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(Phragmitetea Communis R. Tx. Et Preising 1942) Centralnog Balkana

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(Phragmitetea Communis R. Tx. Et Preising 1942) Centralnog Balkana UNIVERZITET U BEOGRADU BIOLOŠKI FAKULTET Dragana D. Jenačković FITOCENOLOŠKO-EKOLOŠKA STUDIJA MOČVARNE VEGETACIJE (PHRAGMITETEA COMMUNIS R. TX. ET PREISING 1942) CENTRALNOG BALKANA doktorska disertacija Beograd, 2017 UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE FACULTY OF BIOLOGY Dragana D. Jenačković A PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL-ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF MARSHLAND VEGETATION (PHRAGMITETEA COMMUNIS R. TX. ET PREISING 1942) IN THE CENTRAL BALKANS Doctoral Dissertation Belgrade, 2017 Mentori: Dr Vladimir Ranđelović redovni profesor, Univerzitet u Nišu, Prirodno-matematički fakultet Dr Dmitar Lakušić redovni profesor, Univerzitet u Beogradu, Biološki fakultet Član komisije: Dr Jasmina Šinžar Sekulić vanredni profesor, Univerzitet u Beogradu, Biološki fakultet Datum odbrane: Zahvalnica Doktorska disertacija je realizovana u okviru projekta „Biodiverzitet biljnog sveta Srbije i Balkanskog poluostrva - procena, održivo korišćenje i zaštita” (br. 173030) finansiranog od strane Ministarstva prosvete, nauke i tehnološkog razvoja Republike Srbije. Eksperimentalni deo doktorske disertacije urađen je u laboratorijama Departmana za biologiju i ekologiju Prirodno-matematičkog fakulteta Univerziteta u Nišu, Visoke poljoprivredno-prehrambene škole strukovnih studija u Prokuplju i Poljoprivredno savetodavne i stručne službe u Nišu. Veliku zahvalnost na nesebičnoj podršci, stručnoj pomoći, razumevanju i ukazanom poverenju upućujem dr Vladimiru Ranđeloviću, redovnom profesoru Prirodno- matematičkog fakulteta Univerziteta u Nišu, bez čijeg zalaganja ovaj rad, najverovatnije, ne bi bio realizovan. Najsrdačnije se zahvaljujem dr Dmitru Lakušiću, redovnom profesoru Biološkog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu, na ukazanom poverenju i dragocenim sugestijama prilikom izrade doktorske disertacije. Najtoplije se zahvaljujem dr Jasmini Šinžar Sekulić, vanrednom profesoru Biološkog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu, na korisnim savetima u završnoj fazi izrade doktorske disertacije. Veliku zahvalnost na ohrabrivanju i dragocenoj pomoći prilikom terenskih istraživanja i laboratorijskih analiza dugujem mr Ivani Zlatković. Najiskrenije se zahvaljujem dr Branku Karadžiću, dr Miodragu Đorđeviću i dr Đurađu Miloševiću na korisnim sugestijama prilikom statističke obrade podataka. Dragim kolegama sa Departmana za biologiju i ekologiju Prirodno-matematičkog fakulteta Univerziteta u Nišu dugujem zahvalnost na ohrabrivanju i stručnim savetima. Beskrajnu zahvalnost na razumevanju, strpljenju, neprekidnom ohrabrivanju i podršci u teškim trenucima upućujem roditeljima, sestri, Milanu i prijateljima. Realizacija ovog poduhvata bi bila mnogo teža bez vaše iskrene ljubavi. Hvala vam. Fitocenološko-ekološka studija močvarne vegetacije (Phragmitetea communis R. Tx. et Preising 1942) centralnog Balkana Rezime Prvi zapisi o florističkom sastavu, ekologiji i distribuciji močvarne vegetacije centralnog Balkana postali su dostupni naučnoj javnosti početkom XX veka. Višedecenijsko razdoblje, od prvih godina prošlog veka do danas, obeležila su sporadična i fragmentarna proučavanja ovog vegetacijskog tipa. Mnogobrojna staništa obrasla zajednicama trski i visokih oštrica, rasprostranjena u nizijskim, brdskim i planinskim predelima centralnog Balkana, ostala su neistražena kako sa fitocenološkog, tako i ekološkog aspekta. U cilju obogaćivanja saznanja o kvalitativnom i kvantitativnom sastavu vrsta, distribuciji, sezonskoj varijabilnosti i ekologiji močvarnih fitocenoza centralnog Balkana izvršeno je istraživanje, do sada, neproučavanih staništa smeštenih na teritoriji slivnog područja Južne Morave. Realizacijom pomenutog istraživanja stvorena je adekvatna osnova za postavljanje i realizaciju glavnih ciljeva ove studije, među kojima su: utvrđivanje sintaksonomskih odnosa u okviru vegetacijske klase Phragmitetea communis, razmatranje mogućnosti predlaganja uniformnog vremena uzorkovanja močvarnih fitocenoza, definisanje bioindikatorskog potencijala pojedinih makrofita (statistički značajnih indikatorskih vrsta proučavanih fitocenoza) na osnovu prikupljenih informacija o njihovim ekološkim afinitetima u pogledu fizičko-hemijskih osobina vode i supstrata. Primenom hijerarhijske klasifikacione analize na setu podataka koji objedinjuje, do sada, nepublikovane fitocenološke snimke zabeležene na proučavanom području i fitocenološke snimke preuzete iz literaturnih izvora ustanovljeno je da močvarnu vegetaciju centralnog Balkana odlikuje izuzetna raznovrsnost asocijacija. Na osnovu razlika u kvalitativnom i kvantitativnom sastavu taksona, prepoznato je i opisano 27 asocijacija, Typhetum angustifoliae, Typhetum latifoliae, Typhetum domingensis, Phragmitetum australis, Schoenoplectetum lacustris, Glycerietum maximae, Equisetetum limosi, Glycerietum fluitantis, Glycerietum notatae, Sparganietum erecti, Oenantho aquaticae-Rorippetum amphibiae, Phalaridetum arundinaceae, Eleocharietum palustris, Butometum umbellati, Bolboschoenetum glauci, Caricetum gracillis, Caricetum ripariae, Caricetum vulpinae, Caricetum rostrato-vesicariae, Cyperetum longi, Caricetum elatae, Cladietum marisci, Caricetum paniculatae, Caricetum acutiformis, Bolboschoenetum maritimi continentale, Schoenoplectetum tabernaemontani i Oenantho fistulosae-Beckmannietum eruciformis, u okviru 5 vegetacijskih redova i 7 sveza vegetacijske klase Phragmitetea communis. Detaljne informacije o florističkoj sličnosti sastojina, njihovoj ekologiji i distribuciji prikazane su za svaku asocijaciju ponaosob u glavnom delu doktorske disertacije. Permutacionim multivarijantnim analizama varijanse ustanovljeno je da od 12 proučavanih zajednica (Bolboschoenetum maritimi continentale, Caricetum ripariae, Eleocharietum palustris, Glycerietum maximae, Phalaridetum arundinaceae, Phragmitetum australis, Schoenoplectetum lacustris, Schoenoplectetum tabernaemontani, Sparganietum erecti, Typhetum angustifoliae, Typhetum domingensis i Typhetum latifoliae) samo dve fitocenoze, Bolboschoenetum maritimi continentale i Eleocharietum palustris, pokazuju statistički značajne sezonske promene kvalitativnog i kvantitativnog sastava vrsta i životnih formi. Neparametarskim Friedman-ovim testom utvrđeno je postojanje statistički značajnih sezonskih promena α-diverziteta u zajednicama Typhetum angustifoliae i Typhetum domingensis. Osim toga, istom statističkom analizom konstatovano je da se broj vrsta i vrednosti α-diverziteta zajednica Glycerietum maximae, Phragmitetum australis i Schoenoplectetum lacustris statistički značajno menjaju tokom vegetacione sezone. Sezonska varijabilnost močvarnih zajednica ne ogleda se samo u promenljivom kvalitativnom i kvantitativnom sastavu vrsta, životnih formi, broja vrsta i α-diverziteta, već i u promenljivom sastavu statistički značajnih indikatorskih vrsta, a navedeni oblik sezonske varijabilnosti karakteriše sledeće fitocenoze: Schoenoplectetum lacustris, Sparganietum erecti i Typhetum angustifoliae. U skladu sa rezultatima primenjenih statističkih testova zapaženo je da sezonsku dinamiku močvarnih zajednica iniciraju promene u vodnom režimu njihovih staništa. Nepredvidivost trajanja i smenjivanja pojedinih ekofaza tokom vegetacione sezone ograničavaju mogućnost predikcije sezonske promenljivosti močvarnih zajednica, a samim tim i predlaganja optimalnog vremena njihovog uzorkovanja. Shodno tome, u budućim fitocenološkim studijama bi trebalo utvrditi posledice uključivanja sezonski heterogenih fitocenoloških snimaka u iste statističke analize na definisanje vegetacijskih jedinica i donošenje sintaksonomskih zaključaka. Ekološki afiniteti i bioindikatorski potencijali statistički značajnih indikatorskih vrsta proučavanih fitocenoza procenjeneni su na osnovu oblika kriva odgovora i vrednosti njihovih kardinalnih tačaka. Vrste Bolboschoenus maritimus i Scirpus lacustris subsp. tabernaemontani prepoznate su kao validni bioindikatori blago 2- zaslanjenih, alkalnih staništa na kojima je koncentracija SO4 u vodi visoka. Ekološke valence pomenutih vrsta samo su delimično preklopljene jer vrsti Bolboschoenus maritimus, u odnosu na vrstu Scirpus lacustris subsp. tabernaemontani, pogoduju slanija i alkalnija staništa koja su siromašnija sulfatima, a bogatija azotom, fosforom, kalijumom i hloridima. Inače, stepen saliniteta, kiselosti i sadržaj nutrijenata na močvarnim staništima ubrajaju se među ključne faktore ekološke diverzifikacije vrsta roda Bolboschoenus. Vrsta Bolboschoenus glaucus, za razliku od vrste Bolboschoenus maritimus, preferira nezaslanjena, blago alkalna staništa na kojima je sadržaj nutrijenata relativno nizak. Staništa na kojima je voda relativno duboka, blago kisela, siromašna 2- SO4 (0.30 mg/l), a supstrat sadrži malu količinu K2O (6.80 mg/100g sedimenta) i ima nizak stepen elektroprovodljivosti pogoduju vrstama Typha angustifolia, Sparganium erectum i Typha latifolia. Primenom Huisman-Olff-Fresco (HOF) modela konstatovano - + je da su močvarna staništa okarakterisana niskim ili osrednjim sadržajem NO3 , NH4 , 3- 2- PO4 i SO4 u vodi pogodna za razvoj i rast vrsta Carex riparia, Eleocharis palustris, Phalaris arundinacea, Scirpus lacustris i Stachys palustris. Rezultatima ove studije potvrđeno je da vrsta Phragmites australis ima nisku indikativnu vrednost i regionalni bioindikatorski značaj. Višemesečnim monitoringom močvarnih ekosistema centralnog Balkana obogaćena su saznanja o ekološkim afinitetima pojedinih makrofita, a time je napravljen prvi korak u formiranju nacionalne baze podataka o univarijantim odgovorima hidrofita. Prikupljanjem informacija o univarijantnim odgovorima vrsta u odnosu na različite sredinske varijable postavlja se dobra osnova
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