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'Til Death Do Us Part ‘Til Death Do Us part Representations of men in the Italian mainstream press coverage of femicide Giulia Masciave´ Supervisor: Deniz Duru Msc in Media and Communication Studies Lund University 2019 Abstract 1 Femicide is the ultimate expression of the violence against women. It is the ultimate act of male dominance over a woman. Despite the criminal justice systems and governments have acknowledged femicide as a crime, there is little public awareness about the patriarchal roots that diffuse and maintain men´s power. Even though the causes of femicide cannot be separated from the causes of patriarchy, femicide continues to be seen only as a crime. Little action or reflection has been deployed to critically look at the perpetrators of femicide. This thesis embarks from the standpoint that the representations in the news media play a significant role in affecting the extent to which the perpetrators of femicide are regarded as justifiable for their crime. With the aim of enhancing our understanding of femicide and the mediation of men and masculinities, the present thesis investigates how a selection of perpetrators of femicide was discursively represented in Italy´s three mainstream newspapers during 2018. By using tools from critical discourse analysis and qualitative coding, this thesis shows how news media to a great extent do not problematize the homicidal actions of the man within the context of a persisting patriarchal system. The perpetrators of femicide are represented in a continuous negotiation of their profile: mad men/lucid men, violent men/caring fathers/lovers. The thesis links these representations to ongoing trends where patriarchal and hegemonic masculinity discourses – centered on the male breadwinner figure and the dehumanization and decontextualization of the killer – have affected the news reporting. The mediation of masculinity within a femicide context has remained an under-researched topic within the field. The conclusions of this study – that the news media are more interested in gazing at the lurid details of the men’s killing dynamics than critically examining them – suggest that more critical reflection on the crime news as a playground for morality is to prevail. Keywords: ‘News media’, ‘femicide’, ‘masculinity’, ‘crime news’, ‘journalism ethics’, ‘Critical Discourse Analysis’, ‘representations’, ‘Italy’, ‘mainstream newspapers’, ‘negotiation’ 2 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I want to thank my supervisor Deniz Duru for guiding me through this thesis project. Thank you for always being honest with me and your belief I could turn all my feminist rage into a critical reflection of a topic which still gives me nightmares for its brutality. At this proposal, thank you for our ritual first 5-minutes conversation in Italian, it helped a lot to diminish all the negativity and the frustrations that a discussion on femicide brings with. Thank you, Joanna Doona, for reminding me to always ‘let the text talk’ when I started approaching my analysis. I promise you that I will always be a defender of that amazing (and long) journey called CDA. Mum, Dad, Francesco, thank you for the laughs during our video calls and group chat conversation. Thank you for the big food boxes you sent me: I would have lived of frozen pizza during the whole thesis writing process. Thanks to my classmates for the hours spent in the library, for the lunch and coffee breaks, for the Game of Thrones nights and for the spontaneous hugs and dances. I always want to dedicate a moment of gratitude to whoever I had the opportunity to talk about my thesis and had kind and supportive words. Thanks to my student union for allowing me to be part of their amazing active members. Preparing food and organizing a ball kept me sane, with the stomach full and made me laugh a lot. Thanks to my spirit animals: Michel Foucault and Pink Floyd. For all the infused guidance through your books and music. And memes. 3 Table of contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………….2 1.Introduction………………………………………………………………………………...5 1.1. Aims and Objectives…………………………………………………………………….6 1.2. Research Questions……………………………………………………………………...6 2. The sociocultural contextualization: God, family and media in Italy………………….7 2.1. God………………………………………………………………………………………..7 2.2. A family-centric law proposal…………………………………………………………..8 2.3. The Italian mainstream media sphere……………………………………………….....9 3. Literature Review……………………………………………………………………….....9 3.1. Femicide around the world…………………………………………………………….10 3.2. Media studies and violence against women…………………………………………...11 3.3. Feminist media studies: a critical approach towards the news media…………………………………………………………………….11 3.3.1. News coverage of femicide: studies made in Italy………………………………………………………………………...13 3.4. Addressing the gap in the academic conversation on news media and femicide………………………………………………………………..14 3.4.1. Representations of men in extreme cases…………………………………………...15 3.5. Media power: can news media stop femicide happening?...............................................................................................................16 3.6. Femicide news as crime news…………………………………………………………..19 4. Theoretical frameworks………………………………………………………………….20 4.1. Defining femicide……………………………………………………………………….20 4.2. The feminist strands……………………………………………………………………21 4.3. “The personal is political”: a radical feminist framework………………………………………………………………...22 4.4. Analysing the man: hegemony, toxic masculinity, and violence……………………………………………………………..24 4.5. Towards the analysis of the news coverage of femicide: journalism ethics and feminist ethics……………………………………………………....28 5.The methodological design………………………………………………………………..29 5.1. Social Constructionism………………………………………………………………....29 5.1.1. Text, Discourse, Social Practise: CDA at the mirror…………………………………………………………………………..30 5.2. Framing the qualitative analysis: mainstream newspapers, material collection, sampling and methods………………………………………………..31 5.2.1. The Italian mainstream newspapers: a look at the newspapers under investigation……………………………………………………..32 4 5.2.2. Data collection and sampling………………………………………………………...33 5.2.3. The analytical tools…………………………………………………………………...35 6. Analysis of the findings…………………………………………………………………...37 6.1. “Meet the man”................................................................................................................37 6.1.1. “The man in the mirror”..............................................................................................38 6.1.2. “A resume of all respect”..............................................................................................39 6.1.3. “He and She”..................................................................................................................41 6.1.4. Summary……………………………………………………………………………....41 6.2. “His drawing of death”....................................................................................................42 6.2.1. “It was known to be an aggressive man”....................................................................42 6.2.2. “Hi kissed her and then he threw her off the bridge”...............................................44 6.2.3. “I made a trouble: I have a dead girl at home”..........................................................46 6.2.4. Summary………………………………………………………………………………48 6.3. “I would never hurt you”.................................................................................................49 6.3.1. “A sudden explosion of madness”................................................................................49 6.3.2. “He planned everything”..............................................................................................51 6.3.3. “The emotional storm”.......................................................................................................................................52 6.3.4. Summary……………………………………………………………………………....54 7. Discussion………………………………………………………………………………….55 7.1. The duty of informing…………………………………………………………………..55 7.2. Call him by his name…………………………………………………………………....56 7.3. He is not depressed neither impulsive: explaining a patriarchal category…………………………………………………………..57 7.4. Limitations of the study and suggestions for further research………………………………………………………………………….58 8. Concluding remarks………………………………………………………………………59 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………....66 APPENDIX A………………………………………………………………………………..74 APPENDIX B………………………………………………………………………………..77 APPENDIX C………………………………………………………………………………..81 APPENDIX D………………………………………………………………………………..89 APPENDIX E………………………………………………………………………………..94 Figure: Alessandro Garlaschi (Picture published on La Stampa. Photo-credits to: ANSA)......................................................................................................................................47 5 1. Introduction Femicide is a social and criminal phenomenon widespread across the world. The research and advocacy organization Femicide Watch reported a datum from a BBC Monitoring investigation: 47 women were killed each day in 20181 around the world because they were female. This concerning trend confirms what the United Nations wrote in the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women in 1993: “the historically unequal power relations between men and women”, which imply a system of male dominance from the public to the private sphere. This thesis project embarks from a position that mainstream media play a significant role in making an impact on a societal issue such as the femicide:
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