Agreement primary agriculture ind us try A country, like an machinery parts courier, and' (CUSTA) and NAFTA have been Sally Rutherford is the army, will survive only which has not changed is the Executive Director of the co-manager of a small to useful in opening up markets or family nature of farming. if it can feed itself. providing recourse on U.S. Canadian Federation of medium sized business According to the 1991 census, trade actions. If, on the other Agriculture. ope~ation (all of this often over 98% of Canadian farms hand, she runs a horticulture without child care). These were still classified by their operation, the effect of CUSTA tasks are in addition to ·h~ r operators as family farms. roles as wife, mother and, has been damaging. increasingly, breadwinner from Locally-grown foods are better for consumers an off-farm job as well. because they are fresher, and they exert less of a However, the agriculture detrimental impact on the environment because industry in which she plays a they require less transportation. Foodstuffs in major role has changed in the past 10 years. the U.S. now travel an average of 2,000 miles. While the number of farms NAFT A promises to increase that to 5,000 miles. has remained fairly stable, about 300,000 across Canada.- the relative size of farms has changed. Ten years ago, the majority of farms were small to medium sized, full-time operations. Today, the number of larger farms has increased MARGARET L.M. significantly. These large LAW farms are still the primary source of employment. They make use of all available farm family labour and still provide LAW A most, if not all, of family Horticulture producers have This statistic is illustrative of income. On the smaller and been put under great strain by one of the most positive medium sized operations, MARGARET L.M. BA LLB. the increased access into the changes over the past ten many of the owners are now Canadian market for U.S. fruits years: the increased E. HEGNEY, B. Sc. (HONS), LLB. working on the farm and holding and vegetables. re cognition of women in off-farm jobs as well. The biggest question for agriculture. More and more WENDY B. BA, LLB. Economics have caused most farm families is the GA TI, women are farming as sole some of these changes. the General Agreement on operators, more and more farm "Commercial" farms, which Tariffs and Trade, which sets families are recognizing women provide the bulk of the out the parameters for trade as full and legal partners in the Law agricultural production in throughout the world. The lack family business. There are still Canada, have become larger in of enforceable trade rules for hurdles to be overcome, for Equality Rights Real Estate order to realize economies of agriculture in the GATI over example, provincial legislation scale in production. The state the past ten years has created and program design which Same-Sex Legal Matters of world markets and, yes, serious problems for Canadian discourages participation of even the weather, have had an grain producers who have been married partners. Efforts are 73 King Street, London, Ontario N6A 1C1 impact. Poor commodity prices forced to compete against the ongoing to remove not only Phone (519) 642-7135 Fax (519) 642-2960 and/or poor crops have forced very large subsidies paid by these barriers, but also the many farm families to seek an U.S. and European Community "glass ceiling" barriers which additional source of income to treasuries to their farmers. discourage the participation of provide day-to--Oay living The "subsidy wars" have women in agriculture per se and expenses. In 1990, total family taken their toll on the Prairie in the development of policy for income averaged $47,426 with grain industry and on the health the industry. Write to us at only $15,212 coming from the of farm families a n d One of the major issues farm. communities. The facing agriculture and the The Womanist. The changing pattern and development of a new GA TI people who are involved in it, is structure of international trade which supports the Canadian the future of rural areas. In almost all rural areas farmers are no longer the most 41 York 3rd numerous residents. Indeed, Ottawa, K1 N farming is most often not the major source of economic tel (613) 562-4081 activity. As farm numbers drop WINDLEY and other resource based fax (613) 562-4033 Winner of the activity declines, the Award population base required to Haunting stories set on British maintain services such as We want west coast, where memory and the eye are stores, schools, churches, and sometimes deluded seeing just outside recreational facilities in rural to hear what the range of ordinary light areas also decline. This in turn $12.95 pb reduces the opportunities for you think of oolkhan employment which further the paper. Box IO, Lantzville, BC, erodes the population base - and the possibilities for off- farm income. page 47 Party positions: Agriculture Agriculture Agriculture

by Lois Ross

Since 1971 this country has farms by ensuring that all returned to family-owned work with the provinces to to post a I services, lost half of its family farmers. programs have ceilings which operations or used to help implement community land transportation, telecommun- Between 1986 and 1 9 9 1 meet the needs of family younger generation start-up trusts to manage land which ications, and government and Canada lost more than 26% of farmers. family farms. comes into control of the financial services. The its individual and family farms. Canada's New Democrats Supply management and Crown, instead of selling land development of Canada's rural Canada's family farmers recently released on 8-point orderly marketing systems to the highest bidder. These communities includes have now entered into the 11th plan which will work toward would be maintained. The trusts could ensure that land enhanced support for co- hour. So too have the these goals. Here are a few of international food market is remains in the hands of family operatives and community ;) communities which are the key points in that plan: controlled by a handful of multi- farmers. In addition, we would enterprises. dependant on the survival of A Family Farm Stabilization nationals. Canadian farmers implement a farmers' pension. The question of who grows the family farm. Program would provide a fair have gained more control over This retirement plan would the food in this country and Canada's New Democrats minimum price based on costs their products through orderly lessen the need for farmers to who has access to the land is know that there are of production for a portion of marketing systems such as the accumulate land and lessen crucial to all Canadians. alternatives which can be the crop. The stabilization Canadian Wheat Board where the need for each generation of History tells us that countries program would include a wide- implemented to begin working individual farmers are not new farmers to pay speculative which neglect family farmers range of crops including cereal immediately toward the isolated and weakened by the prices for land. eventually pay the price. It is grains, farm feed grains, maintenance of family farms. multi-nationals operating in the In order to meet high time we had a federal forage, potatoes and other field environmental and community Preserving Canada's family international marketplace. Our government which paid crops not covered by development needs, Canada's farms is the only way to plan also includes cancelling attention. If this country marketing boards. New Democrats would maintain rural communities the Free Trade agreements. continues to lose farms at the •The Farm Credit Corporation encourage crop an d dependent on agriculture. It is These do not provide fair rules same rate that it has during the would be turned into a farmer's agricultural diversity. Our plan also the only way to ensure for international trade and do past decade, it will take far less bank. The FCC would be given also includes the need to that Canada has a secure food not allow Canadian time to lose another 50% of the mandate to suspend farm encourage small and medium system and an environmentally governments to establish or farmers - less than five years! foreclosures and offer a new sized businesses which add sound agricultural base. change programs to benefit farm debt relief plan which value to our agricultural family farmers and rural products, and which create Instead of allowing land would provide family farmers communities. Lois Ross is the New concentration to proceed with the opportunity to stay on employment in rural Democratic Party candidate for unchallenged, our plan is the land. In addition, lands A planned approach to land communities. We know that Swift Current-Maple Creek- designed to encourage family foreclosed by the FCC would be transfer and pensions. We will rural communities need access Assiniboia

by Jane Stewart

Farming and the agrifood agriculture, 1.55 jobs are supply management programs, Liberals will enhance the role of percent of Canada's total industry are vital common created elsewhere in the support for the Canadian the Farm Credit Corporation by exports (1991), and have elements in the economies and economy. For every one - Wheat Board, retention of our introducing three new farm generated an agricultural trade social structures of every dollar increase in agricultural crop insurance programs, and credit programs to provide surplus of $2.5 billion. Liberals province. A large percentage farm income, there is a two- a commitment, in cooperation long-term stability to Canadian recognize the importance of of the food requirements of dollar increase in income for with the provinces, to soil and farmers. agricultural trade and will work Canada's population comes the Canadian economy. water conservation and We recognize the to build upon our natural from Canadian farms ; most of As Liberal Leader Jean management and agricultural deficiencies in the current agricultural advantages, the food we import is not Chretien stated at the May 1O research, to name just a few. safety net programs, and will moving towards crop climatically adapted to Canada. announcement of the Liberal But more is needed than just introduce an improved program diversification and product The agrifood industry in agriculture policy, "Farm retaining many of the policies based on "whole farm support". development to meet the Canada provides Canadians families need long-term that we already have. The This program will be self- export demands of the with the safest and most programs to assist them in Liberal approach to agriculture sustaining and able to provide international marketplace. secure food source at the securing their future, so that will provide programs to secure stabilization of farm Strengthening the trade second-lowest cost of any they can continue to provide develop new domestic and incomes. It will be interests of Canadian country in the western world. Canadians with the best quality international markets for food environmentally sustainable, agriculture must be given a In addition, agriculture, food in the world." products, reduce input costs to commodity neutral, sensitive to high priority. including the processing, Liberals are committed to the make farming more viable, and regional differences, and In keeping with the Liberal wholesale, and retail sectors, establishment of a national introduce a plan for a new designed to eliminate long Parjy's commitment to fiscal accounts for approximately 10 agriculture and food security "whole farm" income delays before payment. As responsibility, the agriculture percent of Canada's economic policy for Canada. Currently stabilization program. well, the program will be as programs would be funded out activity. Annual sales from the there are several programs Canada's agrifood industry market and production neutral of existing departmental as possible and in harmony agrifood industry exceed $60 available to Canadian farmers, must have an adequate level of budgets, and would be income, reduced input costs, with the GATT and international billion and account for one-third providing different forms and implemented within our first and access to capital, to obligations. of our trade surplus ; primary levels of support and stability. mandate as the new federal agricultural products account remain economically viable. For the past 15 years, farm Liberals will maintain those government. for about 30 percent of this One of the most economic and exports have made up between policies and programs that total contribution. efficient ways to reduce input 40 and 50 percent of farm cash have been developed over the Jane Stewart, Liberal For every job created in receipts, representing 7.5 years, including support. for costs is through farm credit. Candidate, Brant

by Sue Irvine

opportunities, and are helping resulted in Growing Together-- in the 1992-93 crop year are Initiative. It helps farm families the industry become to guide the industry into the - approximately $1.6 billion. start up small businesses or environmentally friendly. future and promote success. pursue new job opportunities It is important to preserve the Farming is a business and we Income and trade and building a In 1991, we brought in a new off their farms. farming way of life. It is just as are helping farmers improve the modern successful farm and generation of farm safety net way they manage their We made a number of important to build a winning food industry are the important programs. The Gross Revenue improvements to the Farm farm and food industry. business. This includes better issues for farmers and the Insurance Program (GRIP) and production, marketing and Credit Corporation, including Success for this industry will important issues for us. the Net Income Stabilization financial management. For allowing farmers to extend their help build a strong and We have given farmers more Account (NISA) replaced ad leases and buy back land once prosperous Canada. example, we set up the National income support than ever hoc programs and put in place Farm Business Management their finances improve. We The PC government is before. In total, we have spent help for farmers in all regions. Program to give farmers also passed a bill to expand the working with the provinces to record levels, an average of They protect farmers while access to more and better role to the FCC allowing it to help farmers through hard times encouraging good management $3.8 billion a year, to support training and business services. make loans to farmers who and to promote long-term and long-term success. Canadian agriculture. For farm families with below want to diversify their success. To encourage this, Over the 1991-92 crop year, More important, we average income, we set up a operations. we have modernized support GRIP and NISA delivered about undertook an extensive review $25 million program called the programs and opened up new $2 billion to farmers. Payments Continued on page 48 of farm and food policy which Canadian Rural Opportunities -. . page 48

Whose choice is it?

by Kit Holmwood

January 28, 1988. The One hospital in Whitehorse hospitals and clinics since the In Nova Scotia, Newfoundland For almost six years Supreme Court of Canada serves all of the Yukon late seventies. and Alberta, the doctor's fee Canadians have not had strikes the restrictions on Territory and only recently has Harassment of women by for clinic abortions is covered. Criminal Code restrictions on abortions out of. the Criminal there been a move to expand doctors continues. In the North In Manitoba, although the abortion services. Women are Code. No more hospital services beyond Yellowknife West Territories, doctors were courts decreed that the leaving not only their own committees making decisions for the North West Territories. performing abortions without doctors' fees must be covered communities, but their for women without even talking Women in Newfoundland and anaesthetics and some in clinics as well as in provinces and even their to these same women. A Manitoba have access in their doctors were being verbally hospitals, the conservative country to get a legal, medical woman .will decide, ih capital cities at a hospital and a abusive to women. There are government has re-written its service. consultation with her doctor, Morgentaler clinic. Though doctors throughout Canada health regulations specifically The new government must whether or not to carry a some of the small town who delay women by not to exclude clinic abortions reflect the view of 79% of pregnancy to term. If ~m hospitals will do abortions, confirming their pregnancies; from any payment. After Canadians. A woman must be abortion is necessary, a Alberta and Nova Scotia by telling women they need to winning two court battles, Dr. free to decide whether or not to woman will obtain this legal, women have to go mainly to the wait longer before they can get Morgentaler must once again carry her pregnancy to term. medical service at her local large cities. Halifax, Edmonton an abortion; or by not referring take this government to court. This must not be the decision hospital or clinic. and Calgary each have a women to other doctors or For many women, private of politicians. Who decides? You do with your vote! That was the legal decision, hospital and a private clinic. agencies who would provide clinics are their only source of Women from New Brunswick but reality has been somewhat information on how to get abortion services. Having to and Saskatchewan have very Kit Holmwood is President of different. For the majority of abortion services. pay travel and sometimes limited access, the former in the Canadian Abortion Rights Canadian women, access to In Dauphin, Manitoba, the accommodation, and then three cities and the latter in Action League. safe,- legal abortion is a major hospital board has established only two. Women in Ontario, problem due to economics, a committee to help the doctor British Columbia and Quebec anti-choice groups, hospital ascertain if an abortion is have better access but it is still boards, governments and necessary. Elected hospital limited to the larger cities. The doctors. boards are being taken over by On Prince Edward Island, Quebec government has been anti-choice groups, thus there are no abortion services. paying for abortions done in ensuring that abortion services are not provided at these hospitals. Anti-choice groups continue to verbally, psychologically and physically harass women ... trying to obtain abortion services. Doctors, their families and staff have experienced the harassment of anti-choice groups at hospitals, clinics, their offices, homes and their children's schools. This harassment has The Canadian Abortion Rights escalated to the violent stage. having to cover the cost of an Action League (CARAL) in the case of the fire-bombing abortion can mean not being of Dr. Morgentaler's Toronto able to obtain this legal, supports freedom of choice on abortion. clinic a year and a half ago. medical service. After much lobbying, the Without financial resources, We work for Ontario government is now contraception is becoming •unbiased counselling going to court to obtain a public unaffordable. For the first time •education for responsible sexual practices injunction for specific sites since 1955 there is an overall •access to safe, legal abortion where anti-choice people are increase in teenage harassing women, doctors and pregnancies. Without total We believe every woman who faces an unwanted pregnancy has staff. medical insurance funding for Calgary the right to fully-funded abortion services. Throughout Canada the anti- abortions, how will these choice fanatics engage in their teenagers obtain abortions? Birth Control Abortion is a legal, medical service, but some candidates running for harassment techniques, A new abortion law is not out openly and covertly, through Parliament want to make abortion illegal again. Don't let this happen .. of the question. Although the Association medical personnel in hospitals. 1992 CARAL poll showed that Their aim is to stop all abortion 79% of Canadians are pro- lnformatlon, referral and Who decides? by either preventing women choice, we have never had a counselling on: from entering the medical parliament which reflects that Birth Control It is the woman, in consultation with her doctor, not the politicians, facilities or by pressuring reality. Both Kim Campbell and Reproductive Health who must make this decision ... doctors to quietly stop doing * Jean Chretien have said that Pregnancy abortions. back benchers will have an * ASK YOUR LOCAL CANDIDATES THESE QUESTIONS Harassment of women is easier time of bringing forward * Abortion •Do you support the pro-choice position which maintains that practiced by provincial private member's bills. Neither Adoption Parenting the decision to have an abortion is a private one between a governments. PEI women who the Conservatives nor the * have an off-Island abortion Liberals have a pro-choice woman and her doctor? must apply to a committee of 5 Group Educational policy. Only the NOP and the Presentations Available ·Would you vote against any bill attempting to recriminalize doctors to have their National Party have pro-choice abortion? government reimburse them for policies. Rd. this legal, medical service. The T2N Say to your candidates, "I'm pro-choice and I vote!" NOW is Many of the Bloc Quebecois, allowable "reasons" to obtain as Conservatives, voted with the time to stand up and be counted. Raise your voice in support reimbursement are extremely the government on Bill C-43. For of reproductive choice. Do your part to ensure Canada's new at 264-3454 limited. Their position now is not Parliament is made up of MP's who respect a woman's right All other provincial known. The only sitting Reform to choice. governments pay for hospital party member, Deborah Grey, abortions done in their To join CARAL and/or make a donation to cover the costs of ths ad: was elected on an anti-choice jurisdiction. In addition, B.C., platform. With no policy, the THE CANADIAN ABORTION RIGHTS ACTION LEAGUE Ontario and Quebec will pay for Reform Party talks about a Suite 306, 344 Bloor Street West, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3A7 abortions performed in clinics. referendum. Party positions: Abortion Abortion Abortion Abortion

by Jean Chretien

When Bill C-43 was voted on in the House of Commons, the policy of the Liberal Caucus by Cindy Moriarty was to have a free vote on the .. legislation, allowing Liberal A woman's right to control in a number of areas to ensure $146,000. MPs to follow their own her own body is an issue that that those choices are It is clear that cuts to family personal beliefs of the wishes will receive little attention in the expanded. planning groups such as of their constituents. I popular media this election. We would oppose any federal Planned Parenthood will do personally am pro-choice, The still male-dominated legislation that restricts nothing to decrease abortion, however I believe that abortion political world is not interested access to or seeks to which is what many is a matter of individual in debating what it feels to be a recriminalize abortion. Further, Conservatives and Liberals conscience, not of Party non-issue, ranking far below we support measures outside claim to want. Increasing policy. A Liberal government the deficit and the economy. of legislation which will improve women's reproductive choices will not introduce legislation on Unfortunately, even many who access. The Ontario NOP means increasing access to abortion. support a woman's right to government has already moved family planning information. reproductive choice feel that strongly in this direction by The NOP would restore funding the issue has gone away since increasing funding to cover to Planned Parenthood and Bill C-43 (the attempt to travel costs for women in the other organizations working to recriminalize) was defeated in north and to build clinics in similar ends. 1988. areas where access to abortion Finally, the NOP would work In fact, even though a is difficult. to focus increased attention woman's right to choose Women have been faced with within the Medical Research presently exists in the eyes of decreasing access to family Council to issues of concern to d the law, this right is precarious. planning services over the past women such as fertility and While there is no law prohibiting several years during the contraception. an a woman from having an tenures of both Liberal and Women's reproductive rights abortion, little has been done to Conservative governments. In are still very much under fire, entrench these rights. 1978, the Planned Parenthood and will remain so until a federal onto The New Democratic Party is Federation of Canada received government is elected which is the only party which a sustaining federal committed to women. The unequivocally supports a government grant of $600,000. NOP's stance is clear. your. woman's right to reproductive By 1984; under the Liberals, choice. Just as women's that grant had fallen to Cindy Moriarty is the New reproductive choices are being $237,000. From 1984 to 1990, Democratic Party candidate for attacked on a number of fronts, the Conservatives further chest Carleton-Gloucester. the NOP would make changes decreased the grant to

award-winning posters ore now wearable art. yours today and show your by Denise Cole for breastfeeding.

Abortion has been treated by they saw fit. Bill C-43 was our government as a matter on passed by the House of which Members of Parliament Commons, but was defeated in T-Shirts are white with block should be able to vote the Senate on January 31, and white photo. according to their conscience. 1991. There are no further The Progressive plans to bring in legislation Conservative government dealing with abortion. introduced Bill C-43 to fill the On the issue of access, the Prices: 1 for $15, 2 for $28, void created when, in its ruling Canada Health Act requires and 3 $39, plus $5 in the Morgentaler case, the that in order to receive federal Supreme Court of Canada funding, the provinces and postage and handling per struck down the sections of the territories must operate their order. customers Criminal Code that dealt with health insurance plans in a way abortion. The bill provided for that provides reasonable please add 7% access to medically necessary abortion by a medical hospital and physician practitioner if, in his or her services. How the province or opinion, the woman's life or territory operates its health order please detach the physical, mental or insurance plan and delivers psychological health was to suck up coupon below and mail with services is within the purview of threatened. It refleCted the that government. your cheque or money order. various views and interests of Canadian society on the issue of abortion. Denise Cole is the Progressive ~------MPs were free to vote as Conservative candidate for Beaches-Woodbine. Name: ______Address: ______Canadian Congress for Learning Opportunities for Women City: _____ Province: ___ Code: ____ wants educational equity on the election agenda Number x Quantity Join us in asking candidates ... x WHY immigrant women are excluded from literacy and language programs? x WHATwill be done to decrease the effects of violence on education? x WHY women will have to wait 1,920 years for equity in Canadian universities? is$ for __T-shirts. For more information, contact CCLOW, 47 Mam. Street, Toronto, $5 postage and __GST =$ __ Ontario, M4E 2V6 (416) 699-1909, fax (416) 699-2145 FACT (onodo, lO Trinity Toronto, 1Bl ' A national voice/or women's education and training in Canada (416) 595-9819 (416) 591-9355 page 50 Spring 1993

Party positions: New reproductive technologies

by Betty Baxter Democrats

New reproductive technology Many women are turning to prohibitive, the technology is including a record of its The scie.ntists in their (NAT) may be the most IVF without being fully informed accessible only to those who standardized success rate in laboratories are not limited in emotionally and ethically- about the shortcomings of the can afford it. accordance with a clear any way and are at liberty to charged scientific field of the process. While patients do This discriminatory use of definition of success. make their own decisions about century. Scientific advances sign an "informed consent", the NRTs extends to eugenics, or 3. A confidential register be which technologies are are occurring at .a breathtaking information they receive is non-medical applications. maintained of all children born developed. This scientific rate, making it difficult to scant. Most women are never Procedures that were from invasive NRTs. freedom does not bode well for understand all of the social told that the success rate is developed to diagnose 4. A limit be placed on the Canadians in light of NAFTA. implications of this n e w poor, that there are significant potential hereditary illnesses number of times an individual Under NAFTA, Canadian technology. Perhaps if there side effects from the have been subverted to may donate sperm, and the women will have no say at all in was as much effort and talent medications, and that they may identify characteristics that donor's identity and medical the development of new put into the work of drafting go through years of physical may be unacceptable to history be retained. technologies, or in the way that policy guidelines to deal with and psychological pain without parents. The most common of 5. Clinics be monitored to existing technologies are used. the ethical questions NAT Canadian women need to be bearing a child. these is gender selection, ensure that they are operating raises, as there is in t'h e part of the decision-making which has the alarming ethically. development of that To address the issue of possibility of ch an gin g process on regulating new 6. Consideration be given to technology, we would be uninformed consent as well as Canadian demographics as the reproductive technology funding experimental further ahead. the lack of standards, the NOP majorrry of these abortions are because they are so intimately techniques through federal and But the troubling truth is that would insist that IVF success carried out because the foetus affected by its use. The entire the Conservative government rates be clearly defined and the is female. provincial research grants issue needs further has failed to respond to the party would implement The New Democratic Party rather than through health care examination and more debate. social questions of standards, measures to ensure that clinics critic for the status of women, budgets. A New D e m o c r at i c informed consent, costs or adhere to that definition in Dawn Black, presented a brief 7. Non-experimental N RT government would work hard to eugenics raised by existing reporting. In addition; the party to the Royal Commission on treatment be funded through try to implement regulations and emerging NRTs. would make counselling New R e p r o d u ct i v e health care while weighing their and standards that minimize The Royal Commission mandatory in every IV F Technologies which had the priority against other medical suffering and that maximize the struck to investigate and report program. following recommendations: necessities. ethical use of NRT's. on NRTs has suffered from Besides being unaware of 1. Factual, unbiased 8. No one be permitted to internal problems that seriously IVF's dismal results, infertile information about the risks and perform NRTs for non-medical Betty Baxter is the Ne w compromised its ability to issue women are do u b I y actual success rates of NRTs purposes. Democratic Party candidate for a report. And yet the disadvantaged by not having be made available to the public The party is concerned that Vancouver Centre. Conservatives insist that they treatment covered under their by a permanent agency. NRT's are being driven by need that report before drafting provincial medical plans. Since 2. Information about each profit-seeking multinationals. policies and guidelines. the cost to individuals is NAT clinic in Canada be kept,

by Francie Sommers

There are many difficult the field. It will consider the reproductive technologies for donors confidentiality, and the The new reproductive issues connected to social, ethical, health, women's reproductive health impact of these services on all technologies raise a multitude reproductive technologies that research, legal and economic and well-being; concerned parties, particularly of legal, practical, moral and must be faced and in some implications of these Social and legal the children; and health issues. The Final report cases regulated. We cannot technologies. Once the arrangements, su,ch as The economic ramifications of Royal Commission on New blindly state positions and set commission has tabled its surrogate childbearing, judicial of these technologies, such as Reproductive Technologies, up policies without first report in November 1993, we interventions during gestation the commercial marketing of. scheduled for release in understanding the issues will be better able to determine and birth, and ownership of ova, sperm and embryos, the November 1993, will provide surrounding the technologies. policy in specific areas of ova, sperm, embryos and fetal application of patent law, and Canadians with the most That's why we set up the reproductive technologies. tissue transplants; the funding of research and comprehensive review of this Royal Commission on The commission is examining The status and rights of procedures including infertility subject yet to be undertaken in Reproductive Technologies in some of the key issues that we people using or contributing to treatment. Canada. The Liberal Party will October 1989. The commission will consider when making reproductive services such as draw on the Commission's is to enquire and report on decisions about these access to procedures, "rights" Francie Sommers is the work, along with the work of current and potential medical technologies. These include: to parenthood, informed Progressive Conservative other individuals and groups and scientific developments in Implications of new consent, status of gamete candidate for Glengarry- involved in this debate, to help Prescott-Russell. guide its response to these important issues.

Agriculture Continued from page 47 We have been opening up disputes on durham wheat, boost exports. We also roof so we can better serve this markets for farmers and have swine and raspberries. introduced the Agri-Food important, growing industry. set up programs to help them Most farmers are concerned Industry Market Strategies to And Rural Canada now has a compete. We helped the about the GA TT negotiations. encourage farm and food stronger voice at the Cabinet provinces reach a ·deal to We are leading the charge in groups to develop new ways to table, because we made the Since 1971 this eliminate the barriers to farm trade at GATT--not respond to market Minister of Agriculture and Agri- country has lost half of agricultural trade and have following it. Our posrrion at the opportunities. food responsible for rural areas its family farmers. opened up the huge U.S. GATT is firm. We want to get rid In recognition of the need to and small towns. Between 1986 a n d market with the Free Trade of subsidies that distort trade build a strong farm and food We believe that Canada can 1991 Canada !Ost more .Agreement (FTA). and put in place fair rules for all. industry that is successful at have successful family farms, a strong agri-food industry and than 26% of i ts Since the signing of the FTA To help farmers compete, we home and around the world, our farm exports to the U.S. are getting rid of unnecessary Prime Minister Kim Campbell prosperous rural communities. individual and family Our actions reflect this farms. have grown by about 9.6 per rules that make trade more expanded the. role of cent a year. The FTA includes difficult. We have set up the Agriculture Canada to include commitment. a panel to settle disputes Trade Opportunities Strategy to agri-food. This brings all quickly and we have won help the farm and food industry government services under one Sue Irvine is the Progressive Conservative candidate for Okanagan-Similkameen-Merritt page 51

Party positions: Immigration and refugees

by Winnie Ng

As a nation of immigrants, under the Investment Program, Canada has thrived both can literally buy Canadian culturally and economically. passports. Influential figures, economic and humanitarian. New Canadians help establish like the high ranking Iraqi We support hearings for all small businesses, increase official, Al Mashat, have also refugee claimants and a one- demand for consumer goods, been given special fast-track step, flexible, and non- and create jobs. The self- privileges. adversarial system for employed rate for immigrants is The erosion of Canada's processing refugee claims. well above the Canadian immigration policy has We support clearer average. continued under Kim Campbell. application of humanitarian and compassionate grounds for Canada's immigration policy In her cabinet re.shuffle, refugee claimants not has an outstanding world-wide immigration has been made recognized as Convention reputation. To maintain this part of a new super ministry refugees. We oppose success, the federal called Public Security. This implies that immigrants should deportation to countries government will need to play a recognized as systemic and normally be treated as potential greater role in assisting gross abusers of human rights. criminals and security risks. integration. Today, 93% of We support the use of births take place in lower The Reform Party has been deportation as a means of income countries. More and competing with the enforcing Canadian immigration more, new Canadians will be Conservatives to use new law. Deportation procedure visible minorities who need immigrants as the scapegoat should be visible to allow public assistance with language and for high unemployment and scrutiny, and inc I u de job training. Fair immigration crime. safeguards such as appeal on by Bernadette Leblanc and refugee policy will be It was the Liberals who first merit and access to legal critical in fighting racism. put a freeze on immigration counsel. Instead of helping to educate levels in the 1980s and who cut We support present planned Immigration is vital to persecuted, or who fear Canadians on the importance back on admissible categories immigration levels up to 1% of Canada. This great nation was persecution because of their of immigration, the such as the "assisted relatives the'Canadian population. built, in large part, by people gender, get refugee status in Conservatives have used program". It was the Liberals Families are the basis of who came from somewhere Canada. regressive legislation to make who initiated the human community. Forced else. We welcome more Members of the board will it more difficult for newcomers entrepreneurial program, at the separation of families is immigrants and accept more now assess the particular to settle in. New laws actively expense of families, which has inhumane. We support the refugees, per capita, than any circumstances which have discriminate against visible since been expanded by the right of all landed immigrants to other nation in the world--up to given rise to the claimant's fear minorities and refugees. As Conservatives. In 1992, when sponsor relatives without 250,000 in 1993 alone. Under of persecution. They will also part of the Tory free trade Tom Wappel! was Liberal delay. the Progressive Conservative assess the conditions in the agenda, negotiations are immigration critic, he We support increased government, annual country of origin before underway to harmonize advocated detaining refugee protection for foreign domestic immigration levels have entering their decision. Canada's refugee policy with claimants in abandoned military workers. increased from 84,000 in 1984 Refugee status may be less humane standards in the bases until their claims could We support official language to 250,000 this year. granted to women who: United States and Europe. be ruled on. training for all immigrants The international community Fear acts of violence where The Conservatives have New Democrats do not including women, children and agrees that Canada's refugee the state will not or cannot made family reunification more believe that Canada's seniors. determination system is a provide protection; difficult and have arbitrarily immigration policy needs to be model refugee determination Are persecuted because limited access to legitimate based on fear. Canada has two Winnie Ng is the New system. We have put in place a they will not submit to a state Geneva Convention refugees. broad reasons for welcoming Democratic Party candidate for system that is fair and religion; or Meanwhile, wealthy individuals, immigrants to Canada: the riding of Trinity-Spadina. independent. Oppose male dominance and Recent changes to our laws oppose being discriminated help us manage the number and against by their country categories of immigrants. They because they are women. will enable us to better meet our The Live-in Caregiver by Marla Minna economic, social and Program allows qualified humanitarian goals. The caregivers from abroad to come changes protect Canadians to Canada and work as Liberals believe that Canada our economic and demographic workers introduced by the from those who abuse our laws. caregivers when there are no should continue to support an needs, refugees come to Conservative government in They strengthen the refugee Canadians to fill the available immigration policy which Canada fleeing persecution in 1992. The Party endorsed the determination system. They positions. After two years of balances humanitarian their countries of origin. As a recommendations of the help reunite immediate families work, they may apply for landed considerations with our signatory of the Geneva parliamentary committee that more quickly, protect refugees immigrant status. The demographic and economic Convention on Refugees, studied the changes. These and promote economic requirement for a grade 12 needs. Immigration plays an Canada has made a recommendations included: development. These changes education recognizes the skills important role in enriching the commitment to accepting broadening the eligibility make our immigration program required to do the job, and the cultural and social fabric of legitimate refugees as defined criteria, relaxing the more fair, balanced and level of responsibility involved. Canada. Immigrants also in the Convention and requirement for six months of effective. The majority of jobs that will be contribute to the development Canadian law. Consequently, training in a caregiving field, Canada has been and will created in the future will require of a strong economy in all the Liberal Party supports a further study of the continue to be a world leader in a grade 12 education. By regions of the country. There humanitarian policy of requirement that caregivers gender-related persecution raising the educational is a need to encourage and accepting a fair share of the live in the homes of their issues. We were the first requirement, we help meet our facilitate the adaptation of world's refugees. employers, and expansion of country to design a program need for better educated persons who have been The Liberal party accepts the the government's efforts in with the necessary support workers. granted admission as residents guidelines on women refugee monitoring the program in order structure to respond to the Under a re-elected to Canada and to encourage claimants fearing gender- to minimize the incidence of needs of refugee women. The Progressive Conservative f am i I y reunification. related persecution issued by abuse and exploitation. The Women At Risk Program was government, immigration will Immigration and refugee policy the Chair of the Immigration government's recent decision established in 1988 to deal continue to play an important must maintain and protect the and Refugee Board in March to allow the substitution of job specifically wilh the needs of health, safety and good order 18Qa. HC!>W8¥9r, t.Htera •~iMce .~ tn• stx~month ffH8 Nil Cal'lada'• economic and .tr: .. . T9fugiil• ~- .. .a,ociaL ...... Tft1S govemmerif put'ln i:>Tuee'" the Immigration and Refugee tradition remains st'OnQ. .... Board, which this year put in Refugees must be The Liberal Party opposed place guidelines on gender- Bernadette Leblanc is the distinguished from immigrants. the discriminatory policies related persecution. They help Progressive Conservative While the government selects concerning foreign domestic Maria Minna, Beaches- women who are being candidate for Moncton. immigrants in accordance with Woodbine page 52 Fa/11993 International Tragedy 1n Somalia

by Saf/a Shire

of the 24 Pakistani News peacekeepers, but we should ask ourselves: What went On behalf of Somali women in wrong the 5th of June? How did my country, I would like to it happen? And what caused stress that the tragedy of the it? The Pakistanis were the current destruction and first peacekeepers to come to violence in our country has Somalia. At that time, every been levelled dispropor- Somalian in Mogadishu had a tionately against the Somali gun, and yet, no one was ever women. It is not surprising that harmed. We Somalis question this is so, given that women the circumstances leading to have, for a long time, occupied these deaths. a marginalized and powerless Since then, the United position in our society. To help Nations has passed a UN understand our victimization Security Council resolution and powerlessness, a based on the facts and reports historical background on the of the U.S.-led UNOSOM status of Somali wdmen is without taking into account the important. views of the Somalis. That If we look back over the 30 resolution has given the US led years of Somali independence, UNOSOM a free hand to we realize that Somali women imprison, kill and use force have been denied their rightful to heal. As well, the Somali homes. As hurtful as this help. It is believed that this against anyone they wanted to. place in society with respect to Despite all these facts, the leadership and participation in women believed that the tragedy is, the denial by the action compelled the Canadian military intervention presented UNOSOM of the number of army to withdraw their troops UN, once one of the most the decision making process. respected institutions, could HoweveG in the face of such an opportunity for people killed in this attack is from Somalia. disarmament, the prerequisite even more hurtful. Despite the opposition of still have an effective role in discrimination and exclusion, Somalia, but only if it distanced Somali women did not give up in for peace and reconstruction of The American military U.S.-led UNOSOM 227, civil society. They also hoped personnel representing the UN delegates composed of itself from the inhumane serving their country. actions of those who Women became teachers in that the United Nations in Somalia are culturally very community leaders, religious Operations for Somalia insensitive and they act like an leaders, elders, politicians, participated in the slaughter of all levels of the school system, Somalis. contributing to the education of (UNOSOM), which replaced the occupation force. Their military officers, and social our youth; they enrolled in United Nations International attitude towards Somalis is one organizations participated in the conference of Mogadishu, higher education and became Task Force, would contribute to of disrespect and contempt. signing the Addis-Ababa peace an important segment of the the rehabilitation of Somali Instead of listening to the voice of the majority willing to agreement on June 4, 1993. intellectual cadre of our society by creating jobs, negotiate with UNOSOM, the This agreement was the first society. reopening schools, launching military are running after real step toward reconciliation, When the slow disintegration development projects and by General Aidid. without external pressure being of our society ;;i.nd institutions undertaking a broader process One senses a racist attitude, applied by the UN or anyone as well as the destruction and of social and economic as evidenced in one of the else. Over 90% of Somali violence started in our country, transformation. UNOSOM missed these interviews that Paul Watson of territory, except the north-west the rights of Somali women the Toronto Star had with (which separated as became eroded, and they opportunities and has failed to contribute to the reconciliation Edward Morris, the pilot of a Somaliland), belongs to the became a voiceless group. On and reconstruction of Somali Cobra attack helicopter. signers of the June 4th the other hand the ma I e agreement. society. Somali women are Watson asked why there were segment of the population The following day, a radio extremely bitter about the discrepancies between the began one of the ugliest civil station was attacked by UN If UNOSOM is to succeed, it betrayal of their high hopes for number of killed and wounded wars in the history of Somalia. forces. This station was the must restore hope among the intervention. Somalis recognized by the Somali women were deeply International Red Cross and only channel through which Somalis by listening to their affected by the ravages of war, They are also bitter about the Somalis could air their voices and concerns; by contemptuous attitude with Somali doctors, and the because of the powerful link number claimed by UNOSOM. grievances and their opinions encouraging dialogue between that they had created between which UNOSOM regards them. Morris replied, by way of about the UN operation in all Somalis; by empowering families and clans through The best example of this is the Somalia. Even after the UN them to rebuild their country; massacre of the Somali explanation, "They're Muslims. intermarriage. Many women took control of the radio by respecting whatever little demonstrators in June. They have a tendency to had brothers and fathers in station, was it appropriate to remains of their dignity and UNOSOM justified that exaggerate a lot." conflict with husbands and destroy such a vital form of institutions; and, more massacre by claiming that In order to fully understand sons. communication? Was the importantly, by showing women and children had been the situation, we need to go The male-centred madness objective the prevention of free respect for human life, used as human shields to back to Mogadishu in May, has culminated in the speech in Somalia, so that all especially the lives of all destruction of a whole country protect gunmen i n 1993, where four of the major groups agreed to overcome other freedoms would soon unarmed civilians, so that and a society that, for all demonstration. This statement their differences by means of vanish? normal life can return to this intents and purposes, has by UNOSOM is sexist; negotiation. The SNA (headed The UNOSOM action embattled country. been reduced to a state of suggesting that women would by General Aidid), as the deliberately violated basic Perhaps the place to start is nightmare. In December 1992, be used as pawns by men, hosting faction, asked the US- human rights because Radio to restore credibility to the the international community rather than being concerned led UNOSOM for logistical Mogadishu, the only channel leadership of the whole UN was no longer able to remain citizens in their own right, support in accordance with the for free speech in Somalia, was operation in Somalia by indifferent, and the US military protesting against the ravages spirit of the Addis-Ababa destroyed. Now, street relieving the U.S. military of the intervened with Operation of war. agreement. Unfortunately demonstrations are being responsibility that they are Restore Hope, occupying large Many of the victims of the UNOSOM refused to contribute prevented, with UNOSOM currently abusing. parts of Somalia. massacre of Mogadisho, undertaken by UNOSOM, were any help, logistical or forces shooting at Although there was no clear Safia Shire is a Somali women and children. Of the 82 otherwise. Therefore, the SNA demonstrators. objective except the On June 5, 1993, 38 Somalis Community activist. She is humanitarian delivery of food, people killed on July 12th, 25 approached the Canadian Army were killed. Among them were presently working as a Program women in Somalia welcomed were women. A few of these Command in Somalia who women and children, and over Worker for CultureLink, a the intervention as a rescue women were participating in the readily accepted the task of 200 were injured. Is the blood plan. They felt that this plan peace conference held at the transporting delegates from settlement agency that links of UN soldiers more valuable would give their warring men a bombarded house. The rest various regions to the meeting newcomers with Canadian "respite period" which would were killed by the bombarding in Mogadishu. The U.S.-led than that of innocent, unarmed hosts in a relationship of enable inter-tribe passions to while continuing their daily UNOSOM prevented Somali women and children? emotional support and mutual cool off and inter-clan wounds chores in their respective Canadians from giving that All Somalis regret the death learning. \

Fa/11993 page 53 Global feminism: Who defines the terms? by Roberta Clarke

In June, the Vienna and around the world. sustained struggle. What Conference on Human Rights Workshops and panels woman at the final session of Through what process was held. At that time, women abounded (over 70) focussing the NGO Forum would not have has violence against from around the world held on every conceivable facet of thought (in her own cultural women, narrowly News workshops, had discussions gender and human rights equivalent), of the Jamaican defined in the physical and presented to the official UN sponsored by women's song "Women time ah come, oh sense, emerged as the conference a working organizations from both South yes!" We know women's point of global health care and education are document on women and and North countries. capacity to organise, survive, collaboration for as alarming as violence. The human rights. Women's Caucus members make ends meet, and support action? fact that conditionalities Over the last two years, the worked to ensure that all each other in our private lives. imposed by multilateral road to the Vienna United human rights issues would be To see the translation of this emerged as the point of global financial institutions controlled Nations (UN) Conference on discussed from a gender capacity into the public arena collaboration for action? This, by Northern governments Human Rights was paved with a perspective and that these once again was heady and in fact, was the question asked cause these violations, series of conferences, referred discussions would be reflected exhilarating. by one woman from Morocco. suggest to us women of the to in UN jargon as "PrepComs". in their fullness in all the Notwithstanding these The fact is that while women South, that women in the North, All over the world, NGO's (non- Working Group reports. The achievements one must all over the world suffer from with their access to resources government organizations) and fact that every working group wonder at the conflict and violence as one manifestation and information, have a governments engaged in came up with substantive disillusionment which came to of unequal power relationships responsibility to take on these parallel meetings preparing recommendations related to riddle the interaction ·of between men and women, issues as their issues too. position papers, defining the human rights abuses to women Southern women with the women from the South suffer Women from the South don't issues and lobbying for this was testimony to the Women's Caucus. The Vienna additionally from a set of have the luxury to conference. commitment to move women's meetings underscore that we economic and social violations compartmentalize women's Women were very much part rights to the mainstream of the women ignore at our own peril which, ironically enough, rights. At every moment, we of this process, a fact which dialogue. Also important was issues of regional inequality render them even more are confronted with the reality was reflected most noticeably the acceptance of the principle and organizational democracy. vulnerable to the violence of that women's rights to personal in the high level of organization that non-discrimination is a Women from the South have men. safety and integrity are and networking of the women fewer resources, less access And therein lies the source of violated daily, as are our rights present in Vienna. But more to information, less access to the conflict which emerged to food, health and jobs. importantly, this involvement continual attendance at between women of North Wtien, despite our rhetoric, we bore fruit in the inclusion of a international meetings where America and Europe on one fail to recognise the substantive section o n hand and women from Latin interrelation of the economic, women's rights in the Vienna issues are thrashed out and America, the Caribbean, Africa, social and cultural, we risk working document under agreed upon in the name of getting into an either/or consideration at the official UN women of the world. Many situation in defining the issues conference. women from the South are upon which we fight. In not While many provisions in this challenged every day to survive, and survive in the taking time to listen to our document were not agreed to most existential sense: to stay sisters from North Africa in (most notably, individual alive. Vienna, in alienating them with countries' obligations to ensure Through the vastly different the "we don't have time for this economic rights), the entire realities of real women present discussion right now" (sub- section on the Equal Status in Vienna we can begin to text: your issue is not all that and Human Rights of Women understand that we cannot urgent), we weakened the went unbracketed. In take for granted consensus on coalition. essence, at least at a formal priorities for action and that, in The next time we meet as level, governments had disregarding difference, we women from around the world, accepted the need to define weaken that which has been women from the North must women's rights as human rights core value within human rights the greatest achievement of recognise and be sensitive to even before the Conference discourse and therefore non- the women's movement, the global inequalities from began. From all reports, it negotiable. Women's voices international coalition-building. which they benefit. Resources would appear that this resounded loudly in their If one were to try to trace the musU~e put aside for the small unusually high degree of rejection of cultural relativism, origins of the conflict which things like translation of consensus was the result of a notion which has been and came to plague the Women's documents, for interpreters to sustained and collective still is being employed to Caucus in Vienna, one would facilitate full participation of the organisation by women from all oppress and subjugate women be forced to reflect on that world's women. Women from over the globe to challenge a in the interest of the (men's) windy day when the women the South, on the other hand, rethinking on the "greater right" to cultural from North Africa walked out of m'ust engage in the process of Asia and the Pacific on the compartmentalisation and expression. a Women's Caucus meeting consensus building, fully aware therefore marginalisation of By the final session of the because of the rejection of other. Who defines the that those with power never women's issues. NGO Forum, the air was thick their proposal for a Special priorities for advocacy and give it up without a fight. On the face of it at least, a with a strong sense of woman Rapporteur on Violence against action and on what basis? Roberta Clarke is a member of substantial consensus was women and illiteracy. The For women from the South, power and achievement. the Caribbean Association for reached on the need to majority of women present at developmental issues loom Women took some control over Feminist Research and Action, integrate women's rights into that meeting rejected the large. For those of us living what one may flippantly, but under the pressure of and is based in Trinidad and the mainstream of the human accurately, describe as the inclusion of illiteracy under the structural adjustment Tobago. She facilitated some rights discourse. mandate of the proposed "manstream" and made it programmes, the violations of of the sessions at the Vienna That women came to Vienna Special Rapporteur. They did mainstream, by the full women's rights to shelter, food, Conference on Human Rights. organised and therefore with integration of gender in the so because they were reluctant some degree of resolution, conceptualization of human to jeopardise the opportunity cannot be gainsaid. This rights and in the plan of actions for violence against women in organisation was strategic and and recommendations. the adoption of a resolution for administrative. Set u p The existence of the a special rapporteur by the UN. EVERYDAY underground of the Vienna Women's Caucus was largely Without entering into a International Centre, we had responsible for these discussion of this event, what available to us "the Rights achievements. By maintaining was most apparent was the 3434 4th Street North #5 Place for Women", a space the Caucus meeting every day chasm in the understanding of where women could meet, eat, .and sometimes twice a day, women's global problems FL exchange information and women ensured a high level of between women from the North generally organise. We also communication and and South, and indeed between had access to the Women's strategizing. women from the more and less 813-522-5775 Press Room staffed by women I outline all of the above developed South. Through media specialists who worked because it is very important to what process has violence Callaghan to ensure that women's rights understand and appreciate the against women, narrowly issues got attention in Vienna gains made by concerted and defined in the physical sense, page54 Fa/11993

Review: Support women's counselling Thinking Positive

services by Amy Zier/er

At 23, Trudy Parsons is nearby rural communities on someone else, then you are not working hard to help save lives. the Newfoundland coast. They ready to have sex and you As a youth liaison with the speak frankly and articulately should not be having it." Group Newfoundland and Labrador about the cultural and social Adolescent HIV has been AIDS Committee and "star" of barriers which may prevent called "the next wave" in the Retreats Thinking Positive - a new young people from acting AIDS epidemic, and it is a wave National Film Board film about responsibly to pro t e c.t which is already building. What youth and HIV/AIDS - she is themselves from AIDS. Along happened in Trudy"s small town turning her personal tragedy with issues such as (another young woman there Wome s into a gift. communicating with your has already died of AIDS- To in of Three years ago, Trudy was partner, peer pressure, and the related disease) is happening body contacted by t h e influence of alcohol and drugs in rural areas across the 373-5135 Saskatoon Newfoundland Department of in sexual activity, they also country. She quotes a Hea1th and told that a former talk about problems of special Newfoundland study which claims a high percentage of teens in a grades 1 0-12 are sexually active. About half of them use condoms, but infrequently; the other half don't use them at all. Such Counselling Associates statistics may vary from province to province, but not by much. There is an urgent need for teens and their educators, Richmond Road parents and community leaders Maureen O'Neill, M.A. Suite to have the kind of discussion Ottawa KIZ 6X3 which Thinking Positive is (613) 728-8535 designed to stimulate. Having the facts about AIDS is not enough. Educators know from years of trying to prevent adolescent pregnancy that knowing about birth control does not ensure that teens will Dr. Phyllis Marie Jensen RN, PhD .. use it, or that fear of pregnancy Healing the body, mind, heart and spirit boyfriend from her small, rural interest to rural youth: How do guarantees abstinence. What hometown had tested positive you buy condoms when the young people need - in order to for HIV. Trudy was tested too. only pharmacist in your act responsibly around the The hardest part, she says was community knows your intimate and complicated telling her mother the bad parents? How do you get business of sex - is the news. tested for HIV without opportunity to understand and "I'm so glad I'm not a mother everyone finding out? feel good about themselves. with a child who is HIV Not surprisingly, Trudy The filmmakers capture the positive," she says in the film. Parsons has no patience with essence of this issue in their The empathy in that wrenching flimsy excuses. About buying ironic use of the word "positive" comment exemplifies Trudy's condoms she says, "I know it's in the work's title. When it approach to living with HIV. embarrassing, but how comes to HIV, "positive" is She has sacrificed her privacy embarrassing do you think it is what you don't want to be, but to convince other young people to tell your family you've tested positive thinking - a of the real and present danger positive for HIV." Because she supportive, open approach to of AIDS. Her striking presence speaks from experience, her the reality of AIDS - is and powerful words give this words ignite comprehension in essential to give young people Audrey F. Cooke 24-minute documentary the her listeners. the strength to change their potential to make teenagers "There is no excuse (for risky behaviour, to communicate stop and think how close they behaviour)," she says to a rapt well, and to act responsibly for Workshops, Lectures might be to reliving her story. young audience during one of themselves and for others. (613) It is, in fact, the ordinariness her outreach workshops. "If of Trudy's story which makes it you can't find ways to protect Amy Zier/er is a freelance writer B, Box Ontario, so chilling. She could hardly be yourself or find alternative and volunteer with Planned less typical of the high risk ways to show affection for Parenthood Manitoba. behaviours we have come to associate with HIV/AIDS. She's not a drug addict or a prostitute or a gay man. In her Women's Counselling late teens, she went steady with a young man from her Services of Vancouver community who was much more & ast Ltd. sexually active than she had been. They had sex; they for women Ardelle L. Dudley, M.S., didn't use condoms. If it could happen to her, you can really Psychotherapist 3974 Ave. believe it could happen to Canada anyone. 1662 West 8th Avenue H2W 2J2 Vancouver, British Columbia V6J 1V4 Filmmakers Debbie McGee 738-4298 and Jennica Ripley interweave Trudy's story with a discussion amen~ six teenagers from The Fa/11993 page 55

Review: The Joy Luck Club by Karlyn Koh

Is it possible to bridge the Asian women in the dominant creation of a work geared to a Waverly's and Rose's empowering and they speak of gaps between mother and culture. All this is further mainstream market, are handsome white partners, who the enabling exchanges daughter which are not only enhanced by a strong cast of compromises being made? are understanding and between two generations of generational but cultural, and in actors, particularly those For time and again, what one amenable. Indeed, in one women. The actors playing some cases economic, and if portraying the mothers and the encounters in The Joy Luck scene, it is Rose's future these roles are exceptional, so, how? These are the daughters. It is a production in Club is a screening of the husband who comes to particularly Tsai Chin and questions which are explored in which I was thoroughly lives of a group of Asian- "rescue" her when she is France Nuyen, whose the film adaptation of Amy immersed from the very American women through the rendered almost speechless by respective performances grow Tan's best-selling novel, The beginning, and which is sanitized projector lens of his upper-class, wealthy from strength to strength in the Joy Luck Club, directed by laudable in that it projects onto Hollywood onto the big screen mother's blatantly racist film. The daughters may never Wayne Wang (Eat a Bowl of the mainstream American of middle-class white America. comments. Hence, the one know (or even understand) the Tea, Dim Sum) and screen stories which have for This is not to say that the film is white woman that figures in the often tragic histories of their produced by Oliver Stone. so long been untold. not relevant to its subjects. film is a character representing mothers, but somehow, by the The film opens with a voice- it is precisely because the In a film which focuses on an elitist and prejudiced monied end of the film, it is the swan's over relating a tale of a woman film plays up a theme which the dynamics of the group, which is hardly feather - a gift from the in Shanghai who bought a duck explores a part of my own life relationships between indicative of the potentially mothers - that teaches and that became a swan. In that has been much American-born daughters and empowering alliances of women gives new hope to the younger America, this "creature that women. became more than what was Wisdom and strength are hoped for," was snatched away imparted from grandmother to from the woman, leaving her mother to daughter through with "a single swan feather for stories, acts of sacrifice and memory." It is this feather that simple words of advice. That the mother holds on to in the these women do manage to hope of passing it on to her speak to each other across the daughter, saying: "This feather divides of generation and may look worthless, but it culture (and the physical world, comes from afar and carries in one case), is indeed with it all my good intentions." positive, for very often, this It is this feather which the gap is never bridged. mothers in the film - Ying Ying The advent and commercial (played by France Nuyen), An success of this very rich and Mei (Lisa Lu), Lindo (Tsai Chin) beautifully shot film about the and Suyen (Kieu Chinh) - want experiences of Chinese- to pass on to their daughters - American women is certainly Lena (Lauren Tom), Rose cause for much rejoicing, (Rosalind Chao), Waverly despite its serious problems. (Tamlyn Tomita) and June However, even as its (Ming-na Wen). This tale importance and relevance encapsulates and directs the cannot be denied, one has to tone of the filmic narratives of realize that it is hardly memories, silences, sorrows definitive,•and that the cycle of and hope which articulate the Chinese-American experiences histories of Chinese-American suppressed (that of the bond, their Chinese-born mothers, it across cultures. is hardly completed. Instead, women lacking in mainstream or lack of, between mother and will not be surprising if the men Even the estrangement of the success of The Joy American cinema up until now. daughter), that I was very (fathers, brothers, lovers) are Rose and her American Luck Club will hopefully Both the director and the much taken in and struck by it. noticeably cast in the husband is blamed on her encourage the production of screenwriters (Tan and Ronald It was after I had disentangled background or are absent. internalization of the more works (by Asian film- Bass) succeed in retaining the myself from the film's emotional However, in this film, it is not submissive and self-sacrificing makers) about the lives Asian- main spirit of the novel, and intensity that I was able to see only that the Chinese men are "Oriental" wife role, whereas his American people, particularly handle the chronologically non- the underlying aspects that are absent, ridiculed or misogynist, complicity in her subjection to· the women, so that linear and multiple, often troubling and problematic. but that the white men are, in this role is never brought up. In "representation" never intertwined, stories with much Many of my worries stem contrast, held up as both Waverly's and Rose's becomes static, identities do competence. Rather than from one of the many issues sympathetic, lovable and situations, the onus of making not bec:ome fixed, and stories being tiresome or confusing, that many artists of colour desirable. This move can be an inter-racial union work is do not get commodified, but the many flash-backs and have to grapple with - that is, seen as buying into the placed on the women. Indeed, grow in diversity and vioce-overs create a sense of how to celebrate one's cultural dangerous myths of Asian men it is the traditional Chinese difference. the multiplicity of female voices differences without having as ineffectual and passive, or patriarchy, not the colonizing which can be seen as counter one's works commodified sexist and uncouth. white male gaze which Karlyn Koh is a graduate to the stereotypical images of and/or tokenized. And, in the While one cannot deny the exoticizes Asian women, that student at the University of realities of the patriarchal is specifically noted in the film. British Columbia, Vancouver, Chinese society, what the film The women are strong, who yearns for endless perpetuates is the insidious assertive and mesmerizing, but beaches) pitting of "East" against "West," they are hardly subversive, where the former is always and instead reflect the desires seen as backward and of the white liberal male. Take Your at oppressive in relation to the Worrying discrepancies like more enlightened and these litter this otherwise attractive "other." compelling film. The scenes of Furthermore, these Chinese reconciliation between the men are contrasted with mother-daughter pairs are most

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Women's History Quiz: Women and Work

1. This woman was a novelist, journalist, 6. In what year was women's equality first 10. What Canadian woman artist won a Grammy suffragist and temperance worker. She was a guaranteed under the Canadian Constitution? Award for producer of the year, album of the year member of the Alberta Legislative Assembly, the a) 1954 c) 1985 and songwriter of the year in 1993? In 1991, she only woman on the Dominion War Council and the b) 1975 d) 1991 was named Female Artist of the Decade in first woman on the CBC Board of Governors. Who Canada. is she? 7. In 1983, it was estimated that three-quarters a) Buffy Saint Marie c) Anne Murray a) Dorothy Livesay c) Nellie McClung of the women in the Canadian labour force earned b) Sass Jordan d) k.d. lang b) Elizabeth Shortt d) Velma Sprinstead less than $12,000 per year. 11. She is an artist, a 1982 Order of Canada 2. What woman disguised herself as a man in True False recipient, and a tireless volunteer worker for the order to train and practise as a physician, headed rights of persons with disabilities. Who is she? the British Army's medical service, and in 1857, 8. Born in 1920, this woman began teaching a) Pat Israel c) Elizabeth Semkiw became Inspector-General of Hospitals in Upper music at the age of nine. She worked as a b) Jean Ethel Maclachlan

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"You don't look a day over 95" Happy birthday to the YWCA!

by Judith Wiley

"the greatest and strongest women in a world of inequality, a comprehensive child care and a commitment to helping group of young women ever a world where violence against program that would make day shape a better future for formed ... of women, by women women was condoned and care a social service offered to women and their families in and for women." (Adelaide where women's opportunities every family in Canada (1973); Canada. Headless describing her vision were determined by men. We YWCA joins historic As in 1893, we try to for the YWCA) have, however, challenged struggle for the inclusion of a comprehend a world where it is those barriers. women's equality provision of increasingly unsafe for its Adelaide Headless, a co- Our history has some the Canadian Charter of Rights people, where a harsh founder of the YWCA, was an memorable moments: and Freedoms (1981 ); economic reality impacts most ordinary young woman whose Lending libraries were YWCA reaffirms its pro- on women and their children, work in the women's movement offered by YWCAs before choice stand (1981 ); where too many people are came out of the tragic public libraries were opened Peterborough YWCA excluded from power, where experience of her young son's (Montreal and Quebec, 1874); Fresh Start, for women in too few voices are being heard. death from the drinking of Training in non-traditional abusive relationships (1982). In over 200 communities, our impure milk. She began to trades - phonography, This booklet has since been advocacy is informed by our lobby for home economics stenography and typing translated into sever a I programs in child care, training. She was an ordinary (Toronto, Montreal and languages and is used as a housing, wellness and fitness, woman who accomplished Hamilton, 1884); resource around the world ; training, and international extraordinary things - as all Girls' camp (YWCA of The YWCA's long record of cooperation, to name a few. Our challenge continues to be women do. Canada, 191 O); introduction of work with survivors of violence to provide advocacy and The YWCA was first Girl Guides to Canada; is recognized by a three-year service with and for all women, introduced in Canada in 1870 in Big Sister movement initiative with Health and introduced by Toronto YWCA, from a perspective that Saint John, New Brunswick. countries participating (1965); Welfare Canada and rn any 1912; respects and celebrates our By the time our national office YWCA one of 41 other organizations Women's counselling differences and our common was formed in 1893, there were organizations that established Community Action on Violence services introduced by YWCA bonds. eight local YWCAs. the National Ad Hoc Action Against Women (1991 ); (1933); The roots of the YWCA were, Committee on the Status of We are proud to be part of a Judith Wiley is the Chief in many ways, the same as International training Women (1973); dynamic tradition with a history Executive Offfcer of the YWCA they are today - ordinary institute for women - 35 . YWCA resolution calling for of strong leadership by women, of/du Canada, Toronto.

Review: OUT: Stories of lesbian and Gay Youth by Melanie Porter

As an open lesbian in my film. It shows every side, the WANTEO! rnid-20s, coming out as a positives and negatives, and teenager is still fresh in my lets the viewer make their own Women ... and men of all ages, mind, so it was very satisfying decisions. to establish themselves in: to sit down to watch David OUT would have been Adkin's OUT, a new NFB film satisfying if it only let us in on about growing up gay/lesbian. the lives of the people Adkin's 79-minute interviewed. Yet it went one documentary covers a vast step further to show us the array of topics dealing not only gay/lesbian culture, the bars, with corning out issues, but support groups, Pride Day issues that most youth rallies and homes of couples. experience: peer pressure, Seeing those images of lack of acceptance, the lure of culture reminded me that we alcohol, drugs and prostitution, need to be thankful for the family acceptance, and the accomplishments of the past, Each family owns its own home. Together issue of honesty. celebrate the present, and we own the community house and an Honesty is what stands out keep up the pace for the future. organic farm. We actively help each other in in this movie - being honest And what a fulfilling future about who you are and hoping there is for someone who can our personal transformation. One and a half people will accept you. The be honest with themselves, hours from Ottawa on the way to the message throughout the film is their peers and family! As one "be honest with yourself." youth said in the film: ''Things Laurentians. Non-profit. We believe truths to rather than reject, it gives me will get better - in time." In the film, a female minister goosebumps! be complementary, not exclusive. Scott Thompson of the suggests that young The film shows many parents (819) 684-6001. television show gays/lesbians were "sent here" as it documents the lives of a Kids in the on purpose and should be handful of youth during their Hall suggests that, in time, listened to. P are n ts coming out process. You can "it's going to be as uncool to interviewed in the film send us observe the varied responses hate homosexuals as it is to be Acres Pool Innkeeper: Grace Newman a message that says, "I'm to hearing "Morn, Dad ... I'm a racist" This time of peace will Hot Trails scared for you - but I love you gay." Some parents become come - so long as we don't stop just the same; I'm proud of your hostile, while others jump on corning out, so long as parents honesty." Wow! the political bandwagon to fight continue to be open-minded Having been the coordinator homophobia. and listen to their children, and of Ottawa's Lesbian/Gay Youth The film highlights an so long as friends remain group for a few years, I was in a organization called P-FLAG friends when we say, "I've got position to see a lot of youth (Parents and Friends of something to tell you ... l'rn Box 118 corning out. Corning out to gay!" Lesbians and Gays), a support Bethlehem, NH yourself is one thing, but to a group. This organization is Melanie Porter is a lesbian 869-3978 family member is quite another. promoted in the film, as well as When I witness parents going activist who supports world criticized. peace. A LESBIAN through a process to accept That is the strength of this page58 Fa/11993

Women's History Quiz: Answers

1. C - Nellie Mcclung (1873- 3. D - Gladys Strum was the be 2000 feet upstairs than eat, 6. C - 1985. Section 15 of the 12. C - 45%. According to 1951) also helped to found the first woman to head a provincial sleep, or be married." Canadian Charter of,Rights and 1991 statistics ·from Labour Winnipeg Equality League, a party in 1944, leading the Freedoms protects women's Canada, the six most frequent group dedicated to winning the Saskatchewan Co-operative 5. A - Agnes Sampler of lnuvik, right to equality. It came into jobs for women are: provincial vote for women in Commonwealth Federation North West Territories also effect three years after the secretaries; sales clerks; Manitoba. As well, she played (CCF). The following year, she worked to establish the other provisions of the Charter. bookkeepers; cashiers and a key role in the famous was the first woman elected to Committee for Original People's tellers; registered nurses; and Persons Case. the federal CCF. She made the Entitlement, a northern native 7. True. Labour Canada food service workers. above comment during a land claims group. She is a estimated in 1991 that the 2. A - Miranda Barry graduated debate in the House of pioneer in achieving percentage had decreased to from the Edinburgh College of Commons in 1945. recognition for the involvement 19. 7 %, one-fourth of employed Medicine at 15. Among her of Aboriginal people in women. many accomplishments was, 4. B - During the 1950's, community, regional and her discovery of a South Canada's first bush pilot national affairs. She became 8. B - Daisy Peterson Sweeney African plant which was widely instructor, Violet Milstead, was Canada's first woman is the elder sister of jazz used to treat gonorrhoea. dubbed the "Bush Angel". She Aboriginal Justice of the Peace musician Oscar Peterson. Not is quoted as saying, "I'd rather in 1975. only has she taught music throughout her lifetime, but she began the youth choir that later developed into the Montreal Jubilation Gospel Choir. , 9. D - Madeleine Parent. She was one of the first union 13. True. The work of Huron organizers for women. Since women was generally centred 1991, the ldola Saint-Jean around the production and Award has been given by the preparation of food. This Quebec Federation of Women fundamental contribution to the to a woman or group for their maintenance of the community exceptional contribution toward was given full recognition improving the status of women. through the delegation of significant political and social The of Canadian 10. D - k.d. lang has been a powers to women in the major contributor and innovator commun'1ty, such as electing by, for and about in the Canadian music scene the members of the governing for many years. As well as councils. being the recipient of numerous awards, her 1992 lngenue 14. B - In 1975, Rosemary titles album sold over a million copies Brown (born 1930), who was in the United States alone. then a British Columbia member of the provincial legislature and 11. C - Elizabeth Semkiw the first Black woman elected received the Order of Canada to a provincial legislature in in 1982 for advocating for the Canada, lost her bid for the rights of persons with national leadership of the New disabilities. Democratic Party.

titles '93 Womenspeak (cont'd)

When a victim chooses to inability to be a team player. First 1 copies FREE complain she/he becomes the The victim will not see the immediate adversary of a statements unless a request is 15¢ copy after 1 powerful system which will made to the Privacy quickly organize to humiliate Coordinator. If the victim is and punish her/him further. If moved to a new place of work, word gets out, further mean- the harasser is free to label the = spirited behaviour from To order: victim as a problem and a subordinates, co-workers and troublemaker. supervisors will take place. The grievance process can If a summary investigation be delayed to drag on for four takes place, it is a practice to or five years: many victims ask medical personnel to give up and go away, which is review the member's medical exactly what is desired. After documents and write a report to waiting a year or more for a assess the victim as a "head reply, the victim will receive a case" and a liar. Any previous we-do-not-agree letter and personal problems revealed in must relive the victimization c E N T R E confidence will be disclosed. again as they prepare to go on Victims will have to work to to the next higher level of 2 Gloucester St., Ste.301 sell their story to the federal complaint. Every level of Human Rights Commission, but grievance means another Toronto, 1 L5 the accused harasser lawyer bill, which some victims innocent until proven guilty - cannot afford. (416) 413-4930 can ignore the complaint and All members of the Canadian choose not to respond. Armed Forces want respect FaH: (416) 413-4920 It is common practice to and dignity in the workplace. have co-workers write requested statements on the Yours truly, victim's poor performance, and D. Elisabeth Lafay Fall 1993 page 59

The Almost Back Page Thank-you to our distributors of the last issue

Newfoundland: Dorothy Inglis, Gerry Rogers, Beth Ryan, St. John's Women's Network, Memorial University Women's Studies Program, Averil Regular, Bay St. George Status of Women Council, Glenda Tulk, Labrador West Status of Women If you want to do something good for yourself, go and see The Joy Luck Club. It is a Council.Gander Women's Centre; East Coast Women and movie about mothers and daughters, love and self-worth. Having lost my mother ten Words Nova Scotia: Services for Sexual Assault Victims, years ago, I found it such an affirmation of my own feelings of missing her, of realizing that Women's Action Coalition, Mount Saint Vincent University, it is only as we get older, that we can begin to recognize our mothers as more than Debbie Mathers, Red Herring Go-op, Joan Semple, Peggy parents, but as women also. This is a movie that reaches into you and pulls at your Hope-Simpson, Margot Watt, Susan Hyde, Phyllis Price, longing to be loved and worthy and asks you to love yourself. I received some Second Story Women's Centre, Prince Edward Island: Linda Gallant, PEI Advisory Council on the Status of Women, interesting responses to the article written by Carolann Wright in the last issue of the Epwic, Barbara Watson, New Brunswick: Kay Nanda/I, paper. Clearly, we as women and as a movement have work to do. I have concluded that Rosella Melanson, NB Advisory Council on the Status of women of colour and white women are functioning from completely different realities. If Women, Women's Information and Resource Centre, Beth we assume that we all want to dialogue then the question becomes "who sets the Paynter, N.B. Branch of United Nations Assoc. in Gda, Sharon parameters for that discussion?" It is similar to what happened at the Vienna Myers, Quebec: Sheila Barrow, Esmerelda Thornhill, conference where women from northern countries did not feel literacy should be Concordia Women's Centre, Anne Marie Smith, L'Andorgyne, included in the definition of Violence Against Women, although women from Africa felt is South Asian Women's Community Centre, Ontario: Judee was essential. Who defines what violence is? What are "women's issues"? We are stuck Bramm, Garmen Henry, Gdn Voice of Women Toronto Women's Bookstore, Community Resources and Initiatives, in who sets the parameters. White women don't recognize that as having power. Women Another Story Bookstore, Perfect Complexion, National Eating of color, as some get angrier because they are not being listened to, lose the ability to Disorder Information Centre, Immigrant Women Job Placement stay in the conversation. We all need to give. Because we are all losing. We have been Centre, This Ain't the Rosedale Library, That Other Bookstore, working with women's organizations who are using the power and control model. Next Sistering, Theresa Healey, Glad Day Books, Linda Mack, issue of the paper, we are going to explore the assumptions underlying that model and Mandy Bonisteel, Lorraine Greaves, London Sexual Assault whether it serves women. Abby Hoffman has recently moved to head the new Services, Nancy Warren, Katherine Elliot, Earth's Sake, Women's Bureau at the new Ministry of Health, with Mary Collins as Minister. Abby, was Women's Centre Wilfred Laurier University, Janet Wason, previously the Executive Director of the Canadian Pa.nel on Violence Rumour has it Elaine Auerbach, Jiff V. Schooley, Stephanie Levesque, Wendy Milne, Lou Bennett, Women's Bookstop, University of that Kay Stanley, long time Coordinator on the Status of Women Canada, has also Windsor Women's Centre, Janet Greene-Potomski, Lynn gone over to the Health Ministry - it seems to be the place to work! As you know Hamilton, University of Ottawa Cornwall Campus, The finances are tight, so support The Womanist! - Grapevine, Susan Wall, Jill Summerhayes, Kate Thomas, Kingston Sexual Assault Crisis Centre, Kingston Interval House Community Support, Kingston Prison for Women, Trent University Women's Centre, Kaleidoscope, Sandy Snell, Ann Balding, Nancy Birch, North Bay Women's Centre, Sasha Mcinnes, Northern Women's Centre, Kelly-Ann Spezowka, Margaret Phillips, Danielle Mepham, Women's Place Kenora, Kerri-Lynne Cornish, Sue Berry, Jill Summerhayes, Rene Albrecht, Michelle Corbeil. Manitoba: Sheila Doig, Lou Erickson, Fiona Muldrew, Original Women's Network, Cindy Hanson, Manftoba Action Committee on the Status Women, YM- YWCA Resource Centre, Bold Print, University of Winnipeg Women's Centre, Women's Health Clinic, Park/ands Status of Women, Northern Women's Resource Service Inc., Thompson Want to save money on your travel Action Committee on the Status of Women. Saskatchewan: and help The Womanist too? Mary Gilliland, Rainbow Books, Darlene Guttormson, Earth Echoes Gift Gallery, Saskatoon Sexual Assault Centre, Don The next time you book a vacation or trip, try Travelnet. Kossick, Saskatoon YWCA, Kathy Hamre, Regina YWCA. They offer savings up to Last Minute Specials. (no Aboriginal Women's Council of Saskatchewan, The Country membership required), and lots of other great deals. Bookstore, Alberta: Lisa Jensen, Katherine Koebel, Centre Best of all, when you book with Travelnet, The for Immigrant Women, Sarah Macki, Susan Jackel, ASWAG- Edmonton, Susan Jackel, Mom's Deli, Joanna Mah, Women's Womanist will get a small fee, just as long as you Resource Centre University of Alberta, U of A Pro-Choice, U of quote our identification number: TW A Student Legal Services, Whitecourt Women's Resource Centre, Viviane Tomas, St. Paul District Crisis Centre, (Ontario and Quebec) ASWAG-Lethbridge, Joyce Green, Nora Deisman British 425- (Toronto area) Columbia: Janet Wheeler, Spartacus Books, Vancouver Call collect (rest of Canada) Women's Bookstore, Frank Tester, Ariel Books, Battered Women's Support Services, N.S.W.C., Women Against Violence Against Women, Pacific AIDS Resource Centre, Port Coquitlam Area Women's Centre, Kamloop's Women's Centre, Re'ed Early, Campbell River Area Women's Centre, Penticton Typing: $2/page (double- Women's Centre, Mary Elizabeth Duff, Everywoman's spaced), $4 I page (single- Bookstore, Sam Simpson, Golden Women's Centre, Cranbrook spaced). Q U A L I TY Workshops and classes by Women's Resource Centre, Darlene Matwichuk, Nanaimo GUARANTEED. Centretown Audrey F. Cooke: Ottawa. Christine: 5657-8178 Wm en's Centre, Ft. St. John Women's Centre, Nedra Lee Healing Circle tor Prisk, Prince George Home Support, Mary Ann Morris, Nola Women, 17th Oct and 21st McMorran Yukon: Victoria Faulkner Women's Centre, Dawson Nov, 1993, 10:00am-4:00pm Shelter, Yukon Indian Women's Association, NWT: YWCA. Creative People's Lynne Brooks, Hay River Women's Centre, Sharon Sawchuck Workshop, 31st Oct and 14th Nov, 1993, 10:00am-4:00pm These do not represent all the places where The Womanist Introduction to can be picked up. If you would like to be a distributor of The Holistic Health, 16th Woman/st, please write us. January, 1994, 10:00am- 4:00pm Ongoing yoga, meditation and se.lf-deve lo pme nt classes. To register for any of these workskhops, call Audrey F. Cooke (613) 563- 3009. page 60 Fa/11993

ow we lho we work with Five key principles guide our work Catalyst has completed over 50 empowerment projects for women's groups, participation international development agencies, accountability 'fjnvironmental groups, unions, gender and cultural sensitivity 0 .+boriginal organiza~ions, and integrity ·}1ovemment agencies.

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