DOCSLIB.ORG

Khazanah: Jurnal Sejarah Dan Kebudayaan Islam

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Khazanah: Jurnal Sejarah Dan Kebudayaan Islam Ave at: Available online at:https://ejournal.fah.uinib.ac.id/index.php/khazanah Khazanah: Jurnal Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam ISSN: 2339-207X (print) ISSN: 2614-3798 (online) Jurnal Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam DOI: https://doi.org/10.15548/khazanah.v0i0.190 ://doi.org/10.15548/khazanah.v0i0.70 REFORMING THE ISLAMIC ECONOMIC AND ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM DURING THE UMAYYAD DYNASTY Muhammad Ridho Nur UIN Imam Bonjol Padang [email protected] Abstract The rule of the Bani Umayah was not strictly an Evil government as described by history. However, the Bani Umayan administration had advantages in various fields, especially in administration and an established economy. Friction with old empires such as Persia and Byzantium had influenced the Umayyad administration system. The filing of the Bani Umayah was more orderly, and the balance sheets began to be compiled in Arabic after the translation efforts of various documents started. This was done because the Bani Umayah area was extensive, starting from France, Italy, Sicily, Spain, North Africa to China and Russia's borders. The author conducted a literature study, collected verification documents, and reinterpreted them. The author rewrote the Umayah Bani economy's historical development, which had unique features, especially in the financial administration midwives. That was carried out by reformers such as Abdul Malik bin Marwan and Umar bin Abdul Aziz who had aged a country with experienced upheaval. Avoid premature destruction. They renewed the monetary system by creating their own currency, which had intrinsic value and did not depend on the Roman Empire and increased production to support the stability of a coin that not only relies on the strength of a more stable gold currency but was also supported by a factor of production which was also a factor. Prominent in a country that has a large area in realizing its economic stability. Keywords: Administration, Economic, Umayyad INTRODUCTION Not only that, the political struggle that After the reign of Khulafa occurred at the beginning of the Rasyidin or after the caliph Ali bin Abi Umayyad Daulah, to the development Talib was killed by Abdur Rahman bin and change of the Khilafah system into Muljam, the transfer of power from Ali a Daulat (Dynasty) is fascinating to bin Abi Talib (4th Rashidin caliph) to examine. This is where the conversion the Umayyad Daulah. This is a history of the model of government from of intricacy, so that it deserves to be democratic to monarchy begins. But we examined and studied more in-depth. also cannot close our eyes; even though 1 2 Reforming The Islamic... various problems occurred at that time, Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan was the Umayyad Daulah, which has been in well known for his cunning tricks and power for approximately 90 years, has tricks, he was the head of the army that also significantly contributed to initially governed the navy, and he was building Islamic civilization in the once the emir of Al-Bahar. He has a world. Many advances have been long-minded nature, is intelligent, scratched in Islamic culture by the smart, wise, broad in knowledge and Umayyad Daulah, including politics, tactics, especially in world affairs; he is government, military, social society, also good at managing work and is an education, art, thought, philosophy, and expert on wisdom. religious understanding, especially Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan built economics. This problem is related to the Daulah Bani Umayyah using tricky introducing the financial administration politics, even though the work was system and government and the against Islamic teachings. He is not Umayyads economy. Is it Bani afraid of committing crimes. Killing is Umayah, how do Bani Umayah develop the usual method, provided the aims and their economy. By paying attention to objectives are achieved.4 the background of the problems above, The formation of the Umayyad in this study, the following issues were Daulah cannot be separated from the formulated:1 taking incident, which occurred at the This writing aims to get to know end of the Caliphate of Ali bin Abi the Bani Umayah economic and Talib. In the event of the Tahkim, Ali administrative system and its reforms. had been deceived by Muawiyyah's This paper's novelty discusses the tactics, and in the future, he suffered reforms carried out by Abdul Malik bin political defeat. Meanwhile, Marwan in financial administration and Muawiyyah had the opportunity to governance, which later ran more make himself caliph and king. effectively during Umar bin Abdul Daulah Bani Umayyah, based in Aziz's time.2 Damascus, has been ruled by 14 caliphs. However, among the caliphs, the most DISCUSSION prominent were: Khalifah Muawiyah The Establishment of the East bin Abi Sufyan, Abdul Malik bin Umayyads (Damascus Area) Marwan, Walid bin Abdul Malik, Umar Bani Umayyah is taken from bin Abdul Aziz and Hisyam bin Abdul Umayyah, his grandfather Abu Sofyan Malik.5 bin Harb, or his ancestor Muawiyah bin Abi Sofyan. Umayyah lived in pre- Government and Policy of the Islamic times, and he was a Quraish Umayyads nation. Daulah Bani Umayyah was Daulah Bani Umayyah has been founded by Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan able to expand, which was stopped at with his government's centre in Damascus and lasted for 90 years (41 - 3 Islam: The Hashemite-Umayyad Divide and its 132 H / 661 - 750 AD). impact on the future of Islam’, The Muslim World, vol. 106, no. 1 (2016), pp. 83–96. 1 ʻĪsá Ḥasan, al-Dawlah al- 4 Philip K. Hitti, ‘The Umayyad ʻUmawīyah: ʻawāmil al-bināʼ wa-asbāb al- Caliphate: Mu‘āwiyah Establishes a Dynasty’, inhiyār, al-Ṭabʻah 1 edition (ʻAmmān: al- in History of the Arabs (London: Macmillan Ahlīyah lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʻ, 2009), p. 57. Education UK, 1970), pp. 189–98, 2 Meirison Alizar Sali, ‘Distinction of http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-349- Justice and Fairness during Umar bin Abdul 15402-9_17, accessed 8 Sep 2020. Aziz�s Reign’, AJIS: Academic Journal of 5 Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr, The Islamic Studies, vol. 4, no. 2 (2019), p. 127. caliphate of Banu Umayyah: the first phase: 3 Yahya Hakim, ‘The Hashemite- taken from al-Bidayah wan-nihayah (Riyadh: Umayyad Divide and its Impact on the Future of Maktaba Dar-us-Salam, 2012), p. 77. Khazanah: Jurnal Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam Muhammad Ridho Nur 3 Ali's time, Tunisia can be conquered. In Islamic troops won easily because they the east, Muawiyah controlled the received the local people's support, who Khurasan area to the Oxus river and had long suffered from the authorities' Afghanistan to Kabul. Its navy carried cruelty. In Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's time, out attacks on the Byzantine capital, attacks were carried out on France Constantinople. Muawiyah's expansion through the Piranee mountains. to the east was then continued by the Abdurrahman ibn Abdullah al-Ghafiqi caliph Abd al-Malik. He sent soldiers led this attack. He started by attacking across the Oxus river and successfully Bordeau, Poitiers. From there, he tried subdue Balkh, Bukhara, Khawarizm, to attack Tours. However, in a battle Ferghana, and Samarkand. His army outside the Tours city, al-Ghafiqi was even reached India and was able to killed, and his soldiers retreated to control Baluchistan, Sind, and Punjab as Spain. Apart from the areas mentioned far as Malta.6 above, the islands in the Mediterranean The West's expansion was Sea fell into Islam's hands during the continued on a large scale during the Umayyads. Muawiyah appeared as the time of al-Walid ibn Abdul Malik. first Ruler to change the Islamic Walid's reign was a time of peace, government system, from a democratic prosperity, and order.7 Muslims feel government system to an absolute happy life. During his reign, which monarchy government system. For 90 lasted for about ten years, a military years, 14 caliphs had ruled, namely:10 expedition from North Africa was a. Muawiyah bin Abu Sufyan recorded to the European continent's (Muawiyah I) - (661M-680M) southwestern region, namely in 711 b. Yazid bin Muawiyah (Yazid I) - AD. After al-Jazair and Morocco were (680M-683M) defeated. Tariq bin Ziyad, leader of the c. Muawiyah bin Yazid (Muawiyah II) - Islamic forces, with his troops crossed (683M-684M) the strait that separated Morocco from d. Marwan bin Hakam (Marwan I) - the continent of Europe and landed in (684M-685M) what is now Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq). The e. Abd Malik bin Marwan - (685M- Spanish army can be defeated. Thus, 705M) Spain became the target of further f. Walid bin Abd Malik (Walid I) - expansion. The capital of Spain, (705M-715M) Kordova, quickly took over.8 g. Sulaiman bin Abd Malik - (715M- He was following after those 717M) other cities such as Service, Elvira, and h. Umar bin Abdul Aziz (Umar II) - Toledo, which became the new capital (717M-720M) of Spain after the fall of Kordova.9 The i. Yazid bin Abd Malik (Yazid II) - (720M-724M) 6 Antoine Borrut et al. (eds.), Umayyad j. Hisham bin Abd Malik - (724M- legacies: medieval memories from Syria to 743M) Spain (2010), p. 111. k. Walid bin Yazid (Walid III) - (743M- 7 Meirison Meirison, ‘Islamic Tolerance on Religious Freedom, Culture and 744M) Thought in Andalusia’, HIKMATUNA; Vol 6 No l. Yazid bin Walid (Yazid III) - (744M) 1 (2020): HIKMATUNA: Journal for Integrative m. Ibrahim bin Walid - (744M) Islamic Studies, Juni 2020DO - n. Marwan bin Muhammad (Marwan II) 10.28918/hikmatuna.v6i1.2313 (2020), http://e- - (744M-750M) journal.iainpekalongan.ac.id/index.php/hikmatu na/article/view/2313. All the Umayyad dynasty's 8 Borrut et al. (eds.), Umayyad caliphs were not appointed through the legacies, p. 45. 9 Meirison, ‘Islamic Tolerance on Religious Freedom, Culture and Thought in 10 Ḥasan, al-Dawlah al-ʻUmawīyah, p.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 'Arabiyah As-Su'udiyah=Saudia =Ksa
    ARABIA SAUDITA ARABIA SAUDITA=SAUDI ARABIA=ARABIA= AL-‘ARABIYAH AS-SU’UDIYAH=SAUDIA =K.S.A. Anticamente ARVASTAN=ARVASTHAN Al-Mumlakah al-Arribiyah as-Saudiyyah Al-Mamlaka al-‘Arabiya as-Su’udiya Regno dell’Arabia Saudita Ar-Riyadh=Riad, 1.350.000 ab. (dal 1818). (Dal 1744 al 1818 la capitale fu: Dariyah) Kmq. 2.153.168 (2.149.690)(2.150.000)(2.157.000)(2.255.000) Compreso TERRITORIO NEUTRALE, per la parte di competenza, tra l’Arabia Saudita e l’Iraq, indiviso dal 2/12/1922 al 1995 (con ancora qualche disputa). Compreso TERRITORIO NEUTRALE, per la parte di competenza, tra l’Arabia Saudita e il Cuvait (indiviso dal 2/12/1922 al 7/07/1965). Dispute col Cuvait per Qarah e Umm al-Maradim (occupati Cuvait). Il Catar gli rivendica le Isole Hwar. Vertenze di confine con il Catar (Oasi di Jofus). Controversie sui confini con l’Oman. Contestazioni con lo Iemen per le tre Province meridionali (Asir, Najran, Jizan). Dispute con lo Iemen per l’Isola al-Duwaima (occupata Iemen, trattato del 12/06/2000). Territori non esattamente delimitati con EAU (trattati del 1974 e del 1977 non ancora resi pubblici). Dispute con EAU per campo petrolifero di Zarrara e Area di Khor al-Odaid (occupato dall’EAU). Divisione con Barain per l’Isola sulla Scogliera di Re Fahd. Dispute per acque territoriali con Israele/Egitto/Giordania (Golfo di Aqaba). Dispute per acque territoriali con Barain (presso Abu Saapa). Movimento indipendentista in Hejaz. Ab. 7.000.000---21.500.000 Arabi (90%) - Anaza - Arbo=Harb - Anazimo=Anazim - Bani - Catano=Qahtan Pagina 1 di 23 ARABIA SAUDITA - Davasiro=Dawasir - Mutairo=Mutayr - Murra - Ruala - Sciammaro=Shammar - Subai=Subay - Sulo=Suhul - Usmano=Usman=Ujman - Utaiba=Utaibà=Utaybah - Usmaro=Ugimaro=Ujmar Iraniani Indiani Pachistani Beduini - Almurrà=Al-Murrah - Ralladami=Ramlat-Dham - Suluba Lingua Nazionale/Ufficiale: Arabo Standa=Standard Arabic.
    [Show full text]
  • Damascus and the Centre
    chapter 6 Damascus and the Centre Damascus1 C’est la plus sublime mosquée du monde par sa pompe, la plus artiste- ment construite, la plus admirable par sa beauté, sa grâce et sa perfec- tion. On n’en connaît pas une semblable, et l’on n’en trouve pas une seconde qui puisse soutenir la comparaison avec elle.[1] [1326] The builder-converters of the Umayyad Mosque (from the Roman Temple of Jupiter) were certainly aware that the structure they built on and modified was very old, Yakut relating how the foundations were dug out to ensure their solidity, perhaps because the masons knew that local stone needed checking,2 as must have been known when the citadel was constructed.3 In the pro- cess they discovered an inscription in Greek conveniently predicting the mosque.[2] Al-Muqaddasi described the richness of the materials and their decoration, including the mosaics[3] which, before the fire, were also to be seen in the prayer hall.4 Dimashqi wrote that “par sa beauté, son élégance et sa per- fection est comptée parmi les merveilles du monde,” lavished with marble and mosaics.[4] Of its builder, “it is said that he expended the revenues of all Syria on this work.”[5] This occasioned restrictions on the next ruler.5 Non- Muslims were for centuries forbidden access (cf. Chapter Two, under Haram/ Forbidden), which is surely why Fermanel in 1670 affirmed that the “galeries, lesquelles, comme aussi la face de la Mosquée, sont peintes à la Mosaïque rep- resentant plusieurs Saints Pères, ce qui authorise assez qu’elle a esté bastie par les Chrétiens.”[6] 1 El-Hage 2000 for photographs: 6–57 for the town, its visitors and photographers; 79–85 walls and gates; 87–98: Umayyad Mosque before the fire.
    [Show full text]
  • D:\IGNOU\Tilak\BHIC 104 English\Aaaaa.Xps
    Theme IV Societies in Central Islamic Lands Time Line Pre-Islamic Arab World Arabian Peninsula: Sarakenoi/Saraceni Arab Tribes: Quraysh, Aws, Khazraj Pre-Islamic Cities Mecca, Yathrib/Medina, Taif Rise of Islam Prophet’s march from Mecca to Medina (Hijara): 622 Caliph Abu Bakr: 632-634 Caliph Umar: 634-644 Caliph Usman: 644-656 Caliph Ali: 656-661 The Ummayad Caliphate: 661-684 Late Ummayad Caliphate: 684-750 The Abbasid Caliphate: 750-1258 Photograph: Manuscript folio with depiction by Yahya ibn Vaseti found in the Maqama of Hariri located at the BibliothequeNationale de France. Image depicts a library with pupils in it, 1237 Courtesy: Zereshk, September 2007 Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Maqamat_hariri.jpg UNIT 12 PRE-ISLAMIC ARAB WORLD AND ITS CULTURE* Structure 12.0 Objectives 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Tribal Confederations in Arabia 12.2.1 The Dominant Tribes of The Arabian Peninsula 12.2.2 Religious Diversity in The Arabian Peninsula 12.3 Tribal and Religious Practices 12.3.1 Religious and Ritual Practices of The Meccans 12.3.2 Religious and Ritual Practices at Medina 12.4 The Arab Trading Network before the 6th Century 12.5 Political Structure in Pre-Islamic Arabia 12.6 Social Structures in Pre-Islamic Arabia 12.6.1 Tribal Structure and Leadership 12.6.2 Inequality and Slavery 12.6.3 The Elite Camel Nomads 12.6.4 Intra-Tribal Warfare 12.7 Economic Conditions 12.7.1 Camel Nomadism 12.7.2 Agriculture in Arabia 12.7.3 Industry and Mining in Arabia 12.8 Literature of the Pre-Islamic Period 12.9 Summary 12.10 Keywords 12.11 Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises 12.12 Suggested Readings 12.13 Instructional Video Recommendations 12.0 OBJECTIVES The study of pre-Islamic Arabia is an important area of study in order to understand the history of the region in which Islam developed.
    [Show full text]
  • Proquest Dissertations
    The history of the conquest of Egypt, being a partial translation of Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam's "Futuh Misr" and an analysis of this translation Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Hilloowala, Yasmin, 1969- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 10/10/2021 21:08:06 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282810 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly fi-om the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectiotiing the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Muslim Integration Into the Early Islamic Caliphate Through the Use of Surrender Agreements
    University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK History Undergraduate Honors Theses History 5-2020 Non-Muslim Integration Into the Early Islamic Caliphate Through the Use of Surrender Agreements Rachel Hutchings Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/histuht Part of the History of Religion Commons, Islamic World and Near East History Commons, and the Medieval History Commons Citation Hutchings, R. (2020). Non-Muslim Integration Into the Early Islamic Caliphate Through the Use of Surrender Agreements. History Undergraduate Honors Theses Retrieved from https://scholarworks.uark.edu/histuht/6 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the History at ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Non-Muslim Integration Into the Early Islamic Caliphate Through the Use of Surrender Agreements An Honors Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of Honors Studies in History By Rachel Hutchings Spring 2020 History J. William Fulbright College of Arts and Sciences The University of Arkansas 1 Acknowledgments: For my family and the University of Arkansas Honors College 2 Table of Content Introduction…………………………………….………………………………...3 Historiography……………………………………….…………………………...6 Surrender Agreements…………………………………….…………….………10 The Evolution of Surrender Agreements………………………………….…….29 Conclusion……………………………………………………….….….…...…..35 Bibliography…………………………………………………………...………..40 3 Introduction Beginning with Muhammad’s forceful consolidation of Arabia in 631 CE, the Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates completed a series of conquests that would later become a hallmark of the early Islamic empire. Following the Prophet’s death, the Rashidun Caliphate (632-661) engulfed the Levant in the north, North Africa from Egypt to Tunisia in the west, and the Iranian plateau in the east.
    [Show full text]
  • The Life and Contributions of Umar Ibn Abd Al-Aziz
    Islamic Centre - Leicester The life and contributions of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz. 1.0. Introduction. Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was one the great figures of Islam. He was the Caliph of the Muslim Umma at the turn of the first Islamic century. More than thirteen centuries later, his name lives on to denote piety, fairness and justice. This paper can only provide a small insight to his brilliant life. 2.0. The context of his era. After the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him), the early years of Khilafa were marked by piety and justice. Unfortunately there were many conflicts and wrong doings thereafter. Karbala happened in 61 A.H. and this was followed by bloodshed at the Battle of Harra (63) when al-Madina al-Munawwara was attacked. Many rulers looked after their own interest and indulged in wrongdoings. Unanimously, the reign of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was a return to Islamic values, in thought, sayings and actions. 3.0. The titles given to Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz Owing to his acceptance, there are many titles that are associated with Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz. Here are a few of them: 3.1. The ‘Fifth Caliph’ Sufyan al-Thawri, himself a great scholar, said that, ‘The caliphs were five; Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali and Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz’ (Tarikh al-Khulafa , p. 176). The same opinion has been reported from Abu Bakr ibn Ayash, al-Shafi’i and many others ( al-Bidaya wa al-Nihaya , VI:, 548). Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz is counted amongst the four rightly-guided caliphs purely because of his piety and sincerity, not because he followed these four chronologically.
    [Show full text]
  • Constructing God's Community: Umayyad Religious Monumentation
    Constructing God’s Community: Umayyad Religious Monumentation in Bilad al-Sham, 640-743 CE Nissim Lebovits Senior Honors Thesis in the Department of History Vanderbilt University 20 April 2020 Contents Maps 2 Note on Conventions 6 Acknowledgements 8 Chronology 9 Glossary 10 Introduction 12 Chapter One 21 Chapter Two 45 Chapter Three 74 Chapter Four 92 ​ Conclusion 116 Figures 121 Works Cited 191 1 Maps Map 1: Bilad al-Sham, ca. 9th Century CE. “Map of Islamic Syria and its Provinces”, last modified 27 December 2013, accessed April 19, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham#/media/File:Syria_in_the_9th_century.svg. ​ ​ 2 Map 2: Umayyad Bilad al-Sham, early 8th century CE. Khaled Yahya Blankinship, The End of the ​ Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn ʿAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads (Albany: ​ State University of New York Press, 1994), 240. 3 Map 3: The approximate borders of the eastern portion of the Umayyad caliphate, ca. 724 CE. Blankinship, The End of the Jihad State, 238. ​ 4 Map 4: Ghassanid buildings and inscriptions in Bilad al-Sham prior to the Muslim conquest. Heinz Gaube, “The Syrian desert castles: some economic and political perspectives on their genesis,” trans. Goldbloom, in The ​ Articulation of Early Islamic State Structures, ed. Fred Donner (Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2012) ​ 352. 5 Note on Conventions Because this thesis addresses itself to a non-specialist audience, certain accommodations have been made. Dates are based on the Julian, rather than Islamic, calendar. All dates referenced are in the Common Era (CE) unless otherwise specified. Transliteration follows the system of the International Journal of Middle East Studies (IJMES), including the recommended ​ ​ ​ ​ exceptions.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 2 the Letters of Al-Walid II and Yazld
    Appendix 2 The letters of al-Walid II and Yazld III The Letln or aI-Walid II AI-Walid Irs letter concerning the designation of his successors is preserved in the chronicle of al-Tabari (sec. ii. pp. 17S6ff. suh onno 125; also reproduced in Safwat. Rasa'iI, vol. ii, pp. 44Str.), and apparently there alone. It was firstsingled out as a documentor some importance by Dennett, who also offered a summary translation (or more precisely a loose paraphrase) which is very deficient in places (D. C. Dennett, 'Marwan ibn Muhammad: the Passing of the Umayyad Caliphate', Harvard Ph.D. diss. 1939. pp. 169ff. ; partially reproduced in M. Khadduri, The Islamic Conception of Justice, Baltimore and London 1984, p. 26). More recently the letter has been discussed by Nagel (Rechrieitung, pp. 82fT) and Khadduri (Justice. pp. 25ft'.). All three scholars assume it to beauthentic, and so do we, For one thing. it is hard to see why anyone should have fe lt tempted to forge the te�t ofa succession document equally devoid of religious significance and historical effect. For another. a fo rger active in the 'Abbisid period (and he could scarcely have been active before it) would have required e�traordinary historical insight to produce a document in which the importance of the caliphal institution is stressed. but its Umayyad incumbentsare taken for granted, Further. the fa ct that al-Ma'mun produced a succession document along very similar lines'(see appendix 4) shows that the inshii' did indeed come out of a bureaucratic file:and since the 'Abbasids before al-Ma'rniin do not appearto have made use of this type ofinshii',we must assume either that it antedated the 'Abbasids or that it originated in the time of al-Ma'mun.
    [Show full text]
  • Important Coins of the Islamic World
    Important Coins of the Islamic World To be sold by auction at: Sotheby’s, in the Lower Grosvenor Gallery The Aeolian Hall, Bloomfield Place New Bond Street London W1A 2AA Day of Sale: Thursday 2 April 2020 at 12.00 noon Public viewing: Nash House, St George Street, London W1S 2FQ Monday 30 March 10.00 am to 4.30 pm Tuesday 31 March 10.00 am to 4.30 pm Wednesday 1 April 10.00 am to 4.30 pm Or by previous appointment. Catalogue no. 107 Price £15 Enquiries: Stephen Lloyd or Tom Eden Cover illustrations: Lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (front); lots 43, 63 (back); A selection of coins struck in Makka (inside front); lots 26, 27 (inside back) Nash House, St George Street, London W1S 2FQ Tel.: +44 (0)20 7493 5344 Email: [email protected] Website: www.mortonandeden.com This auction is conducted by Morton & Eden Ltd. in accordance with our Conditions of Business printed at the back of this catalogue. All questions and comments relating to the operation of this sale or to its content should be addressed to Morton & Eden Ltd. and not to Sotheby’s. Online Bidding This auction can be viewed online at www.invaluable.com, www.numisbids.com, www.emax.bid and www. biddr.ch. Morton & Eden Ltd offers live online bidding via www.invaluable.com. Successful bidders using this platform will be charged a fee of 3.6% of the hammer price for this service, in addition to the Buyer’s Premium fee of 20%. This facility is provided on the understanding that Morton & Eden Ltd shall not be responsible for errors or failures to execute internet bids for reasons including but not limited to: i) a loss of internet connection by either party ii) a breakdown or other problems with the online bidding software iii) a breakdown or other problems with your computer, system or internet connection.
    [Show full text]
  • Distinction of Justice and Fairness During Umar Bin Abdul Aziz's Reign
    Distinction of Justice and Fairness during Umar bin Abdul Aziz’s Reign Meirison Alizar Sali Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Imam Bonjol Padang [email protected] Abstract: The figure of the caliph Umar bin Abdul Aziz was a leader who was able to carry out his religion, fulfill his mandate. He upholds justice which has often been ignored by his predecessors. He was able to challenge the current of tyranny which had become the culture of the ruler. He also remodeled the justice system, especially in the Mazalim (criminal) and civil fields. Not only humans who feel their justice but animals also get justice Umar bin Abdul Aziz. Renewal made by Umar bin Abdul Aziz in the field of justice, restore the rights of people who have been wronged, eradicate corruption, even he equates between worship and the implementation of hudud and qishas law. This discussion was carried out by literature study by examining the books and analyzing them comparatively in the field of justice carried out before the time of Umar bin Abdul Aziz and what was reformed by Umar bin Abdul Aziz. Umar renewed the execution of the death sentence. The death penalty must be decided by the Caliph himself, fixing the prison administration. Umar bin Abdull Aziz began justice from himself and his family. Even animals feel justice Umar bin Abdul Aziz by limiting the cargo to be transported by camels and donkeys and may not hit the animal with iron. Keywords: Justice, fairness, Umar bin Abdul Aziz, period Introduction ,nicknamed Umar II ,عور بن عبد العزيز :Umar bin Abdul-Aziz (Arabic born in 63 H / 682 - February 720, age 37-38) was the Caliph of the Umayyad ruler from 717 (age 34-35 years) to 720 (for 2-3 years).
    [Show full text]
  • Ramli Omar Phd Thesis
    >42 ?7/BB/1 =?002==598- =?002==598 >9 >42 0/65;4/>2 3<97 >42 35<=> 05@56 A/< >9 >42 281 93 >42 ?7/BB/1 1B8/=>B <CNMK 9NCR / >JGSKS =UDNKTTGF HPR TJG 1GIRGG PH ;J1 CT TJG ?OKVGRSKTY PH =T$ /OFRGWS ',,+ 3UMM NGTCFCTC HPR TJKS KTGN KS CVCKMCDMG KO <GSGCREJ.=T/OFRGWS-3UMM>GXT CT- JTTQ-%%RGSGCREJ#RGQPSKTPRY$ST#COFRGWS$CE$UL% ;MGCSG USG TJKS KFGOTKHKGR TP EKTG PR MKOL TP TJKS KTGN- JTTQ-%%JFM$JCOFMG$OGT%'&&()%(+)* >JKS KTGN KS QRPTGETGF DY PRKIKOCM EPQYRKIJT THE UMAYYAD SUCCESSION: SUCCESSION TO THE CALIPHATE FROM THE FIRST CIVIL WAR TO THE END OF THE UMAYYAD DYNASTY RAMLI OMAR ,ý. CA UNI A . -- Presented in application for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS 1997 This thesis has been composed by me, Ramli Omar. It is a record of work done by me and has not been accepted in any previous application for any degree. 16 Candidate Date of candidate's admission as a research student: December 1993 Mr Ramli Omar has fulfilled the regulations applying to candidates for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of St Andrews. Supervisor Access to this thesis in the University Library, if it is approved,shall be unrestricted. Dedication My beloved wife Meriah all my sons and daughters Nailah A. Salami Af ifuddin Hidayati Nazii who patiently waited for me during my study Thank you so much Acknowledgments Dr RA Kimber, of the Department of Arabic Studies, Mrs E. Kerr, the Secretary of the Department of Arabic Studies, Dr H.
    [Show full text]
  • Christians and Others in the Umayyad State, Edited by Antoine Borrut and Fred Mcgraw Donner, Late Antique and Medieval Islamic Near East
    CHRISTIANS AND OTHERS IN THE UMAYYAD STATE, EDITED BY ANTOINE BORRUT AND FRED MCGRAW DONNER, LATE ANTIQUE AND MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC NEAR EAST. THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE: CHICAGO, 2016. PGS. 213. THE SOAS JOURNAL OF POSTGRADUATE RESEARCH Author: J. Rudder Jenkins Department/Centre: Department of Religions and Philosophies Publication: The SOAS Journal of Postgraduate Research, Volume 10 (2016-17), Pages 116-120 Exploring fluid times: Knowledge, minds and bodies Stable URL: http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/24684/ Key words: Arab conquest - Umayyad state - late antique and medieval Islam - non-Muslim religious communities Licence: Published under the Creative Commons Attribution Non- Commercial (CC-BY-NC) 4.0 International Licence Book review / Christians and others in the Umayyad state CHRISTIANS AND OTHERS IN THE UMAYYAD STATE, EDITED BY ANTOINE BORRUT AND FRED MCGRAW DONNER, LATE ANTIQUE AND MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC NEAR EAST. THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE: CHICAGO, 2016. PGS. 213. J. Rudder Jenkins [email protected] Department of Religions and Philosophies The present edition consists of eight contributions originally presented in June 2011 at a workshop named “Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians in the Umayyad State”. The edition represents the inaugural publication in the new book series entitled Late Antique and Medieval Islamic Near East (LAMINE), which is published by the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago. Borrut and McGraw open the volume with a concise introduction to the overall purpose of the edition and a general summary of each contribution, elucidating the history of the available scholarship on non-Muslims in the early Islamic world. They acknowledge that one of the main purposes of this edition is to further highlight the ‘blurred’ lines that existed between various ‘religious communities’ during the specified period, contrary to prevailing sentiment in past scholarship.
    [Show full text]