DOCSLIB.ORG

DNA's Cast of Thousands

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
DNA's Cast of Thousands B UILDING ON THE DNA REVOLUTION academic ability, and to home in on that,” considerations are al- says Fuller. “There’s a history of people so gaining promi- ECTION with no qualifications who are now senior.” nence. For instance, S 25 years ago MRC Past as prologue didn’t bother to patent At the end of April, hundreds of former LMB Milstein’s technique researchers will converge on Cambridge to for making monoclon- PECIAL celebrate the 50th anniversary of Watson and al antibodies, now a S Crick’s DNA paper. They include numerous fundamental tool in Nobel laureates whose prizewinning research many industries. The came after their time at LMB, as well as same was true of prominent department heads, institute direc- Sanger’s sequencing tors, and journal editors. There is no doubt in technology. Today, their minds that LMB is unique. “I don’t patenting is encour- think if you had put the same people in a U.S. aged, says Henderson, institution that they would have done as and several compa- well,” says Rubin. Biological incubator. Hundreds of budding molecular biologists got nies, such as Celltech, But can it continue to be so special? their start at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology, opened in 1962. are associated with Thirty years ago, “the field was much the lab. smaller. It was the place for U.S. postdocs to To keep pace with the burgeoning sci- Klug and Henderson suspect that the go, and the best went,” Rubin explains. entists and staff—about 400, more than place is good for at least a couple of more “Now there are many good places.” Al- twice the number 30 years ago—the build- Nobels. Even today, with universities, though funds still flow relatively freely, pa- ing has doubled in size every decade since medical foundations, and other organiza- perwork, regulations, and other constraints 1962. A new building is in the works. Says tions working to create hotbeds of scien- have crept in, Henderson notes. And while Klug, “I am worried that we will get too tific creativity, LMB still earns strong ku- he and his colleagues pride themselves on big and lose the ethos on which the lab has dos. Says Yale’s Joan Steitz: “There have their small labs, which range in size from 1 been built.” been very good research institutions that to 10 people, they worry that they will fall LMB now relies on a glossy annual re- have tried to capture the flavor and spirit, behind. “There’s so much more you can do port rather than word of mouth to publi- but they haven’t got it.” with more manpower,” says Pelham. cize its accomplishments. Commercial –ELIZABETH PENNISI OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY;AND SOCIETY MRC LABORATORY SCIENCE CREDITS: BOTTOM) TO (TOP LIBRARY PHOTO NEWS DNA’s Cast of Thousands Watson and Crick’s discovery revealed much, suggested more, but left many details unanswered. Ever since, researchers have been discovering the proteins that unlock DNA and the genetic code When James Watson and Francis Crick with proteins. But rebuilt today, Watson and elucidated the structure of DNA, they dis- Crick’s bare-bones model would be draped covered an elegantly simple molecule. with proteins that kink and curl, repair, and With cardboard cutouts, metal, and wire, otherwise animate DNA. they showed how DNA’s two chains wound around each other, with the paired bases DNA ascendant inside, one full rotation every 10 bases. The age of DNA began well before Crick Their model immediately suggested how and Watson were born. In the 1860s, Image not DNA copied itself and enabled genetic Friedrich Miescher, a Swiss working in information to flow from one generation Tübingen, Germany, isolated a strange, available for to the next. They boasted that they had phosphorus-rich material from the cell nu- online use. found the “secret of life”—essentially, bi- cleus. Within decades, it was clear that this ology’s master molecule that controlled peculiar substance—later identified as nu- the fate of the cell and, consequently, of cleic acids—was fundamental to the cell’s the organism. chemistry. Somehow. Fifty years of research since then has Throughout the early part of the 20th shown that, despite its precision design, this century, biochemists argued about DNA’s molecule can’t dance without a team of cho- role. Some postulated that it was the stuff of reographers. Like a puppet, DNA comes genes; others insisted that proteins carried alive only when numerous proteins pull its “strings.” At the time of their discovery, Naked DNA. Watson and Crick’s first model of Watson and Crick had only the haziest of DNA didn’t begin to reveal the complex set of ideas about how this double helix interacted proteins the molecule needs to do its job. 282 11 APRIL 2003 VOL 300 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org B UILDING ON THE DNA REVOLUTION S PECIAL California Insti- errors, the cell calls in its molecular repairers. tute of Technolo- These enzymes mark the bad DNA, cut it gy in Pasadena out, and replace it with the right code. One of showed this to be the best-studied examples is that of bacteria S the case. as they recover from exposure to ultraviolet ECTION Shortly after- light. First, a complex of UvrABC proteins ward, Arthur Ko- recognizes the damage. Then the UvrABC rnberg of Stanford enzyme cuts at two sites a few bases to either University and his side of the defective DNA and whisks away colleagues dem- that piece. DNA polymerase then fills in the onstrated that an gap with the correct bases. enzyme they had discovered several DNA’s messenger years earlier or- Watson and Crick’s discovery left wide open chestrates the syn- the question of how DNA specifies which thesis of each new proteins are made. It was more than a DNA strand. The decade before the “code” itself was worked Chameleon. Although the B-DNA is most common and the one first described, enzyme, DNA out, along with all the intricate details of the certain conditions force this molecule into A- or Z-DNA configurations. polymerase, adds gene-to-protein transition. just the right nu- The first clues that genes specified the genetic code. Even though Oswald Av- cleotide base to the separated DNA strands, amino acids came from V. M. Ingram of the ery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty making sure the new one exactly matches its University of Cambridge. He of Rockefeller University in New York City template. More than 20 additional proteins studied the sickle cell trait, demonstrated in 1944 that DNA and not are also known to perform distinct func- in which two defective proteins carried the genetic code, the debate tions in copying DNA. Some help un- continued; even Crick and Watson at first wind DNA, for example; others mark First glimpse. This 84 (1996) disagreed on this point. the starting point of replication. And x-ray diffraction pat- CELL , Soon after Watson joined him at the Uni- since then researchers have found at tern hinted that DNA versity of Cambridge, U.K., in 1951, Crick least two more DNA polymerases: ET AL. was helical, thereby was persuaded. Across two continents, they one specializes in making new DNA; helping Watson and and others set out to discover just what another helps repair damaged DNA. Crick come up with DNA looked like. Tapping a newly devel- Some mistakes are introduced long the right structure. oped imaging technique called x-ray crystal- after DNA polymerase has finished its lography, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice job—for instance, when radiation or toxic genes can lead to severe ane- Wilkins of King’s College in London pro- chemicals cause the wrong base or bases to mia, while one causes just mild problems. In (1992) ; S. FROM ADAPTED KIM 9 6 duced images that showed DNA was heli- be substituted or others to be deleted al- 1957, he tracked the defect down to a single CELL cal. Others were busy envisioning together. This necessitates a amino acid change, a mistake in whatever ., how DNA’s bases were more extensive repair sys- specified the order of amino acids in the he- ET AL arranged to enable it to tem. Faced with such moglobin protein. The work suggested that function. Watson and DNA was that template. Crick’s discovery set- Duplicating DNA. The ring section of Then, in 1961, Marshall tled once and for all DNA polymerase helps this enzyme’s Nirenberg of the U.S. Na- that genes were core work more efficiently as it car- tional Institutes of Health in made of DNA. But ries out DNA replication. The crys- Bethesda, Maryland, real- it took eight more tal structure shows the ring (red ized that a three-base se- years—and the and yellow) sliding down the DNA. quence in DNA, UUU, spec- efforts of many ified the amino acid phenyl- researchers—to alanine; soon the rest of the crack the genetic triplets were deciphered. code contained in the We now know that DNA’s nucleotide bases. triplet code is transmitted Watson and Crick, par- through an intermediary ticularly Crick, had many ideas called messenger RNA STRYER, ED. (W. H.AND CO., FREEMAN 1995); JEREMY NORMAN; X-P KONG . ,L about how DNA worked, something (mRNA), a closely related, their landmark 1953 paper hinted at in its single-stranded nucleic acid. last sentence: “It has not escaped our notice The mRNA ferries this in- BIOCHEMISTRY that the specific pairing we have postulated formation out of the nucleus immediately suggests a possible copying to the ribosome, which mechanism for the genetic material.” The builds the protein one amino idea was that, as the double helix uncoiled, acid at a time.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Biochemistrystanford00kornrich.Pdf
    University of California Berkeley Regional Oral History Office University of California The Bancroft Library Berkeley, California Program in the History of the Biosciences and Biotechnology Arthur Kornberg, M.D. BIOCHEMISTRY AT STANFORD, BIOTECHNOLOGY AT DNAX With an Introduction by Joshua Lederberg Interviews Conducted by Sally Smith Hughes, Ph.D. in 1997 Copyright 1998 by The Regents of the University of California Since 1954 the Regional Oral History Office has been interviewing leading participants in or well-placed witnesses to major events in the development of Northern California, the West, and the Nation. Oral history is a method of collecting historical information through tape-recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well- informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. The tape recording is transcribed, lightly edited for continuity and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewee. The corrected manuscript is indexed, bound with photographs and illustrative materials, and placed in The Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley, and in other research collections for scholarly use. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account, offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is reflective, partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ************************************ All uses of this manuscript are covered by a legal agreement between The Regents of the University of California and Arthur Kornberg, M.D., dated June 18, 1997. The manuscript is thereby made available for research purposes. All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to The Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley.
    [Show full text]
  • 2012 Annual Report
    Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center 2012 ANNUAL REPORT A SHARED VISION A SINGULAR MISSION Nurse practitioner Naomi Cazeau, of the Adult Bone Marrow Transplant Service. PING CHI PHYSICIAN-SCIENTIST 10 STEPHEN SOLOMON ALEXANDER RUDENSKY INTERVENTIONAL IMMUNOLOGIST RADIOLOGIST 16 12 VIVIANE TABAR The clinicians and scientists of NEUROSURGEON Memorial Sloan-Kettering share a vision and 18 a singular mission — to conquer cancer. STEPHEN LONG STRUCTURAL BIOLOGIST They are experts united against a 20 SIMON POWELL complex disease. Each type of cancer R ADIATION ONCOLOGIST 24 ETHEL LAW is different, each tumor is unique. Set free NURSE PRACTITIONER in surroundings that invite the sharing of 26 ideas and resources, they attack the CHRISTINA LESLIE complexity of cancer from every angle COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGIST and every discipline. 34 SCOTT ARMSTRONG PEDIATRIC ONCOLOGIST 30 TO JORGE REIS-FILHO EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGIST CONQUER 38 CANCER 04 Letter from the Chairman and the President A complete version of this report — 42 Statistical Profile which includes lists of our donors, 44 Financial Summary doctors, and scientists — 46 Boards of Overseers and Managers is available on our website at 49 The Campaign for Memorial Sloan-Kettering www.mskcc.org/annualreport. 4 5 Letter from the Chairman In 2012 the leadership of Memorial Sloan-Kettering endorsed Douglas A. Warner III These programmatic investments require leadership and and the President a $2.2 billion investment in a clinical expansion that will set vision. Our new Physician-in-Chief, José Baselga, joined the stage for a changing care paradigm into the next decade us on January 1, 2013. An internationally recognized and beyond.
    [Show full text]
  • Moore Noller
    2002 Ada Doisy Lectures Ada Doisy Lecturers 2003 in BIOCHEMISTRY Sponsored by the Department of Biochemistry • University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Dr. Peter B. 1970-71 Charles Huggins* and Elwood V. Jensen A76 1972-73 Paul Berg* and Walter Gilbert* Moore 1973-74 Saul Roseman and Bruce Ames Department of Molecular carbonyl Biophysics & Biochemistry Phe 1974-75 Arthur Kornberg* and Osamu Hayaishi Yale University C75 1976-77 Luis F. Leloir* New Haven, Connecticutt 1977-78 Albert L. Lehninger and Efraim Racker 2' OH attacking 1978-79 Donald D. Brown and Herbert Boyer amino N3 Tyr 1979-80 Charles Yanofsky A76 4:00 p.m. A2486 1980-81 Leroy E. Hood Thursday, May 1, 2003 (2491) 1983-84 Joseph L. Goldstein* and Michael S. Brown* Medical Sciences Auditorium 1984-85 Joan Steitz and Phillip Sharp* Structure and Function in 1985-86 Stephen J. Benkovic and Jeremy R. Knowles the Large Ribosomal Subunit 1986-87 Tom Maniatis and Mark Ptashne 1988-89 J. Michael Bishop* and Harold E. Varmus* 1989-90 Kurt Wüthrich Dr. Harry F. 1990-91 Edmond H. Fischer* and Edwin G. Krebs* 1993-94 Bert W. O’Malley Noller 1994-95 Earl W. Davie and John W. Suttie Director, Center for Molecular Biology of RNA 1995-96 Richard J. Roberts* University of California, Santa Cruz 1996-97 Ronald M. Evans Santa Cruz, California 1998-99 Elizabeth H. Blackburn 1999-2000 Carl R. Woese and Norman R. Pace 2000-01 Willem P. C. Stemmer and Ronald W. Davis 2001-02 Janos K. Lanyi and Sir John E. Walker* 12:00 noon 2002-03 Peter B.
    [Show full text]
  • Suzanne Pfeffer
    July 2010 ASBMB PreSidentiAl PriMer: Suzanne Pfeffer American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology AAdjuvdjuvAAntnt IImmunothermmunotherAApypy ususIIngng KKrnrn70007000 KRN7000 (α-Galactosyl Ceramide) Avanti Number 867000 Supplier: Funakoshi Co. Ltd. Hepatic metastasis is a major clinical problem in cancer treatment. We examined antitumor ac- tivity of alpha-galactosylceramide (KRN7000) on mice with spontaneous liver metastases of re- ticulum cell sarcoma M5076 tumor cells (spontaneous metastasis model). In this model, all mice that were s.c. challenged with one million tumor cells developed a solid s.c. mass by day 7 and died of hepatic metastases. In the current study, we administered 100 microg/kg of KRN7000 to the model mice on days 7, 11, and 15. This treatment suppressed the growth of established liver metastases and resulted in the prolongation of survival time. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis of phenotypes of spleen cells, hepatic lymphocytes, and regional lymph node cells around the s.c. tumor revealed that CD3+NK1.1+ (NKT) cells increased in hepatic lym- phocytes of the KRN7000-treated mice. Cytotoxic activity and IFN-gamma production of hepatic lymphocytes were augmented in comparison with those of spleen cells and regional LN cells. At the same time, interleukin (IL)-12 production of hepatic lymphocytes was markedly enhanced. Neutralization of IL-12 using a blocking monoclonal antibody diminished the prolonged survival time. These results showed that the in vivo antitumor effects of KRN7000 on spontaneous liver metastases were dependent on the endogenous IL-12 production, where NKT cells in the liver are suggested to be involved. Adjuvant immunotherapy using KRN7000 could be a promising modality for the prevention of postoperative liver metastases.
    [Show full text]
  • The Member Magazine of the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
    Vol. 14 / No. 3 / March 2015 THE MEMBER MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY CONTENTS NEWS FEATURES PERSPECTIVES 2 14 50 PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE GIVING PARASITES THEIR DUE COORDINATES Conscience of commitment Chasing the North American Dream 20 4 STEAM 52 NEWS FROM THE HILL When our DNA is fair game CAREER INSIGHTS Gene-editing summit A Q&A with Clemencia Rojas 22 5 ANNUAL MEETING POINTERS 14 MEMBER UPDATE 32 8 ANNUAL AWARDS RETROSPECTIVE Marion Sewer (1972 – 2016) 22 10 JOURNAL NEWS 10 Turning on the thyroid 20 11 Using microRNAs to target cancer cells 12 A mouse model for Hajdu–Cheney syndrome 13 One gene, two proteins, one complex 8 32 50 2016 10 Annual Aards MARCH 2016 ASBMB TODAY 1 PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE THE MEMBER MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Conscience OFFICERS COUNCIL MEMBERS Steven McKnight Squire J. Booker of commitment President Karen G. Fleming Gregory Gatto Jr. Natalie Ahn Rachel Green By Steven McKnight President-Elect Susan Marqusee Karen Allen Jared Rutter Secretary Brenda Schulman Michael Summers very four years, my institution work with the American Society for Toni Antalis Treasurer requires that I take a course Biochemistry and Molecular Biol- ASBMB TODAY EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD E and exam regarding conicts ogy, I can help organize and attend EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS Charles Brenner of interest. Past courses have focused meetings, I can give lectures at other Squire Booker Chair primarily on nancial conicts of institutions, I can help found biotech- Wei Yang Michael Bradley Co-chairs, 2016 Annual Floyd “Ski” Chilton interest, but the course and test I took nology companies, and on and on — Meeting Program Cristy Gelling this past month had a new category so long as the activities have legitimate Committee Peter J.
    [Show full text]
  • Allis Kornberg
    Ada Doisy Lecturers 2006 Ada Doisy Lectures 1970-71 Charles Huggins* and Elwood V. Jensen 2007 in BIOCHEMISTRY 1972-73 Paul Berg* and Walter Gilbert* Sponsored by the Department of Biochemistry • University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1973-74 Saul Roseman and Bruce Ames 1974-75 Arthur Kornberg* and Osamu Hayaishi Dr. Roger 1976-77 Luis F. Leloir* 1977-78 Albert L. Lehninger and Efraim Racker Kornberg Department of Biochemistry 1978-79 Donald D. Brown and Herbert Boyer Stanford School of Medicine 1979-80 Charles Yanofsky Stanford, California 1980-81 Leroy E. Hood 1983-84 Joseph L. Goldstein* and Michael S. Brown* 1984-85 Joan Steitz and Phillip Sharp* The Molecular Basis of 1985-86 Stephen J. Benkovic and Jeremy R. Knowles Eukaryotic Transcription 1986-87 Tom Maniatis and Mark Ptashne 1988-89 J. Michael Bishop* and Harold E. Varmus* 1989-90 Kurt Wüthrich* 4:00 p.m. Thursday, April 5, 2007 1990-91 Edmond H. Fischer* and Edwin G. Krebs* Medical Sciences Auditorium 1993-94 Bert W. O’Malley 1994-95 Earl W. Davie and John W. Suttie 1995-96 Richard J. Roberts* Dr. C. David 1996-97 Ronald M. Evans 1998-99 Elizabeth H. Blackburn Allis 1999-2000 Carl R. Woese† and Norman R. Pace Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology The Rockefeller University 2000-01 Willem P. C. Stemmer and Ronald W. Davis New York, New York 2001-02 Janos K. Lanyi and Sir John E. Walker* 2002-03 Peter B. Moore and Harry F. Noller 2003-04 Elizabeth A. Craig and Susan L. Lindquist Beyond the Double Helix: 2004-05 Peter C.
    [Show full text]
  • Celebrating 40 Years of Rita Allen Foundation Scholars 1 PEOPLE Rita Allen Foundation Scholars: 1976–2016
    TABLE OF CONTENTS ORIGINS From the President . 4 Exploration and Discovery: 40 Years of the Rita Allen Foundation Scholars Program . .5 Unexpected Connections: A Conversation with Arnold Levine . .6 SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY COMMITTEE Pioneering Pain Researcher Invests in Next Generation of Scholars: A Conversation with Kathleen Foley (1978) . .10 Douglas Fearon: Attacking Disease with Insights . .12 Jeffrey Macklis (1991): Making and Mending the Brain’s Machinery . .15 Gregory Hannon (2000): Tools for Tough Questions . .18 Joan Steitz, Carl Nathan (1984) and Charles Gilbert (1986) . 21 KEYNOTE SPEAKERS Robert Weinberg (1976): The Genesis of Cancer Genetics . .26 Thomas Jessell (1984): Linking Molecules to Perception and Motion . 29 Titia de Lange (1995): The Complex Puzzle of Chromosome Ends . .32 Andrew Fire (1989): The Resonance of Gene Silencing . 35 Yigong Shi (1999): Illuminating the Cell’s Critical Systems . .37 SCHOLAR PROFILES Tom Maniatis (1978): Mastering Methods and Exploring Molecular Mechanisms . 40 Bruce Stillman (1983): The Foundations of DNA Replication . .43 Luis Villarreal (1983): A Life in Viruses . .46 Gilbert Chu (1988): DNA Dreamer . .49 Jon Levine (1988): A Passion for Deciphering Pain . 52 Susan Dymecki (1999): Serotonin Circuit Master . 55 Hao Wu (2002): The Cellular Dimensions of Immunity . .58 Ajay Chawla (2003): Beyond Immunity . 61 Christopher Lima (2003): Structure Meets Function . 64 Laura Johnston (2004): How Life Shapes Up . .67 Senthil Muthuswamy (2004): Tackling Cancer in Three Dimensions . .70 David Sabatini (2004): Fueling Cell Growth . .73 David Tuveson (2004): Decoding a Cryptic Cancer . 76 Hilary Coller (2005): When Cells Sleep . .79 Diana Bautista (2010): An Itch for Knowledge . .82 David Prober (2010): Sleeping Like the Fishes .
    [Show full text]
  • DNA Cloning: a Personal View After 40 Years Stanley N
    PERSPECTIVE PERSPECTIVE DNA cloning: A personal view after 40 years Stanley N. Cohen1 Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 Edited by Joseph L. Goldstein, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, and approved August 13, 2013 (received for review August 2, 2013) In November 1973, my colleagues A. C. Y. Chang, H. W. Boyer, R. B. Helling, and I reported in PNAS that individual genes can be cloned and isolated by enzymatically cleaving DNA molecules into fragments, linking the fragments to an autonomously replicating plasmid, and introducing the resulting recombinant DNA molecules into bacteria. A few months later, Chang and I reported that genes from unrelated bacterial species can be combined and propagated using the same approach and that interspecies recombinant DNA molecules can produce a biologically functional protein in a foreign host. Soon afterward, Boyer’s laboratory and mine published our collaborative discovery that even genes from animal cells can be cloned in bacteria. These three PNAS papers quickly led to the use of DNA cloning methods in multiple areas of the biological and chemical sciences. They also resulted in a highly public controversy about the potential hazards of laboratory manipulation of genetic material, a decision by Stanford University and the University of California to seek patents on the technology that Boyer and I had invented, and the application of DNA cloning methods for commercial purposes. In the 40 years that have passed since publication of our findings, use of DNA cloning has produced insights about the workings of genes and cells in health and disease and has altered the nature of the biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries.
    [Show full text]
  • Stanley N. Cohen SCIENCE, BIOTECHNOLOGY, And
    Regional Oral History Office University of California The Bancroft Library Berkeley, California Stanley N. Cohen SCIENCE, BIOTECHNOLOGY, and RECOMBINANT DNA: A PERSONAL HISTORY With an Introduction by Stanley Falkow, Ph.D. Interviews conducted by Sally Smith Hughes, Ph.D. in 1995 Copyright © 2009 by The Regents of the University of California ii Since 1954 the Regional Oral History Office has been interviewing leading participants in or well-placed witnesses to major events in the development of Northern California, the West, and the nation. Oral History is a method of collecting historical information through tape- recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. The tape recording is transcribed, lightly edited for continuity and clarity, and reviewed and corrected by the interviewee. The corrected manuscript is bound with photographs and illustrative materials and placed in The Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley, and in other research collections for scholarly use. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account, offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is reflective, partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ********************************* All uses of this manuscript are covered by a legal agreement between The Regents of the University of California and Stanley N. Cohen dated September 24, 2003. The manuscript is thereby made available for research purposes. All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to The Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley.
    [Show full text]
  • 3-18-2017 Snapshots of a Life in Science, Jeremy
    Snapshots of a life in science: letters, essays, biographical notes, and other writings (1990-2016) Jeremy Nathans Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Department of Neuroscience Department of Ophthalmology Johns Hopkins Medical School Howard Hughes Medical Institute Baltimore, Maryland USA Contents Preface………………………………………………………………………………………………6 Introductions for Lectures or Prizes…………………………..…………..………………………...7 Lubert Stryer, on the occasion of a symposium in his honor – October 2003 Seymour Benzer, 2001 Passano Awardee – April 2001 Alexander Rich, 2002 Passano Awardee – April 2002 Mario Capecchi, 2004 Daniel Nathans Lecturer – May 2004 Rich Roberts, 2006 Daniel Nathans Lecturer – January 2006 Napoleone Ferrara, 2006 Passano Awardee – April 2006 Tom Sudhof, 2008 Passano Awardee – April 2008 Irv Weissman, 2009 Passano Awardee – April 2009 Comments at the McGovern Institute (MIT) regarding Ed Scolnick and Merck - April 2009 David Julius, 2010 Passano Awardee – April 2010 Introduction to the 2013 Lasker Clinical Prize Winners – September 2013 Helen Hobbs and Jonathan Cohen, 2016 Passano Awardees – April 2016 About Other Scientists………………………………………………………………………….…22 David Hogness, scientist and mentor – October 2007 John Mollon – November 1997 Lubert Stryer - October 2006 Hope Jahren – July 2007 Letter to Roger Kornberg about his father, Arthur Kornberg – February 2008 Peter Kim – June 2013 Eulogies………………………………………………………………………………………...…28 Letter from Arthur Kornberg – November 1999 Daniel Nathans (1928-1999; family memorial service) –
    [Show full text]
  • Consensus from Controversy: Cambridge's Biosafety Ordinance
    European Planning Studies Vol. 16, No. 3, April 2008 Consensus from Controversy: Cambridge’s Biosafety Ordinance and the Anchoring of the Biotech Industry MARYANN FELDMANÃ & NICHOLA LOWEÃÃ ÃInstitute of Higher Education, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA, ÃÃCity and Regional Planning, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Received September 2007; accepted January 2008) ABSTRACT This paper provides an interpretative history of the early genesis of biotechnology in Cambridge and attempts to reconcile how the 1976 adoption of the most restrictive biosafety ordinance in the US created an unexpected business friendly environment that subsequently anchored the industry. The regulation was motivated by community concerns about the environmental effects of recombinant DNA and ignited a lively debate, characterized by an open process with activities to inform and involve citizens in decision-making. Introduction The tendency for innovative activity to concentrate spatially provides the foundation for current cluster-based economic development policies. Resources such as prominent universities, investment capital or industrial R&D are seen as critical and offered as a prescription for tech- nology-based economic development. However, many attempts to dictate industrial develop- ment do not yield the expected results, and we still have a limited understanding of the factors that anchor an industry in a region. Rather than a function of resources or initial endowment, developing an industry concentration may be best viewed as a social process that involves tem- poral stages of development (Feldman & Braunerhjelm, 2006). Different from recruiting a firm, anchoring an emerging industry in a location is facilitated by the construction of insti- tutions that provide shared conversational space and generate trust.
    [Show full text]
  • MEMORIAL SLOAN-KETTERING CANCER CENTER Curriculum
    MEMORIAL SLOAN-KETTERING CANCER CENTER Curriculum Vitae and Bibliography Name: Jerard Hurwitz Date of Birth: November 20, 1928 Place of Birth: New York, New York Nationality: U.S. Citizen Office Address: Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Telephone #: 212-794-5896 1275 York Avenue E-Mail: [email protected] New York, NY 10021 Fax#: (212) 717-3627 Home Address: 418 East 59th Street Telephone No. 212-223-4364 New York, NY 10022 Education: Indiana University 1949, B.A., Chemistry Western Reserve University 1953, Ph.D., Biochemistry Postdoctoral Training: 1953-1954 American Cancer Society, Postdoctoral Fellow National Medical Research Council, Mill Hill, London, England 1955-1956 American Cancer Society, Postdoctoral Fellow National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Positions and Appointments: 1956-1958 Instructor of Microbiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 1958-1960 Assistant Professor of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 1960-1963 Associate Professor of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 1963-1965 Professor of Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 1965-1984 Professor and Chairman Dept. of Developmental Biology and Cancer, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 1984-Present Member, Sloan-Kettering Institute Professor, Sloan-Kettering Division of the Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 1989-Present Head, William Randolph Hearst Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 1991-2003 Vice-chairman, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York Scientific and Medical Societies: American Society of Biological Chemists New York Academy of Sciences Member of the National Academy of Sciences American Academy of Arts and Sciences Honors and Awards: 1962 Eli Lilly Award in Biochemistry 1962 Sigma Xi Award 1963-1998 American Cancer Society Professorship 1964-1968 N000.I.H.
    [Show full text]