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Global Media Monitoring Project 2015 GMMP Study in Ghana Global Media Monitoring Project 2015 GMMP study in Ghana Lead Author: Sarah Macharia The Global Media Monitoring Project is coordinated by the World Association for Christian Communication Research Team: Lilian Ndangam, Mina Saboor, Esther Franke, (WACC), a global network of communicators that Sara Parr and Eugene Opoku. promotes communication for social change. Contributors: Dafne Plou (Association for Progressive Communication), Mindy Ran (International Federation of WACC has offices in London, U.K. and Journalists), Monia Azzalini & Claudia Padovani (GMMP Team Toronto, Canada. Italy), Karen Ross (GMMP Europe Region Coordinator, U.K.) www.waccglobal.org Data collection: Teams of volunteer media monitors – civil www.whomakesthenews.org society groups, university researchers, media professionals and others – in 114 countries. See Annex 4. Published by the World Association for Christian Communication (WACC). Database development, data collation, data management and tables: Media Monitoring Africa & Code4SA (South Africa). November, 2015. Fifth GMMP research methodology refinement: Technical Design and Layout by Brad Collicott Advisory Committee. See Annex 8. Translators: Claire Mazuhelli (French), Tlatolli Ollin With particular thanks to Margaret Gallagher and Karen Ross for (Spanish) and CEOSS-Egypt (Arabic) critically reading the draft report and suggesting improvements. Licensed under creative commons using an Attribution- Acknowledgements NonCommercial –NoDerivs GMMP coordinators and volunteer monitors in 114 countries. WACC staff especially Gisèle Langendries and Lucas Nonemacher, WACC regional associations, members and partners. 2.5 deed. Noncommercial. You may not use this work for commercial purposes. Financial support No derivative works. You may not alter, Bread for the World (Germany), Anonymous donor (The transform or build upon this work. Netherlands), UN Women, Women’s World Day of Prayer For any use or distribution, you must make (WWDP) - German Committee, Bread for the World clear to others the license terms of this work. (Germany), Pacific Media Assistance Scheme (PACMAS) funded by the Australian government, UNESCO and United Your fair use and other rights are in no way Church of Canada. affected by the above. Who Makes the News? Table of Contents Foreword . 1 Chapter 3B . 60 by Margaret Gallagher Internet and Twitter News GMMP monitoring 63 Foreword . 3 Topics in online news 63 by UN Under-Secretary-General and People in online news 63 Executive Director of UN Women, Multimedia components 64 Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka Family status 65 Message from UNESCO . 4 News production 65 Getachew Engida, Deputy Director-General, Function in the news 65 UNESCO On rights, gender stereotypes and gender equality issues 67 Preface . 5. Acknowledgements 7 CHAPTER 4 . 69 News Content Executive Summary . 8 Rights-centred journalistic practice 69 Women’s centrality in the news 71 CHAPTER 1 . 13 Gender (in) equality in the news 72 Conceptual Framework Gender stereotyping in the news 77 Freedom of expression 13 GMMP 1995-2015: a few thoughts 80 Media professional ethics 14 Karen Ross Rights-based approach 14 Notes 81 Structure and agency 15 GMMP Italian context 2015 17 CHAPTER 5 . 82 . Monia Azzalini & Claudia Padovani Case studies CHAPTER 2 . 21 CHAPTER 6 . 98 . A Day In The World’s News Ending media sexism by 2020 Action Plan 99 CHAPTER 3A . 31. Newspaper, Television And Radio News Annex 1. 101. I People in the news: Chronic gender References inequality, regional wins and global inertia 31 Presence in News Topics 32 Annex 2 . .105 . Story scope 36 Methodology expanded discussion Functions in the news 36 Annex 3 . .109 . Occupation 37 List of topics Age 40 Victims and survivors 42 Annex 4 . .110 . Family status 44 Regional and National Coordinators II Reporters and presenters 45 1 Gender in newsrooms 45 Annex 5. 114. 2. Reporters and presenters: Global glass Participating countries and data sample ceiling? 48 Annex 6 . .117 . Major topics 51 Regional results tables Age of television reporters 53 Pushing Back: GMMP results 53 Mindy Ran, International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) Gender Council Co-Chair GMMP 2015 iii Who Makes the News? Annex 7. 121. Annex 11. .140 . National data tables Research and other reference materials Annex 8. 134. Annex 12. .145 . Technical advisory committee Media and Gender Policy Documents Annex 9. 135. Annex 13. .146 . Resources for Civil Society and Activists Sample Good Practice Annex 10 . .137 . Annex 14. .149 . Resources for Journalists Gender in News: and Media Organizations Special focus on Peace & Security News List of tables Table 1: Top 10 news topics on the global monitoring day 25 March 2015 23 Table 2: Key Findings: 1995 - 2015 25 Table 3: Participating countries 1995 - 2015 27 Table 4: Media monitored 2015 27 Table 5: Breakdown of news items by region 2015 28 Table 6 Topics in the news 2005-2015 28 Table 7 Topics in newspaper, television and radio news Regional comparisons 2015 29 Table 8 Topics in Internet and Twitter news Regional comparisons 2015 30 Table 9 Major topics by space in newspapers 2015 30 Table 10: Female news subjects by medium 1995-2015 31 Table 11: Overall presence of women in print, radio and television news, by region 1995-2015 32 Table 12: Overall presence of women in print, radio and television news, by major topic, by GMMP year 1995-2015 32 Table 13: Breakdown of women in print, radio and television news, by major topic, by region 2015 33 Table 14: Breakdown of women in online and Twitter news, by major topic, by region 2015 33 Table 15 Top 10 topics in which women are most likely to be present 2015 34 Table 16 Women’s presence in news topics…the bottom 10 2015 34 Table 17: Women as news subjects in different story topics. 2015. 35 Table 18: Female news subjects in local, national, regional and international stories 1995-2015 36 Table 19: Functions of female news subjects 2005-2015 36 Table 20: Functions of female news subjects, by region 2015 37 Table 21 Women’s share of occupations according to the news 2000-2015 38 Table 22 Top 5 occupations for women and men according to the news 2015 39 Table 24 Age of news subjects in newspapers, within sex 2010-2015 40 Table 25 Age of news subjects in newspapers, by sex 2005-2015 40 Table 26: Age of news subjects on television, within sex 2010-2015 40 Table 23 Functions of news subjects, by sex, by occupation 2015 41 Table 27: Age of news subjects on television, by sex 2005-2015 42 Table 28: Function of news subjects by sex, by age 2015 42 Table 29: News subjects portrayed as victims, within sex 2005-2015 43 Table 30: News subjects portrayed as survivors, within sex 2005-2015 43 Table 31: News subjects identified by family status, by sex. 2000-2015. 44 Table 32: News subjects by sex, identified by family status, by sex of reporter. 2010-2015. 44 Table 33: News subjects directly quoted in newspapers 2000-2015 44 Table 34: News subjects photographed in newspapers, by sex 2000-2015 44 Table 35: Reporters and presenters 1995 – 2015 48 Table 36: Female presenters and reporters, by region 2000-2015 48 Table 37: Female presenters and reporters in stories, by region, by medium 2015 49 GMMP 2015 iv Who Makes the News? Table 38: Presenters by region 2000 - 2015 49 Table 39: Female presenters, percentage by age 2005-2015 50 Table 40: Female reporters in the news, by region 2000-2015 50 Table 41: Stories by female reporters, by scope 1995-2015 51 Table 42: Female reporters in local, national, regional and international stories, by region 2015 51 Table 43: Stories by female reporters, by major topics 2000-2015 52 Table 44: Female reporters, by major topic, by region 2015 52 Table 45: Television reporters by age Percentage women 2005-2015 54 Table 46: Female news subjects, by sex of reporter 2000-2015 54 Figure 1: Gender difference in source selection: Gender gap in people in the news and percentage of stories reported by women 2015 55 Figure 2 Gender difference in source selection: Gender gap in people in the news and percentage of stories reported by men 2015 55 Table 47: Top 10 news stories most likely to be reported by women 2015 56 Table 48: Stories least likely to be reported by women…the bottom 10 2015 56 Table 49: Topics in the news - Detail by medium for female reporter 2015 57 Table 50: Internet news: Distribution of major topics 2015 63 Table 51: Internet news: Percentage of female news subjects and sources, by major topic, by region 2015 64 Table 52: Internet news: Multimedia, family status, direct quotes 65 Table 53: Internet news: Female reporters in major topics, by region 2015 65 Table 54 Internet news: Function of people in the news 2015 66 Table 55: Internet news: Selection of female news subjects 2015 66 Table 56: Internet: On rights, gender equality issues, gender stereotypes and women’s centrality 2015 67 Table 57 Twitter: Tweet clearly challenges gender stereotypes, by region, by major topic 2015 67 Table 58: Reference to gender equality/human rights/policy, by major topic 2015 69 Table 59: Reference to gender equality, women’s rights and/or human rights policy, by region 2010- 2015 69 Table 60: Reference to gender equality/human rights/policy, by major topic by region 2015 70 Table 61: Gender difference in reporting, by major topic: On rights-based journalism. 2015. 71 Table 62: Women’s centrality in the news, by major topic 2000-2015 71 Table 63: Top 10 topics in which women are most likely to be central 2015 72 Table 64: Women’s centrality…the bottom 10 stories 20154 72 Table 66: Gender difference in reporting, by topic: On women’s centrality. 2005-2015. 72 Table 65: Stories with women as a central focus by topic –detail 2015 73 Table 67: Stories where issues of gender equality or inequality are raised, by region 2005-2015 74 Table 68: Stories where gender equality issues are raised, by major topic, by region 2015 74 Table 69: Stories where issues of gender equality/inequality are raised by major topic 2005-2015 74 Table 70: Top 10 news stories in which gender equality issues are most likely to be raised 2015 75 Table 71: Raising gender (in)equality issues… the bottom 10 stories 2015 75 Table 72: Gender difference in reporting: On gender (in)equality.
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