Ave at: Available online at:https://ejournal.fah.uinib.ac.id/index.php/khazanah Khazanah: Jurnal Sejarah dan Kebudayaan

ISSN: 2339-207X (print) ISSN: 2614-3798 (online) Jurnal Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam DOI: https://doi.org/10.15548/khazanah.v0i0.190 ://doi.org/10.15548/khazanah.v0i0.70

REFORMING THE ISLAMIC ECONOMIC AND ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM DURING THE

Muhammad Ridho Nur UIN Bonjol Padang [email protected]

Abstract

The rule of the Bani Umayah was not strictly an Evil government as described by history. However, the Bani Umayan administration had advantages in various fields, especially in administration and an established economy. Friction with old empires such as Persia and Byzantium had influenced the Umayyad administration system. The filing of the Bani Umayah was more orderly, and the balance sheets began to be compiled in after the translation efforts of various documents started. This was done because the Bani Umayah area was extensive, starting from France, Italy, Sicily, Spain, to and Russia's borders. The author conducted a literature study, collected verification documents, and reinterpreted them. The author rewrote the Umayah Bani economy's historical development, which had unique features, especially in the financial administration midwives. That was carried out by reformers such as Abdul Malik bin Marwan and Umar bin Abdul Aziz who had aged a country with experienced upheaval. Avoid premature destruction. They renewed the monetary system by creating their own currency, which had intrinsic value and did not depend on the Roman Empire and increased production to support the stability of a coin that not only relies on the strength of a more stable gold currency but was also supported by a factor of production which was also a factor. Prominent in a country that has a large area in realizing its economic stability.

Keywords: Administration, Economic, Umayyad

INTRODUCTION Not only that, the political struggle that After the reign of Khulafa occurred at the beginning of the Rasyidin or after the caliph bin Abi Umayyad Daulah, to the development Talib was killed by Abdur Rahman bin and change of the Khilafah system into Muljam, the transfer of power from Ali a Daulat (Dynasty) is fascinating to bin Abi Talib (4th Rashidin caliph) to examine. This is where the conversion the Umayyad Daulah. This is a history of the model of government from of intricacy, so that it deserves to be democratic to monarchy begins. But we examined and studied more in-depth. also cannot close our eyes; even though

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2 Reforming The Islamic... various problems occurred at that time, Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan was the Umayyad Daulah, which has been in well known for his cunning tricks and power for approximately 90 years, has tricks, he was the head of the army that also significantly contributed to initially governed the navy, and he was building Islamic civilization in the once the emir of Al-Bahar. He has a world. Many advances have been long-minded nature, is intelligent, scratched in Islamic culture by the smart, wise, broad in knowledge and Umayyad Daulah, including politics, tactics, especially in world affairs; he is government, military, social society, also good at managing work and is an education, art, thought, philosophy, and expert on wisdom. religious understanding, especially Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan built economics. This problem is related to the Daulah Bani Umayyah using tricky introducing the financial administration politics, even though the work was system and government and the against Islamic teachings. He is not Umayyads economy. Is it Bani afraid of committing crimes. Killing is Umayah, how do Bani Umayah develop the usual method, provided the aims and their economy. By paying attention to objectives are achieved.4 the background of the problems above, The formation of the Umayyad in this study, the following issues were Daulah cannot be separated from the formulated:1 taking incident, which occurred at the This writing aims to get to know end of the of Ali bin Abi the Bani Umayah economic and Talib. In the event of the Tahkim, Ali administrative system and its reforms. had been deceived by Muawiyyah's This paper's novelty discusses the tactics, and in the future, he suffered reforms carried out by Abdul Malik bin political defeat. Meanwhile, Marwan in financial administration and Muawiyyah had the opportunity to governance, which later ran more make himself caliph and king. effectively during Umar bin Abdul Daulah Bani Umayyah, based in Aziz's time.2 , has been ruled by 14 caliphs. However, among the caliphs, the most DISCUSSION prominent were: Khalifah Muawiyah The Establishment of the East bin Abi Sufyan, Abdul Malik bin Umayyads (Damascus Area) Marwan, Walid bin Abdul Malik, Umar Bani Umayyah is taken from bin Abdul Aziz and Hisyam bin Abdul Umayyah, his grandfather Abu Sofyan Malik.5 bin Harb, or his ancestor Muawiyah bin Abi Sofyan. Umayyah lived in pre- Government and Policy of the Islamic times, and he was a Quraish Umayyads nation. Daulah Bani Umayyah was Daulah Bani Umayyah has been founded by Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan able to expand, which was stopped at with his government's centre in Damascus and lasted for 90 years (41 - 3 Islam: The Hashemite-Umayyad Divide and its 132 H / 661 - 750 AD). impact on the future of Islam’, The Muslim World, vol. 106, no. 1 (2016), pp. 83–96. 1 ʻĪsá Ḥasan, al-Dawlah al- 4 Philip K. Hitti, ‘The Umayyad ʻUmawīyah: ʻawāmil al-bināʼ wa-asbāb al- Caliphate: Mu‘āwiyah Establishes a Dynasty’, inhiyār, al-Ṭabʻah 1 edition (ʻAmmān: al- in History of the (London: Macmillan Ahlīyah lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʻ, 2009), p. 57. Education UK, 1970), pp. 189–98, 2 Meirison Alizar Sali, ‘Distinction of http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-349- Justice and Fairness during Umar bin Abdul 15402-9_17, accessed 8 Sep 2020. Aziz�s Reign’, AJIS: Academic Journal of 5 Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr, The Islamic Studies, vol. 4, no. 2 (2019), p. 127. caliphate of Banu Umayyah: the first phase: 3 Yahya Hakim, ‘The Hashemite- taken from al-Bidayah wan-nihayah (Riyadh: Umayyad Divide and its Impact on the Future of Maktaba Dar-us-Salam, 2012), p. 77. Khazanah: Jurnal Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam Ridho Nur 3

Ali's time, Tunisia can be conquered. In Islamic troops won easily because they the east, Muawiyah controlled the received the local people's support, who Khurasan area to the Oxus river and had long suffered from the authorities' Afghanistan to Kabul. Its navy carried cruelty. In Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's time, out attacks on the Byzantine capital, attacks were carried out on France . Muawiyah's expansion through the Piranee mountains. to the east was then continued by the Abdurrahman ibn Abdullah al-Ghafiqi caliph Abd al-Malik. He sent soldiers led this attack. He started by attacking across the Oxus river and successfully Bordeau, Poitiers. From there, he tried subdue Balkh, Bukhara, Khawarizm, to attack Tours. However, in a battle Ferghana, and Samarkand. His army outside the Tours city, al-Ghafiqi was even reached India and was able to killed, and his soldiers retreated to control Baluchistan, Sind, and Punjab as Spain. Apart from the areas mentioned far as Malta.6 above, the islands in the Mediterranean The West's expansion was Sea fell into Islam's hands during the continued on a large scale during the Umayyads. Muawiyah appeared as the time of al-Walid ibn Abdul Malik. first Ruler to change the Islamic Walid's reign was a time of peace, government system, from a democratic prosperity, and order.7 Muslims feel government system to an absolute happy life. During his reign, which monarchy government system. For 90 lasted for about ten years, a military years, 14 caliphs had ruled, namely:10 expedition from North Africa was a. Muawiyah bin Abu Sufyan recorded to the European continent's (Muawiyah I) - (661M-680M) southwestern region, namely in 711 b. Yazid bin Muawiyah (Yazid I) - AD. After al-Jazair and Morocco were (680M-683M) defeated. Tariq bin Ziyad, leader of the c. Muawiyah bin Yazid (Muawiyah II) - Islamic forces, with his troops crossed (683M-684M) the strait that separated Morocco from d. Marwan bin Hakam () - the continent of Europe and landed in (684M-685M) what is now Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq). The e. Abd Malik bin Marwan - (685M- Spanish army can be defeated. Thus, 705M) Spain became the target of further f. Walid bin Abd Malik (Walid I) - expansion. The capital of Spain, (705M-715M) Kordova, quickly took over.8 g. Sulaiman bin Abd Malik - (715M- He was following after those 717M) other cities such as Service, Elvira, and h. Umar bin Abdul Aziz (Umar II) - Toledo, which became the new capital (717M-720M) of Spain after the fall of Kordova.9 The i. Yazid bin Abd Malik (Yazid II) - (720M-724M) 6 Antoine Borrut et al. (eds.), Umayyad j. Hisham bin Abd Malik - (724M- legacies: medieval memories from Syria to 743M) Spain (2010), p. 111. k. Walid bin Yazid (Walid III) - (743M- 7 Meirison Meirison, ‘Islamic Tolerance on Religious Freedom, Culture and 744M) Thought in Andalusia’, HIKMATUNA; Vol 6 No l. Yazid bin Walid (Yazid III) - (744M) 1 (2020): HIKMATUNA: Journal for Integrative m. Ibrahim bin Walid - (744M) Islamic Studies, Juni 2020DO - n. Marwan bin Muhammad (Marwan II) 10.28918/hikmatuna.v6i1.2313 (2020), http://e- - (744M-750M) journal.iainpekalongan.ac.id/index.php/hikmatu na/article/view/2313. All the Umayyad dynasty's 8 Borrut et al. (eds.), Umayyad caliphs were not appointed through the legacies, p. 45. 9 Meirison, ‘Islamic Tolerance on Religious Freedom, Culture and Thought in 10 Ḥasan, al-Dawlah al-ʻUmawīyah, p. Andalusia’. 138. Volume 11, Nomor 1, Januari-Juni 2021 4 Reforming The Islamic...

Shuro Council but instead used the was very skilled in Siyasa. Therefore, at inheritance system to befits a kingdom. the beginning of the dynasty's Therefore, according to Abu A'la establishment, it divided its territory Maududi, they do not deserve the title into five fronts of political power, Khalifah as befits Khulafaur Rasyidin. namely:13 They have carried out succession The front changes and a deliberative system that includes a green cover for Hijaz, involves the ummah, especially in , Makkah, and , an policy matters in general, as was used Egyptian Front covering all of . by Khulaur Rashdin before. Even The Iraqi Front covered the Persian society's control over them is minimal, Gulf, Aman, Bahrain, Sijistan, Kirman, not even at all.11 Khurasan to Indian Punjab, and the The succession of hereditary Minor Asian Front, including Armenia leadership began when Muawiyah and 's territories and the obliged all of its people to declare African Front, which consists of the loyalty to their son, Yazid bin Barbarian region, Andalusia and the Muawiyah, to emulate monarchy in countries around the Mediterranean.14 Persia and Byzantium. He did keep According to Mahayudin, for using the term Khalifah, but he gave a each of these regions, different political new interpretation of these words to rules are applied. For example, on the glorify the office; he called him Arabian Peninsula-Makkah, Madinah, Khalifah Allah in the sense of the Ruler and Iraqi Front, soft political policies appointed by Allah.12 were implemented because the people Like the Islamic civilization, in both regions were classified as Islamic politics must have clear supporters of Ali bin Abi Talib and definitions and boundaries. According Zubair bin Awam.15 Various approaches to Effat Al-Sharqawi, there can be were taken, from psychological fundamental differences between approaches to social welfare Islamic politics and the Muslims' approaches. All of this is intended to politics. Islamic politics is a rule of gain influence and support from the thumb in gaining and maintaining surrounding community. 16 power based on Islamic values, while a. Cultural Friction and Civilization the politics of the Muslims are more In general, the development of inclined towards parties or groups. Islamic civilization during the Meanwhile, regarding the history of the Umayyah era was the socialization of formation of the Islamic political Arabic culture in all socio-cultural system during the Umayyad dynasty. layers in its conquered areas. This Many historical experts admit that since Arabization's primary mission still the establishment of this dynasty, there implies that the Arabic-speaking has been a different political system from the four Rashidah caliphs. 13 عالم، عز الذيي, اآلداب السلطاًية: دراسة في Amawiyah further emphasized his بٌية و ثوابت الخطاب السياسي )الصفاة: الوجلس الوطٌي للثقافة .p. 91 ,و الفٌوى و اآلداب،, Arabic political style. According to Ali )6002 Husni Al-Kharbutily, Muawiyyah - the 14 Borrut et al. (eds.), Umayyad first founder of the Bani Mayyah legacies. Dynasty - was an intelligent person and 15 G.R. Hawting, The first dynasty of Islam: the AD 661-750, 2nd ed edition (London ; New York: Routledge, 11 Naila Farah, PERKEMBANGAN 2000). شوري، هزاع بي عيذ،, هعجن رجال الذولة EKONOMI DAN ADMINISTRASI PADA MASA 16 .Hazzāʻ ibn ʻĪd al-Shammarī, 2012), p) األهوية .BANI UMAYYAH DAN BANI ABBASIYAH, p 26. 51, 12 Hakim, ‘The Hashemite-Umayyad Divide and https://books.google.co.id/books?id=BGvGoAE its Impact on the Future of Islam’. ACAAJ. Khazanah: Jurnal Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam Muhammad Ridho Nur 5

population in all regions of the world sound that has developed is the art of can almost be Muslim or known as reading the Qur'an, Qasidah, music, and Islam. This Arabization policy songs that breathe love. So that at that indirectly impacts or accumulates time, famous artists and Qori '/ Qori'ah from and for their interests. Umayyah emerged. The most prominent I policies include:17 Appointed the development of carving is the use of Arabs to develop the leadership of Arabic Khotas as a carving or carving Muslims in all the regions he had motif. This can be seen from the conquered. number of walls and palace b. Arabic as the primary language of walls measured by Arabic khat. One of the people, both in administrative and them that is still left behind is a carved scientific development. wall of the Qushair Amrah (Amrah's c. The interests of outsiders to Tiny Palace), a summer palace in a understand Islamic sources are mountainous area located required to master Arabic structure approximately 50 miles east of and culture to give birth to various .19 linguistics; Nahwu, Sharaf, In science, developments Balaghah, Bayan, Badi ', Isti'arah, include religious science and general and so on. science, such as medicine, philosophy, d. The development of religious astronomy, exact science, earth science, sciences has begun to be developed history, etc. At this point too, politics because it feels that the Arabian has undergone progress and change, so Peninsula inhabitants need various that it is more orderly compared to the explanations and a systematic and previous period, especially in terms of chronological description of Islam. the Khilafah (leadership), the formation The sciences that developed included of Al-Kitabah (State Secretariat), Al- interpretation, , , Ushul Hijabah (Adjutant), Financial Fiqih, kalam knowledge, and Sirakh / Organizations, Judicial Organizations, date. and Organizations. State During the time of the Bani Administration. During the Umayyads, Umayyah, the culture had developed military strength was far more from the previous period. Among the developed than before because the Islamic cultures that have experienced Military Compulsory Law (Nizhamut developments are literary arts, fine arts, Tajnidil Ijbary) was enacted. Whereas sound art, building art, carving skill, etc. in the previous period, namely the At this time, many buildings were Khulafaurrasyidin period, the army was engineered by Muslims by taking a volunteer force. The Umayyad army Roman, Persian and Arabic patterns. politics in Arab politics, where the Examples are the Damascus mosque soldiers must be Arabs themselves or building built during the reign of Walid from Arab elements. At this time also, a bin Abdul Malik and the Great Cordova nearly perfect Islamic Fleet had been mosque made of alabaster. Literary art built up to 17,000 ships that could easily is developing rapidly to penetrate the conquer Rhodus Island with its human soul and has a high position in commander Admiral Aqabah bin Amir. society and the country. So that the Besides that, Muawiyah has also formed lyrics that always appear often stand out the "Summer Fleet and Winter Fleet," from the literature, in addition to their making it possible for him to fight in all high-quality content.18 In the art of seasons.20 In the field of socio-culture, during the Umayyads' time, the 17 Salma Khadra Jayyusi and Manuela هقريزي، أحوذ بي علي, الٌزاع والتخاصن فيوا Marín (eds.), The legacy of Muslim Spain, 2nd 19 ,p. 128 ,بيي بٌي أهية وبٌي هاشن )دار الرشاد،, ed edition (Leiden ; New York: E.J. Brill, 1994). )6002 18 Ibid., p. 67. 20 Ibid., p. 78. Volume 11, Nomor 1, Januari-Juni 2021 6 Reforming The Islamic...

Khalifah had also contributed quite a bureaucracy such as tax collection and lot, namely, with the construction of the administrative functions. first hospital in each city by Khalifah Walid bin Abdul Malik. At that time, a 2. Caliph Abdul Malik ibn Marwan halfway house was built for orphaned Painful thoughts for the issuance children abandoned by their parents due and regulation of money in Islamic to the war. Even the elderly who can no societies arose during his time. Abd al- longer afford it are cared for in these Malik changed the Byzantine and houses. These efforts generate high Persian currencies used in areas enough sympathy from non-Muslims, controlled by Islam. Thus, he printed his which in the end, they embrace Islam in currency using Arabic words and droves.21 writings and kept the sentence Bismillahirrahmanirrahim in 74 A.H. History of Islamic Economic Thought (659 AD). The making of money was during the Umayyads based on the idea that currency, besides The successes achieved by the economic value, was also a statement of Umayyads provided a different form of the Islamic dynasty's sovereignty. economic thought, precisely when the Besides, capital also served as a means Islamic world was under the leadership of announcing the government's validity of the Umayyad Caliphs. The condition at that time, whose name was imprinted of Baitul Maal changed. During the on the currency.23 There are two main reign of the Umayyads, Baitul Maal was types of money in the Islamic world: the divided into two parts; general and , taken from the word particular. General Baitul Maal's denarius, and the silver , which income is earmarked for all the general comes from the Greek word drachmas. public, while Baitul Maal's income is Apart from these two types, there are specifically for the Sultans and their fractional currencies or maxims such as families. However, it is not uncommon Qitha and Mithqal. in practice to find various irregularities During the four hijrahs, the in distributing the Baitul Maal property. Islamic world experienced a gold and Thus the use of Baitul Maal had silver currency crisis. It was made of dysfunction during the reign of the copper or a mixture of copper and silver Umayyad Daula. Among the Umayyad called Fulus (taken from Latin follis), Caliphs who were renowned and gave a which is thin copper currency. The lot of thoughts in the economic field currency is also called al-Qarathis were:22 because it is similar to a sheet of paper. 1.Caliph Muawiyah ibn Abi Sofyan 24After the currency, currency money During his reign, he established began to be calculated. After many a postal service and various facilities, coins labeled as Khalifah, there disciplined the army, made money, and emerged a group of people who developed a professional position. He provided services in facilitating also implemented a policy of providing financial transactions and currency fixed salaries to soldiers, establishing a exchanges called currency exchangers professional army, and developing

21 Josep Suñé Arce, ‘Was the Umayyad 23 Developing Inclusive and Caliphate of Cordoba as Strong as Arab Sustainable Economic and Financial System: Chroniclers Claimed?’, Al-Masāq, vol. 31, no. 1 Selected papers presented to the 8th and 9th (2019), pp. 35–49. International Conference on Islamic Economics 22 and Finance (Qatar: Bloomsbury Qatar http://referensiagama.blogspot.com/2011/01/ko Foundation Journals, 2015). nsolidasi-dan-pembaharuan-politik.html 24 Hawting, The first dynasty of Islam. Khazanah: Jurnal Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam Muhammad Ridho Nur 7

(as-Shayyarifah).25 Besides, an weights, eradicated excise and forced economic term appears, which indicates labor, and so on. Various policies have that the place of conversation has succeeded in increasing people's lives changed its function to become a bank. so that no one wants to accept The Caliph Abdul Malik, in terms of anymore. In the early days of the taxes and zakat, provided a policy by Umayyad dynasty, many of the rights of imposing an obligation for Muslims to orphans left by Muslim fighters were pay zakat and be free from other taxes. taken away; even their rights were not This encourages non-Muslims to given. Seeing this fact, Umar bin Abdul embrace Islam. In this way, they are Aziz issued a policy to return all their free from paying taxes. After that, they property. This action generated a left their farms to make a living in big positive response and brought fragrance cities as soldiers. This fact creates to his name and the name of the problems for the country's economy. Umayyads. Caliph Umar bin Abdul However, Caliph Abdul Malik bin Aziz also established a policy of Marwan returned some of the Islamic reducing the tax burden for Christian militaries to their original profession, Najran from 2000 pieces to 200 pieces namely farmers, and stipulated them to because it turned out that most of the pay several taxes as their obligation Najran people were not rich. He also before converting to Islam, which was prohibited the purchase of non-Muslim equal to the burden and Jizyah. land to Muslims because many Caliph Abd al-Malik also Christian lands had become Muslim so succeeded in reforming government that Christians had no land to cultivate. administration and enforcing Arabic as Also, he obliges Kharaj to Muslims and the official Islamic government jizyah (life tax) to non-Muslims.26 administration language. The Caliph Furthermore, the Caliph Umar Ibn Abd al-Malik's success was followed by Abdul Aziz implemented the regional his son al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik (705- autonomy policy. And each Islamic 715 AD), a strong-willed and capable of region has the authority to manage zakat carrying out development. and taxes independently and is not required to hand over tribute to the 3. Khalifah Umar ibn Abdul Aziz central government. Even the During his reign, he re- government will provide subsidies to implemented Islam wholly and entirely. Islamic areas with minimal zakat and He also surrendered all his and his tax revenues.27 He also appointed Ibn family's property, which was unnatural Jahdam as Amil Sadaqah, who was in to the Muslims, through Baitul Maal. charge of distributing Sadaqah evenly. He also protects and enhances the During his reign, state income sources prosperity of society as a whole. came from zakat, spoils of war, and Umar also tried to clean Baitul agricultural income. After the Maal from illegitimate assets and community's economic stability wanted to distribute them to those improved, taxes were set; however, the entitled to receive them. And ordered Baitul Maal condition that Umar Ibn his subordinates to Amir so that they Abdul Aziz had returned to a position would return unlawful property. To that did not last long. The greed of the protect and increase his people's rulers has faded the joints of the Baitul prosperity, he reduced the tax burden imposed by Christians, abolished taxes for Muslims, made measurements and 26 Sali, ‘Distinction of Justice and 25 H. Boedi Abdullah and H. Hendi Fairness during Umar bin Abdul Aziz�s Suhendi, Peradaban pemikiran ekonomi Islam Reign’. (Bandung: Pustaka Setia, 2010), p. 79. 27 Ibid. Volume 11, Nomor 1, Januari-Juni 2021 8 Reforming The Islamic...

Maal. This situation continued until the and went to the cities, hoping to join time of the 28. them as Mawali Soldiers. This phenomenon ended up causing double Economic Activities during the losses to the royal treasury. This is Umayyad Caliphate because after converting to Islam, tax In pre-Islamic times, Roman and revenues are significantly reduced, and Persian coins were used in the after becoming a prisoner, they are and some Himyary silver coins bearing entitled to subsidies. Al- then made the Attic owl. Umar, Muawiyah, and important policies to return the people other previous Khalifah felt that they to their fields and again obliged them to had enough foreign currency in pay the agricultural land and head taxes. circulation, and maybe in some cases, He even required the Arabyang people there were quotes from certain Quranic to control land in the taxpayer's territory verses on the coins. During Abd Al- to pay land tax. After Daulah Malik's time, various gold and silver Umawiyah succeeded in preventing a coins had already been minted, but the large enough area, the trade traffic was print was just a reproduction of the adequately guaranteed. Land traffic Byzantine and Persian currencies. In through the Silk Road Kr China 695, Abd Al-Malik minted gold dinars facilitates trade in silk, ceramics, and silver , which were pure medicines, and fragrances. The Arab works.29 The Iraqi district, Al development of this trade has led to Hajjaj, printed money in Kuffah the increased prosperity for the Umawiyah following year. Apart from making Daula. Economic fields that existed at Islamic money and Arabizing the the time of the Umayyads proved administration of justice, Abd Al-Malik successful in bringing progress to the also developed a postal service system, people, namely: using horses between Damascus and • In the field of agriculture, Umayyah other provincial capitals. The service is has supported the development of the designed primarily to meet the agricultural sector, he has introduced an transportation needs of government irrigation system to increase agricultural officials and their correspondence output. issues. All post heads have to record • In the industrial sector, especially and send the caliph all critical events in craftsmanship has become the pulse of their respective territories. Concerning economic growth for the Umayyads.F. the change of eyes, we need to pay Economic Policy and Economic attention to the financial system reforms Practice and the administration. No Muslim, of During the Umayyad's reign, any nation, is burdened with paying many economic policies were formed taxes, other than zakat or compensation based on the fuqaha and 's ijtihad. for the poor. However, in practice, That was due to the different length of privileges are often granted to a handful time (approximately one century) of Muslim-Arabs. Realizing that between the Prophet's life and reign. anchovies, many oaring who just Various essential notes regarding the converted to Islam, mostly from Iraq rule of the Umayyads can be explained and Khurasan, started leaving the as follows: villages where they worked as farmers, 1. Muawiyah was a noble friend even though he did political ijtihad fighting

28 Meirison Meirison, against the Caliph Ali bin Abi Talib. It ‘ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE turned out that the ijtihad he did was not SYSTEM OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE’, valid. However, he is still fair, and all Jurnal Ilmiah Al-Syir’ah, vol. 18, no. 2 (2020), his friends are honest. Marwan bin p. 91. Hakam, one of the caliphs, was one of 29 Hawting, The first dynasty of Islam. Khazanah: Jurnal Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam Muhammad Ridho Nur 9 those who narrated many . 5. Abolishing taxes on Muslims, Caliph Abdul Malik was known as a reducing the tax burden on Christians, knowledgeable person and an expert in making rules of measurement and fiqh, and he was included in the weighing, eradicating excise and forced scholars of Medina before being labor, appointed as caliph. Umar bin Abdul Aziz was an Imam during ijtihad and 6. Improving agricultural land, digging was considered the 5th caliph of al wells, building roads, constructing . travelers' accommodation places, and providing support for the poor. These 2. The conquest of several cities and various policies have succeeded in countries to China's territory in the east, increasing the community's standard of the countries in Andalusia, and the living as a whole so that no one wants south of France in the West. At that to accept zakat anymore. time, Islamic rule settlement reached an extensive area throughout Islamic 7. Determining the official salary of 300 history, and many people embraced dinars and the official is prohibited from Islam. doing side work. The tax imposed on non-Muslims only applies to three Some of the traditions and practices professions: traders, farmers, and carried out by the Umayyads during the landlords. Daulat al-Islam, namely: 1. When he was appointed Caliph, Renewal of Umar bin Abdul Aziz Umar bin Abdul Aziz gathered the The arrival of the Caliph Umar people. He announced and handed over Ibn Abd Al-'Aziz was an oasis in the all his personal and family assets desert, which brought a breath of fresh obtained inappropriately to Baitul Maal. air in the Caliphate's history after about These include plantation lands in half the century Umayyad Caliphate. Morocco, various allowances in Even though the Caliphate of Umar was Yamamah, Mukaedes, Jabal Al Wars, very short, he was able to show an Yemen, and , to the diamond ring independent period, had its given by Al Walid. characteristics, and contained a pure Islamic philosophy that was not 2. During his reign, he also did not take influenced by the rules of some of the anything from the Baitul Maal, Umayyad caliphs, which were full of including Fai's income, which was due bloodshed and dictatorship30. to him. Umar Bin Abdul Aziz appeared at the historical crossroads of Muslims 3. Prioritizing domestic development. under the leadership of the Umayyad According to him, improving and dynasty. At the end of the first century enhancing Islamic countries' welfare is Hijriyah, this dynasty entered its better than increasing the territory's sixtieth, or two-thirds of its age, and expansion. In this context, he maintains was already undergoing severe internal good relations with the opposition and decay. Umar himself was part of this gives the right to worship freedom to dynasty, in almost every way. Although other religions' followers. he is a scholar who has mastered all the sciences of Medina's scholars, he is 4. In carrying out his various policies, personally a symbol of the Umayyad Caliph Umar bin Abdul Aziz was more dynasty's corrupt, luxurious and protective and improved the community's standard of living as a 30 whole. Ibn Kathīr, The caliphate of Banu Umayyah, p. 79. Volume 11, Nomor 1, Januari-Juni 2021 10 Reforming The Islamic... extravagant lifestyle. That made him not determination that he began a confident enough to lead when the royal significant, lasting reform in history.31 family asked him to replace Sulaiman After Umar became a caliph, Bin Abdul Malik Bin Marwan after he Caliph Sulaiman's burial was carried out. died. It was not only because of the Caliph Umar came to the king's vehicle in kingdom's complex internal problems the form of a riding camel and goods carrier but also because he was a part of the offered Umar; There was only one camel caught. The others were sold, and the problem. It is a thing of the past. But the results were moved to the Baitul Mal. choice of him, for the royal family, was Likewise, with the rugs, Khalifah's a must because Umar is the most footwear was also sold to be given to the appropriate figure for this position. Baitul Mal. Umar also handed over all the When Umar finally accepted this land and assets he owned to Baitul Mal position, he told a scholar who sat because it was believed that the inherited beside him, Al-Zuhri, "I fear hell." And property was not his right but the people's a series of heroic stories had started freedom. Likewise, this attitude was applied from here, from fear of hell, when he to his wife to choose to follow Umar's path was 37 years old and ended two years or leave him to return to his family because and five months later, or when he was Umar realized that his wife was a person who had never felt the misery of a lack of 39 years old, with one fact: total reform wealth. Still, Binti Malik chose to has been carried out, justice has been stay with her husband until the end of his served, and prosperity has been life so that the assets he had were handed achieved. over to Baitul Mal and left only a little. By most historians, Umar is also Umar also avoided eating delicious food considered the fifth Khulafaurrashidin and refused to be served instead of helping or the caliph's continuation after Abu himself. The clothes he wore were Bakr and Umar bin Khoththob of Umar plainclothes; Ibn' Abdil Hakam reported II. It is deserving of this predicate that the clothes costing 8 dirhams were still because the reforms carried out could excellent, long before Umar became caliph, restore the caliphate chain that was cut his clothes costing 800 to 1000 dirhams. The hair that had been lengthened was cut, off from ; Umar bin Khothob and Umar washed from the scented oil. He again appeared in the time of Umar Ibn sold all the clothes and fragrances on him Abd Al-'Aziz. So in this discussion, it is and gave the money to the Baitul Mal. His crucial to discuss the issue of political life pattern changed, from a world lover to a consolidation and renewal of Umar Ibn Zahid who only seeks an eternal afterlife. Abd Al-'Aziz as our knowledge and Umar did not want to live in the palace, and deepening of the development of he only lived in a simple house near a Islamic civilization, which is a mosque. Umar's attitude, which has milestone at the beginning of a new changed very far from his habit so far, history of culture after shows us that most leaders are poor before Khulafaurrasyidin. Umar Bin Abdul becoming leaders and become rich when leading, which does not apply to Umar. He Aziz was well aware that he was a part was rich before becoming caliph and poor of the past. He could not possibly make after becoming caliph. These steps to clean improvements in the life of a vast up oneself, family, and palace have country unless he dared to start with convinced the public of the strong political himself, then continue it to his will to carry out reforms in state life, prominent family and then to the larger especially in cleaning up collusion, royal family. So the first step he had to corruption, and nepotism. Umar, a leader, take was to clean himself, his family has shown his determination and has set and the royal palace. It was with that such a fantastic example.

31 Hakim, ‘The Hashemite-Umayyad Divide and its Impact on the Future of Islam’. Khazanah: Jurnal Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam Muhammad Ridho Nur 11

2. Renewal in his reign in European Umayyad. This is done by The emphasis in Umar's political field repairing and reviving unproductive lands was more on domestic reform. Warfare and to support the digging of many new wells. conquest activities were stopped, the Roads and accommodation for people soldiers besieging Constantinople were all traveling long distances were designed to withdrawn, as were those in the former recognize his concern for change., And not Byzantine colony. The goal is to provide to forget that many were made, security and provide opportunities for but Umar did not care about their beauty. soldiers to rest and return with their Umar did this because he gave more families. Umar prefers peace in solving importance to the poor starving than problems. The dialogue was one of Umar's funding to beautify walls and furniture. The ways to deal with domestic enemies, and state of the economy at the time of the this was done when he discussed with the Caliph Umar has entered into an Khawarij. Umar convinced the Khawarij extraordinary level. All the literature that is with arguments and information that could available to us reinforces that poverty, satisfy their hearts. The point is that they deprivation, and poverty are overcome. It can accept Umar's opinions so that there can be said that those who want to pay was no apparent domestic conflict at this zakat are very difficult to find people who time. The governors who were unjust and are willing to receive. The step that has arbitrary were fired, and he chose governors been taken is the equitable redistribution of or officials who could hold the mandate. state assets. Even the Caliph Umar dismissed Jarrah bin By restructuring the state Abdillah Al-Hukmi, the governor of organization, trimming the bureaucracy, Khurasan, the governor he chose but was simplifying the administrative system, unable to carry out his duties as he hoped. Umar saved state spending, and at the same Jarrah bin Abdillah was caught taking time, socialized the spirit of business and jizyah from the converts. At this time, there entrepreneurship in the community. In this was no corruption, collusion, and nepotism way, Umar enlarges the sources of state because Umar chose officials according to income through zakat, taxes, and jizyah. In their capabilities. Three thousand dinars the concept of zakat distribution, the raised Their wages to keep them from determination of the eight objects of zakat betraying the governors, and the next step is recipients or Mustahiq means that a zakat is to strengthen state income source by relying a form of direct subsidy. Zakat must have on land tax, crop tax, both Muslim and non- an empowering impact on people with low Muslim. For the tax period, Umar does not purchasing power. So that by increasing differentiate between Muslims and non- their purchasing power, zakat directly Muslims; they both have tax obligations. stimulates the growth of demand from the The second distinguishes between the community, which encourages increased jizyah tax and the Kharaj tax. The jizyah supply. With the increase in public tax is abolished for non-Arab Muslims. consumption, production will also increase. This shows us that Umar has equalized the Thus, the distribution pattern of zakat not rights of Arabs and non-Arabs who are only only impacts the loss of absolute poverty based on the same Islamic Aqidah. This but can also be a stimulating factor for Mawali is automatically erased in his time, economic growth at the macro level. That is to support the abolition of Mawali, the what happened during the time of Umar Bin assimilation of marriages between Arabs Abdul Aziz. The number of zakat payers and non-Arabs should be encouraged. As increases, while the number of zakat for the Kharaj tax between Muslims and recipients decreases, even ultimately. The Muslims or between Arab and non-Arab Amil zakat travels all over Africa to alike. Zakat is also imposed on Muslims distribute zakat, but no one wants to accept only. The third is eliminating all zakat. The Mustahiq zakat is wholly celebrations (Mahrajan), lavish parties' depleted in absolute terms so that the habit, and giving away gifts because this country experiences a surplus. The includes waste and misuse of people's redistribution of state wealth is further property. Bani Umayyad takes Agriculture directed towards subsidizing the payment of and transportation during Umar's time were private (private) debts and social subsidies also taken into account by other provinces in the form of financing basic needs that are

Volume 11, Nomor 1, Januari-Juni 2021 12 Reforming The Islamic... not borne by the state, such as marriage run away from us, and they will indeed join expenses. One time due to an excess their son. Therefore, at the time of Umar, surplus, the state announced that "the state the part used to insult was replaced by the will cover all the costs of marriage for verse al- surah al-Nahl: 90 every young man who wants to get married Umar also issued a policy of at a young age." Yahya Ibn Sa'id brought a returning pension funds for orphans left by narration: It was said that Umar Ibn Abdul their parents who died on the battlefield. At 'Aziz had sent me to North Africa to the beginning of the Umayyad dynasty, distribute zakat for the people there. So I many pension money for Muslim fighters carried out the order, then I looked for poor who died on the battlefield were not given people to give zakat to them. But I didn't to their families. This made the families of get anyone, and we didn't find anyone who the Muslim soldiers who died, especially would accept it. Umar made his people the orphans, dissatisfied. 32 prosperous. Finally, I bought with the zakat some of my slave servants, which I then Declined freed. Our scholars even call Umar Bin Several factors caused the Umayyad Abdul Aziz a reformer of the first century dynasty to be weak and brought it to of Hijri, even referred to as the fifth ruin. These factors include: Khulafa Rashidin. Maybe the prosperity 1. Changing the Caliphate through indicators that existed at that time would lineage is something new (Heresy) never be repeated, namely when the Amil zakat wandered around in African villages. for the Islamic tradition that Still, they did not find anyone willing to emphasizes seniority. The settings accept zakat. The state ran a surplus, even are unclear. The lack of clarity on to the extent that the state bore personal changing the Caliphate has resulted debts and the citizen's marriage costs. in unfair competition among the Umar's improvements also included the royal family members. The postal service. The postal service serves not background to the formation of the only to convey the governor and officials' Bani Umayyah dynasty cannot be official news to the caliph but also to serve separated from the political conflicts the people's interests. Umar ordered the that occurred during Ali's time. The postal clerk to accept all letters submitted Shiah remnants and the Khawarij by people to deliver to those entitled. Umar carried out the Islamic continued to be opposition da'wah to the non-Islamic groups by using movements, both openly as in the sound wisdom and lessons and sending early and late times and secret as in religious teachers to all countries by the mid-reign of the Bani Umayyah. choosing whichever place he likes. Those The suppression of these who have not embraced Islam are given the movements drained the power of the right and freedom of worship. This shows government a lot. During the reign that religious tolerance was instilled during of the Umayyads, the ethnic conflict the time of Umar Ibn Abd Al_'Aziz. And to between the tribes of North Arabia deal with the Khawarij, Umar relied more (Banu ) and South Arabia on dialogue by including strong arguments (Bani Kalb), which had existed so that their intellect could accept them. Umar Ibn Abd Al-'Aziz also eliminated the since pre-Islamic times, became curse on Ali bin Abu Talib on the pulpits more acute. This dispute made it while the Umayyads people insulted him. difficult for the Umayyad rulers to This is not surprising since Umar was a build unity and integrity. Besides, caliph who had followed in his father's most of the Mawali (non-Arab) footsteps, Abdul 'Aziz in Egypt. It is groups, especially in Iraq and other narrated from it that his late father came to eastern regions, were dissatisfied Amirul Mukminin Ali's mention stuttered. because the status of the Mawali At that time, Umar asked: Why did your father act like that? He replied: O, son! You 32 know, if ordinary people know about Ali http://referensiagama.blogspot.com/2011/01/ko Bin Abu Talib as we know, their hopes will nsolidasi-dan-pembaharuan-politik.html Khazanah: Jurnal Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam Muhammad Ridho Nur 13

represented inferiority, coupled with at that time, Islam had controlled the the arrogance of the Arab nation that regions in three significant continents; was shown during the time of the Europe, Asia, Africa. Islamic culture Umayyads. The Umayyad sovereign has progressed very rapidly in various government's weakness was also religious knowledge, architecture, caused by the luxurious lifestyle in science and technology, and others, the palace environment. The caliph especially economics.33 The decline of children were unable to carry the these dynasties was due to many heavy burden of the state when they reasons. It can be divided into external inherited power. Besides that, many and internal factors. History is a right Ulama were disappointed because mirror, which can always inspire us to the authorities' attention to religion's face difficult times in our life. Like development was very lacking. The today, when our nation is plunged into a direct cause of the Umayyad multidimensional crisis that is complex dynasty's overthrow was the and complex, it drags on and feels so emergence of a new power tiring. This may be the right time to spearheaded by al-Abbas ibn Abd look for a slice of time in history, al-Muttalib's descendants. This against the backdrop of problems that movement received the Bani seem similar to what we face, or at least Hashim's full support and the in some aspects, to then find permanent Mawali, who felt second classed by rules that govern and control them. the Bani Umayyah government. What Umar bin Abdul Aziz did was reconcile justice with prosperity. When CLOSING pious, strong leaders are presented at During the reign of the the crossroads of history to solve a Umayyads, many economic policies people and a nation's crisis, and it can were formed based on ijtihad. Since the happen again if the same terms and Abbasid era, even though they were still conditions are repeated. And this is our carried out individually, banking began problem: historical repetition does not to develop rapidly when there were occur because the needs are not met. many types of currencies in circulation Caliph Umar Ibn Abd Al-'Aziz was a at that time. So that particular expertise caliph who could provide light in the was needed to distinguish between one dark, who brought an oasis of thirst. currency and another, Caliph With his heart and mind's brilliance, he ibn Affan maintained a system of could create a civilization that would providing assistance and compensation apply to all ages. He has inspired the and gave large sums of money to Muslim world and outside of Islam to different communities. The above become leaders who are just, not changes can be seen that the corrupt, pro-people (Ummah) based on government system during the Islam. Almost all lifelines have been Ummayah and Abbasid Daulah was renewed by Umar, economics, social, other than what was applied during the political, and culture without exception. Khulafaur Rasyidin period. Between the Umayyad and Abbasid, Daula also differs. It can be seen during the Khulafaur Rasyidin period that the election of leaders was carried out with a Syuro council, while during the 33 Ajid Thohir, Perkembangan Umayyad period, it was carried out in a peradaban di kawasan dunia Islam: melacak monarchical manner (hereditary). In the akar-akar sejarah, sosial, politik, dan budaya middle ages of Islam, Islamic umat Islam, Cet. 1 edition (Jakarta: Divisi Buku civilization was international. Because Perguruan Tinggi, RajaGrafindo Persada, 2004), p. 79. Volume 11, Nomor 1, Januari-Juni 2021 14 Reforming The Islamic...

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