DOCSLIB.ORG

Karina Stankeviča CHARACTER of SAPROPEL

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Karina Stankeviča CHARACTER of SAPROPEL Karina Stankeviča Karina Doctoral Thesis Doctoral Doctoral Thesis Riga, 2020 Karina Stankeviča Promocijas darba kopsavilkums darba Promocijas CHARACTER OF SAPROPEL PROPERTIES BASED ON ITS FORMATION CONDITIONS AND POSSIBILITIES OF ITS USE EUROPIAN UNION IEGULDĪJUMS TAVĀ NĀKOTNĒ ISBN 978-9934-18-567-0 Promocijas darba SAPROPEĻA ĪPAŠĪBU RAKSTURS ATKARĪBĀ kopsavilkums NO VEIDOŠANĀS APSTĀKĻIEM UN TĀ IZMANTOŠANAS IESPĒJAS FACULTY OF GEOGRAPHY AND EARTH SCIENCES Karina Stankeviča CHARACTER OF SAPROPEL PROPERTIES BASED ON ITS FORMATION CONDITIONS AND POSSIBILITIES OF ITS USE Doctoral Thesis Submitted for the PhD Degree in Earth Sciences, Physical Geography and Environmental Sciences Subfield – Environmental Sciences Scientific advisors: Prof. Dr. habil. chem. Māris Kļaviņš Dr. geogr. Laimdota Kalniņa RIGA, 2020 The research for Doctoral Thesis was carried out at the University of Latvia, Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences, Department of Environmental Science, over the period from 2011 to 2020. This work has been supported by: • ESF Project ‘Interdisciplinary Team of Young Scientists for Assessment and Restoration of Soil Quality and Usage Potential in Latvia’ No. 2013/0020/1DP/1.1.1.2.0./13/APIA/VIAA/066 • Latvian Council of Science for providing the grant ‘Properties and structure of peat humic substances and possibilities of their modification’ No. lzp-2018/1-0009 Supervisors: Prof. Dr. habil. chem. Māris Kļaviņš Dr. geogr. Laimdota Kalniņa Reviewers: 1) Doc. Dr. Vaidotas Valskys (Vilnius University, Lithuania) 2) Prof. Dr.sc.ing. Ainis Lagzdiņš (Latvia University o f Life Sciences and Technologies) 3) Asoc. prof. Dr.biol. Gunta Spriņģe (University of Latvia) Doctoral committee: 1) Prof. Dr.biol. Viesturs Melecis, chairman of Council 2) Prof. Dr. geogr. Oļģerts Nikodemus 3) Prof. Dr. habil.chem. Māris Kļaviņš 4) Prof. Dr. habil. paed. Raimonds Ernšteins 5) Assoc. prof. Dr. geogr. Iveta Šteinberga 6) Assoc. prof. Dr.biol. Gunta Spriņģe 7) Doc. Dr.geogr. Juris Burlakovs 8) Doc. Dr.geogr. Oskars Purmalis, secretary of Council The Thesis will be defended at the public session of the Doctoral Committee of Environmental Science, the University of Latvia, at the Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences of the University of Latvia (Jelgavas Street 1, Riga, Latvia) on October 30, room 702 at 10:00. The Thesis is available at the Library of the University of Latvia, Kalpaka Blvd. 4, Riga, Latvia References should be addressed to: Dr.georg. Oskars Purmalis University of Latvia, Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences Raina Blvd. 19, Riga LV-1586, Latvia e-mail: [email protected] © Latvijas Universitāte, 2020 © Karina Stankeviča, 2020 ISBN 978-9934-18-567-0 ABSTRACT Within the doctoral thesis, changes in the properties and uses of sapropel depending on the conditions of its formation were investigated by analysing the data on sapropel deposits in Latvia and after a detailed analysis of sapropel profiles in three lakes (Padelis, Pilcine and Pilvelis). A GIS database of freshwater lake sapropel was created, and classification of sapropel types was adapted aiming to systematize and compile the data on sapropel research in Latvia, to determine the total amount of the resource and to conduct the research on the characteristic features of the formation of sapropel resources, as well as evaluate possible ways of sapropel application. For characterisation of the regularities in sapropel accumulation under the influence of climate and environment, the research of three lake profiles was carried out using a multidisciplinary method approach which included the analyses of the palaeobotanical and chemical composition of the sediment profile. Additionally, the age of sediments was determined with the possibility to reconstruct the environmental and climate conditions. The results reveal that the reserves of sapropel identified in the lakes of Latvia (the total number of which is more than 2,200) are currently estimated ~975 million m3 or 530 thsd. t (with a humidity of 60%). The accumulation of sapropel is characteristic to the lakes formed in Upper Pleistocene sediments, and the type of sapropel depends on the nature of these sediments. Sapropel deposits are typical to the lakes of glacigenic origin with flow- through and runoff water regime. The most considerable amount of sapropel deposits can be found in eutrophic and hypereutrophic lakes. The type and composition of sapropel vary within each deposit and depends on the chemical composition, depth and temperature of the water. In recent sediments, a higher concentration of metals was observed in comparison to the background that is associated with the anthropogenic impact. Keywords: freshwater sapropel, gyttja, sediment formation conditions, Holocene, accumulation of metallic elements, pollen, macro- and microfossils, malacofauna, lakes of Latvia 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS AND GLOSSARY ...........................................................................6 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................7 1. LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................... 18 1.1 Definitions, classification of sapropel and history of its research in Latvia ...............................................................................18 1.2 Formation of freshwater sapropel ....................................................................23 1.3 Composition of sapropel ...................................................................................30 1.4 Application possibilities of sapropel ................................................................35 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS .............................................................................. 48 2.1 Study area and research sites.............................................................................48 2.1.1 Lake Padelis .............................................................................................49 2.1.2 Lake Pilcine ..............................................................................................49 2.1.3 Lake Pilvelis .............................................................................................50 2.2 Field studies .........................................................................................................51 2.3 Chronology ..........................................................................................................52 2.4 Analytical methods of sediment analysis ........................................................54 2.4.1 Pollen analysis .........................................................................................54 2.4.2 Plant macrofossils analysis ....................................................................55 2.4.3 Microfossils analysis ...............................................................................55 2.4.4 Malacofauna analysis ..............................................................................56 2.4.5 Bulk density and loss-on-ignition (LOI) .............................................56 2.4.6 Elemental composition ..........................................................................56 2.4.7 Content of humic substances ................................................................57 2.4.8 Quantitative analysis of metallic elements ..........................................57 2.4.9 Content of biogenic phosphorus ..........................................................57 2.4.10 Granulometry ........................................................................................57 2.5 Statistical analysis of the data ...........................................................................58 2.6 Freshwater sapropel database ............................................................................59 4 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................ 65 3.1 Typology, amounts, distribution and formation regularities of freshwater sapropel in the territory of Latvia ................................................65 3.1.1 Classification of freshwater sapropel ....................................................65 3.1.2 Estimated amount of lake sapropel deposits in Latvia ......................70 3.1.3 Formation regularities of sapropel deposits ........................................75 3.2 Reconstruction of environmental and lake conditions during the sapropel formation in studied sites ..............................................79 3.2.1 Water composition of studied areas nowadays...................................79 3.2.2 Chronology and lithostratigraphy of studied sites – lakes Padelis, Pilcine and Pilvelis .........................................................80 3.2.3 Lake Padelis .............................................................................................83 3.2.4 Lake Pilcine ..............................................................................................94 3.2.5 Lake Pilvelis .......................................................................................... 101 3.2.6 Similarities of environmental formation conditions in studied lakes ................................................................. 109 3.3. Distribution, chemical associations and factors influencing the accumulation of metals in sapropel .................... 112 CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................... 126 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pondnet RECORDING FORM (PAGE 1 of 5)
    WETLAND PLANTS PondNet RECORDING FORM (PAGE 1 of 5) Your Name Date Pond name (if known) Square: 4 fig grid reference Pond: 8 fig grid ref e.g. SP1243 e.g. SP 1235 4325 Determiner name (optional) Voucher material (optional) METHOD (complete one survey form per pond) Aim: To assess pond quality and conservation value, by recording wetland plants. How: Identify the outer boundary of the pond. This is the ‘line’ marking the pond’s highest yearly water levels (usually in early spring). It will probably not be the current water level of the pond, but should be evident from wetland vegetation like rushes at the pond’s outer edge, or other clues such as water-line marks on tree trunks or stones. Within the outer boundary, search all the dry and shallow areas of the pond that are accessible. Survey deeper areas with a net or grapnel hook. Record wetland plants found by crossing through the names on this sheet. You don’t need to record terrestrial species. For each species record its approximate abundance as a percentage of the pond’s surface area. Where few plants are present, record as ‘<1%’. If you are not completely confident in your species identification put ’?’ by the species name. If you are really unsure put ‘??’. Enter the results online: www.freshwaterhabitats.org.uk/projects/waternet/ or send your results to Freshwater Habitats Trust. Aquatic plants (submerged-leaved species) Nitella hyalina (Many-branched Stonewort) Floating-leaved species Apium inundatum (Lesser Marshwort) Nitella mucronata (Pointed Stonewort) Azolla filiculoides (Water Fern) Aponogeton distachyos (Cape-pondweed) Nitella opaca (Dark Stonewort) Hydrocharis morsus-ranae (Frogbit) Cabomba caroliniana (Fanwort) Nitella spanioclema (Few-branched Stonewort) Hydrocotyle ranunculoides (Floating Pennywort) Callitriche sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Buglife Ditches Report Vol1
    The ecological status of ditch systems An investigation into the current status of the aquatic invertebrate and plant communities of grazing marsh ditch systems in England and Wales Technical Report Volume 1 Summary of methods and major findings C.M. Drake N.F Stewart M.A. Palmer V.L. Kindemba September 2010 Buglife – The Invertebrate Conservation Trust 1 Little whirlpool ram’s-horn snail ( Anisus vorticulus ) © Roger Key This report should be cited as: Drake, C.M, Stewart, N.F., Palmer, M.A. & Kindemba, V. L. (2010) The ecological status of ditch systems: an investigation into the current status of the aquatic invertebrate and plant communities of grazing marsh ditch systems in England and Wales. Technical Report. Buglife – The Invertebrate Conservation Trust, Peterborough. ISBN: 1-904878-98-8 2 Contents Volume 1 Acknowledgements 5 Executive summary 6 1 Introduction 8 1.1 The national context 8 1.2 Previous relevant studies 8 1.3 The core project 9 1.4 Companion projects 10 2 Overview of methods 12 2.1 Site selection 12 2.2 Survey coverage 14 2.3 Field survey methods 17 2.4 Data storage 17 2.5 Classification and evaluation techniques 19 2.6 Repeat sampling of ditches in Somerset 19 2.7 Investigation of change over time 20 3 Botanical classification of ditches 21 3.1 Methods 21 3.2 Results 22 3.3 Explanatory environmental variables and vegetation characteristics 26 3.4 Comparison with previous ditch vegetation classifications 30 3.5 Affinities with the National Vegetation Classification 32 Botanical classification of ditches: key points
    [Show full text]
  • Download This PDF File
    Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae Article ID: 901 DOI: 10.5586/asbp.901 ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER in FLORISTICS AND PLANT CONSERVATION Publication History Received: 2020-04-26 Differences in Potamogeton praelongus Accepted: 2021-02-02 Published: 2021-05-15 Morphology and Habitats in Europe Handling Editor 1 1* 1 Zygmunt Dajdok; University of Zuzana Kozelková , Romana Prausová , Zina Tomášová , Wrocław, Poland; Lenka Šafářová2 https://orcid.org/0000-0002- 1 8386-5426 Department of Biology, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, 500 03, Czech Republic 2East Bohemian Museum in Pardubice, Pardubice, 530 02, Czech Republic Authors’ Contributions * ZK and RP: collection of feld To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: [email protected] data and their evaluation; ZT: collection of feld data; LŠ: statistical analyses Abstract One of the most southern European occurrences of Potamogeton praelongus is in Funding the Czech Republic (CR), with only one native population in the Orlice River The study was fnanced by grants from the Ministry of foodplain in Eastern Bohemia, the only surviving site from 10 Czech localities Education of the Czech Republic known 45 years ago. is species is critically endangered in the CR and needs to – PřF UHK No. 2112/2014, be actively protected with a rescue program. e number of P. praelongus sites 2111/2015, 2107/2016, increases along a latitudinal gradient, from Central to North Europe (CR, Poland, 2113/2018, 2115/2019 and by funds awarded by EEA/Norway Sweden, and Norway), and correlates with improving conditions (water and the Ministry of Environment transparency and nutrient content in water) for this species along this gradient.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Natural and Anthropogenic Pressures and Disturbances on the Macrophytes of Lake Peipsi Anne Põder Raivo Kalle Raivo Issn 2382-7076 Ene Tooming 5
    KADI PALMIK VIIS VIIMAST KAITSMIST RAIVO KALLE CHANGE IN ESTONIAN NATURAL RESOURCE USE: THE CASE OF WILD FOOD PLANTS EESTI LOODUSLIKE RESSURSSIDE KASUTAMISE MUUTUS: LOODUSLIKE TOIDUTAIMEDE NÄITEL Professor Tiiu Kull, Dr Renata Sõukand, Dr Rajindra K Puri (Kenti Ülikool, Suurbritannia) EFFECTS NATURAL OF AND ANTHROPOGENIC PRESSURES AND DISTURBANCES ON THE MACROPHYTES LAKE OF PEIPSI 5. september 2017 EVELIN JÜRGENSON IMPLEMENTATION OF THE LAND REFORM IN ESTONIA: INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT, SPEED OF IMPLEMENTATION AND LAND PLOT FRAGMENTATIONMAAREFORMI ELLUVIIMINE EESTIS: EFFECTS OF NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC INSTITUTSIONAALNE KORRALDUS, ELLUVIIMISE KIIRUS JA MAADE TÜKELDATUS PRESSURES AND DISTURBANCES ON THE Dotsent Siim Maasikamäe MACROPHYTES OF LAKE PEIPSI 27. oktoober 2017 ANNA PISPONEN LOODUSLIKE JA INIMTEKKELISTE LACTOSE CLUSTERING AND CRYSTALLIZATION - AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF LACTOSE PURE SOLUTION AND RICOTTA CHEESE WAY SURVETEGURITE MÕJU PEIPSI JÄRVE LAKTOOSI KLASTERDUMINE JA KRISTALLISEERUMINE: PUHTA LAKTOOSI SUURTAIMESTIKULE LAHUSE JA RICOTTA JUUSTU VADAKU EKSPERIMENTAALUURING Professor Avo Karus, Dr Väino Poikalainen (Teadus ja Tegu OÜ) 10. november 2017 ANNE PÕDER THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP KADI PALMIK IN ESTONIAN RURAL MUNICIPALITIES ETTEVÕTLUST MÕJUTAVAD SOTSIAAL-MAJANDUSLIKUD TEGURID EESTI VALDADES Professor Rando Värnik 27. november 2017 A Thesis for applying for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Hydrobiology ENE TOOMING THE SUBLETHAL EFFECTS OF NEUROTOXIC INSECTICIDES ON THE BASIC BEHAVIOURS
    [Show full text]
  • (Phragmitetea Communis R. Tx. Et Preising 1942) Centralnog Balkana
    UNIVERZITET U BEOGRADU BIOLOŠKI FAKULTET Dragana D. Jenačković FITOCENOLOŠKO-EKOLOŠKA STUDIJA MOČVARNE VEGETACIJE (PHRAGMITETEA COMMUNIS R. TX. ET PREISING 1942) CENTRALNOG BALKANA doktorska disertacija Beograd, 2017 UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE FACULTY OF BIOLOGY Dragana D. Jenačković A PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL-ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF MARSHLAND VEGETATION (PHRAGMITETEA COMMUNIS R. TX. ET PREISING 1942) IN THE CENTRAL BALKANS Doctoral Dissertation Belgrade, 2017 Mentori: Dr Vladimir Ranđelović redovni profesor, Univerzitet u Nišu, Prirodno-matematički fakultet Dr Dmitar Lakušić redovni profesor, Univerzitet u Beogradu, Biološki fakultet Član komisije: Dr Jasmina Šinžar Sekulić vanredni profesor, Univerzitet u Beogradu, Biološki fakultet Datum odbrane: Zahvalnica Doktorska disertacija je realizovana u okviru projekta „Biodiverzitet biljnog sveta Srbije i Balkanskog poluostrva - procena, održivo korišćenje i zaštita” (br. 173030) finansiranog od strane Ministarstva prosvete, nauke i tehnološkog razvoja Republike Srbije. Eksperimentalni deo doktorske disertacije urađen je u laboratorijama Departmana za biologiju i ekologiju Prirodno-matematičkog fakulteta Univerziteta u Nišu, Visoke poljoprivredno-prehrambene škole strukovnih studija u Prokuplju i Poljoprivredno savetodavne i stručne službe u Nišu. Veliku zahvalnost na nesebičnoj podršci, stručnoj pomoći, razumevanju i ukazanom poverenju upućujem dr Vladimiru Ranđeloviću, redovnom profesoru Prirodno- matematičkog fakulteta Univerziteta u Nišu, bez čijeg zalaganja ovaj rad, najverovatnije, ne bi bio realizovan.
    [Show full text]
  • Instruction Manual for the Assessment of Running Water Ecological Status in Accordance with the Requirements of the EG-Water
    Bavarian Environment Agency Instruction Manual for the Assessment of Running Water Ecological Status in Accordance with the Requirements of the EG-Water Framework Directive: Macrophytes and Phytobenthos Version January 2012 Dr. Jochen Schaumburg Christine Schranz Dr. Doris Stelzer Dr. Andrea Vogel Dr. Antje Gutowski Macrophytes and Phytobenthos in Running Waters January 2012 Contractor Bavarian Environment Agency (Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt) Project Management Dr. Jochen Schaumburg, Bayer. Landesamt für Umwelt Coordination Dipl.-Biol. Christine Schranz, Bayer. Landesamt für Umwelt Macrophytes Dr. Doris Stelzer, Hohenbrunn-Riemerling Diatoms Dr. Andrea Vogel, Hechendorf Phytobenthos Dr. Antje Gutowski, Bremen Translation Dr. Lydia King und Jacqueline King, Freiburg With articles from Dr. Klaus van de Weyer and Dr. Uwe Koenzen et al. (Planungsbüro Koenzen). Macrophytes and Phytobenthos in Running Waters January 2012 Macrophytes and Phytobenthos in Running Waters January 2012 Macrophytes and Phytobenthos in Running Waters January 2012 Table of Content 1 Preliminary Remarks 15 2 Sampling and Determination of the Macrophyte & Phytobenthos Biocoenosis 16 2.1 Macrophytes 17 2.1.1 Mapping Equipment 17 2.1.2 Determination of the Mapping Section 18 2.1.3 Completion of the Field Protocol 18 2.2 Diatoms 22 2.2.1 Sampling Intervals 22 2.2.2 Sampling Methods 22 2.2.3 Sampling Equipment for Running Waters 24 2.2.4 Preparation 25 2.2.5 Preparation of Permanent Mounts 27 2.2.6 Microscopic Evaluation 29 2.2.7 Criteria for Reliable Evaluation and
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomic Treatment and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Family
    Aykurt & al. • Revision of Turkish Potamogetonaceae TAXON 69 (6) • December 2020: 1172–1190 SYSTEMATICS AND PHYLOGENY Taxonomic treatment and phylogenetic analysis of the family Potamogetonaceae in Turkey Candan Aykurt,1 Judith Fehrer,2 Duygu Sarı Yol,3 Zdenek Kaplan,2,4 Veronika Bambasová,2 İ. Gökhan Deniz,5 Esra Aydemir1 & Nilüfer İmir5 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey 2 Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Pru˚honice, Czech Republic 3 Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey 4 Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic 5 Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Education, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey Address for correspondence: Candan Aykurt, [email protected] DOI https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12364 Abstract The family Potamogetonaceae has been taxonomically re-evaluated in Turkey, employing traditional morphological as well as molecular approaches (rbcL, ITS). Our fieldwork, herbarium studies and molecular analyses proved the existence of 22 taxa, of which 18 belong to Potamogeton (including 4 interspecific hybrids), 3 to Stuckenia and 1 to monotypic Groenlandia. Morphological re-descriptions of the recognized taxa were prepared, and the information concerning their distribution in Turkey was refined, based on plant material from extensive fieldwork and on specimens stored in herbaria that were previously not examined. Additionally, new identification keys to genera and species, and distribution maps of the species were prepared. Phylogenetic relationships and intraspe- cific variations were assessed by including samples from other regions. The status of the Zannichelliaceae was investigated using nuclear and chloroplast DNA markers.
    [Show full text]
  • BSBI News January 2015 No
    BSBI News January 2015 No. 128 Edited by Trevor James & Gwynn Ellis ISSN 0309-930X Ranunculus sardous collected from Pill (v.c.6) in 2008 flowering in 2009 for the first time Ranunculus sardous flower (l) and sepals (r) Ranunculus bulbosus flower (l) and sepals (r) Ranunculus sardous petal (l) with rounded nectary scale. R. bulbosus petal (r) with flat edged nectary Anagallis monelli (Shrubby Pimpernel), near scale Swife Farm, E. Sussex (v.c.14). All Ranunculus photos © M. Webster (see p. 30) Photo: R. Wells © 2014 (see p. 42) CONTENTS Important Notices Vascular plant Red Data List for Great From the President......................I. Denholm 2 Britain: a summary of amendments From the Company Secretary........C. Lovatt 3 ............................S. Leach & K. Walker 47 Notes from the Editors....T. James & G. Ellis 4 A trio of unusual alien ferns (v.c.6) Notes.......................................................... 5-55 ........................H.J. Crouch & F. Rumsey 54 Points arising from Flora Gallica...M. Rand 5 Requests & Offers.................................. 56-58 Limonium binervosum as a roadside halophyte Horticultural names in print and an ....................................................T. Pyner 6 opportunity to volunteer from home Investigating the impact of Ash dieback .............................................J. Armitage 56 ....................................O.L. Pescott, et al. 8 New online interactive flora.T.F. Marshall 57 Potamogeton nodosus in the Jubilee River Seeds from Ware in 2014..........G. Hanson 58
    [Show full text]
  • Macrophytes of Rivers Within the STAR Project
    Guidance for the field assessment of macrophytes of rivers within the STAR Project Hugh Dawson NERC CEH-Dorset, UK Date of first preparation(elicitation): April 25th, 2002 First Update (based on MTR methodology): June 10, 2002 Second Update: June 26, 2002 1. Introduction Macrophytes are an important component of aquatic ecosystems and are required to be used broadly within the Water Framework Directive (WFD) (2000/60/EC)], to facilitate the establishment of good ecological status and the general monitoring of ecological status. In addition to their ecological role, macrophytes are indicators of ecological quality in running waters. In particular species and species groups of macrophytes are typical of specific types of running waterbody and the degree to which they are adversely affected by types of anthropogenic impact. The absence of aquatic macrophytes may however be characteristic of some running water habitats such as in highly active rivers with unstable gravel beds or in deeper rivers where their absence may due to the limitations of habitat such as light through water depth, water velocity, or turbidity. Absence of plants may equally be the result of some unidentified anthropogenic impact eg, chemical. A wide range of sampling and survey methodologies have been developed by different nations for specific applications including conservation, ecological status, drainage impact, management, ecological habitat, river restoration or enhancement. The methodology required as part of the STAR programme is developed specifically for the surveying of macrophytes in natural and anthropogenically-altered running freshwaters for the purpose of monitoring ecological status. The CEN standard has not as yet been made formally available (April 2002) but STAR has been commissioned to consider and to test a standard methodology for use throughout Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Potamogetonaceae, Zosteraceae
    Flora Malesiana, Series I, Volume 16 (2002) 167-216 Potamogetonaceae, Zosteraceae, and Cymodoceaceae 1 C. den Hartog Nijmegen, The Netherlands & G. Wiegleb Cottbus, Germany) Introductionto thesea-grasses (C. den Hartog) In earlier papers the sea-grasses were classifiedwithin two families, the Potamogetona- and the As result of research of all of the ceae Hydrocharitaceae. a thorough genera order Helobiae (Alismatidae) by Tomlinson (1982), it has become evident that the very heterogeneous family Potamogetonaceae had to be split into a number of independent families. The sea-grasses which already had subfamily status, became families in their own right, the Cymodoceaceae the Zosteraceae and the Posidoniaceae (not in Malesia). , , The independence of these families is not contradicted by molecular genetical evidence (Les et al. 1997). According to the new vision the Potamogetonaceae are restricted to the genera Potamogeton, Groenlandia (not in Malesia), and Ruppia; however, there are of its molecular genetic indications that the latter genus may present a family own (Les et al. 1997). Therefore, and because of the comparable role in the vegetation of the dif- ferent introduction to in is here, with to the genera, an sea-grasses general given a Key different families and genera of sea-grasses. The phytochemistry of all these groups is given by R. Hegnauer. The few angiosperms that have penetrated into the marine environment, and are able to fulfiltheir vegetative and generative cycle when completely submerged, are generally known as sea-grasses. The name refers to the superficial resemblance to grasses, be- cause ofthe linear leaves of most of the species. In spite of the fact that the numberof sea-grass species is very small (only 60 to 65), they are of paramount importance in the coastal environment, where, when they occur, they generally form extensive beds.
    [Show full text]
  • European Red List of Vascular Plants Melanie Bilz, Shelagh P
    European Red List of Vascular Plants Melanie Bilz, Shelagh P. Kell, Nigel Maxted and Richard V. Lansdown European Red List of Vascular Plants Melanie Bilz, Shelagh P. Kell, Nigel Maxted and Richard V. Lansdown IUCN Global Species Programme IUCN Regional Office for Europe IUCN Species Survival Commission Published by the European Commission This publication has been prepared by IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the European Commission or IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission or IUCN. Citation: Bilz, M., Kell, S.P., Maxted, N. and Lansdown, R.V. 2011. European Red List of Vascular Plants. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Design and layout by: Tasamim Design - www.tasamim.net Printed by: The Colchester Print Group, United Kingdom Picture credits on cover page: Narcissus nevadensis is endemic to Spain where it has a very restricted distribution. The species is listed as Endangered and is threatened by modifications to watercourses and overgrazing. © Juan Enrique Gómez. All photographs used in this publication remain the property of the original copyright holder (see individual captions for details). Photographs should not be reproduced or used in other contexts without written permission from the copyright holder. Available from: Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, http://bookshop.europa.eu IUCN Publications Services, www.iucn.org/publications A catalogue of IUCN publications is also available.
    [Show full text]
  • Database and Atlas of Aquatic Vascular Plants the British Isles
    f t 3 DATABASE AND ATLAS OF AQUATIC VASCULAR PLANTS THE BRITISH ISLES Part I : Species Accounts ITE NRA National Rivers Authority Project Record 352/2/N&Y ' NRA 352/2/N&Y fG 'S-C NATIONAL RIVERSAUTHCJRITY Database ami-*rtflas o-f a q u a tlp -^ 7 a s c u 1 ar p la n ts i j A JXC -tfT 1 so . 00 Database and Atlas of Aquatic Vascular Plants in the British Isles Part I: Species Accounts C D Preston and J M Croft Research Contractor: Institute of Freshwater Ecology Monks Wood Abbots Ripton Huntingdon Cambridge PE17 2LS National Rivers Authority Rivers House Waterside Drive Almondsbury Bristol BS12 4UD Project Record 352/2/N&Y ENVIRONMENT AGENCY 136210 Commissioning Organisation National Rivers Authority Rivers House Waterside Drive Almondsbury . Bristol BS12 4UD Tel: 01454 624400 Fax: 01454 624409 ® National Rivers Authority 1995 . All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the National Rivers Authority. The views expressed in this document are not necessarily those of the NRA. Its officers, servants or agents accept no liability for any loss or damage arising from the interpretation or use of the information, or reliance upon views contained herein. Dissemination Status Internal: Limited Release External: Restricted Statement of Use This document provides information on the occurrence and distribution of aquatic plants in Britain and provides a valuable source of data fro NRA staff.
    [Show full text]