DOCUMENT RESUME ED 066 883 EM 010 172 TITLE Eleventh Report

Home , Cassegrain antenna, Intelsat I, Maspalomas Station, Offset dish antenna, Prospero (spacecraft), Solrad 9

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 066 883 EM 010 172

TITLE Eleventh Report on Telecommunication and the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. INSTITUTION International Telecommunication Union, Geneva (Switzerland). REPORT NO B-10 PUB DATE Jul 72 NOTE 124p.

EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$6.58 DESCRIPTORS Annual Reports; *Communication Satellites; International Law; *International Organizations; Standards; *Technological Advancement; *Telecommunication

ABSTRACT Subjects covered in this annual report of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) include 1) action taken with regard to regulations; 2) application of international regulations; 3) telecommunication studies and standardization; 4) planning of the international telecommunication network; 5) technical cooperation activities; 6) cooperation with other international organizations concerned with space; and 7) information and do,-umentation activities. In addition, appendixes contain the reports of individual countries on developments in space communication and relevant resolutions adopted by the United Nations at its 26th session. (RH) booklet* No. 10

Eleventh Report by the International Telecommunication Union on telecqmfnunication and the peaceful uses of outer space Other publications on the ITU:

Book From semaphore to satellite, 1793-1965 (1965) Booklet No. 1 1865-1965, a hundred years of international co-operation (1967) Booklet No. 2 ITU and space radiocommunication (1968) Booklet No. 3 Eighth Report by the International i elecommunication Union on telecommunication and the peaceful uses of outer space (1969) Booklet No. 4 Symposium " Space and Radiocommunication ", Paris (1969) Booklet No.J - World Telecommunication Day-17 May 1969 (1969) Booklet No. 6 Ninth Report by the International Telecommunication Union on telecommunication and the peaceful uses of outer space (1970) Booklet No. 7 World Telecommunication Day-17 May 1970 (1971) Booklet No. 8 Tenth Report by the Intc.nitional Telecommunication Union on telecommunication and the peaceful uses of outer space (1971) Booklet No. 9 Speeches made at the inaugural meeting of the second World Administrative Radio Conference for Space Telecommunications on 7 June 1971 (1971)

Published by the International Telecommunication Union, Geneva 1972 oz) .40 Q

CI U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EOUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EOUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO. DUCE!' EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE Pt SON OR ORGANIZATION ORIG INATING IT POINTS F VIEW OR OPIN- IONS STATED DO I\ T NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDU- CATION POSITION DR POLICY

eleventh report by the international telecommunication union on telecommunication and the peaceful uses of outer space

0 b

Lu TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

1. Introduction 5 2. Action taken with regard to regulationsDecisions of the World Administra- tive Radio Conference to:- Space Telecommunications (Geneva, 1971) 5 3. Application of international regulationsInternational registration of frequency assignments to space telecommunications 10

4. Telecommunication studies did standardization 14

S. Planning of the international telecommunication network 17

6. Technical Co-operation activities 17 7. Co-operation with other international organizations concerned with space 18 8. Information and documentation activities 19

Annex 1

Report) on progress made in the development of space communications Information supplied by the following countries (countries are listed in French alphabetical order):

Argentine Republic 23 Australia (Commonwealth of) 32 Belgium 35 Brazil 37 Cameroon (Federal Republic of) 41 Canada 41 Ceylon 56 China 57 Korea (R.,cuiAlc of) 57 Denmark 59 Spain 60 United States of America 63 Finland 59 France 72 Greece 78 India (Republic of) 78 Indonesia (Republic of) 79

3 Page Iran 83 Israel (State of) 83 Italy 84 Jamaica 86 Japan 87 Kenya 92 Kuwait (State of) 93 Mexico 95 Nicaragua 100 Norway 59 New Zealand 101 PI Uganda 92 Netherlands (Kingdom of the) 103 Portugal 103 ill Federal Republic of Germany 103 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, theChannel Islands and the Isle of Man 108 Sweden 59 Switzerland (Confederation of) 114 Tanzania (United Republic of) 92 Thailand 114 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 114 Zaire (Republic of) 116 Zambia (Republic of) 120

Annex 2

Resolutions adopted by the United Nations at its 26th session: n s-o..tion 2776 (XXVI) International co-operation in the peaceful uses of outerspace 123 Resolution 2778 (XXVI) Convening of theWorking Group on Remote Sensing of the E.2rti, by Satellites 125 Eleventh Report of the ITU on telecommunication and the peaceful uses of outer space

1. Introduction

THIS document is a report on the action of the ITU, the International Frequency taken by the International Telecom- Registration Board (IFRB), in accordance munication Union (ITU) with regard to with Radio Regulations drawn up by the outer space since the submission of thecompetent ITU Conferences. Technical Tenth Report in 1971 (see the supplement studies relating to the use of telecommuni- to theTelecommunication Journal, July cations in outer space are conducted by 1971). two other permanent organs, the Inter- Itis submitted for the attention of the national Radio Consultative Committee United Nations Committee on the Peace- (CCIR) and the International Telegraph ful Uses of Outer Space and of the Econo- and Telephone Consultative Committee mic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and for (CCITT). the information of Members of the Union. Details of the work done by the Confer- As it was explained in earlier reports in ences and permanent organs of the Union this series, international regulations are are given in the sections which follow. adopted at World Administrative Con- ferences. Since these are intergovernmental Annex I contains reports by a number of conferences, the regulations they adopt Members of the Union on the progress they have the force of international treaties. The have made in space communications in internationalregistrationoffrequency 1971. assignmentsforspacetelecommunica- Annex 2 contains two resolutions of the tions is carried out by a permanent organ United Nations.

2. Action taken with regard to regulationsDecisions of the World Administrative Radio Conference for Space Telecommunications (Geneva, 1971)

During 1971, the ITU's main activities Some of these factors are: with regard to outer space were carried out in the context of the World Adminis- the extremely rapid development of trative Radio Conference for Space Tele- space techniques; communications. The need for such a thediversificationof spaceradio - conference had become increasingly ap- communications; parent owing to advances in space radiocommunication techniques and the rapidly theneed for co-ordination between expanding use of these radiocommunica- existing or planned world-wide systems tions,callingforspecialattentionto and other regional or even national certain factors which could not be exa- systems which are planned or under mined in isolation. study;

5 --- the efficient use of orbits, especially to consider, revise and supplement as the geostationary satellite orbit, and necessary, existing administrative and finally, technical provisions of the Radio Regu- lations and adopt, as necessary, new ne%% prospects for direct broadcasting provisions for radiocommunication ser- via satellite. vices, in so far as they use space radio techniques, including those for manned The Conference, which was held in Geneva space vehicles, and for the radio astro- from 7 June to 17 July 1971, was attended nomy service, so as to ensure the efficient by some 740 delegates from 100 countries use of the spectrum ". (see the Telecommunication Journal, July, August, September, October1971).Its The following is a brief review of some or work was mainly based on proposals the principal changes introduced into the submitted by Members of the ITU. The Radio Regulations, with special emphasis purposeofthisWorldAdministrative ontwoservicestowhichfrequency Conference was to ensure that the technical assignments were made for the first time, provisions and regulations governing the the broadcasting-satellite service and the use of space telecommunications by all earth exploration-satellite service. users should be based on the most recent technicalachievementsandthatthey Article I (Definitions) was partly revised; should enable optimum use to be made of in many cases, there was a tendency to these telecommunications in forthcoming regard space rac';ocommunications.not years. as a service in the proper sense of the term, but rather as a special technique used in Before we examine some of the decisions various services. The following definitions of the Conference,it may be useful to are to be noted: mention certain of the principles on which they were based: use with equa"ty of 84A P Broadcasting-satellite service rights of the frequency bands allocated to A radiocommunication service in which the space radiocommunication services, no signals transmitted or retransmitted by permanent priority that might create an space stations are intended for direct obstacle to the establishment of their own reception' by the general public. space systems by other countries, introduction of new co-ordination procedures with 84APA Individual reception (in the broad- a view to more efficient use of the frequency casting- satellite service) spectrum and of the geostationary satellite The receptionof emissionsfrom a orbit. In the case of broadcasting, restric- spacestationinthe broadcasting - tions were placed on radiation inside the satelliteservicebysimpledomestic territory of other countries. installat.ons andinparticularthose possessing small antennae. From 3 February to 3 March 1971, the CCIR held a special meeting of its Study 84APB Communityreception(inthe Groups concerned in order to provide the broadcasting-satellite service) Conference with technical data based on The reception of emissions from a space the latest developments. station in the broadcasting-satellite ser- The technical preparation of the Confer- vice by receiving equipment, which in ence was the work of the IFRB. ' Inthebroadcasting-satelliteservice,the The agenda as adopteu by the Administra- term " direct reception " shall encompass both tive Council included the following item: individual reception and community reception.

6 sonic cases may he complex and have The band 2500-269(1 MHz is allocated on a antennae larrer than those used for primary basis to the broadcasting-satellite individual reception, and intended for service, sharing with other services (fixed use: and mobile). The use of this hand by the broadcasting-satellite service is limited to by a group of the general public at domestic and regional systems for com- one location, or munity reception and is subject to agree- through a distribution system cover- ment between the administrations con- ing a limited area. ccrned and those having services, operating in accordance with the Frequency Table, 84ASA Earth exploration-satellite service which may be affected. A radiocommunication s.;rvice between Satellite broadcasting was also allocated earth stations and one or more space the band 1E7-12.2 GHz (1E7-12.5 GHz in stations in which: Region I,i.e., the Old World, excluding information relating to the charac- South-East Asia). This is an allocation on a primary basis shared with other services teristics of the earth and its natural (fixed and mobile). phenomena is obtained from instruments on earth satellites; The band 22.5-23 GHz was also allocated similar information is collected from on a primary basis to satellite brradcasting air-borne or earth-based platforms; (shared with the fixed and mobile services) such information may be distributed in Region 3 (South-East Asia and Austral- to earth stations within the system asia). concerned; Frequency bands were also allocated to the -- platform interrogation may be in- earth exploration - satelliteservice.These cluded. include, in particular, the bands

Article 5, which contains the Table of 1525-1535 MHz FrequencyAllocationstothevarious 8025-8400 MHz services, was revised, chieflyir. order to 21.2-22 GHz cater for the development Of frequency requirements. Ot her bq rids (401-403 ; 460-47(1690-1700: 2025-2120 MHz) may also tz used for To mention only the two services whose earth exploration-satellite applications on requirementshave emergedindefinite condition that no harmful interference is form inrecent years, the broad :asting- caused to stations operating in accordance satellite service and the earth exploration- with the Frequency Table. satellite service,itwill be seen that new ancations have been made to both ofIt should be noted that frequency alloca- them. tions to services other than the broadcasting-satellite and the earth exploration- Frequencies in the band 620-790 MHz may satellite services were likewise considerably be assigned to television stations using revised. These revisions include the alloca- frequency-modulatio t in the broadcasting- tions to meteorology, space research, the satelliteservice,s bjecttoagreement amateur service, the standard frequency between the administrations concerned and and time signal services, radio astronomy those having services which may be affected and, above all, the aeronautical mobile and (see Resolutions Nos. Spa2-2 and Spa2-3 maritime mobile satellite services, which and Recommendation No. Spa2-10). in the next few years will be using space

7 t techniques forradionavigation and for ter of frequency assignments to terrestrial reliablehigh-quality communication re- radiocommunication stations, was amen- quirements. ded to take account of the changes made in the procedures for co- ordination be- Theallocations to the fixed-satellite tween terrestrial and earth stations. (commu iication- satellite) service were also revised and new allocations were added. Article 9A, which was previously con- Given a spectrum in which all the bands cerned with the notification and recording werealreadyaliocated,allthesenew of frequency assignments to stations in the allocations,from which mostofthe space service, was entirely revised and now services have benefited, were made possible also deals with co-ordination, although it only by wider use of band sharing by no longer applies to stations in the broad- several services. This could not have been casting-satellite service. A procedure has done without the complex technical studies now beenlaid down for the advance carried out in recent years, mainly by the publicationof information on planned International Radio Consultative Com- satellite systems, enabling any administra mittee of the ITU. tion which considers that unacceptable interference may be caused to its existing or Whereas the allocations made by the 1963 planned space radiocommunication ser- Conferencestoppedshortat40 GHz, vices to communicate its observations to the 1971 Conference allocated parts of the the administration concerned. 40-275 GHz range to certain services. As in the past, any frequency assignment to The following allocations may be men- an earth or space station shall be notified tioned. to the IFRB: Broadcasting-satellite service if the use of the frequency concerned is 41-43 Gtlz capableof causingharmfulinter- 84-86 GHz ferencetoanyserviceof another administration; or Earth exploration-satellite service if the frequencyistobe usedfor 51-52 GHz international radiocommunication: or 65-66 GHz if it is desired to obtain international recognition of the use of the frequency. Article 7 (SpecialRulesRelatingto ParticularServices)providesthatall The introducedadditional technical means available shall be used to Conference clarifications of the notification procedure reduce, to the maximum extent practicable, with regard to transmitting or receiving the radiation of space stationsinthe frequencies of earth and space stations and broadcasting-satellite service over the ter- the receiving frequencies of radio astron- ritory of other countries unless an agree. ment has been previously reached with omy stations. such countries. Thanks to the work of the CCIR, in New provisions were introduced on the particular, it was possible to draw up a station keeping of space stations and on the verydetailedmethod, basedonthe pointing accuracy of antennae on geo- latest technical data, of determining the stationary satellites. co-ordination area of an earth station, i.e., the area in which such a station may cause Article 9, on notification and recording in interference to terrestrial stations or be the Master International Frequency Regis- subject to interference from them.

8 In addition, CCIR stufies provided the tive Conferences as required, with a view to basis for a method of calculating inter- fixing suitable dates, places and agenda. ferencebetweengeostationarysatellite During the period before the entry into networkssharingthe samefrequency force of such agreements and associated bands. plans the administrations and the IFRI3 shall apply the procedure containedin The Conference also adopted a number of Resolution No, Spa2-3, Resolutions and Recommendations. These relate to various sera ices, but sonic of them Recommendation No. Spa2-I3 relates to are more general in scope. One such text is the use of space radiocommunications in Resolution No. Spa2-1relatingtothe the event of natural disasters, epidemics, use by all countries, with equal rights, of famines and similar emergencies.Itre- frequencybandsrorspaceradiocom- commends, in particular, that administra- munication services, which provides inter tions,indix iduallyorincollaboration, a/ia that the registration with the ITU ofprovide for the needs of eventual relief frequency assignments for space radio- operations in planning their space radio- communicationservicesandtheir use communication systems and identify for should not provide any permanent priority thispurposepreferredradio-frequency for any individual country or group of channeis and facilities which could quickly countries and should not create an ob- be made available forrelief operations stacle to the establishment of space systems This recommendation was brought to the by other countries. This is justified by the attentionof theUnitedNations,the fact that the use of the allocated frequency specialized agencies E....td otherinter- bands and fixed positions in the geosta- national organi,ations concerned in order tionary satellite orbit by individual coun- to ensure full co- operation in its implemen- tries or groups of countries can start at tation. various dates depending on requirements andreadiness of technicalfacilitiesof Recommendation No. Spa2-1 relates to the countries. examinationbyWorldAdministrative Radio Conferences of the situation with Accordingly, a country or a group of regardto occupation of the frequency countries having registered with the ITU spectrum in space radiocommunications. frequenciesfortheirspaceradiocom- In one of theconsidering " paragraphs it munication services should take all prac- is stated that despite the provisions of ticable measures to realize the possibility of Article 9A of the Radio Regulations and the use of new space systems by other the principles adopted by the Conference, countries or groups of countries so desiring. which provide for full consultation and co-ordination between administ rat ions with Resolution No. Spa2-2 relatingtothe a view to the optimum accommodation of establishment of agreements and associate,' all space systems, it is possible that as the plans for the broadcasting-satellite service use of frequencies and orbital positions provides that stations in the broadcasting- increases, administrations may encounter satellite service shall be established and undue difficulty in one or more frequency operated in accordance with agreements bands in meeting their requirements for and associated plans adopted by World or spaceradiocommunication.Ifsuch a situation arises,itis recommended that Regional Administrative Conferences. The the next appropriate World Administrative Administrative Council of the ITUis Radio Conference be empowered to deal requested to examine as soon as possible with it. Moreover, the ITU Administrative the question of a World Administrative Council is invited, in the same event, to Conference, and/or Regional Adntinizara- include in the agenda for the next appro. /0 9 priate World Administrative Radio Con- vices,11'110111illresult in the improved leience specific provisions enabling itto efficiency of radio spectrum utilisation. examine allaspects of the use of the Thc.;e are, in broad outline, some of the frequencyband(s) concernedincluding, results achieved by the Conference. Be it infer din, the relevant frequency assign- recalled that the Radio Regulations as mentsrecordedintheMasterInter- thus revised constitute (as do the Tele- national Frequency Register and to find a graphRegulations andtheTelephone solution to the problem. Regulations) an annex to the International Telecommunication Convention drawn up Another important point to he mentioned by the plenipotentiaries of the Member is the request that the CCIR pursue thecountries of the Union and ratified (or studies relating to space radiocommunica- acceded to) by these countries. Accordingly, t ions which it has been conducting success- the regulations adopted by World Ad- fully for a long time. Special attention ministrative Conferences have the force of should be paid to the studies of criteria for an international treaty. The new regulations frequency sharing between severalser- will come into force on 1 January 1973.

3. Application of international regulationsInternational registration of frequency assignments to space telecommunications

3.1 Since the publication of the Tenth information from the Administration of Report, the IFRB has continued to apply Frame containing a more detailed des- therelevantprovisionsof theRadio cription of the Symphonic experimental Regulations annexed to the Internationa; communication-satellite system, which had Telecommunication Convention, in con- been the subject of a summary description r.,:ction with frequency assignment notices published in 1968. for space communications, received from administrations. The Board received 951 3.3 The frequencyassignmentnotices such notices in 1971. 'Lie relevant notifica- received and dealt with by the IFRB in 1971 tionandregistratioiproceduresare mainly conc,:rnedthe establishment or defined in Article 9Af the Radio Regula- modification of space systems and the tions. implementationofexperimentalpro- grammes. Through its weekly circular, the 3.2 In accordance with the provisions of IFRB regularly communicated to adminis- Resolution No. Spaladopted bythe trations the detailed information contained Extraordinary Admii.istrative Radio Con- in all the notices itreceived, as well as ference to Allocete Frequency Bands for the findings it reached in accordance with Space Radiocommunication Purposes, the provisions of Article 9A of the Radio Geneva, 1963, the IFRB published in 1971, Regulations.Thesenoticesarebriefly in a special section of its weekly circular, described in the table below.

10 Table

notices rece.ved and dealt witi, country system or programme by the IFRB in accordance with the provisions of Article 9A

of the Radio Regulations .

Argentine INTELSAT programme earth station Balcarce (trans- Republic (Intelsat-Ill) mission, reception, tracking)

Brazil INTELS;LT programme earth station Tangua (trans- ( Intelsat-! V) mission, reception)

Canada INTELSAT programme earthstationMillVillage (Intelsat-III and Intelsat-IV) (Nova Scotia) (transmission, reception, tracking)

national communication- spacestationsAnik-Iand sate:1:te system(Anik) Anik-2(transmission,reception,telemetering,tracking, telecom mand)

earthstationsAllan Park (Ontario) (transmission,reception, telemetering,tracking. telecommandand Bay Bulls (Newfoundi..nd), Grand Beach (Manitoba), Harriets- field (Nova Scotia), Huggett (Alberta), Lake Cowichan (BritishColumbia), Qu'Ap- pelle (Saskatchewan), Riviere Rouge (Province of Quebec)' (transmission, reception)

spaceresearch programme space station Isis-2 (telemeter- Li.. ing, tracking, telecommand)

earth stations Ottawa (Onta- rio)and Resolute(North-Wcst Territories) (telemetering, tracking, telecommand)

Chile INTELSAT programme earth station Longovilo (trans- (Intelsat -I V) mission, reception)

China INTELSAT programme earth station Taipei(trans- (Intelsat-III) mission, reception)

United States INTELSAT programme space stations Intelsat -IV of America (Intelsat-IV) (Pacific 1, Atlantic 2) (transmission, reception, tracking, Lelemetering)

1.1= notices received and dealt with by the IFRR in accordance country system or programme with the provisions of Article 9A of the Radio Regulations

United States INTELSAT programme earth stati,m Talkeetna of America (Intelsat-III and Intelsat -IV) (Alaska) (transmission, recep- (continued) tion, tracking, telemetering)

earth station Yona (Guam) (transmission,roception,tracking, telemetering)

United StatesGovernment earthstationGuantanamo communication-satellite sys- Bay (reception) tem (1-23)

United StatesGovernment space stations USGCSS Phase communication-satellitesys- II (Atlantic, East Pacific, West tem (Phase 11) Pacific, Indian Ocean) (transmission, reception, tracking, telemetering)

France Symphonie experimental com- space station Symphonic-1 munication-satellite system (transmission, reception)

experimental space research space station D2-A (telemeter- programme D2-A ing, telecommand)

earthstationsBretigny-sur- Orge and Kourou (French Guyana) (telemetering, tracking, telecommand)

experimental space and space station CAS-A (tele- meteorological research pro- metering, tracking, telecom- gramme via satellite Eole mand)

earthstationsinstalledon stratosphericballoons(telemetering)

earthstationsBretigny-sur- Orge and Kourou (French Guyana) (telemetering, tracking, telecommand)

experimental space research space station Sret (telemeter- programme Svct ing)

earthstationsBretigny-sur- Orge and Kourou (French Guyana) (telemetering, tracking) notices received and dealt with by the IFRB in accordance country system or programme with the provisions of Article 9A of the Radio Regulations

Greece -- inter-governmental communi- earth station Atalanti (recep- cation-satellite system tion, tracking) (Saicom-2) India INTELSAT programme earth station Arvi (reception) (Republic of) (Intelsat-Ill) Israel INTELSAT programme earth station Erneq Ha' ela (State of) (lute/sat-IV) (transmission, reception, tele- ,rnetering, tracking)

Japan INTELSAT programme earth station lbaraki (trans- (hue/sat-Ill and hue/sat -IV) mission, reception)

experimentalspace research spacestationShinsei(tele- program meShinsei metering, telecommand)

Malagasy INTELSAT programme earthstationArivonirnarno Republic ( Intelsat-IV) (transmission, reception)

Nigeria (Federal INTELSAT programme earth station Lanlate (trans- Repu blic of) (hue/sat-Ill) mission, reception)

New Zealand INTELSAT programme earth station Warkworth (Intelsat-Ill and huelsat-IV) (transmission, reception, tracking) Federal INTELSAT programme earth station Raisting (trans - Republic of (hie/sat-IV) mission, reception) Germany

United INTELSAT programme earthstationHong Kong Kingdom of (lute/sat -Ill) (transmission, reception, tele- Great Britain metering, tracking) and Northern Ireland

Senegal INTELSAT programme earth station Rhandoul (trans- (Republic of) (Intelsat-1V) mission, reception)

Singapore INTELSAT programme earth station Sentosa Singa- (Republic of) (late/sat -Ill) pore (transmission, reception)

Sweden INTELSAT programme earth station Tanum (trans - (late /sat -IV) mission, reception, telemetering, tracking)

Zaire INTELSAT programme earth station N'Sele (trans- (Repu blic of) (hnelsat-IV) mission, reception)

13 3.4 Furthermore, the ITU has pub!ished for Space Telecommunications and exa- allparticulars of theearth and space mined the matters of interest to the Con- stationswhichwererecordedinthe ference and proposals submitted by ad- Master International Frequency Register ministrations. in theList of stations in the space service andintheradio astronomy service " 3.6The IFRB began to prepare a new prepared by the !FRB. The fourth recapi- edition of itsRules of Procedure and tulative supplement to the second edition Technical Standards, in conformity with of that list, as well as the third edition therelevantprovisionsoftheRadio and thefirstsupplement thereto, were Regulations revised by the World Admini- published during 1971. strativeRadioConferenceforSpace Telecommunications, Geneva, 1971, which 3.5 Under No. 482 of the Radio Regula- shall come into force on 1 January 1973. tions,the IFRB preparedthe World This new edition will be used from 1 Janu- AdministrativeRadioConferencefor ary 1973 to effect examinations required by Space Telecommunications, Geneva, June- theregulatoryprovisionsrelatingto July 1971, from the technical point of view. notices of frequency assignments in bands In particular, it contributed to the work of shared between space radiocommunication the " Special Joint Meeting of CCIR Study services and terrestrial radiocommunica- Groups to prepare technical bases for the tionservicesor between spaceradio- World Administrative Radio Conference communication services.

4. Telecommunication studies and standardization

4.1 General Volume III (Recommendation P.14in Volume V), as approved by the IVth Studies of telecommunication questions and work on standardization within the Plenary Assembly (Mar del Plata, 1968) remainunchanged. The Study ITU are largely done by two of its perman- should Group has, however, investigated ways of ent organs: the CCIR and the CCITT. improving the quality of communications with very long propagation times, especially 4.2Integration of telecommunication satel- by the use of adaptive echo cancellers. litesinthe general network (activities of the CCITT) The limits laid down in Recommendation G.114 are based on speech transmission 4.2.1 The CCITT is studying the use ofquality; error correction in data trans- telecommunication satellites for telegraph, mission may presentdifficultieswhen facsimile, telephone and data transmissions propagation time is long, and the question and,where necessary, the signalling is being studied by Special Study Group A associated with these various types of(Data transmission), Question 1/A, point information. A large number of Study AC: Use of circuits established by means Groups have contributed to this work of satellite for data transmission.

4.2.2 Study Group XII (Telephone tra.i.s 4.2.3Study Group XVI (Telephone cir- mission performance and local telephone cuits) has studied the transmission prob- networks) considers that, for the present, lems raised by the introduction of satellite thepropagationtimelimitsgivenin systems providing demand-assigned tele- Recommendation G.114,WhiteBook, phone circuits.

14 Study Group XIII (Automatic and semi- 4.3 Space radiocommunication technique automatic telephone networks)iswell (activities of the CCIR) awarethatthe internationalrouting As was mentioned in the Tenth Report of plan may require amendment a few years hence if demand assignment of circuits this series, the CCIR convened a Special Joint Study Group Meeting in February becomes a common practice. A study is being made of this question and will be 1971, in accordance with a decision taken dealt with by the Study Group early in atthe XlIthPlenary Assembly, New Delhi, 1970. The report of this meeting, 1972. covering all aspects of space communication, served as a technical basis for the 4.2.4The new signalling systems recom- work of the World Administrative Radio mended for telex and telephony take the Conference for Space Telecommunications peculiarities of satellite circuits into ac- (Geneva, June-July 1971). count. In particular, a Group of Experts of Study Group XI (Telephone switching Many conclusions contained in the report and signalling) has dealt with the question were incorporated in the Final Acts of the of signalling in satellite systems providing Conference. They all relate to frequency telephone circuits on demand assignment. sharing,directly orindirectly.Inthis This study has corroborated the con- regard, it should be stated that the CCIR clusions adopted for bringing the Spade recognizes that the ultimate expansion of (single channel per carrier PCM multiple radiocommunications within a given fre- access demand assignmentequipment) quency range is limited by the problem of system into operation and has defined the sharing. This problem cannot be solved in fundamental bases for any new systems of an absolute sense, but is dealt with con- this type which may be planned. Special tinuously by finding optimum solutions to attention was given to the implications for specific problems, resulting in a steady such systems of the common-channelincrease in the efficiency of use of the signalling system No. 6. The conclusions radio-frequency spectrum. This fundamen- of this Group of Experts have been used as tal problem is under active investigation in guidelines for the studies to be conducted all Study Groups of the CCIR, where its on the subject in the International Tele- importance is clearly recognized. In the communications Satellite Consortium Final Acts of the above Conference for (INTELSAT). Space Telecommunications, important decisions are based on the results of CCIR studies. 4.2.5The programme of Study Group IV (Transmission maintenance of international lines,circuits,and chains of circuits) 4.3.1 Pr Kedure for determination of co-ordina- includesthemaintenanceofsatellite tion distances circuits, which poses som:, new problems, particularly as the composition of such The study of co-ordination distances was circuits is not defined in the same way as in first initiated by CCIR Study Group IV at conventional systems, which means that its Washington meetingin1962. The maintenance management and clearing of objective is to limit interference in the faults are much more complicated. frequencybandsshared betweenthe communication-satellite service and terrestrial radio-relay systems. The Xth Plenary 4.2.6Study Group II (Telephone opera- Assembly of the CCIR (Geneva, 1963) tion and tariffs)isstudying thetariffadopted a recommendation and a report problems raised by the use of satellite which served as the technical bases for the circuits for telephony. calculation procedure established by the a 15 first Space Conference held in 1963. Studies satellitesfor other services.Itisnow continued in CCIR Study Groups IV and V generally agreed that this orbit has very (subsequentlyStudy Groups 4 (Fixed wide applications, especially for broad- services using satellites) and 5 (Propagation casting satellites. in non-ionized media)) as the communica-The method of calculating interference is tion-satellite service expanded, and the based on the concept that the effective frequency bands in the range of 1-10 GHz noise temperature of the .system suffering allocated by the 1963 Space Conference the interference increases as the level of became insufficient to cover requirements. interference rises.Itcan, therefore,be Thus the Special Joint Meeting evolved a appliedirrespective of the modulation procedure for determining the co-ordina- characteristics of these satellite networks, tion distance for an expanded frequency and irrespective of the precise frequencies range, Ito 40 GHz. Furthermore, it now used. accommodates all space services, instead of only the communication-satellite service, Studies were also made of the sharing together with terrestrial services that share problem between geostationary and non- frequency bands with them. New propaga- geostationary satellites, as well as that tion curves adopted by CCIR Study Group relating to inter-satellite relay links. 5 were used, which take account, amongst other effects, of those of hydrometeors (pre- 4.3.3Power limits cipitation scatter). These curves were em- bodied in the report of a special Interim Studies on the limits of power radiated by Working Party meeting held in December satellites and by radio-relay stations were 1970, and were further modified at thepursued in greater detail. Different values Special Joint Meeting; Study Group 5 iswere proposedfordifferentfrequency devoting a good deal of its attention to bands. propagation aspects of the sharing problem in general. 4.3.4Use of frequencies higher than 10 GHz The Special Joint Meeting further defined As the requirements for space communi- the concept of " interference probability ", cations increase, new frequencies must be outlined methods of limiting interference made available. Thus, studies on propaga- in various situations, and gave information tion of radio waves beyond10 GHz, for its calculation. taking into account the absorption due to oxygen and water vapour, are extremely important. At the same time new demands 4.3.2 Efficient use of the geostationary satellite for digital data transmission and video orbit telephony are imposed on the radio-relay The investigation of the various technical systems, which, because of wide band- factors relativeto mutual interference,width requirements, require bearerfre- enumerated in paragraph 4.2 of the Tenth quencies higher than 10 C;Hz for these Report of this series, is continuing. The purposes.Thus,the sharing on these report adopted by the 2nd Session of the frequency bands between communication Interim Working Party set up under CCIR satelliteandradio-relaysystemswill Resolution No. 56 was further improved continue to be a major problem in CCIR on the basis of various contributions to the studies. Special Joint Meeting. As with studies on Finally, among other matters, the World co-ordination distance, the investigation of AdministrativeRadioConferencefor theefficientuse of thegeostationary Space Telecommunications has referred a satelliteorbit,formerlyrestrictedto most important question to the CCIR :n communicationsatellites,now includes general, and as of 1971 this matter is under

/7 10, study. The information sought is to enable development of all radiocommunications clear definition of the terms " acceptableoperating under conditionsof sharing (or unacceptable) interference "and" harm- cannot be exaggerated, and itis expected ful interference ". The enormous impor- that 1972 will see progress in this field tance of such studies in respect to 17uture within the CCIR.

5. Planning of the international telecommunication network

5.1 General 5.2 ThePlanCommittee for Europe AccordingtotheInternationalTele- established the number of satellite circuits communication Convention,thereshall operated by each earth station. The World be a World Plan Committee, and such Plan Committee decided that these data Regional Plan Committees as may be should appear in all the Plan Books (for jointly approved by the Plenary Assemblies Regional Plans and the World Plan). of the International Consultative Commit- tees. These Plan Committees shall develop 5.3 The Plan Committee for Asia and a general plan for the international tele- Oceania askedtheInternationalCon- communication network to help in plan- sultativeCommitteestoundertake a ning international telecommunication ser- study of the technical and economic aspects vices. They shall refer to the International of a domestic and/or regional satellite Consultative Committees questionsthe system, while the Plan Committee for study of which is of particular interest to Europe andtheMediterraneanBasin new or developing countries and which are issued an opinion on the co-ordination within the terms of reference to those and development of satellite communi- Consultative Committees. cations.

6. Technical Co-operation activities

In 1971 the ITU was actively involved in disaster has struck, proper management three spaceprojects. The continuationof disaster relief isvirtually impossible. of the activities at Ahmedabad, India; Recommendation No. Spat -13 of the 1971 the educational feasibility study for the World Administrative Radio Conference Andean region inassociation with the United forSpace Telecommunications stressed Nations Educational, Scientific and Cul- that rapid and reliable telecommunications tural Organization (UNESCO) and a new are essential for the improvement of relief project a space radiocommunication operations and invited the CCIR to study system for aid following natural disasters. standard specifications and preferred frequencies for transportable earth stations and for compatible mobile and trans- 6.1 Space radiocommunication system for aid following natural disasters portable radiocommunications equipment for this purpose. General Assembly resolutions have pointed It is envisaged that the equipment would to the needs for better management and beoperatedbythenewly-established co-ordination of disaster relief and itis office within the United Nations system clear that without the rapid establishment for disaster relief matters in collaboration of adequate telecommunications after the with the Red Cross. It 17 6.2Andean educational television feasibility actively following the co-ordination of study equipment purchases provided for in the plan of operation. To aid the co-ordinator Inthe framework of United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Special inthehighly-skilledexpertiserequired Fund Project REG-233, UNESCO has in developing the station for transmission tothesatellite, asub-contractor was beendesignatedexecutingagency,in association with ITU, with regard to the employed. Work on the direct reception viability study and the regional system receiversisprogressing normally under planitication for education, cultural and supervision of the host administration development purposes in South America, Also progressing normally is the associated taking into account modern communi- fellowship programme. cation means, including satellite communications. In the framework of this project, 6.4Seminars organized by the ITU ITU has recruited, as from January 1971, Spacetelecommunicationsoftenfigure a system planning expert, responsible for on the programme of ITU seminars. Such undertaking the preliminary studies and, was the case with the Lagos seminar inparticular, the tentative plan for the(April1971) on broadcasting problems implementation of the project. Further- andwiththeMexicoCityseminar more,this expertwillassurethe co- (September-October1971) on problems activities undertaken ordination of the of radio-frequency spectrum management. in the countries concerned with this study, At the latter seminar, a member of the during 1972, by a team of three experts !FRB and two staff members ofits in broadcasting, radio-relay systems and Specialized Secretariat gave lectures on satellite communications respectively. frequency usage, and inparticular on space telecommunications; in the course 6.3Experimental satellitecommunication of these lectures they also analysed the earth station, Ahmedabad, India resultsoftheWorldAdministrative InJune1970,the UNDP Governing Radio Conference on Snace Telecom- Councliapproved a requestfromthe munications, Geneva, 1971 (see Telecom- Government of India forI 068 900 US munication Journal, January 1972). dollars for the up-grading and equipping of the experimentalsatellite communi- 6.5Preparation of handbooks cation earth station, which is to participate CCITT SpecialAutonomous Working intheIndia/UnitedStates educational Party No. 3 (GAS 3) has prepared texts televisionsatelliteexperimentproject. on satellite telecommunications to sup- The year under review saw the appoint- plementthe handbook on " Economic ment of the Technical Co-ordinator ofand technical aspects of the choice of this ITU/UNDP project. He has been transmission systems ".

7. Co-operation with other international organizations concerned with space

In 1971, the ITU pursued its consistent Space and its Sub-Committees and Work- co-operationwithmanyinternational ing Group. organizations concerned with space matters.Inparticular,ittook partin It also continued to take an active part meetings of the United Nations Com- in the work of the specialized agencies mittee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer concerned with space telecommunications

18 (International Civil Aviation Organization regionalorganizations (European Con- (ICAO): Inter - Governmental Maritime ference of Postal and Telecommunications Consultative Organization (IMCO), Administrations (CEPT): Inter-American UNESCO) andofinter-governmental Telecommunications Conference (CITEL)).

8. Information and documentation activities

In application of Administrative Council were pr4z1,,:ti) was devoted to space, in Resolutions Nos. 636 and 637 concerning view of the second World Administrative the spread of information on the activities Radio Conference for Space Telecom- arid role of the ITU in space telecom-munications which started on 7June. munications, the General Secretariat took It contained 220 pages of text and two certain measures(summarizedbelow) supplements (a 146-page List of artificial during 1971. satellites launched from 1957 to 1970 and a planiiphere showing the locations The theme of the Third World Telecom- of earth stations used in the public satellite munication Day proposed by the Admin- communication service, with a movable istrative Council to Members of the Union transparent plate for finding the coverage was Space and Telecommunications ". zone of a satellite in geostationary orbit A series of photographs illustrating this as a function of its position above the theme and texts specially written for the equator). occasion were widely distributedin the weeks preceding 17 May 1971. Considerable documentation was distributed both before and during the Space TELECOM 71, the first world telecom- Conference. munication exhibition, organized by the ITU, was held from 17 to 27 June. Space In July the "Journal" published, as a techniques were given a prominent place supplement,the TenthReport bythe and the70 000 visitorswereableto ITUonTelecommunicationandthe gatherinformation ontheequipment Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and in used for these techniques. The exhibition October an analysis of the results of the covered a surface of 24 030 m2 and 250 Space Conference. exhibitors took part(see theTelecom- munication Journal,October 1971). As in previous years, the Union's film library lent out many films dealin6 with TheTelecommunication Journalcontinued space telecommunications. topublish a monthlylistof satellites launched, articles on space matters and, Finally, the ITU produced a 72-minute atregularintervals,statisticsonthe colour film TELECOM: Message to utilization of telecommunication satellites. the 21st Century ", part of which concerns The May issue (of which 10 000 copies space telecommunication.

O 19 ANNEX 1

Reports on progresc made in the development of space communications ARGENTINE REPUBLIC

Commercial services the earth station to enableitto work In1971activities connected with space with the new satellite and, at the same time, communications developed considerably the work required to complete Balcarce II in Argentina. was continued. The position is as follows; The construction of the second antenna, As will be seen from the following, the withitsrotatingparaboloidreflector number of operating and reserve circuits 29.75 m in diameter, has been finished increased as well as the number of com- and by the time this report is published, munications. We can also say that the the operational tests also will more or quality of the services was improved. less have been completed. The electric The commercial space servicesare, ofcharacteristics are similar to those of the course, operated by the Empresa Nacional first antenna, but a number of improve- (le Telecomimicaciones (ENTEL)and ments were incorporated in the mechanical theDirectionNacional deCorreos y structure. Of these the following may be Teleconninicaciones by means of systems of interest: installedattheBalcarce earth station at the Buenos Aires switching and inter- the azimuthdrives(motor-reducing national centres, both located in the Tal- gear-brake system) have been installed cahuano and Cangallo building, and at atthefirst-floor level of thespace inside the base, unlike the first antenna theDivision OperaciOnServicioInter- nacional (DOSI) on the 5th floor of the in which they were placed at basement main Post Office. level. The application of the forces in this position shortens that part of the The first two centres handle international vertical axis which is subject to torque telephone, telex and television traffic and so that the pointing of the assembly is the third international telegraph traffic. more stable and more accurate; The work carried out in 1971 at each of the floor corresponding to the ground- these centres and prospects for the current floor levelissolid with the vertical year are dealt with below. axis and revolves with it. The transmitting equipments are mounted on thisrevolving platform anditwas Balcarce earth station possible to dispense with rotating joints for the azimuth motion on the respective The station,which wasbroughtinto waveguides. As a result, the efficiency service in 1969, operated withthe of the transmission system was sub- hue /sat -III communication satellite until stantially improved; 27 March 1971, when it started working with Intelsat-IV, which has almost five the four final power amplifiers for the times the capacity of Intelsat-Ill. four 1.2 kW transmirers are now being installed.The travelling wave tube A number of equipment improvements amplifiers have a band with of 500 and new installations were required at MHz, thus obviating theneedfor

23 'KEEN 7=311111 Cit.reirM *.3vect4...r: -.4011-040.

/44,AZ.

The Balcarce II station. The Balcarce Iantenna can be seen in the background (Telecommunication Administration, Argentina)

24 adjustment when the carrier frequencies Three console systems are being provided are changed. forthreeoperatingcentres:antenna operation,operation andcontrolof The transmitters are also being equipped equipment, and video control. with four exciters (with tuning control to ensure rapid adjustment to frequency A third 250 kVA generating set will be changes) and a fifth exciter for the Spade added, bringing the total power available service (single channel per carrier PCM to 750 kVA. multiple access demand assignment equip- A switching system will be installed to ment). This system offers the following permittheinstantaneoustransferof advantages: communications from one antenna to the the equipmentatthe earth station other. Transmission switching will be at and the frequency spectrum used by 70 MHz and reception at 750 MHz. the satellitewill besubstantially The reliability of the BalcarceMar del reduced because one carrier with 24 Plata link will be improved by connecting channelswillbe commontoall the two points withacoaxialcable, countries and each channel may be making two completeroutesbetween used by all stations with the necessary Balcarce and Buenos Aires (one normal equipments. Each channel will have and one alternative route). its own sub-carrier which will be selected at random, on request, according to traffic requirements.

These equipments will be hosed in the Balcarce II antenna. Buenos Aires International Centre (CIBA Centro Internacional Buenos Aires) The Balcarce I antenna had to be made capable of working with the Intelsat-IV satellite and for this purpose two exciters In1971, the capacity of the telephone with tuning control and one Spade type exchange was increased from 63 to 88 of exciter were installed. circuits. Twenty-five of the circuits are The equipments listed below are common operatedmanually andtheremainder to both antennae and are already installed semi-automatically,whichmeans that in the equipment building: an operator is required at only one terminal.

four modulators fortelephony and Table I liststhecountries now inter- onefortelevision,similartothe connected with our system and shows original modulators; the number of channels used in each case. nine 750-70 MHz convertors for the In emergencies due to failure of the earth receivingsub-systemandone for station or of the satellite, it will be possible television, with the required standbys; to bring I I telephone circuits into operation nine threshold extension demodulators immediately, 8 to the United States of for telephony and one for television; America and 3 to Italy. The equipments one Spade equipmentinitially with are accommodated in the General Pacheco 12 channels and the required 750-70 and Don Bosco transmitting and receiving MHz convertors. exchanges.

25 Table I

telex country telegraphy telephony carrier telex leased transit

United States ITT I 22 -- 7 ITT 35 21 2 RCA I I data RCA 28 II -1 WUI I transm. WU1 25 8 3

Italy I 7 40

Spain 6 I 4 2

Chile I 14 I 6

Peru 3 I 3 3

Brazil I 12 2 _ 14 12 1

Federal Republic I 4 2 _ 20 4 of Germany

France 3 I 6 6

Venezuela 3 I arrm via WUI

Mexico 2 3

Canada 2 2 via USA

Colombia 1

United Kingdom 1 3 I 19 2 1

Switzerland I 4 via Italy

Austria I 4 via Germany

Belgium Ivia Germany

Netherlands 4 via Germany

Japan 4 Ivia Spain

26 FigureIgives an idea of the development The capacity of the telex exchange was of telephone traffic.Itwill be seen that expanded and itis planned to equip an the number of outgoing calls ranged from ESK (TWKD) exchange with 410 cir- a minimum of 5500 inOctober to a cuitsoverthenextthreeyears(see maximu.'i of 11 000 in May. figure 2).

Outgoing cr.ilsin1971totalled 324 046 Table 2 shows developments in 1970 and and charged minutes 2 355 154. 1971 and prospects for 1972:

thousands 34-

32 completed calls

28 e--

24 outgoing calls (1971),..-

16 outgoing calls (1970)

... 12

0 I 1 month II Ill IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

1969

Figure I International feltphoue traffic

Telex service exists with the following and Netherlands via Germany; Brazil; countries:Austria; Germany; Belgium Canada via RCA: Chile; Spain; United

27 co States of America via ITT, I' CA and WUI; Operational figures ler 1971 are shown France; Great Britain;Italy; Japan via in table 3. Spain; Peru; Switzerland via Italy; Vene- zuela via WUI.

Table 2

1970 1971 1972

incoming circuits 90 104 - - two-way automatic outgoing circuits 66 76 144 semi-automatic outgoing circuits 38 47 47

Table 3

No, of calls No. of charged minutes

incoming 481 CnO (approx.) 2 500 000 (approx.) outgoing 5f? 37! 2 655 809

completed outgoing minutes 0. going calls charged

70 000 300 000 60 000

50 000 200 000 40 000

30 000 100 000 20 000

10 000 completed calls ---- minutes charged

month I H III IV V VI VIIVIIIIXXXIXII

Fic'ure 2 Monthly figures for the telex service

28 Division Operation Servicio Internacional Buenos AiresHamburg (DOSI) I circuit with theMinistry of Posts Thiscentrehandlesallinternational and Telecommunications telegraphtrafficoverninesendand receive circuits: Buenos AiresLondon I circuit withthe United Kingdom Buenos AiresNew York: Post Office I circuit with Western UnionInter- national Inc. (WUI) Buenos AiresSantiago Icircuit with RCA Global Communi- I circuit with the Administration Chilena cations Inc. (RCA) de Teleconninicaciones Icircuit with World Communications Buenos AiresVienna Inc. (Worldcom) I circuitwithEPERRadio-Austria Buenos AiresRome Figure 3 showsthedevelopment I circuit with Italcahk, Servizi Cah lo- of grafici, Radiotelegrafici e Radioelettrici, telegraphtrafficfrom October1970 SpA when the service was nationalizeduntil December 1971. Buenos AiresRio de Janeiro Improvements infacilities are shown in 1 circuit with the Empresa Brasileira figures 4, 5 and 6. Figure 4 shows the de Telecomunimcdes (EM BRATEL) time required tocollect thetext of a

Antennae of the Balearce earth station (P&T Administration, Argentina)

29 telegramata customer's home at his 3, the time from a) to d). It will be noted request. The procedureisasfollows: thatallof these times are decreasing; a)receipt of the requestby telephone, in 1971, the average total time was reduced b) dispatch of messenger, by 33%. e) collection of telegram at the customer's Figure 5 shows the time required home, to deliver telegramsin advance either by d) delivery of the telegram at the tele- telephone or by telex. The average time communication counter. for telephone delivery dropped from 18 Curve I shows the time from a) to to 8 min, or by 55%, Telex delivery time curve 2, the time froma)toe),and curve dropped from 12 to 7 min, or by 41%.

telegrams (thousands)

70 )ik 0\ 1 sik 60 ./ A. ,\ I.I . \ I I 0 0'°.1)` 1:3 I \C( Cr 0._..//I 50 I u , ...I 1 ...,0 1 \ ----ee\\e7-`*...... 40 e"... A

20 telegrams sent ---- telegrams received 10

0 i I I I I I I I 1 I I I month X XI XII I II IIIAVIV VIVIIVIIIIX XXI XII 1970 1971

Figure 3 International telegraph traffic via satellite

30 ay time (minutes)

average timt ---- time, centre radius

0 month I H III IVV VIVIIVIIIXI X XIXII 1971 Figure 4 Time required to collect telegrams from customer's home I. Time elapsed between receipt of request and dispatch of n.-csenger 2. Time elapsed between receipt of request by telephone and collection of telegram at customer's home 3. Time elapsed between receipt of request by telephone and delivery of 'elegram to the telecommunication counter

time (minutes)

18 16 14 12 Itelephone 10 (average time)

8 telex 6 (average time) 4 2-4- 111111111M month I II IIIIV V VI VIIVIIIIX X XIXII 0 1971 Figure 5 Telegram alliance delivery times Figure 6 shows the timerequiredto ishingwas reduced from 108 min in April deliver telegrams in Buenos Aires. The to 65 mininNovember1971, which average timewhich is constantly dimin- representsanimprovement of 39.5

time (minutes)

130 - 120 110

90 I I

I I 80 outside central radius

I I 70 general average 60 central radius 50

40-6-

30 1

20 1 10

0 1 I 4 1 1 t 1 I t 1 1 1 month I II III IV V VI VII VIIIIX X XIXII 1971 Figure 6 Telegram delivery times, Buenos Aires

AUSTRALIA (COMMONWEALTH OF)

International satellite communications blishingDefinitiveArrangements for INTELSAT when they were opened for An originalsignatoryof theInterim signature on 20 August 1971. Australia INTELSAT Agreement,Australiafor- continueditsactiveparticipation in mally acceded to the Agreements esta- INTELSAT managementthroughthe

32 representation of the Overseas Telecom- feasible and could meet thetechnical munications Commission (Australia) onrequirements of the Australian network, theInterimCommunicationsSatellite itcould not compete economically at Committee (ICSC). thattime with conventionalterrestrial Australia's use of INTELSAT satellites in microwave radio or coaxial cable systems. Indian and Pacific Oceans through the Progress in technological and economic standard earth stations located at Moree factors has continued and more recent (New South Wales), Carnarvon (Western studies have shown that these improved Australia) and Ceduna (South Australia) the prospects of viability of a satellite increasedto a total of 169 equivalent system.Indications are thatthis trend voice-grade circuits as at 31 October 1971, will continue. compared with a total of 100 equivalent Thestudyincludesconsiderationof voice-grade circuits at the corresponding provision of facilities for the following date in1970. Australia is now the fifth services as part of the Australian network: largestuser of the INTELSAT space segment. point-to-point trunk telephony, handling large blocksoftrafficoverlong The collocated13 m earth stationat distances typically Sydney Perth, Carnarvon providedfull-timetracking, Sydney Darwin; telemetry and control servicesforthe Intelsat-II, IIIandIVsatellites in 1971. multiple access trunk telephony, with Additionalmodificationsbeingcarried smaller blocks of traffic to intermediate out during the year to both the 13 m and centres in distant areas having limited standardearthstationsatCarnarvon trunk access at present; will equip them to perform system moni- television relay between major centres; toringfunctionsfortheINTELSAT television programme distributionfor network. This work, which results from retransmission at established terrestrial a decision of the ICSC, will be completed television stations; early in 1972. a telephonesubscribers'serviceto Field trials for CCITT telephone signalling individual subscribers in remote loca- system No. 6 on both satellite and cable tions of the country. circuitswerecontinuedduring 1971. The first phase of the trials (testing of A significant benefit of a satellite service signalling) has beencompleted. The which is not directly quantifiable isthe second phase (simulated telephone calls and test calls) conducted by Australia in improvement in reliability achievable in the conjunction with the United Kingdom, long-distance trunk network when satellite links are available. A satellite system also the United States, Japan and Italy,is provides the potentiality for facilities which now in progress. wouldnototherwisebepossible;in particular, the remote subscribers'tele- Domestic communications phone service.In the1970 Report, a programmeofexperimentsaimedat The Australian Post Office has continued providing data for future design of such a its studies of the feasibility and require-subscribers' service was described. The ments for an Australian domestic satellite results of the programme have now been communications system to be integrated published inAustralian Telecommunication with the Australian national telecommuni- Researchwhich is a journal of the Tele- cations network. rt early study in 1966 communication Society of Australia (Box showed that although a domestic satellite 4050, GPO, Melbourne, Victoria, Aus- communications system was technically tralia, 3001).The completeissueof

33 k ' 1111111Ci.

The Overseas Telecommunications Commission (Australia) Carnarvon installation. In the fore- ground is the antenna for the tracking, telemetry and control station with the huge 30 m antenna of the communications earth station to the left (OTC)

Volume 5, No. I, May 1971, is devoted to frequencies, particularly at the high ele- these experiments. vation angles of a domestic system, offers the prospects of reduced cost earth stations The effect of the conclusions of the World by taking advantage of higher satellite AdministrativeRadioConferencefor output powers becoming available from Space Telecommunications on the Austra- emerging technology. lian domestic satellite proposal are also being studied, especiallyinrelation to The major propagation problem at fre- operating frequency bands and changed quencies of 10 GHz and above is created power flux density limits. In the Australian by the additional attenuation caused by situation, the possibility of operation at rain. This attenuation will vary, inter alia, frequencies above 4/6 GHz, despite inwith meteorological conditions and there creased propagation difficulties, is attrac- isa scarcity of data,particularlyfor tive as it minimizes co-ordination problems tropical areas. Equipment is now being and sharing with heavily developed terres- prepared for a programme of measure- trial radio-relay routes and allows earth ments which isplanned to startin a stations to be sited close to the main tropical location in Australia in 1972. It traffic centres thus reducing the cost of will use a solar radiometer and will con- terrestrial interconnections. The increased centrate initially on the frequency range allowable power fluxdensityatthese 10 to 15 GHz.

34 Meteorology Co-operation in other space projects

The Bureau of Meteorology has continued During 1971, co-operationinUnited to operate satellite earth stations at Perth, States space projects continued. Darwin and Melbourne to obtain data from In January and July 1971, the Carnarvon, meteorologicalsatellitesintheEssa, Honeysuckle Creek and Tidbinbilla stations Nimbus and hos series. These stations use supported the Apollo-I4 and /5 manned steerable antennae which areremotely lunarmissions.Inthelattermission, controlledfrommeteorologicaloffices the 64 m Parkes antenna also took part some kilometres away. A further remotely- to provide improved reception of lunar controlled earth station will be commis- surfacetelevisionandsomeessential sioned at Brisbane early in 1972 to extend telemetered data. coverage to the north and east of Australia. Afixedantennareceivingsystemin The construction of a 64 m antenna at Melbourne receivesdailysatellitefac- Tidbinbillahascontinuedandison simile data from the United States via the schedule for operation in mid-1973. ATS-I synchronous satellite. The firstBritish satellite launched by a British vehicle, Prospero, has been tracked As in previous years, a temporary satellite as opportunity has arisen, by the Car- earth station was established at Mawson narvon and Orroral stations. to receive meteorological satellite pictures Since May 1971,theIslandLagoon in support of Australia's Antarctic expedi- station has tracked the Mariner-9 space- tion in the 1971-72 summer. craft. It is a key station for the present Mars orbital tracking and is supported Ionospheric research occasionallybytheTidbinbillaDeep Space Communication Complex. Work is well advanced to establish a data Plans to use 48 kHz (wideband) circuits acquisition station at Darwin early in 1972 for data flow between the stations and to receive data from ionospheric sounding Goddard Space Flight Center have pro- satellites. The information will be used for gressed and thefirstcircuitbetween ionospheric research in the tropical re- Goddard and the Canberra Switching gions bytheIonosphericPrediction Centre will be available for testing from Service. early 1972.

BELGIUM

The Belgian Telegraph and Telephone Israel, and Zaire via Intelsat-IV over the Administration has decided to build an Atlantic. earthstationatLessive,forrouting intercontinentaltrafficviatheIntelsat For transmission (in the 5925-6425 MHz system. Its entry into service is scheduled band) it will be equipped to emit an FDM- for the second half of 1972. FM carrier with 132 channels in the global beam and an FDM-FM carrier with 60 Initially, the station will have one antennachannels in the spot beam. For reception for links to the United States, Canada, (in the 3700-4200 MHz band), itwill be 35/ 35 Belgian earth station mounting the antenna reflector (RTT) equippedtoreceivecarrierswith 252 a fixed PCM/PSK link,It will also be channels from Canada, 60 channels from able to -receive and transmit television Israel, 432 channels from the United States programmes. and 24 channels from Zaire. The plans of the Lessive earth station Later the station will work with the Spade allow for future expansion toa capacity of system either on demand assignment or as three antennae.

36 BRAZIL

1. Satellite telecommunications A measure of this progress is the 54.9"';', 1.1 Utilization of facilities increase inthe number of satellite cir- Considerable progress has been achieved cuits, to 19 different countries, as shown in Brazil's international links during 1971. in the table on page 38.

met

-AIM.116.

;An ,

Installation of a 13.7 m precision radio telescope for millimetric wawlengths at Itapetinga Radio Observatoq, Atibaia, Sao Paulo (CRAAM) 43b 37 type of circuit voice record other total date

December 1970 60 13 0 73

December 1971 94 16 3 113

1.2Installations the hot-line system which is a point-to- To back up this large demand of circuits, point transmission system for AVD use, several installations have been expanded charged for the duration of the call; during 1971. leased, permanent voice channels for Most of the equipment procured for the AVD use. huelsat-IV operation has already arrived Another important event in 1971 was the and is installed at the earth station. award by the United States Commu^ icat ions A contract has been passed for a 3 kW SatelliteCorporation (COMSAT) of a TWT amplifier which is due to arrive in contract to the Empresa Brasileira de Tele- the near future. comunicacties (EMBRATEL) to operate An invitation for tenders was issued for two receiving terminals at 1.5 and 4 GHz Spade equipment. The Northern Electric for the purpose of collecting scintillation Company (NEC) proposalispresently data utilizing the ATS-5 and an INTELSAT being evaluated. satellite. Theinternationalswitchingcentre is 2. Space research being expanded to a capacity of 370 circuits, of which 60 will be fully automatic 2.1 The programmes of space research (DDD), 240 semi-automatic and 70 for are carried out by the Institute de Pesquisas manual operation. Espaciais(INPE),InstituteofSpace Research, as the main executive agency, The number of echo suppressors was also within the orientation of the Comistho expanded and 204 new units have been Brasileira de Atividades Espaciais (COBAE), purchased.Twenty-fourtonedisablers theBrazilianCommissionforSpace have also been procured with a view to Activities. the increase in the requirement for data transmission circuits mainly of the AVD 2.2Project " Mate " type. Study of the geomagnetic field. Twelve The intercontinental telex exchange will magnetometers installed as follows: one be in operation in the first quarter of 1972 each at Fortaleza-Ceara, Sao Jose dos and the specifications for the international Campos and Baur(' (Sao Paulo): the other telegraph message switching centre have nine along a line running from Sao Jose dos now been completed. A call for tenders Campos to Marajo Island. Work done in will be issued shortly. co-operation with United States laboratories and with the Inn itut fiir Geophysik mid 1.3Services Meteorologic der TechnischenUniversitili The following new services have been Braunschweig, Federal Republic of Ger- started during 1971: many.

38 2.3 Project " Miro " neticradiation,usingbothterrestrial stations and sounding rockets. Studies of absorption of cosmic noise by the upper atmosphere, using riometers and measurement of parameters of the neutral 2.11 Project " Lume " atmosphere between heights of 30 and 90 km using a Q-switching laser radar. Observation and analysis of luminescence in the upper atmosphere. 2.4Project " Tela " Variations in the photo-chemical emission lines of main constituents of the upper Study of precipitation of charged particles atmosphere are correlated with variation of in the area of the South Atlantic geomag- ion content of the several regions of the netic anomaly, Construction of detectors ionosphere. A new station installed on and telerr,!try equipment for the payloads top of the ltatiaia Mountain in 1971 in a of stratospheric balloons usedinthis co-operative programme with the Univer- research. Eight launchings this year. sity of Texas, at Dallas.

2.5Project " Obra " Study of atmospheric noise causzd by 2.12 Project " Exametnet " electrical discharges which interfere with Meteorological rocket sounding seeking communications in the VLF and HF bands. latitudinal knowledge of the upper atmosphere.Collaborativeactivityinvolving 2.6 Project " Safo " American countries of the northern and southern hemispheres. Research in the upper atmosphere with the help of rocket-borne payloads,in co- operation with foreign agencies and the 2.13 Project " Mesa " Brazilian Ministry of Aeronautics. Meteorologicalstudiesbased on APT satellite pictures of cloud cover, both in the 2.7Project " Rasa " visibleandintheinfraredspectrum. Measurement of ionospheric electron con- During1971,twenty receiving stations tent through Fara: v and Doppler effects, built to 1NPE specifications were delivered also scintillation measurements of signals by Brazilian industry. emitted by satellites. 2.14 Project " Sere " 2.8 Project " Rada/Sol " Survey of natt.ral resources using remote Observation of .olar explosions and flares sensors in the visible, infrared and micro- by continuous photography in the H-alpha wave regions. This programme, initiated by region. INPE in 1961, has resulted in the availability of trained experts for the Radam 2.9Project " Sonda " project of the Brazilian Government. A Ionospheric sounding with variable fre- United Nations panel meeting was held at quency sounders for studies of HF propa- INPE, in December 1971, for the assess- gation. ment of and possibility of adoption of thesetechniquesbyotherdeveloping 2.10 Project " Bema " countries. Fifteen countries, from Africa, Asia and Latin America, attended the Study of propagation of VLF electromag- two-week panel. af 39 2.15 Project " Saci " solar radio observations, with a polari- meter at A 4.3 cm, at Itapetinga Radio Utilization of the systems approach to the Observatory, Atibaia, Sao Paulo. Regular possible use of a Brazilian geostationary data on flux and polarization of solar satellite to improve the capabilities of the activityareavailabletothescientific country's educational system. community through specialized data bulle- Phase AEquipmentforexperimental tins. communication with Stanford University Research in this field was directed in 1971 using the ATS-3 satellite was installed in towardsthebehaviour of theslowly 1971 and is undergoing tests. varying solar component, the evolution of Phase BComprehensive educational ex- polarization with time during solar bursts, perimentir. north-easternBrazilwith the dependence of bursts, the dependence intended use of United States National of burst polarization on the associated Aeronautics and Space Administration active centresinthe sun, andrelated (NASA) ATS-F and G satellitesfor subjects. broadcastto 500schools(estimated 20 000 pupils). In 1971, a pilot studio was installed, production personnel trained and 3.2The new radio telescope for millimetric instructional teams formed for lay teacher wavelengths training lessons. By December, seventy lessons had been taped. Low-cost parabolic A 13.7 m precision radio telescope for reflector antennae were tested, work on mIlimetric wavelengths has been installed 2.5 GHz converters was undertaken so atItapetinga Radio Observatory.This system is unique in the southern hemi- thatspecifications couldbeissuedto private electronics industry. sphere; it has a reflector surface showing a maximum gain at 110 GHz, and pointing Phase C--Feasibility study on a Bra/Alan accuracy of about 2 millidegrees. The sys- synchronous educationalsatelliteasa tem is enclosed in a modern radome, and means of providing education anywhere in has been ordered from and developed by Brazil. This study is intended for submission the Electronic Space Structure Corporation to higher authorities as a basis for their (ESSCO), Massachusetts, United States. decision. First tests were performed in the autumn of 1971, out the calibration work will take 2.16 Fortaleza tracking station several months more. Initial results have AtFortaleza(Ceara),INPE operates been very encouraging. jointly with the French Centre national Plans for 1972 call for the construction of a d'etudesspatiales(ONES)a tracking 50-channel Tectral analyzer, and improve- stationforspacecraftlaunchedfrom ments on data acquisition system. Kourou, French Guiana. Aftercalibrationsandalignmentare completed, thefirstresearch work will 3. Radioastronomy concentrate on circular polarization measurements of the Sun and stronger super- Radioastronomy programmes are carried nova remnants, interstellar water vapour, out by the Centre of Radio Astronomy lunar occultations, spectra of quasi-stellar and Astrophysics, Mackenzie University sources, technological research on radome (CRAAM), Sao Paulo behaviour under different meteorological conditions, and microwave propagation throughthetroposphere.Co-operative 3.1 Solar activity at microwaves plans are scheduled with the United States During 1971, this Centre developed regular National Radio Astronomy Observatory

40 39 ..1111.,

and Haystack Observatory, for very long frequency standard having arubidium baseline interferometry, and measurements standard as a stand-by, are operated at at millimetric wavelengths. itapetinga Radio Observatory. The other part was developed in co-operation w;th 3.3 Solar-terrestrial physics the Brazilian Air Ministry, and consists of three more tracking sta:ions controlled During 1971, research was concentrated on by a rubidium standard, two of which will extensivestudiesof VLF propagation be operated at various sites in Brazil during across the geomagnetic anomaly, on rio- 1972-1973,constitutingthe MOB-VLF meter measurementsat30 MHz, and project and related researches. preparation of a programme of barium Research was mostly orientedin1971 releases by rocket, the latter in cc,-operation with the Brazilian Air Ministry. towards interpretation of an Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories' exper- One part of the VLF project has developed iment on VLF sounding,influence of over many years in co-operation with the VLF propagation paths on SID's effects, Institute for Exploratory Research, Deal, anomalies inpropagation produced by New Jersey,UnitedStates,within an solar protons, by X-ray fluorescent moon international effort named INT-VLF. Two radiation, by cosmic ray Forbush decreases, tracking receivers, controlled by a cesium and theoretical D region physics.

CAMEROON (FEDERAL REN)RLIC OF)

During 1971,theFederal Republic of setting up thebuildingsite.Telecom- Cameroon pursued its overall and practical munication equipments and other sub- study of the installation of the communi- assemblies have been orderea. cation-satellite earth station at Yaounde. Itis planned to bring the earth station The site for the station was chosen and intoservice earlyin1973. When this soundings were made. The construction space centreisin operation,technical contract was concluded with the French and scientific studies in the field of space Telespare company, which hasstarted radiocommunications can be commenced.

CANADA

1. International satellite communications operatevia INTELSAT satellitesover 1.1 Introduction the Pacific to Australia and the Far East, The Canadian OverseasTelecommu-gi- including Japan, thePhilippines, Hong cation Corporation (COTC) is presendy Kong, New Zealand and Singapore. involved in a major programme involving The existing station located on the east the construction of a new satellite com- coast of Canada at Mill Village, Nova munication earth station as well as the Scotia,is being modified for operation conversion and expansion of an existing to the new transmission parameters of in 1969. station orighallyconstructed theIntelsat-IV satellite, and thebasic The new station will be located on the equipment capability is also being expanded west coast of Canada at Lake Cowichan, to cater for the ever-increasing growth British Columbia, andisdesignedto of international traffic.

41 1.2Description of west coast station peak power consumption of 500 kW. The station standby power system has therefore 1.2.1 General been designed to accommodate both the normal station load as well as the de-icing Construction of the new earth station system power requirement. at Lake Cowichan commenced in April 1971, and itis expected that the station will enter into service by mid-1972. The 1.3.2 Tracking system site is located on Vancouver Island and The wneel and track antenna structure will be shared with a similar, but com- has a capability for continuous auto-track pletely independent, earth station presently over the complete range of azimuth and under construction by Telesat Canada, elevation angles. Position control is derived a corporation entrusted with the provision from azimuth and elevationdifference of a domestic satellite system for Canada. and sum signals originating from a unique integrated multi-mode feed system which 1.2.2 Initial capability will accommodate, in future, spectrum use The COTC station will incorporate an in the transmit and receive band using initial capability for the transmission of polarization discrimination. The tracking signals are processedbya monopulse three frequency-modulated multi-des- tinationcarriers with frequency adjust- tracking receiver system which includes ability to any portion of the band 5925 switchover facilities to a standby receiver. to 6425 MHz. The reception capability The monopulse receiver output interfaces will accommodate 10 frequency-modulated with an updated static drive system. As carriers within the band 3700 to 4200 a back-up to the auto-track system, a MHz. The station will also include facilities manual system also interfaces with the for transmission and reception of one static drive and by use of a precise encoder television and associated sound channels system and position print-out information adaptable toboth 625/50 and 525/60 itispossible to afford precise manual operation. line standards. EmpLasis has been placed on an overall concept which will easily allowfor an expansion of thisinitial 1.3.3 Transmitters capability atsome point in the future without the requirement for a major service inter- A total of three transmitter chains are ruption. provided, one of which will act as standby for the other two. Each transmitter chain 1.3 Main technical characteristics comprises a broadband linear modulator, double-frequencyup-converterarrange- 1.3.1Antenna ment and a 3 kW air-cooled klystron of 50 MHz bandwidth. Because of the strin- A Cassegrainian antenna system will be gent level stability requirements of the employed using a shaped 30.5 m parabolic satellitesystem, a closedloop output reflector mounted on a wheel and track regulator system will be used for each assembly.Because of theseverityof transmitter.Themodulatorswillbe Canadian winters, and deleterious effects located in the control building and inter- of snow and ice on transmission, a unique connected to the wo-converters located antenna de-icing system will be employed. in the elevated equipment room of the The systemincorporatestheuse of antennatower bycoaxialcable.The heating elements mounted within neoprene baseband feed to the modulator includes blanketsattachedto therear surface provision of energy dispenal insertion of the antenna panels and requires afor reduction of intermoduiation in the

42 41 satelliteby energyspreading, andto of timedesired. When themeasured ensure that the satellite power-flux density valueofanyparameterexceedsthe will not exceed the limits prescribed in specifiedrangeof normaloperation, theITURegulations.Inaddition,to an alarmidentification and associated preventover-deviationintoadjacent print-out will be provided indicating the channel allocations, a baseband overloadsource of the deviation. A total of 60 circuitwilldetectexcessinput power functionswillinitiallybemonitored and introduce attenuationas requiredincluding suchparametersasreceiver to prevent over-deviation. out-of-bandnoise,receive-carrierlevel, e.i.r.p.,trackingerrors,environmental parameters, etc. 1.3.4Receivers All switching, control and status indications The front and low noise receiver system of the complete transmit and receive chains will consist of two switchable parametric will be monitored at a centralized console amplifierswithnoisetemperatureof area. approximately 15 K. The pump generator oftheamplifiersutilizessolidstateTo facilitate line-up and trouble-shooting, design.The amplifierswillbeinter- built-intest loops have been provided connected from the antenna towerto incorporating frequency translating con- the control building by waveguide and verters which willallow for transmit/receive thence toa waveguide splitter system testloopsatbaseband,IF and RF which will allow for branching to the frequency. individual double frequency down- converters. The down-converters will be followed by IF amplifiers, pre-detection 1.3.6Power system IE filters and threshold extension demo- A 23kV,3-phasetransmissionline dulatorsdesigned to accommodatethe provided by the local hydro authorities range of carriertonoise temperature feeds both the COTC and Telesat stations. ratiosoftheIntelsat-IV system. The At the COTC station,thevoltageis double down-conversion system provides convertedto 600 V via two separate the utmost in frequency agility since a 23 kV/600 V 500 kVA transformers. One change in frequency can be accomplishedtransformer feeds a bus system restricted bychange oflocaloscillatorcrystal tocommunicationfunctionsandthe only, and thereis no requirement for secondtransformerfeedsabusused RE filter tuning. primarilyforhousekeepingfunctions. The receiver equipment described in theBoth bus networks are interconnected foregoing is of 100% solid state design.by anormally openlineswitchthat A standby receiver will provide automatic can be activated in the event of failure back-upfacilitiesforfailure of either of one of the transformers. The communi- the telephony or television receiver. cation bus feeds a rotary-inverter system equipped with batteries, which will provide a no-break facility for a 20 min power 1.3.5Monitoring facilities and display andtest interruption. To cater for longer time A computerized system has been provided breaks,a500 kVAdieselgenerator for monitoring performance parameterssystem has been provided. The power on a continuously sampled basis. Underdistribution system has been so arranged normal operating conditions, the systemas to allow also for use of the diesel willproduceprint-outsapproximately generatorforapplicationofde-icing once anhour;however,thisinterval power to the antenna without disruption can be manually changed to any period tothe other loads during periods of

k normal commercial power service. The earth station, the receive system low-noise complete system has been equipped with amplifier locatedinthe antenna upper the utmost in protective devices including equipmentroom,isinterconnectedby groundfaultdetection,reverse power, waveguide to a branching arrangement reverse current and over-current relaying. locatedinthe control room. To cater All relaying functions feed a centralized for growth, a second waveguide branching master enunciation panel located in the network has been added, thus effectively main control building. doubling thereceiver system capability in terms of possibility of down-converter and demodulator expansion without the 1.4Mill Village station requirement for service interruption. The Canadian Overseas Telecommuni- The original threshold extension demo- cation Corporationiscurrently under- dulators which were optimized for taking a major modification and expansion operation with the low carrier-to-noise programmeatitseastcoastsatellite temperature ratiosofthe Intelsat-I1 communicationearthstationat Mill system, have been modified to accept the Village,Nova Scotia.MillVillageis relatively high carrier-to-noise temperature located approximately 130 km south-west ratiosassociated of Halifax along the coast of Nova Scotia. withthe1i:raw-a-IV system. The modification programme was required New demodulators and down-converters primarily to accommodate the new trans- have also been added so that the initial mission parametersof theIntelsat-1V capabilitywillinclude reception of14 satellites,as well as to provide for an frequency modulated telephony carriers increased capability as required for the as well as reception of one television and steady growth of trans-Atlantictraffic. associatedsoundchannel. A standby systemhas Because the Intelsat -/V system will provide beenprovided whichwill allow for automatic switch-over tore- forincreasedsatellitesystemcarrier levels by use of spot beam antenna, it dundant receivers, one associated with each of the major branching networks. wascalculatedthattheMillVillage low-noise receiver system would be driven Because ofthedecreasedspacingof beyond the linearity requirements of the carrierallocations in theIntelsat-IV overall system. As a result, it was found system, a development programme was necessarytoreplacethetunnel diode initiated with Canadian industry for the amplifiers following the parametric am- provision of receiver system IF filters plifiers by high level, transistorized 4 GHz to meet the new stringent system require- amplifiers. The original transmitter system ments for bandwidth, amplitude response included a klystron high-power amplifier and group delay. The new filters have fortelephonycarriertransmission,a exceeded expectations, and each chain similar amplifier for television and sound will be individually equipped with these transmission, a high-power 8 kW TWT filters designed to the individual capacity acting in standby for both. In order to requirement. The standby receiver switch- accommodate an increase in requirements, ing network will allow for instantaneous the system has been converted to a three selectionofappropriatefiltersupon 8 kW TWT configuration thus allowing switch-over. for the transmission of up to five telephony carriers as well as a television and sound In addition to the above, the Corporation channel. is planning to participate with INTELSAT withtheintroductionof a demand- As for the case of the new Lake Cowichan assignedcarrierservice,and a Spade

44 system, PCM/PSK terminal will be in- centre has been completed and deliveries stalledinJune 1972.This equipment of units for the tracking, telemetry and will allow forthe transmission of up command stations are expected to be to 60 single channel RF carriers, on a completed earlyin1972. Development demand-assigned basis and will provide work on the programmes fortransfer increased flexibility for light route com- and synchronousorbitoperationsare municationstootherearthstations, well advanced and exercising of some similarly equipped. programmes is being undertaken.

2.3 Earth segment 2. Domestic satellite communications Bids were received in January 1971 for the construction of the earth stations required 2.1 Introduction to establishtheinitialcommunication systems. By mid-1971 contracts had been Significant progress has been made by signed with Canadian companies for the Telesat-Canada during 1971 towards the supply of 35stations comprisingfive scheduled start of commercial operations categories as follows: for the Canadian domestic satellite system in January 1973. Since the major character- tracking, telemetry and control istics of the satellite were described in heavy route the Tenth Report, emphasis is placed this network television 6 yearoninformationrelatingtothe associated earth stations. northern telecommunications 2 remote television 24 2.2Space segment The characteristics of the earth stations and their locations are outlined in table I The satellite programmeisproceeding and figure Irespectively. satisfactorilyandqualification testing of the complete spacecraft is being under- 2.3.1 Heavy route stations taken,followingsuccessfulcompletion of unit and shelf assembly qualification The heavy route stations are located at tests. Integration of the first flight model Lake Cowichan near Vancouver and at equipment shelf with the spacecraft struc- Allan Park, approximately 130 km from Toronto, where the siteis shared with tureis expected to take place early in 1972. A contract with NASA for the thetracking,telemetry and command launch of the satellite using a Delta 1913 installation.Both heavy route stations launch vehicle was signed in May 1971 are equippedfor message service and and arrangements have been made with the transmission and reception of television Hughes Aircraft Company for provision programmes. They employ full steerable of a transportable station which will be 30 m diameter wheel- and track-antennae which may be operated either in a step located on an island in the Pacific Ocean. This will be used in conjunction with the track or manual tracking mode. tracking, telemetry and command station 2.3.2Tracking, telemetry and command at Allan Park during the transfer orbit phase. The tracking, telemetry and command station employs an 11 m diameter antenna Work on the satellite control centre inwith a fully tracking mount which may Ottawa is well in hand and a contract be operated eitherin auto-track,pro- to provide computer equipment has been grammed or manual trackingmodes. awarded.Delivery andinstallationofIt provides azimuth, elevation and range computer units to thesatellite control information to the satellite control com-

45 puter located in Ottawa in addition to condition common in northern latitudes) monitoring telemetry signals from, and due to loss of heat through the floor of transmitting commands to, the satellite. the building. Provision has also been made to duplicate the telemetry and command functions 2.3.5Northern telecommunications of the tracking, telemetry and command northerntelecommunications station through the main communications The two antenna of the Allan Park heavy route stations located at Frobisher Bay, Baffin IslandandResoluteBay,Cornwallis station, Island. in the Canadian Arctic, have the same antenna facilitiesas the network 2.3.3 Network television television stations. Resolute Bay is There is a total of six network television equipped with message facilities only and stationssituatedatwidelyseparated communicates solely with Frobisher Bay. locations across the country as shown Frobisher Bay has both message and on figureI. These stations will be used television receive facilities and, in addition initially for the transmission and reception to communicating withResolute Bay, oftelevisionandareequippedwith has a direct connection to Allan Park. antennae of10.2 m diameterhaving limited steerability by means of remote 2.3.6Thin route stations manual control from within the station. InCanada,thereareaconsiderable Provision has been made for the addition number of very small isolated communities of tracking facilitiesif these should be which have virtually no communications required at a later date. Possible courses with the community at large. The concept of action have also been studied for the of the thin route station providing one installation of message facilitiesatthe to six voice circuits on individual carriers Harrietsfieldnetworktelevisionstation has been evolved to meet such communi- in order to satisfy the traffic requirement cation requirements. Progress has been betweentheeastcoastand Toronto made in defining the system design and which will result from the completion ofdetermining the optimum methods of the Cantat -Il trans-Atlantic cable in 1974. modulation and access to thesatellite fora thinroute network. Two such 2.3.4Remote television stationsareprojectedforservicein January 1973 with a follow-on programme The remote televisionstationsprovide of 15 stations in the period 1975-1976. television reception for 24 locations in various parts of Canada. The stations 2.3.7Maintenance employ 7.9 m manually steerable antennae installed on a wide triangular foundation The widely dispersed nature of the Cana- which permits locating the building directly dian domestic satellite earth station net- under the rear of the dish, thus minimizing work combined with inhospitable terrain the length of the waveguide intercon- andsevereclimaticconditionscreate nection. The building is of a prefabricated very difficult maintenance problems. These fibreglassandplasticfoamstructure are currently being closely studiedto and the electronics and associated ancillary provide definition of overall logistic and equipmentarefactory-installedbefore operationalrequirementspriortothe the buildingis shipped to site.In all preparation of detailed operating pro- cases where required, special precautions cedures. The present plan is that all earth have been taken during preparation of stations,exceptheavyroute,willbe the foundations to prevent thawing ofunmanned and that personnel from the the permafrost (permanently frozen terrain localcommunitywillperformsimple

46 maintenance and controlfunctions on h) toconduct communications experi- a routine or " as required " basis. For ments employing high power satellites major maintenance, or equipment break- and small, low-cost ground terminals. down, the services of travelling maintenance crews will be available. Field repair willnormally consist of restoration of 3.2 Major characteristics of the satellite service by the replacement of defectiveThe CTS will be placed in the geosta- units which will then be returned to a tionarysatelliteorbit anditsposition central depot for repair and overhaul. willbe maintained within 0.20 in both the east-west and north-south directions. It 3. Communications technology satellite will be three-axis stabilized andits project attitude with respect to the earth will be maintainedto an accuracy of 0.1"in 3.1 Introduction pitch and roll and 1.0" in yaw. The satellite will receive at 14 GHz and The communications technology satellite transmitat12 GHz; the transponder (CTS) project is a joint CanadaUnited bandwidth will be approximately 85 MHz. States programmetoinvestigate the A 200 W TWT with an operating efficiency technology associated with high-powered of 50% or better at saturation will be communications satellites. This programme employed in the transponder. includes the launch in early 1975 of an experimental geostationary satellite with The maximum e.i.r.p. of the satellite will an e.i.r.p. considerably in excess of that be 59 dBW at 12 GHz. currently available for operational satellite Two SHF antennae each of 2.5" beam- communications systems. width will be used; these will be steerable The Canadian Department of Communi- on command from the ground to illuminate cations will manage the project to develop discrete areas of the earth's surface. the spacecraft,provide a spacecraft The solar power sub-system will include assembly and testfacility and provide two extendable solar sails, each 6 m long research and development support. The and 1.3 m wide. The available power at satellitewillbebuiltin Canada and beginning of life will be 1100 W. Canadian manufacturers will design and fabricate the spacecraft sub-systems. 3.3 Advancedtechnology andcommunica- NASA will supply a Thor-Delta tions experiments launchvehicle andwilldevelopand procure a travelling wave tube (TWT) A number of advanced technology experi- to be flown on CTS. This TWT will be a ments are planned for the spacecraft. One prototype for even higher power tubes of these isan experiment designed to intended forfuture space applications. evaluate liquid gallium as a power transfer NASA will also provide access to advanced medium. A second consists of a 1.78 mN electroniccomponenttechnologyand thrust ion engine to be used for station- spacecraftenvironmentaltestfacilities. keeping. An experimentthatuses an The principalCanadianobjectivesof interferometerforyaw-sensingisalso this programme are: under consideration. a) toaugmentthecapabilityofthe Canadiancommunicationsexperiments Canadian aerospace industry,parti- currently planned include television broad- cularlyinareasrelating to higher- casting to community receive terminals, power satellites and their associated two-way voice for applications to tele- ground stations; phony or which may be used in conjunction

47 Figure l Initial Telesat earth station locations

Heavy route Remote television

A.Allan Park B. Lake Cowichan I.Clinton Creek 13.Pine Point 2. Dawson 14. Fort Smith 3. Elsa 15. Uranium City 4. Whitehorse 16. La Ronge 5. Faro 17. Sept Iles Network television 6. Watson Lake 18. Churchill 7. Cassiar 19.Great Whale C. Huggett 8. Fort Nelson 21.Fort Chimo D.Qu'appelle 9. Norman Wells 22.Fort George E.Grand Beach 10. Fort Simpson 23.Goose Bay F. Riviere Rouge I I.Inuvik 24.Port-au-Port G.Bay Bulls 12.Yellowknife 25.Magdalen Islands H.Harrietsfield

Northern telecommunications

50.Resolute 51.Frobisher Bay tracking, telemetry Details of initial Telesat system Table I northern number of and control station 1 heavy route stations network television stations telecommunication stations television stations remote stationslocation (Ontario)Allan Park I Allan Park 2 Bay Bulls 6 Frobisher Bay 2 see map 24 (British(Ontario)Lake Colombia)Cowichan (NovaHarrietsfield(Newfoundland) Scotia) Territories)(North-WestResolute (Manitoba)Grand(Quebec)Riviere Beach Rouge (Alberta)(Saskatchewan)HuggettQu'Appelle function monitor,ranging,tracking telemetry,command and receivetransmitmessage: 1 and television andtelevision receive transmit televisionFrobisher:all: message receive television receive tracking, telemetry and control heavy route network television telecommunication northern remote antenna AZ-EL;11 m auto- diameterstation wheel30 m and diameter; track: stations limited10.2 steerability;m diameter; stations televisionsame as network stations stations limited7.9 m diameter; steerability:television stations station G/T 28controltrack dB or manual 37manualstep track control or dB 28manual dB control 28 dB 26manually dB adjusted performancemessage 5625 pWpO 25Frobis.ier5625 Resolute000 pWp0 pWpO videoperformancetelevision S/N 54 dB 54 dB 50 dB 50 dB audio S/N 56 dB 56 dB 53 dB 53 dB amplifierpower 3 kW klystron television:message 1.5 and kW 1.5 kW klystron 1.5 kW klystron amplifiertow -noise uncooled paramp uncooledklystron paramp n uncooled paramp uncooled paramp uncooled paramp standby power heavysupplied route from station standbygenerator: diesel Allan Park: generator:standby diesel 56 kVA; battery reserve: generator:standby diesel Frobisher battery reserve: 8 h 275Lake37515battery kVAkVA; Cowichan:min reserve: 4 h:Rouge;2 allh: Riviereothers 4hbattery2Resolute56 x kVA75 kVAreserve: carrier.monitoring.' At Allan AtPark, Lake the Cowichan, heavy route provision station hasis made provision for the for transmission tracking and ofranging, ranging telemetry signals onmonitoring, a separate, command low-power, and satellitenarrow-band e.i.r.p. with television experiments to provide a a) to assess the practical value of sensing request or interactive voice channel, the features on the surface of the earth from relay of television signals from a remote space; transportable terminal to a central receive h) to compare the data acquisition capa- terminal. bilities of aircraft and spacecraft; c) to determine which remote sensors arc most effective for surveying the earth's 4. Operations, research and development surface; d) to improve procedures for handling and 4.1 Meteorological satellite operations processing data; and The Atmospheric EI:vironment Service of e) to determine the requirement for an the Canadian Department of the Environ- operational space-assisted system for ment continues to receive data acquired surveying earth resources. directly from United States meteorological satellites. While this data is employed daily In order to achieve the above objectives, a for meteorological purposes,itisalso Canadian centre for remote sensing has distributed to government, universities and been established under the responsibility of other agencies for researchrelatingto EMR. Facilities for the handling of ground surface and environmental conditions. The data and data retransmission are being set Instituteof Aerospace Studies of the up. An installation located at Prince Albert, University of Toronto utilizes the real-time Saskatchewan, formerly used for auroral satellite signals for studies relating to the studies, has been converted to serve as the development of a laser beam image record- main Canadiansatelliteearthstation er for the earth resources satellite pro- receivingcentre.Thisinstallationwill gramme. utilize a 25.5 m diameterparaboloid which has been modified to operate at Good qualitytransmissionsarebeing 2 GHz and has been equipped with auto- received from the Tos operational space- track. It is anticipated that the experimen- craft Essa-8 and from ATS-I and ATS-3. talsatellite programme will commence Data was also acquired, up until mid- with the launch by NASA of the earth summer, front I -Tos -1 and Nona -I. New resources technology satellite Erts-A, sche- earth stations being installed at Halifax and duled for spring 1972. Vancouver for reception of APT type data are expected to be operative by late spring 4.3Aeronautical satellite studies 1972. The data received by these two A co-operative programme undertaken by stations will be transmitted in real-time the Ministry of Transport and the Depart- or near real-time to all major forecast ment of Communications in which sgtellite centres. beacon signals were monitored at frequencies of 250 and 1550 MHz was continued in 4.2EIrth exploration programme 1971. The signals are received at Ottawa (invariant geomagnetic latitude: 57°) and A co-operative experimental programme at Churchill, Manitoba (invariant geo- betweenthe Canadian Department of magnetic latitude: 69 °). This programme is Energy, Mines and Resources (EMR) and providing an extensive set of ionospheric NASA is being undertaken to study the fading statistics. application of earth exploration satellites Investigations of the effects of multipath for the detection of environmental condi- on the channel characteristics of a low- tions at and near the earth's surface. angle aeronautical satellite system have The specific objectives of this joint pro- been carried out using a spread spectrum gramme are as follows: signal technique. A bi-phase modulated

52 signal was transmitted through the ATS-5 at the Communications Research Centre. satellite and was received in an aircraft Models of systemsto meet Canadian flying over the North Atlantic Ocean of traffic requirements have been devised and the Newloundland coast. These measure- evaluated.Laboratory workhasbeen ments have yielded information on time carried out on various methods of speech and frequency spreading characteristics of signal processing for single-channel-per- ocean-reflected signals. carrier analogue FM systems. Subjective The Ministry of Transport is supporting a tests have confirmed improvements which development programme with the Com- can be obtained by companding and pre- munications Research Centre (CRC) to emphasis of the speech signal. Work has study the feasibility of an array type ofcontinued on the design and laboratory antenna for use on aircraft in an aeronauti- implementation of a centrally-controlled cal satellite system, and a prototype array system for assigning channels on demand has been built for testing purposes. to intermittent users to permit the sharing of satellite transponder capacity among many stations. A study has also been made 4.4Low capacity communications to remote areas of the use of a communications satellite, primarily intended for voice communica- A study of satellite systems for communi- tions between small terminals, for the relay cationstosmallandsimpleground of data from remote unattended environ- stations serving small isolated communities mental sensing stations, such as weather and temporary installations has continued stations.

Arrives conception of comnumications technology satellite (CTS) to be launched in 1975 (Canadian Department of Commerce)

53 4.5UHF propagation studies noisetemperature at 15.3 GHz.Attenua- tions,calculated from the measured sky Thu Communications Research Centre has temperatures show very good agreement continued its investigations of the perfor-with the directly measured attenuations mance of satellite systems operating at provided an effective medium temperature frequencies near 300 MHz. This project has of approximately 0 °C is assumed. been active since 1967 and previous work has included measurements of ionospheric The spatial distribution of precipitation fading, time dispersion, and frequencyalong thepropagation pathwasalso selective fading during various ionosphericdetermined by means of an S band radar. conditions, including visual aurora. Data The mean radar reflectivity at each range on the behaviour of these parameters at isused to calculate path attenuations. UHF have beenobtainedatvarious Generally good agreementisobtained Canadianlocations,including Ottawa, between measured and calculated attenua- Churchill, and Resolute Bay. tions for most meteorological conditions. The effects on the calculated attenuation of During 1971, these propagation measure-radar returns from the bright band and ments were continued. At Ottawa, nearly snow ale is under investigation. continuous measurements of signal fading at 250 MHz were carried out in order to To obtaii,long-termrainattenuation establish accurate system margins. As well, statistics for the calculation of margins for simultaneous measurements of signal fading satellite communications systems operating at 136, 250, and 1550 MHz were continued at SHF, it is planned to set up radiometers at both Ottawa and Churchill to obtain at several locations across Canada charac- statistical data on the frequency depen-teristic of various climatic regions.Itis dence of signal fading amplitude. Somehoped to continue these measurements effort has also been directed at the measure- continuously over a period of several ment of sea surface and land surface years. multipath effects in the 300 MHz frequency range and preliminary measurements of 4.6.216 GHz long-range transhorizon propaga- noise levels at 300 MHz have been made in tion experiment urban, suburban and rural areas. CRC continueditsco-operativepro- gramme to study transhorizon propagation 4.6SHF propagation studies at a frequency of 16 GHz over a 500 km The Co nmunications Research Celtre also path between Boston, Massachusetts and continued its programme of study of theOttawa, Ontario. The main purpose of the effects of the earth's atmosphere on radio- experiment has been to utilize the inter- wave propagation at frequencies between section of the narrow beam antennae about 4 and 30 GHz, particularly as these(approximately 0.15°)asa means for effectsrelate to the design of satelliteremote probing of the troposphere. How- communications systems. ever, data relevantto the problem of interference between satellite and terres- 4.6.1 Precipitation attenuation trial systems sharing the same frequencies During 1970 and 1971, the signal strength can also be obtained from the link, and a received at15.3 GHz from theATS-5 suitable experiment has been proposed. satellite was measured using a 9 m antenna, In the remote probing experiment, the providing a margin for attenuation mea-two antennae are synchronously scanned surements of approximately 14 dB. so that the beam intersection follows a The receiving antenna was also connected predicted path, rapidly mapping out a as a total-power radiometer, to obtainlarge volume of space. Amplitude and simultaneous measurements of the sky Doppler frequency measurements provide 54 s3 information on the location and motion of Alouette-II, launched in November 1965, turbulent layers. is operated from 3 to 4 hours a day.

launchedin 1969, is 4.6.3Low-angle tropospheric scintillation Isis-I, January operated from about 5 to 7 hours a day. When SHF signals are propagated through the troposphere, fluctuations in amplitude The Isis-II spacecraft wa., launched on are caused by inhomogeneitiesinthe 31 March 1971 from the Western Test refractive structure of the medium. 'A-he Range by NASA andisoperated for amplitude of thc: fluctuations depends on about 8 hours a day. The equipment on the path lenetb in the troposphere, and Isis-// includes two optical experiments for hence the elevation angle of a satellite observing aurora and airglow, as well as communications circuit. equipment (similar to that on Isis-I) which measured electron temperature and density, Since fading statistics are important in ion temperature, mass ano number density, system design, particularly in the case ofthe spectra of soft and energetic particles, satellite systems operating at high latitudes, and radio emissionsinthe very low a continuing series of measurements of frequency to high frequency bands. low-angle fluctuations is being carried out at CRC. Receiverfacilit:csincludea The intercomparison of Isis-II data is well fixed 9 m antenna and a transportable 1.8 m under way. One brief study has confirmed antenna. To date, fading statistics have the existence of the polar wind (an upward been obtained for more than 1200 hours of flow of protons) and has shown that the observations. Although most of the data otherobservations(electronandion has been collectedatOttawa,limited density,composition and temperature) measurementsindicatethatthefading are consistent with the measured upward amplitudes are smaller in the Arctic. The flow of protons. Also, both aurora and seasonal dependenceissuchthatthe airglow have been observed by the optical fading is significantly less in winter than in equipments. summer.Investigationsof thespatial A study of Isis-I particle data has shown coherence of the fading suggest mat termin- thatthemagnetosphericdavcidecusp al separations in excess of about 100 m will extends down to ionospheric heights and be required if space diversity systems are to be used to overcome the fading. At the are revealed inIsis data by its charac- present time, experiments are being con- teristic energy spectrum. ducted at 4 and 7 GHz in an attempt to determine the frequency dependence of the fading. At a frequency of 7 GHz, fades 4.8Satellite antenna study of several decibels are typical for an elevation angle offivedegrees during the The National Research Council of Canada summer months at Ottawa. is carrying out a study in co-operation with theCommunicationsResearchCentre 4.7Upper atmosphere research pertaining to antenna beam shaping and A comprehensive study of the topside aperture synthesis. The study relates to the ionosphereisbeing continued through specialized coverage requirements of fixed observationsmade bytheAlouette-I, satellites for single or multiple, fixed or Alouette-II, Isis-I and Isis-// satellites. steerable, beamsofarbitraryshape. Closed form solutions have been obtained Alouette-I, launched in September 1962, for the necessary aperture distributions on nowsuppliesabout 30 minutesof various apertures for arbitrarily specified ionospheric data daily. far-field power patterns. s~? 55 5. Reports from industry which utilizes maxima seeking techniques as an alternative to the conventional auto- 5.1 Bell-Northern Research, Ottawa, is in- track system. This " step-track " system volvedwithseveral space continuing which has been adopted by Telesat for the telecommunications programmes. Systems heavyroute earthstations situatedat engineering studies are being pursued on Allan Park and at Lake Cowichan (refer to questions relating to the integration of the section 2Domestic satellite communica- Canadianterrestrialnetwork andthe tions)achievesthe requiredtracking satellite circuits that will be a /ailable upon accuracy under all environmental condi- expansion of the domestic satellite system tions and with significant reductionin in the years ahead. Particular emphasis is equipment andhence improvementin being placed on remote area communica- reliability.Operating from one of the tions, long-haul large capacity trunking, main communication signals, the system flexible restoral, overflow traffic handling permits the use of a simplified servo-drive and demand assignment. Le II-Northern system and obviates the needfor the Research are also investigating, on their difference mode circuitry of the feed, the own behalf, specific techniques including tracking down-converter and the three- time-division multipleaccessfor com- channel-tracking receiver. munications between major traffic centres and voice actuated carrier-single telephon, RCA Limited have developed and tested channel per carrier techniques for remote a prototypetelevisionvideo-television areas. sound multiplexer/de:nultiplexer that will Bel!- Northern Research have developed a permit two audio signals to be conveyed on new microwave radio system to serve as one 8.5 MHz sub-carrier. In addition, the back-hauls linking satellite earth stations development of sum mode feed systems for totrunkroutesormainpopulation 10 and 30 m antennae has been completed. centres. This terrestrial system employs the latest semi-conductor technology and has 5.3Northern Electric Company Limited, been designed to operate in an area of the Montreal, was associatedwith Hughes spectrum (6425-6590 MHz and 6770-6930 Aircraft in the design and construct ion of the MHz) where co-ordination with space transponder for the Intelsat-IV F4 satellite services is either not required or minimal. which was launched in January 1972. The manufacture of the electronics portions of 5.2As a result of a continuing develop- the firstflying model of the Canadian ment programme in earth station technolo- domestic satellite Anik is complete and test gy conducted by RCA Limited, Montreal, of the electronics platform was scheduled a step-tracksystem has been designed for January 1972.

CEYLON

Ceylonhas takenafirm decisionto expected to be put out in tl..; latter part of establish a communications satellite earth 1972 and the station should be in operation station to operate with the Indian Ocean by September 1974. satellite. The selection of a suitable consultant for Calls for tendersfor thisprojectare this project is in hand.

56 CHINA

1. INTELSAT meetings successfuloperationin 1971 withan Two INTELSAT meetings of the Pacific average reliability of 99.85%. By the end andIndianOceanregionsoperations of1971 54satellitecircuitswerein representatives were held in Taipei from operat ion. 24 February to 3 March 1971 with a total Themodificationforoperationwith of 38 participants from 23 countries and Intelsat-1V to be launched over the Pacific territories. Important items discussed were: Oceanis expected to be completed in transition schedule for Pacific Intelsat-IV; early 1972. restoration plan; and Spade system for Preparation for building a second earth Indian Ocean satellite communication. station for operation with the Indian Ocean satellite is well under way and the new 2.International satellite communications station will be ready for service in the The Taipei earth station marked another spring of 1973, as scheduled.

KOREA (REPUBLIC OF)

The Kumsan earth station was officially Engineering Section opened on 2 June 1970 and has been in antenna system, HPA, LNR, GMT, successful operation linking directly the GCE, MUX, M/W, power and power Seoul international exchange with Oakland, back-up, special facilities Hong Kong, Manila and Taipei. General Affairs Section Korea became a member of INTELSAT on 24 February 1967. Station description The average service reliability was 99.9% Location: Kumsan throughouttheyear andtheoverall international traffic for the Pacific region Choong Chung Nam Do, Korea showed an increase of 150% when com- Antenna: No. I pared with that previously passed via high Antenna frequency radio. type: By the end of 1971, 32 voice grade circuits 27 m Cassegrain viaIntelsat-Ill F4 were in commercial operation; 19 television programmes (2 sub-reflector support: transmission and 17 receiving) totalling quadruped 1934 minutes were handled via satellites mount: during the year. elevation over azimuth kingpost The Kumsan earth station consists of five Tracking system and feed sections under the station manager. The prime mode: organization of the Kumsan earth station monopulse auto-track is as follows: alternate: Station Manager manual with looped-back carrier moni- 1stOperation Section tor 2nd Operation Section feed system: 3rd Operation Section five-horn monopulse

57 4... :, 11M.608,1 ,...10 latItAl-sn:0,4,4.,411/4. . katavan earth station (Ministry of Communications, Korea)

-- tracking receiver: power: single conversion beacon down- 6.3 kW with NEC LD-793 converter switching: Low-noise receiver automatic with manual over-ride type: GCE cryogenic four-stage parametric ampli- receiver type: fier with an additional uncooled stage single conversion down-converters with plus a tunnel diode amplifier in cascade phase-locked-loop threshold extension cooling system: demodulators two-stage helium refrigerator switching: bandwidth: automatic with manual over-ride 500 MHz (I dB) switching: Power automatic with manual over-ride prime: commercial High-power amplifier UPS: type: electric motor driven by a commercial travelling wave tubes power source bandwidth: back-up: 500 MHz diesel generator.

58 DENMARK, FINLAND, NORWAY AND SWEDEN The Nordic earth station at Tanum Sistemi di Telecomunicazioni via Satelliti The Telecommunication Administrations from Milan. The buildings, power instal- of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden lation, and other technical equipment have have established jointly an earth station at been delivered by companies from the Tanum on the west coast of Sweden. The Nordic countries. The total cost for the station was brought into operation on station amounts to approximately 5 million 3 December 1971. In the first phase of US dollars. operation the station will be connected to In accordance with an agreement concluded stations in the United States and Canada between the Telecommunication Adminis- on pre-assigned circuits. In a later phase, trations of Denmark, Finland, Norway the station will be connected to earth and Sweden, the station will be operated stations in South America, Africa, and the by the Swedish Administration. All impor- Middle East via the Spade system. The tant decisions concerning the earth station stationis also fully equipped for trans- will be taken by a Board composed of mission and reception of television pro- representatives of the four above - mentioned grammes. The antenna system and the Nordic Administrations. The operating electronic equipment have been delivered personnel has been recruited from the by the Italian consortium, Consorzio per Nordic countries concerned.

kilkatgtl e49.1"441 4."

111,;- yfot ,;"

Tanum earth station (Sweden) (Central Administration of Swedish Telecommunications)

59 Technical data for the station aresituatedinan elevated equipment Antenna room, close to the antenna feed. Two cooled and two uncooled stages are used The antennaisamodified Cassegrain with a total gain of 40 dB. configuration with a diameter of 29.7 m. A double conversion750/70 MHz IF- The antenna, being situated in a country system is used, followed by either threshold with very cold winters, has been supplied extension or conversional demodulators. with a de-icing system, which will prevent any accumulation of snow orice. The Transmitting equipment maximum heating power is 800 kW. The transmitting system is based on 1.2 kW The measured antenna gain is 59.7 dB at TWT tubes which are arranged in a single- 4.0 GHz and 63.3 dB at6.0 GHz. The carrier-per-tube configuration. It consists figure of merit (G/T) for the antenna is of three operating transmitters: one for a 41.6 dB at 4 GHz and 5' elevation. telephony carrier, one foratelevision carrier and one for a Spade carrier. A The main reflector RMS surface error is fourth transmitter is used as a common I mm. standby for the other three. An advanced A special design feature for the antenna is switching system gives a high degree of that the mechanical bearings in the antenna flexibility in the transmit system. rotating structure can be replaced in the unlikely but possible event of a bearing Power supply and continuity system failure without the station being taken out The power supply system is of the no-break of operation. type based on static inverters operating In the ground level equipment room of the from battery supply. The batteries are antenna tower, the centre of the floor is charged either from the main power lines attached to and rotates with the azimuth to the station or, in the case of line failure, axis. This newcarouseldesign provides from diesel generators at the station. space for mounting high-power transmitters and associated units which rotate Radio link and coaxial cable system with the antenna and thus eliminates the The earth stationisconnected to the necessity for rotary joints in azimuth and Swedish communication networkviaa reduces the length of waveguides. The radio-relay link from Tanum to Goteborg fixed, or non-rotating, floor provides spacewith separate links for telephony and for mounting additional equipment. television. A furtherback-upforthe telephony circuits is provided by a coaxial Receiving equipment cable connection from the earth station to Cryogenically cooled parametric amplifiers Goteborg.

SPAIN Introduction objective of meeting short- and long-term The privileged geographical situation of international communication requirements. dain, between three continents, and the considerable increase in international traffic The outcome of thisdecisionare the within the lastfive years, were at the multiple linksland and submarine cable, origin of the decision to install a basic HF andmicrowavelinksandearth infrastructure gearedtothedynamic stationswhich have provided Spain with

60 direct connectionsto countriesinall stationiscapable of taking over the continents over the last five years. Buitrago I baseband and handling traffic Immediately perceiving the impact which via the Atlantic satellite. space techniques would have on inter- In the event of a prolonged breakdown of national communications, the Compaida Buitrago II (Indian Ocean), BuitragoI Telefonica Nacional de Espana (CTNE) would handle Buitrago H traffic, changing became a member of INTELSAT at the over to the Indian Ocean satellite, and very outset. The first experimental work in Agiiimes would take over the Buitrago I thisfield was begun in1963 with the baseband, handling the Atlantic traffic. mobile station at Grifi On operating with non-synchronoussatellites;fouryears later, the Maspalomas station was installed For television transmission and as a carrier on Gran Canaria (Canary Islands); this to the United States station, equipped with two 12.6 m diameter antennae,inauguratedSpanishsatellite The inauguration of the A,,..imes station communication traffic and extended the established the first direc' television trans- circuits of the NASA tracking station to mission via satellite between the Canary theSpace FlightControlCenterin Islands and the Spanish mainland. Since Houston through the INTELSAT satellites then there has been a daily exchange of over the Atlantic. news and educational programmes with reliable and high-quality service. CTNE's In 1968, the BuitragoIstation, located use of the space segment for television 80 km from Madrid, was brought into makesSpainthemajoruserofthe service and connected America to Spain INTELSAT networkforthistype of withmulti-destinationoperation;two transmission. By 31 December, 823 pro- yearsafterwards, thesecondantenna grammes had been exchanged between the (Buitrago II) for traffic over the Indian Canaries and peninsular Spain, with a Ocean was constructed. totalduration of 503 h20 min. As a The trend towards greater operational permanent feature the Agiiimes station flexibility in space communication and the transmits a carrier including NASA circuits desire to incorporate the latest technical to the United States, which was previously developments led to the inauguration in emitted by the now closed station of 1971of the earth stationatAgiiimes Maspalomas. (Canary Islands) and the extension and adaptation of Buitrago I for operation in accordance with Intelsat-1V standards. As a cable back-up facility The strategicsituation of the Canary Agiiimes earth station Islands and the extensive and high-quality connections with the Spanish mainland 1. Objectives through submarine cables Pencan-1 (160 The earth station at Agiiimes was brought channels) and Pencan-11 (1840 channels) into service in April 1971 and is located make the Agiiimes station a vital support 35 km from Las Palmas (Gran Canaria), element for the TAT-5 cables (Spain Itisintendedtomeetthefollowing United States) and the proposed Bracan objectives: cable (Canary IslandsBrazil). This possibility makes the Canary Islands To supplement the Buitrago station a very attractive shore end pointfor In the event of a prolonged breakdown of futurecables to Central America and BuitragoI(Atlantic) the new Agiiimes West Africa.

61 Agiiimes earth station. Antenna and building (DirecciOn General de C y T, Spain)

2.Technical characteristics bandwidth: 500 MHz (1 dB) 2.1 Antenna figure of merit (G/T): diameter: higher than 40.7 dB/K for angle of 30 in operation gain, 4 Gliz: parametric amplifier gain: 60.7 dB 30 dB gain, 6 GHz: parametric amplifier noise temperature: 63.3 dB 17 K type: demodulator capacity: Cassegrain 24-432 channels tracking system: noise level: manual; automatic; programmed 8000 pWp

2.2Reception 2.3Transmission range of frequencies: range of frequencies: 3700-4200 MHz 5925-6425 MHz

62 modulator input level: These standards, which will come into message: force around mid-January 1972 (phase 3 20 dBm per channel ofIntelsat -IV),together with spot antenna vision: transmission from the satellite, mean that I Vpp earth stations must be adapted to this new modulator output frequency: space communication procedure. 70 MHz In April 1971, CTNE signed a contract power amplifiers: with a view to making thenecessary extensions and adaptations of the Buitrago 1 5 stationtoIntelsat-1Vandthework klystron output power: involved was successfully completed in 3 kW (nominal) September and October. power stability: -0.25 dB per day. 2.Characteristics The units installed by ITT/SPC enable Ito transmit and receive the Extension and adaptation of Buitrago 1 Buitrago for " Intelsat-IV " operation following carriers simultaneously through Intelsat-IVsatellites: 1. c,siectives a) monochrome or colour televisioncarrier The need to increase satellite capacity to and associated carriers; meet the growing demand for carriers b)four message carriers (transmission) from countries wishing to be integrated with possible extension to eight; into the INTELSAT network has led to c) Spade carrier; the design of a new satellite known as d)16 message carriers (reception). Intelsat-IV,with standards (definedin DocumentICSC-4.5-13E W ///70)which The modifications to Buitrago I were so require earth station equipment to comply planned as to give a normal lifetime of with stricter and stabler conditions for the 15 years and produce continuous relia- moreefficientuseofsatellitetraffic bility and ease of maintenance 24 hours capacity. per day.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

1.Satellite systems and services useful data throughout 1971. These two satellites sustained the operational system 1.1 Meteorological satellites when failure in the hos stabilization sub- The second of the improvedTirosoper- system forced a temporary halt in the hos ational satellites (hos) was launched late service. About 500 APT stations were in 1970 and designatedNoaa -I. Noaa -I operated by some 60 countries to receive and hos-/ provided world-wide stored the APT service from the ESSA (Environ- picture data and direct read-out service via mental Science Services Administration), automatic picture transmission (APT) day Thos and NOAA (National Oceanic and and nightnight-time data were obtained Atmospheric Administration) satellites. by the two channel scanning radiometer. During 1971, the meteorological satellites Essa-8(APT) andFaca-9advanced vidicon, provided global cloud cover observing camera system (AVCS)the last satellites services daily. All hurricanes and typhoons of theTosseriescontinued to provide weretracked;bulletinsweresentto Gs 63 appropriateNational Weather Services transmission of voice,digital data, and giving storm position, size, and estimated wide-band graphics. After the successful strength. launch into orbit, some problems developed ATS-I and ATS-Ill, launched in December inthe functioning of the satellites and 1966 and November 1967 respectively, efforts to resolve these problems were continued to provide valuable data for continuing in December 1971. research and operational experiments. The operational system evolving from these 1.3Commercial communication system satellites, to be named the geostationary operational environmental satellite (Goes), The Definitive Arrangements for is now under development. The prototype INTELSAT were concluded on 21 May is planned for launch late in 1972. 1971 and were opened for signature on 20 August 1971, seven years to the date of Time-lapse films from ATS-I and ATS-III entry into force of the Interim Agreement. pictures taken at 15 to 30 minute intervals, were used in near real time in the hurricane The first in the higher capacity Intelsat-IV and severe local storms (thunderstorm and series of satellites was successfully launched tornado) advisory services. Wind infor- on 25 January 1971, by an Atlas-Centaur mation derived from cloud motions were vehicle, the first use of these high-perfor- used daily as an input to the numerical mance vehicles on INTELSAT missions. weather prediction programme of the Thissatellite was positioned over the National Meteorological Center. Satellite Atlantic Ocean areaat335.5' E and pictures, picture mosaics, and specialized entered into service in March 1971. A charts were transmitted through the ATS-I second bite/sat-IV satellite was launched and ATS-III Wefax (weather facsimile latein 1971.Intelsat-IVsatellitesare operational experiment) systems to APT equipped with two spot beam antennae, stations within range. which allow the satellite transmission to be much more concentrated over a limited The satellite infrared spectrometer (SIRS) geographic area. By careful pointing of on Nimbus-I Vprovided useful data through these beams tohightraffic catchment most of1971.Atmospheric soundings areas, higher capacity can be derived from derived from the SIRS observations were the Intelsat-IV satellite. Each Intelsat-IV useddailyinthenumericalweather has global beam antennae for full coverage analysisprogrammeoftheNational of the ocean basin area being served, a Meteorological Center. These soundings were distributed throughout the world design life of seven years and a capacity of from 3000 to 9000 voice circuits, depending beginning in the latter half of 1971. on such factors asthe mix of traffic between spot and global beams and the 1.2United States Government satellite com- size of the carriers. munications system During 1971, increases occurred in the The first two synchronous, near-equatorial telephony, record, and televisiontraffic satellites of the second generation United carried by the INTELSAT system. The States Government communications - number of full-timeunits(aunit is satellite system were launched on basically a two-wayvoice-gradelink 2 November 1971. These new satellites, between an earth station and an Intelsat whichoperateinthe7250-7750 and satellite) in service on 31 December 1970, 7900-8400 MHz frequencybands,have was 4388.1; on 30 November 1971, it was wide-bandwidth, low-distortion communi- 5352. The number of unit hours of tem- cations repeaters to accommodate fre- porary service for 1970 totalled 749 984; quency division multiple-access and spread- as of 30 November 1971, the number of unit spectrum multiple-access techniques for hours of temporary service was 906 624.

64 'is S

vlor: , 4114,% .; INV

/../<;t:'''' 10,

SMSIGoes" satellite (Department of State, United States)

65 The number of television transmit hours gation and airborne antenna design values. for 1970 was 996; as of 30 November 1971, Failure in the satellite stabilization system the number of television transmit hours and decreases in satellite transmitter power was 1362. have hampered the collection of certain MembershipinINTELSATincreased data. from 77 at the end of 1970 to 82 as of 1.5.2Maritime 14 December 1971. The World Administrative Radio Con- The number of earth stations accessing the ferenceforSpaceTelecommunications INTELSAT system has also grown. As of allocated, on a world-wide basis, the band 31 December 1970, there were 53 antennae 406-406.1 MHz for the use and develop- at 45 earth stations in 31 countries. As of ment of emergencyposition-indicating 14 December 1971, there were 63 antennae radio beacon (EPIRB) systems using space at 54 earth stations in 39 countries. techniques.Following this,the United States initiated an experimental programme 1.4Amateur-satellite service which is expected to provide data for the A new amateur satellite is being readied design of equipment needed to deploy an for launch in1972. The prototype and operational EPIRB system by 1976. flight units for the satellite, called Amsal- Studies and tests are continuing in an Oscar B (A-0 B) are under constructioneffort to analyze the potential for oceanic by amateurs in Australia, Germany and maritime communications by satellite at the United States. The units under con- UHF (1535-1660 MHz) frequencies. One struction for the A-0 B are a 24-channel study hasanalyzed candidate tracking Morse code telemetry system, a 432 to schemes and configurations for the postu- 144 MHz 10 W linear translator, a 144 to lated 10 dB ship antenna. Another study 28 MHz lineartranslator, a 144 to has reviewed critical sub-system design 435 MHz FM repeater, a 60-channel tele- criteria for both the spacecraft and ship- type telemetry encoder and a CODE3TORE board terminals. Further studies will be message storage device. The latter system, conducted in 1972. which can be loaded from ground stations, is designed to store emergency messages, 1.6Radionavigation satellite system operational information on the satellite The Doppler/range-rate radio navigation and orbit information for repeated trans- satellite system in the frequency bands mission to the ground over the satellite 149.9-150.05 and 399.9-400.05 MHz, which telemetry system. By using a combined has been operational since 1968, continues power source of solar cells and battery, the to provide navigational information in satellite is expected to have a life span of support of ship operations. Commercial over one year. equipment is available and use of the system is expanding for merchant shipping 1.5Mobile services and off-shore drilling interests. Currently, there are five operational satellites in the 1.5.1 Aeronautical system. Experimentation has continued to define the optimum system parameters and space 2. Research and development programmes radiocommunication techniques that will satisfy aeronautical communications and 2.1 Applications technology satellites "ATS " air traffic control surveillance requirements. The ATS series of spacecraft continues to Experimental results from tests on the conduct experiments in meteorology, navi- ATS-5 satellite have confirmed theoretical gation, and communication satellite tech- estimates on absorption,scintillationpropa- nologies.

66 1111111111rm._

plesiwo"."It-

4, .,,, ..4...... % "' .....,

a. .411, ---."'";:tkt; '44gt. '3"''''4.

'i k \ ' '.,', NIP ' , N. ' 4.....,... -...... _-441/44.. . ''':" r7 r ; 111101140%. ".1141'"

Prior to launch from Cape Kennedy ( Florida), COMSAT engineers extensively check the Intel- sat-IV" spacecraft. Here COMSAT engineers check the wiring of the satellite's solar cells. These cells supply power to the satellite once it is placed in orbit (Department of State, United States)

67 Gfi . The technology and experience gained in ment. They have indicated that the earth the ATS programme have contributed tends to be pear-shaped and bumpy with significantly to the NOAA planned oper- a bulging midriff. The satellites have veri- ational synchronous meteorological satel- fied the extent of the intense Van Allen lite(SMS) system.This system may radiation region over the earth. They have provide for the long-sought goal of two- revealed that the earth's magnetic field week weather forecasts. looks like an elongated tear drop stretching NASA's applications technology satellite at least 5.6 million kilometres outward on programmers also helping to develop the earth's night side. They have reported space technology to meet new communica- on atmospheric particles, tiny meteoroids, tions requirements and is contributing to and other phenomena in space near earth. the development of techniques for air and For the future, an earth resources satellite seanavigation andairtrafficcontrol programme is proposed to gather data on methods. Frequencies in the VHF, UHF, natural resources. Discoveries of untapped and SHF portions of the spectrum have mineral wealth and fresh water, informa- been used. tion for utilization of land for farming and forestry, assistance in telling man when and 2.2Time dissemination experiments where to fish, measuring the magnitude of air and water pollution, and aid for urban Beginning onIAugust 1971, a time and planningbysurveyingthegrowthof frequency broadcast similar to WWV has population centres are among the results beenrelayedthroughtheapplications expected from the programme. Potential technology satellite ATS-3. This satellite is uses are anticipated in geography, geology, geostationary,locatedat approximately oceanography, hydrology, agriculture, 70' W longitude over the equator, and forestry and cartography. operates on a down-link frequency of The soon-to-be-launched earth resources 135.625 MHz. The broadcastsarefre- technology satellites( ERTS)willhelp quency-modulated and occupy 30 kHz of develop and advance the technology and bandwidth. These experimental broadcasts equipment neededforearthresources take place at 1700 to 1715 and 2330 tosurveys from space. These satellites are 2345 GMT Monday through Friday and expected to provide information regularly 1 August are expected to continue until and inexpensively after initial launch. They 1972. will make repeated observations that show Measurements arebeing made of the slow changes, will acquire data regularly timing resolution, accuracy and reliability. from areas where other means would be Special aids for the computation of signal difficult and expensive, and willreveal delays are being distributed to users. The large-scalefeaturesthatmight be ove aids include overlays of signal delay on an rlooked when viewed at lower altitudes. earth map updated monthly and a special Adequacy of the earth exploration satellite purpose circular slide rule. Results to date frequency bands allocated by the1971 have indicated the timing accuracy to be Space Telecommunications Conference are approximately I ms using the overlays and being tested by experiments flown in high 25µs using the slide rule computer. Timing altitude aircraft, balloons and spacecraft. resolution of 10 /IS has also been experienced. 2.4Deep space research 2.3 Earth resource satellites (earth explora- SomeMarinerspacecrafthave already tion satellites) reported on the cratered face of Mars and Satellites have already given us new views Cie peculiarlydenseatmosphereand of our planet and its near space environ- intensesurfaceheatof Venus.These

68 7idimiliii-disoopt"11.

I <.4 ., .7... : ;rth Anierica

411rage

. rti S --`b 4 o ,

-- :, ' ; ''.'i''', 'i 44''''''' ,, *,-': e Al '- ..",.. s riii,i, 4:: ., _.i*. .. 1\ A :- .t''

Storm centres in sparse data areas (Department of State, United States)

observations were made during relatively features, atmosphere and heat balance. fleeting periods as the spacecraft sped by This mission is supported by the earth-to- the planets.In the latter part of 1971, space 2110 MHz band and the space-to- NASA placed a Mariner in orbit around earth 2290 MHz band.Frequenciesin Mars to gather information over different these bands, as well as the 8400-8500 MHz areas, take pictures and investigate surface band, will be used in the next Mariner.

69 The deep space network continuedits the datatoan earthterminal.Solar support of the Pioneer missions. Signals radiation fluctuates and can be in the form from these spacecraft from the far side ofofintenseelectromagneticwaves and the sun are providing an experiment to nuclear particle streams. Investigations are test the validity of the Einstein theory of inprogressfor development of earth relativity. As the signals must pass close to environment disturbance forecasting tech- the sun, the effect of that body's tremen- niques,utilizing Solrad satellite sensor dous gravitational pull on them can be data to define possible effects of solar analyzed.Recentobservationssuggest activity emissions on the performance of Einstein's predictions to be in error 133, but VLF through EHF radio systems using or a small percent. affected by the ionosphere. The two new 64 m antennae, one near Madrid(Spain)and theothernear 2.7 TDMA techniques for space communica- Canberra (Australia) are nearing comple- tions tion. These, along with the present one at Time-divisionmultiple access (TDMA) Goldstone, Calif( rnia,will provide thespace communications techniqueshave capability to communicate continuously been developedforahighlyefficient, with the spacecraft probing Jupiter, Saturn flexible, and cost-effective satellite com- and the other far planets of our solar munications system. The techniques pro- system. vide a trulyorthogonal multiple-access system in which subscribers acc.ss the 2.5Manned space research satellite sequentially in a highly synchron- izedtime format. As aresult, system NASA had two very successful, manned efficiencies as high as 85 % can be achieved. missions to the moon during the year. The concept provides the capability of Apollo-I4,inJanuary, withastronauts readily mixing user terminal sizes and data Shepard, Roosa, and Mitchell, brought rates in a common network. The time slots back the data from many experiments, can be allocated and re-allocated in near hundreds of still anmovie pictures and real-time for effective management of the nearly 43 kg of lunar rocks and soil. They satellite resources; capability lacking in left a number of operating experiments other systems. (Apollo lunar surface experiments package Alsep-Al) on the moon supported by a 2.8UHF scintillation fading test telecommand link and a telemetering link tosendthe collecteddatatoearth. Significant results were obtained in an Apollo-I5, in July, with astronauts Scott, e.,aluation of ionospheric scintillation of Waroen, and Irwin, assisted in their moon signals from a UHF satellite to an airborne explorations by a wheeled vehicle,the terminal operating near the equator. The Lunar Rover, brought back even more test, run during September and October pictures and samples. They also left an 1971, showed that extensive scintillation A Isep-A2 supported by a different down fading occurs within10 or 15° of the frequency (2119 MHz up,2278.5 MHz magnetic equator almost every night during down for Al and 2278.0 MHz down forthe equinox season. On one particular A2). night 5 hours of continuous fading was encountered of approximately 20 dB depth 2.6Solar radiation satellite " Solrad-10 " on the received UHF satellite beacon signal while covering a 3600 km flight path The tenth in a series of solar radiation near the magnetic equator. Fading on the satellites, senses and records solar X-ray ground exhibited a period of from I second emissions and, upon command, telemeter. to 1 minute.Fadingwhileairborne

70 " NOAA-I " satellite (Department of State, United States)

71 exhibited a fade rate about five times as This approach is concerned with mapping fast, i.e., a period of I/5th second to 12 s. the actual electron density in the iono- Often the fading was of limited duration, sphere rather than selected parameters that lasting typically 20 to 93 min a night, The characterize the electron distribution. Thus, fading appears to be broadband, as a bymappingtheelectrondensity at check of two UHF frequencies 5 MHz constant atmospheric heights, the height apart, showed coherent fading. The SHF dependence of the ionized atmosphere can satellitebeacon was monitored during be properly taken into account. Since the periods of UHF fading and no noticeable ionosphereisa dynamic medium with SHF scintillationfading was observed. simultaneous changes in both the ioniza- Much additional data is needed to deter- tion content and the ionization height mine the impact of this phenomenon on distribution, such an approach is needed communications satellite system design. first to specify and then to predict the state of the ionosphere. When the synoptic 2.9Improvement of ionospheric forecasting maps are obtained, they are used in con- capability junction with radio propagation data and Improved ionospheric forecasting capa- theresultsofray-tracingstudiesto bility is being developed through the use determine the relationships between the of aerial ionospheric mapping techniques. maps and actual propagation conditions.

FRANCE

1. Radiocommunications inthefixed- Atlantic area. At the end of 1971, the satellite s..!rvice Pleumeur-Bodoucentrewasproviding links with Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Iran, In 1971, the FrenchAdministration Jordan, Mexico, Peru, United States and pursued and developeditsactivitiesin Zaire for France and some other European various contexts. of Middle Eastern countries. Steps have been taken to regroup all traffic 1.1 INTELSAT in the Atlantic area so thatit can be As in other years since 1964, the French routed by the Pleumeur-Bodou II station, Administration,as amember of the whichwillalsobefittedwith Spade INTELSAT consortium, continued to takeequipment by the beginning of 1972. The an active part in the work of the Interim Pleumeur-BodouIstation will then he Communications Satellite Committee switched over to operate with the Intelsat- (ICSC) and its Sub-Committees. III satellite over the Indian Ocean. Throughout the year, the two antennae in Work started on the construction of a serviceatthe Pleumeur-Bodou satellite third standard INTELSAT antenna at the communicationcentrehavecontinued Pleumeur-Bodou centre in1971.Itwill transmission on telephone circuits and the become operational in mid-1973. transmission of television programmes in the Atlantic zone. Theconstruction of the standard INTELSAT station in the French West One of these antennae was used to establish Indies (Martinique) has been completed. links via the Intelsat-IV Atlantic satellite, General trials were held at the end of 1971, while the other continued to work withwith a view to bringing the station into the Intelsat-Ill satellite operating in the service at the very beginning of 1972. 72 7I 1PritielicZg-, N.

\ I 0 \ k0'11',olligla,' 'q_ V4 ' 41 Ali, VI 4, ..:';'"' I Wr:\ ; i ;41.';.I ' '.':$ -1,,, . i,:..,., . , /1"/. / p ....._..\.11,',' /1-,'`'`'4:1kN,;.40A ,, ., ,,,,,'4,7''' ii,,'2.'..: ,. , T.,- -..:=.--jkittxs\`').+''''14.,

I , yr

Model of the experimental earth station for the " Symphonic," programme nots, under construction at Pleumeur-Bodou (CNES)

73 " Eole" meteorological .satellite on antenna testing mast (CNES) 74 13 1.2 " Molnya " 3.Satellite meteorology As inprevious years, colour television broadcasts (Seem system) were relayed by 3.1 " Peole programme the Molnya-I satellite between France and the USSR in1971, using the Pleumeur- The Peale satellite, which was launched on Bodou I station. 12 December 1970, was used primarily to check theperformanceofthe Eo/e programme's locating system, based on 1.3 European programme distance and Doppler measurements in The French Administration continued tovarious operating conditions.Itshould take an active part in the study of satellites also be mentioned that a brief experimental forradiocommunicationsinthefixed sound programme relay was carried out service between European countries. For using this satellite as repeater. this purpose, the French representative has beenworking withinthe permanent nucleus set up by the European Con- 3.2 " Eole " programme ference of Posts and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT). This nucleus of Designed for the study of the circulation representatives of European countries con- of the atmosphere in the southern hemi- ducted technical and economic studies of sphere, the Eo /e satellite was bunched on theprojectedsystem and collaborated 16 August 1971 from the American base closely with the European Space Research at Wallops Island by a Scout launcher. At Organisation (ESRO) to which the satellite thebeginning of December1971,479 definition study was entrusted. balloons had been released from the three ArgentinestationsatNeuquen,Lago Fagnano and Mendoza. These balloons, 1.4 "Symphonie " programme interrogated and positioned by the satellite, UndertheFranco-German Symphonic provide information on wind behaviour. agreement,thefinalcontractforthe They have an average life of 6 months. construction of a prototype satellite and two flight models was placed in 1971. The satellites are to be delivered and acceptance- 4.Earth-exploration satellite and radio- tested during 1973. The mechanical mock- communications in the mobile satellite up is in the process of assembly and the service complementary" Eole "pro- thermal mock-up has passed its trials. The gramme identification model is being fabricated. In1971, contracts were placed for the In thefirstquarter of 1971, theEole construction of the experimental earth satellite was used to retrieve and re-transmit stations for the Symphonic programme. data elaborated on board merchant vessels. Work on the site of the station to be set This experimentisa follow-up to the up at Pleumeur-Bodou has already started. studiesonmultiplepathscausedby reflections from the surface of the sea.

2.Radionavigation by satellite In 1972, after the conclusion of the main meteorological experiment carried out in The French Administration has continued conjunction with balloons, Eole will be to participate actively in the work on the used for an experiment in data collection project for a satellite air navigation aid fromtranspondersplacedondrifting which is now being carried out within the buoys or in inaccessible places on the framework of ESRO, ground.

75 Standard INTELSAT earth station in Martinique (Ministry of P&T, France) 5.Scientific space research The ionic propulsion programme aim ,.at achieving the stabilization of 700 kg geo- 5.1 D2 A satellite stationary satellites by 1975. Work in 1971 Launched on 15 April 1971 from the Space was concentrated on the basic technologies: Centre in French Guyana, D2 A is the contact ionization (cesium), focussing and first satellite in the 02 programme; itis deflection of ion beams and neutralization. also the first French satellite to be stabilized A substantial effort has also been made in by gas jets. The scientificexperiments connection with solid-state hyperfrequency conducted relate to the distribution of components for communication satellites atomic hydrogen in the geocorona and in and certain sub-assemblies for frequencies space, and solar radiation. above 10 GI-1z (particularly on integrated parametric amplifier and 12 GI-1z travelling 5.2 " D2 B satellite wave tubes). The D2 Bsatellite, now under construction, Studies were also carried out on instabil- is scheduled for launching in 1974 from ities, optical components, plastic materials the Guyana Space Centre. D2 B will be and the " POGO " effect (vibrations in the used for three photometric experiments, liquid fuel stages of launcher rockets). one spectro-photometric experiment and a zodiacal light experiment.

7.Tracking, telemetry, telecommand 6.Technical space research The network of stations belonging to the 6.1 " Sret programme Centre national d'etudes spatiales (ONES) The Sret (satellites de recherches et (rendes was used in 1971 for activities connected technologiques) programme satellites are with: intended to try out new technologies in the French satellites: real conditions. DI-A, DI-C, DI-D, Peole, D2-A, Eole The firstSret satellite,to be used for experiments with thin-layer solar cells, was the European satellites: livered to the USSR at the end of 1971 Esro-2 and Heos-A I launching. the American satellites: Essa, Nimbus, Itos-I,Noaa-I, Sasa, 6.2Research and development Syncom-3, Solrad-9, Transit, Geos-B In connection with solar panels, efforts are the Canadian satellites: directed towards obtaining a specific power Alouelle-I, Alouelle-2, Isis-A, Isis-B of 60 W/kg by 1975 and have centred on thin-layercells(CdTe and CdS) and the Italian satellite: structures. San Marco-C.

77 GREECE The Greek earth station Thermopylae I, which started its service on 21 April 1970, operated very successfully throughout 197 L The initially available capacity of 60 voice grade circuits was increased in 1971 to 132 and an additional expansion to 432 will be possible when the serviceistransferred from the /we/sat-Ill to Intelsat-IV Atlantic Ocean satellite. The necessary arrangements have already been made for the transmission, when this becomes advisable, of a second telephone carrier. In July 1972 itis scheduled to meet the group of countries using the Spade demand assignment system over satellite circuits. The establishment of direct communications with other stations in Africa and South America will thus be possible by the use of Spade. All contracts were approved and work is inprogressfortheconstructionand installation of a second antenna, Thermo- pylae 2. The new system is planned to go into service during the third quarter of 1972 Greek earth station installations and foundation and will operate with satellites of the of second antenna Thermopylae 2 IndianOceanregion.Itwillinitially provide direct communications with Australia and Japan. (0TE)

INDIA (REPUBLIC OF)

1. An earth station for global communi- participationinthe NASA and the cation has been established at Arvi. It was Department of Atomic Energy domestic tested and put into operation through the television experiment utilizing the ATS-F Indian Ocean satellite Intelsat-Ill F3 on satellite in 1974 and thereafter for com- 26 February 1971. It has been in regular mercial operation from the beginning of commercial operation since then. 1975. 2. An earth station is being planned for 3. The Indian Meteorological Department augmenting communication facilitiesin maintains five receiving stations one each the northern region of the country. This at Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, New Delhi station is expected to provide facilities for and Poona for automatic picture trans-

7A mission (APT) for meteorological satel- locally made in the Meteorological Depart- lites, Except for the equipment used at mein. Bombay,allthereceivingunitswere

INDONESIA (REPUBLIC OF)

Progress made during the year 1971 in the development of space radiocommunications of the Djatiluhur earth station

A. Djatiluhur satellite links 1971

date links established

I January 1971 Yamaguchi, Goonhilly, Raisting, Ceduna, Kuantan, Buitrago 24 August 1971 Sentosa 23 October 1971 Hong Kong

B. Circuit growth 1971 i) Existing circuits at December 1970:

country telephone telegraph

japan 4 1 United Kingdom 2 Federal Republic of Germany I 1 Australia 2 I Netherlands 2 Singapore 4 Malaysia I Spain 1 I Hong Kong 3

1970: total telephone circuits 20 total telegraph circuits 4

total circuits 24

79 ii) circuits operated in 1971:

country

United Fed. month 1971 Japan King- Rep. ofAustra-Nether-Singa- Malay-Spain Ii one dom Ger- Ha lands pore sia Kong many

tlptgptlptgptiptgptlptgptlptgptlptgptiptgptlptgptlptgp

January 4 I 2 2 - - 4 -- I 3 --

February 4 I 2 2 4 1 3

March 4 I 2 2 5 1 3

April 4 1 2 2 5 I 3

May 4 1 2 2 2 5 I 3 June 4 I 3 - 2 _ 5 I 3 July 4 1 2 2 - 5 - I 3 August 5 2 2 2 2 2 8 1 3

September 5 2 2 2 2 _ 8 I 2 3 October 5 2 2 -- 2 2 2 8 I 2 4 I

Nm ember 2 2 _ 5 2 - 2 8 I 2 4 I December 5 2 ._ 2 2 -2 - 9 1 2 4 I

1971: total telephone circuits 29 - total telegraph circuits 7

- total circy L, 36

4CM' ' 1

Earth station at Djalihthur (ITT)

80 C. Satellite service availability 1971

interru ition time (minutes)

month satel-Yama-HongRaist-Djatil- Dui- Kuan- Sen- CedunaGoon- lite guchi Kong ing uhur trago tan tosa hilly

January 0 0 51 0 117 65 9 256 February 0 I 4 0 60 572 35 March 0 0 I 4 14 12 21 April 0 4 0 140 21 18 2 97

May 0 2 14 1 25 16 13 265 June 0 4 27 17 0 11 9 535 July 0 I 30 4 69 50 28 351 August 17 36 27 14 16 0 0 9 56 September 31 4 84 20 108 15 281 47 October 0 2 10 4 37 3 18 5 149 November 0 2 35 11 90 0 0 I 14 16 December 0 0 10 0 0 24 0 103 2 6

total 48 56 55 248 328 276 346 137 956 1834

Yearly

availability . (",,) 99.99199.98999. )5899.94399.93799.93699.93399.93299.81699.696

D. Detailed cause of Interruption at Djatiluhur earth station 1971

cause of interruption interruption time (minutes) percentage

maintenance 145 44.21 environment 71 21.65 power failure 48 14.63 tracking 35 10.67 high-power amplifier 24 7.32 low-noise amplifier 5 1.52

81 E. Video telecast 1971

Duration date (minutes) circuits programme

9 March 80 New York-Jamesburg-lbaraki- Clay-Frazier Yamaguchi-Djatiluhur-Djakarta boxing match 26 August 82 Djakarta-Djatiluhur-Raisting-Hilversum QueenJuliana's visit 26 August 19 id. id. 27 August 10 id. id. 28 August 13 id. id. 29 August 53 Bandung-Djakarta-Djatiluhur-Raisting- Hilvtrsum id. 29 August 14 Djakarta Djatiluhur-Raisting-Hilversum id. 30 August 15 id. id. 31 August 10 kl. id. I September 10 id. id. 2 September 12 id. id. 3 September 10 id. iJ. id. . 4September 12 id. 5 September 7 id. id. 23 October 2 Djakarta-Djatiluhur-Sentosa Sentosa earth station opening ceremony

total 349

F. Temporary circuits operav-d in 1971

date days circuits application

15 February 3 Bandung-Djakarta-Djatiluhur- Admiral McCain's Yamaguchi-Fuchu air base (Japan) visit

10 August 28 Djakarta-Djatiluhur-Raisting-Hilversum Queen Juliana's visit

22 August I5 Bandung -Djatiluhur- Raisting- Queen Juliana's Amsterdam visit

25 November 3 Djakarta-Djatiluhur-Yamaguchi- Admiral McCain's Fuchu air base (Japan) visit [

82 IRAN The Ministry of Posts, Telegraph and to provide transmission and reception of Telephone of the Imperial Government of televisionon a number ofdifferent Iran made thefullestpossible use of frequencies simply by turning a selector satellite communications in1971. Ur to switch to the desired frequency. All the 75% of Iran's international and inter- new equipment added to the Assadabad continentaltraffic was handled by the earth station and the existing equipment at currently-operating earth station at Assa- presentbeingmodifiedwillmeetthe dabad. A transportable earth station was mandatoryrequirementsforoperation also used during the month of October to with the Intelsat-IV series of communica- carry overflow traffic on the occasion of tions satellites. The expansion of the earth the 2500th anniversary celebration of the station at Assadabad has enabled Iran to foundation of the Persian empire. Iran has have direct telephone communications with also implemented an expansion and modi- seven major countriesintheAtlantic fication programme for the Iranian satellite region since July 1971. An agreement has communication earth station located at also been signed between the Ministry and Assadabad so as to meet the ever-expanding theInterimCommunicationsSatellite requirementsforinternational telecom- Committee (ICSC) to provide for the use munications in Iran. of single-channel per carrier PCM multiple access demand assignmentequipment The earth station improvements encom- (Spade) at the Assadabad earth station. passed the expansion of the transmit chain When the Spade system becomes fully capability from 24 channel to afull operational, Iran will be able to have 60 channels, while the receive capability direct communications on a demand basis was expanded from five to seven receive with all countries in the Atlantic region chains capable of receiving a baseband equipped for Spaue operation in addition configuration of up to 420 channels, to the seven countries with which Iran has In addition, new equipment was installed dedicated circuits.

ISRAEL (STATE OF)

The construction oftheIsraeliearth the Israeli Ministry of Communications. station in Emeq Ha'ela, which started in Additional orders were placed for equip- November 1970, proceeded during the ment to enable the Emeq Ha'ela earth year1971 ata satisfactoryrate.Itis station to receive and transmit, in addition expected thatthe stationwill become to black and white 625/50 and 525/60 line operational in May 1972 as specified in television signals, colour television signals the contract between the Israeli Govern- both inthe PAL (625/50) and NTSC ment and the contractor. (525/60) systems. At the same time,installation of the microwave systems connecting the earth During the year 1971. work proceeded on station with Tel-Aviv for message traffic the enlargement of the international trunk on the one hlnd and with Jerusalem for exchange to cater ftr the international television video and sound transmissions trunk lines to be pro, 'ded via the Atlantic on the other hand has been performed by Ocean satellite Intelsat r V.

83 Eine(' Wein earth station (Ministry of Communications. Israel)

The plans were finalized for the operation be started in the year 1972/73, initially on of the international subscriber dialling, to an experimental scale.

ITALY

Facilities grammes were converted for broadcasting A standard converter was installed at the on the Earovision network. Fucino earth stationin early 1971to convert television signals from the NTSC Operation 525/60 to the PAL 625/50 standard and Up to 30 November 1971, 203 circuits vice-versa. On the occasion of the Apollo-15 were routed through the Fucino station, mission in July 1971, all television pro- divided as indicated in the table.

84 Z44114,-, Table a) Terminal circuits (total: 151)

Atlantic Ocean satellite Indian Ocean satellite

ItalyArgentina 8 ItalyAustralia 4 Italy Brazi' 10 ItalyEast At .a 2 Italy Canada 8 ItalyJapan 5 ItalyChile 3 ItalyKait 2 ItalyMexico 7 ItalyLebanon 1 ItalyPanama I ItalyThailand 2 ItalyPeru 3 ItalyIndia I Italy--United States 75 Italy Uruguay I Ita'yVenezuela 9

ItalyZaire 1 ItalyNigeria 5 ItalyIran 3

total 134 total 17

b) Transit circuits (total: 52)

Atlantic Ocean satellite Indian Ocean satellite

PortugalBrazil 2 Greece Australia 3 United Kingdom Iran 4 FranceJapan 3 United KingdomJamaica 2 Switzerland Japan I

United KI igdomPanama 1 United KingdomNigeria 7 CzechoslovakiaUnited States I IsraelUnited States II SwitzerlandUnited States 13

TurkeyUnited States 1 IsraelCanada I

total 45 total 7

From 1January to 30 November 1971, services for the INTELSAT satellites in I32 television services were routed through orbit over the Atlantic and Indian Oceans the iucino earth station, for a total of were carried out by the Fucino station, 5665 minutes. which also took part in the control and parking operations of the first Intelsat-IV Also in1971, the telemetry and control satellite. aye 85 The Fucino II antenna ( 29.56 m diameter) for communications with countries in the Indian Ocean area through an INTELSAT satellite. In the background, the Fucino I antenna ( 27.4 m diameter) for communications with North and South America through the I NTELSAT satellite in orbit over the Atlantic Ocean. At right the antenna for telemetry and control of INTELSAT satellites (Ministero delle Poste et delle Telecomunicazioni, Italy)

Research Institute. Experiment., in the reception of meteo photographs broadcast from the Studies on the communication experiments Essa-8 satellite were also carried out at the to be made by the Sirio satellite have been Fucino station. carried out by the Tele.spazio company. Italy also takes part in the work of the Apilotprojectforbroadcastingof CEPT Permanent Nucleus that is carrying educational television programmes through outatechnical-economicstudy on a the Sirio satellite has been completed and European system of satellite communica- submittedtotheItaly-LatinAmerica tions, in co-operation with ESRO.

JAMAICA

The earth station at Prospect Pen, Jamaica, nications and the earth station operates constructed by Cable and Wireless Limited initially via the Intelsat -111 F7 satellite over for Jamaica International Telecommunica- the Atlantic Ocean. tions Limited (JAM INTEL) commenced Direct circuits have been established to operations in December 1971. Barbados (viaTrinidad earthstation), JAMINTEL (the joint company formed Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States. onI April 1971 by the Government of Jamaica and Cable and Wireless Ltd.) Direct circuits to Trinidad will be estab- operates the island's external telecommu-, lishe n 1972. JAPAN

1.Space Telecommunication Services television transmission: 525 and 625 line systems can be used. a) International commercial satellite communications b) Experiments using the applications technology satellite International commercial satellite communications from Japan continuedto Since the applications technology satellite increase in order to be able to cope with ATS-1 was launched by NASAin therapidlyrisingdemands forinter- December 1966, many experiments have national communication services. been carried out by the Radio Research Laboratories, Ministry of Posts and Tele- TheKokusai Denshin Demva Company communications, using this satellite. Limited(KDD), the Japanese designated communicationsentityinINTELSAT, In 1971, theLaboratoriesundertook completed the construction of tbe Third experiments concerned with research into facility of its Jbaraki satellite com.nunica- new systems of multi-access communication centre in August 1971. This fa Niity is tion, namely the spread spectrum random a standardearthstationintendedto access (SSRA) and random access discrete operate with one of the satellites belonging address (RADA) systems. The SSB -PM to theIntelsat-IVseries, which had been system of multi-access communication was scheduled to operate over the Pacific Ocean also the subject of experiments in which in the latter part of 1971. The equipment NASA stations participated. complies fullywith the required earth station characteristics set out in Document Since 1970, the Laboratories have colla- ICSC-45-13.This facilityalso has the borated with the Japan Meteorological possibility of access to a satellite of the Agency of the Ministry of Transport, in experiments on receiving the pictures of Intelsat-Illseries. clouds by the spin scan cloud camera The specifications of the antenna and(SSCC) as well as withNippon Hoso transmitter are as follows: Kyokai(NHK), the Japan Broadcasting Corporation, in experiments on multiple antenna: sound channels transmitting for television. Cassegrain, fed by four reflectors and a wave guide c) Terrestrial experimental facilities for domestic communication satellite size of main reflector: 29.6 m in diameter Experimental stations facilities have been constructed by the Nippon Telegraph and G/T: Telephone Public Corporation (NTT) in 41.7 dB Yokosuka (anearthstation)andin Ohkusu (a simulator of satellite), both of transmitter: which are situate(' in Kanagawa Prefecture, high-power amplifiers (8 kW) equipped in order to mak., research into and develop with travelling wave tubes commonly a satellite communication system for the used for television domestic public communication services. The Corporation will begin its experiments maximum transmitting capac;, on micro and shorter centimetric wave carrier: space communications at these stations in 1872 channels 1972. 4 87 tr.4a "K. 44' 11:

174 ''

I-I r Naomi

l..161.6.1ar

The third facility of KDD's Tharaki satellitecoarnamication rehire (Ministry of P&T, Japan)

88 ID 'I.' t

4 glek.t.if*,>:1- ,") tP'1.

Awhile."

NEM - MI

. ;!; 10i, I

t 2.Space research service The Agency has also started to assemble for tests the engineering model of the a) Success in launching experimental and scien- engineering test satellite ETS-I with the tific satellites intention of launching it prior to putting The Institute of Space and Aeronautical /SS into space. ScienceoftheUniversityof Tokyo The Radio Research Laboratories, Ministry launched an experimental satellite Tansci of Posts and Telecommunications, began on16 February1971 and ascientific in1968 to construct a satellite control satellite Shinsei on 28 September 1971 centre atitsKashima branch, lbaraki from its Kagoshima Space Centre; these Prefecture, for use in conjunction with this satelliteswere successfullyplacedinto satellite. The parabolic antenna of 18 m in orbit around the earth. The former was diameter, a telemetering receiver, a tele- internationally registered as 1971-011 A and command transmitter,etc.,were com- the latter as 1971-080A. pleted in October 1971 in the first phase of Tansei, which confirmed the launching this work. capability of the M-4S type rocket,is mainly intended to acquire data on the b) Development of an experimental geostation- environment and operation of the satellite. ary communication satellite Shinsei, which is the first Japanese scientific satellite, is intended to observe the effect An experimental geostationary communi- of solar radiation on HF, cosmic rays and cation satellite (ECS) is being developed ionospheric plasma. This satellite will be in Japan for the purpose of realizing future able to operate for a long period using communicationsatellitesystems. Thy., solar cells for power supply. satellite is scheduled for launching in 19/8. The matter is the subject of deliberations b) Preparation for launching scientific satellite inthe Space Telecommunications Co- No. 2 operation Council. The Council is composed of the Ministry of Posts and Tele- The scientificsatellite No. 2isbeing communications, NTT, NHK and KDD. prepared for launching in1972 by the Research work on the equipment and Institute. Its purpose will be the observa- antennae of this satellite as well as develop- tion of plasma waves, plasma density, ment is being done by these four organiza- terrestrial magnetism, etc. This satellite tions according to their respective tasks. will be launched into an elliptical orbit with a perigee of 500 km, an apogee ofAs for the mission equipments, the trial 3000 km, and an inclination of 30°. transmitter; for millimetric and shorter- centimetric waves have been produced and are being studied with a view to high 3.Development of artificial satellites capacity radiocommunication systemsa characteristic feature of space telecommu- a) Development of ionosphere sounding satel- nications. Bread board models of the lite e tuipments were completed and the pro- The National Space Development Agency duction of the engine:Ting models was of Japan is making good progress in the started. A mechaniczi de-spin antenna is development of an ionosphere sounding being investigated and studied for general satellite (/SS) scheduled to be launched communications. in 1976. The engineering model was The research and development of this completed in March 1971 and the indivi- equipment up to the stage of the com- dual parts of itfieve been thoroughly pletion of the engineering models is the tested. responsibility of the four organizations. - .

Alarr_431

.0 9

" Shinsei", the. first scientific satellite launched by the University of Tokyo (Ministry of P&T, Japan) The task of manufacturing the satellite and ETS-II which is scheduled to he launched launching itwill belong to the National in1977inadvance of the ECS. The Space Development Agency. purpose of thisisto obtain abetter understanding of the techniques of laurch- The Agency is also studying the system ing geostationary satellites, examining the engineering of the engineering test satellite operation attitude controls etc.

KENYA, UGANDA, TANZANIA (UNITED REPUBLIC OF)

Details of East Africa I. communications buildings with coaxial cable transmit satellite station, end lino and international and waveguide receive interconnections transmission maintenance centre/inter- receive: national telephone exchange facilities Comtech type 401 low-noise cooled Owners and operators: p.irametric amplifiers with cryogenics by Cryogenic Technology Inc. (type 350) East African External Telecommunica- Located in a high-level cabin above the tion Company Limited kingpost. Parametrics are followed by low-noise TWTS intersite waveguide Name of station: power dividers, down converters and Longonot, Rift Valley, Kenya threshold extension demodulators

Location: transmit: Marconi type P2020 low-power kly- 0100' S 36" 29' 43" E stron, hybrid cooled, transmitters driven fromstar.dardMarconibaseband, Commissioned: modulator and upconverter equipment 10 August 1970 tracking: Marconistandardmonopt.lsetype Supplier: tracking receivers Marconi Company Limited space segment and end-link multiplex standard design for hue/sat-Ill satel- equipment: lite series standard Tekttra equipment operating through theI IA satellite ( Intelsat-III F3) engineerine service circuit equipment: multiplexMarconi-lialiana Technical details: switchingMarconi antenna: end-link microwave: Cassegrain, 30 rn shaped main reflec- 2 GHz 600 channel twin path micro- tor with 2.7 m diameter sub - reflector wave standard Fujitsu equipment fully steerable, kingpost type elevation over azimuth mount in rein- television: forced concrete tower not catered for feed. static. (Sylvania Symmtrac I) general: intersite connections: the station is compatible with ,.:urrent separate antenna tower and control INTcLSAT performance specifications

92 11111111111r11111romminKoriicamgmmr

opemtional data: 5. Theinternationaltelephoneex- I.Direct communication with Aus- change. providing semi-automatic tralia,India,Italy,Spainaim facilites to CCITT signalling system the United Kingr4 No. 5, will he ready for service in March 1972. The manufacturers are 2.Circuit quantities .spectively 2, 2, initll L imil 2, 3 and 20

3. VFT bearers to the United Kingdom 6. Currentmodeofoperation is (2), Italy and Spain manuel ring-down with the inter- 4.Circuits terminate in Kenya, national switchboards operated by Uganda and Tanzania EA P & T Corporation.

KUWAIT (STATE OF)

A. Communication satellite earth B.International telephone service station facilities

1.Existing station 1. Existing se-vice An earth station was established in Kuwait The number of direct telephone circuits in October 1969, for communication via working with different countries in 1971 the hnelsat-III F3 satellite tezated above via satellites is given in table I. the equator at 62 E longitude on the Indian Ocean. During 1971, this earth station was satisfactorily utilized by the 2. Future expansion Ministry of Posts, Telegraphs and Tele- phones, State of Kuwait, for the establish- During 1972, itis expected to open new ment of telecommunication circuits as well direct telephone circuits via satellites, with as telecasts with different countries of the the following countries: world. Egypt (via Italy) Dtinf 1911, the overall efficiency of the France ciinits derived via satellite service was Jordan (via Lebanon) kept above 99.5% throughout. Syria (via Lebanon) Pakistan 2. Future expansion Plans have been prepared for the expansion of the existing earth station complex to C.Internationaltelegraphandtelex provide for a second antenna for additional service communication via the Intelsat-IV satellite, located above the Atlantic Ocean. This will enable Kuwait to open direct telecom- 1. Existing service munication services and interchange telecasts with more countries of the West and The number of voice circuits used for cover practically the whole of the world. voice frequency telegraph with different It is expected to execute this plan within countries via satellites in 1971 is given in the next two years. table 2.

93 Table 1

number of additional total circuits No. countries circuits at circuits the beginning citahlished at the end of 1971 of 1971 in 1971 ---

I Bahrain 3 3 6 2 Dubai (AE) (via Bahrain) I I 3 India __. I I 4 Italy I I 5 Japan I I 6 Lebanon 3 3

7 Qatar (via Bahrain) I 1 8 Spain I I 9 United Kingdom 3 3 10 United States of America (via Spain) I I 11 Federal Republic of Germany I I

. total 13 7 20

Table 2

No. countries number of voice number of teleg aph/ circuits telex channels

1 Bahrain I 8 2 Italy I 24 3 Japan I 6 4 Lebanon 1 4 5 United Kingdom I 14

2. Future expansion United States of America (via Italy)

During 1972, itis expected to open new D.Television service voice circuits for voice frequency telegraph During 1971, Kuwait received a large working via satellites with the following number of telecasts of important sports countries: and cultural events from North America, India Europe and Asia. Egypt (via Italy) Such activities are expected to increase Federal Republic of Germany further during the future.

94 MEXICO

Introduction The new equipment contracted for during 1971 to increase reliability in the rec.:ption Mexico ties been interested in space com- of the pre assigned carriers, together with munications ever since INTELSAT was the contract for the Spade system at the set up on 20 August 1964, and on 25 August end of the same year,will enable the 1966 it signed the agreements making it a Tulancingo statior as from 1972 to meet member of the organization. thecountry'sdemand fortelephone In1967itacquired under contract the circuitsviasatellitefora reasonable equipment and systems needed for an period. earth station. This came into service with In addition to the telephone facilities, the the transmission of television picture: of Tulancingo station possesses installations the Olympic Games in Mexico in Octoher for receiving one television carrier and two 1968, using the ATS-3 satellite for charnel- television sound carriers. In 1972, equip- ling the information. mentwillbe addedtoduplicatethe On 13 January 1969, the earth station of receiving capacity for this service. Tulancingo (so-called because it is located near the town of this name) for ..he first Circuits in service timegainedaccesstoa .satelliteof the INTELSAT series and established At the end of 1971, the situation with telephone communicationwithseveral regard to satellite circuits in service (4 kHz) countries, members of the Consortium. via the Tulancingo station was the following: Sincetheintroduction of the system, technicaldevelopments have led to country number of circuits improvements in equipment and in the quality of the information channelled and Germany (via France) this,inturn, has resultedinincreased services and a more efficient use of the Argentina s;stem. Brazil Chile Colombia Tulancingo earth station Spain I0 France 4 Operational capacity England The initial acquisition of equipment for (via Spain) this earth station was planned on the basis Italy 7 of receiving up to seven telephone carriers Panama 3 twofullyreiundantwithautomatic Peru 3 switching and five sharing two common Venezuela 4 standbyequipments.Itsoonbecame necessary to increase the number of pre- tot.:: 42 assigned receiving carriers and to use part of the standby equipment to receive three One of thl circuits to Italy is occupied by additional carriers, thus raising the total 24 telegrarh channels of which three are capacity to ten. This expansion lessened directed to Tokyo (Japan), two to Berne the reliability of the links set up, producing (Switzerland) and the remaining 19 to the an immediate demand for new equipment. service with Italy.

95 Distribution in the baseband i.e.inthefirstquarterof1972the capacity of the transmission can ier will be The present capacity of the carrier transmitted by Tulancingo, 6281.25 MHz, is increased to 96 channels with a bandwidth of 7.5 kHz. 60 channels withs bandwidth of 4 kHz. Subsequently, in phase III or the Intelsat-I I' The channels arc distributed within the transition plan in the Atlantic region- carrier as indicated in the table.

Group A

channel frequency country class use (kHz)

I 13 Italy MI speech 2 17 Italy M2 speech

. 3 21 Italy M3 speech 4 25 Italy TI telegraphy 5 29 Italy M,1 speech 6 33 Italy M5 speech 7 37 France MI speech 8 41 France M2 speech 9 45 France M3 speech 10 49 France M4 speech II 53 Italy M6 speech 12 59 Gen Any * TI telegraphy

Supergroup 1

Group 5

channel frequency country class use 1 k I-1z)

1 107 Peru MI speech

2 _ 103 Peru M2 speech 3 99 Colombia MI sp-.ch 4 95 Colombia M2 speech 5 91 6 87 7 83 8 79 9 75 Venezuela MI speech 10 71 Venezuela M2 speech II 67 Venezuela M3 speech 12 63 Venezuela M4 speech

* via France

96 Group 4

I 155 Spain M I speech 2 151 Spain M2 speech 3 147 Spain M3 speech 4 143 Spain M4 speech 5 139 Spain M7 speech 6 135 Spain M8 speech 7 131 Spain M9 speech 8 127 Spain M5 speech 9 123 Spain M6 speech 10 119 United Kingdom ** M I speech 11 115 United Kingdom ** M 1 speech 1 2 III Spain M 10 speech

Group 3

channel frequency country class use (kHz)

I 203 Chile M 1 speech 2 199 Chile M2 speech 3 195 Argentina MI speech 4 191 Argentina M2 speech 5 187 Panama M I speech 6 183 7 179 8 175 9 171 Panama M2 speech 10 167 Panama M3 speech II 163 Brazil M2 speech 12 159 Brazil M 1 speech

** via Spain Group 2 of Supergroup I (204-252 kHz) is assigned for future traffic will. Germany.

Television programme's

Transmission Reception

Few television programmes were trans- There was a slight increase in the reception mitted via satellite in 1971 compared with of television programmes in 197;, as shown previous years. Diagram 1 shows television in diagram 2. transmission times since the Tulancingo earth station started operation.

97 C E N .c g 200

100

C_ E M 1-

I II I I III!fl 41IIif 1968 1969 1970 1 1971 Diagram 1 Television programmestransmission time

98 100

E ru' 10 E 0 E .c C E 0 0

C4 E C E E ri E

0 1 O.

1969 1970I 1971 Diagram 2 Television programmes reception time

Data transmission tests Operation with the " Intelsat-IV F2 " satellite In1971, tests on data transmission via satellite were conducted between banking InMarch, there was a changeover from organizations in Mexico, Brazil and Italy operation with theIntelsat-laF6 satellite with saitsfactory results. to theIntelsat-IVF2, both located over the fe 99 Adamic Ocean, according to a transition Participation in meetings and internation- plan which involved reassignment of the al co-operation carrier frequencies. In 1971, Mexico was represented regularly The change ofsatelliteimprovedthe atthegeneralmeetings of theICS(' operationalangle of elevationofthe and at the Plenipotentiary Conference of Tulancingo earth station antenna from an INTELSAT atwhichtheAgreements average of 3to almost 7 due to the more establishing Definitive Arrangements for westerly siting of the new the Consortium were approved. In June and July, Mexican representatives attended the World Administrative Radio New projects Conference for Space Telecommunications inGeneva and meetings of theInter- American Telecommunications Commis- 1971 saw the beginning of a study on the sion held in Caracas, Venezuela. technical and economic feasibility of con- In 5. tember and October, Mexico acted structing a second earth station working in as host country for the ITU seminar on the Atlantic region in 1974. frequency management which included a In addition, equipment was acquired by lecture on space communications. contractfortheinstallation in the Also in October, Mexico took an active Tulancingo station of the facilities required part in the seminar held in Washington, for integration into the Spade system. DC on the operation of earth stations.

NICARAGUA

Work in progress on the NICATELSAT earth station

(Di, .ccion General de Teect.r unicaciones y Correos, Nicaragua) The Compafiia Nietwaguense de Telecom- Mitsui and Company Incorporated for the nicaeiones pot Sat (NICATELSAT), constructionofa communication satellite the Nicaraguan telecommunication satel- earth station some 8 km south-west of lite company was sct up on 5 August 1971. Managua. Construction work is now under On 24 September, contracts were signed way and delivery scheduled forI October with Mitsubishi Shoji Kaisha Limited and 1972.

NEW ZEALAND

New Zealand's satellite earth station, sited Basic characteristics of the station near Warkworth, approximately 55 km north of Auckland, officially came into opened: operation in July 1971 and has provided 17 July 1971 considerablereliefon thecongested total area of land for station develop- Cotnpac cable. ment: 16.6 hectares The station, which meets standard number of people to maintain station: INTELSAT operational specifications, is 18 at present working with the Intelsat-111 mains power requirements: satellite over the Pacific Ocean, but will initially: 250 kW; later switch to an Intelsat -1 V satellite. ultimately: 500 kW

,g1

New Zealand's satellite earth station showing the terminal building, microwave tower providing access to the gateway exchange at Auckland and the antennc (New Zealand Administration)

101 administration andequipment building 3. Television size: 1208 m2 d) Audio One transmit and two receive chains. The maximumheightof antenna fromsecond receive chain can also be used as a ground level: contingency chain. 36.57 in b) Video diameter of dish: 30.48 m. One transmit, one receive. c) Standards conversion The station is equipped with a television Station limitations standards converter which can convert television signals from 625/50 to 525/60 and vice-versa (monochrome) and from 1. Antenna PAL to NTSCand vice-versa (colour). a) Minimum operating angle of elevation Conversion can be provided on transmission, reception, or transit services. 8°.Below this angle, an increase in noise level will occur. 4. For contingency purposes b) Tracking limits The antenna can continuously track a a)Transmit quasi-stationary satellite. The satellite can One 10 MHz chain plus one 5 MHz chain be tracked in azimuth ±170° on true north when not used for television audio. and in elevation 0-90' (but see Ia)above). b) Receive

2. Radome Two 20MHzchains. Tne second contingency chain isshared withthe television Not provided. audio chain. NoteTelevisionand contingency services 3. Weather extremes cannot be operated simultaneously. Can withstand 67.3 m/s (242 km/h) winds. Operates with degraded performance up to 5. Beacons 44.8 m/s (161 km/h). Drives to stow at 53.7 m/s (193 km/h). Provisionhasbeen made forbeacon reception on 3934 and 3967 MHz.

6.Engineering service circuits Available equipment Themessage andcontingencyand television-audio carriers are each equipped 1.Transmit with two voice channels and ten telegraph channels. One 10MHztransmit message chain plus one spare, partially equipped.

2. Receive Additional informationfuture plans Three 10MHzreceive message chains plusAsecond message up chain has been one spare, partially equipped. provided for future use.

102 NETHERLANDS (KINGDOM OF THE)

Experiments with the " ATS.3" technolo The results of these trials show that fairly gical satellite accurate communications with shipping via In 1971 the Netherlands PTT completed VHF satellites, can be obtained with the a programme of VHF communication three modulation systems tested. trials with shipping via theATS-3satellite. The Mojave earth station in the United States, an experimental earth station at Research on frequencies above 10 GHz Kootwijk inthe Netherlands and two ships,theNiemt' Amsterdamandthe The Netherlands Administration has begun Atlantic. Crowntook partinthis pro- to construct an experimental earth station gramme, the purpose of which was to primarily intended for participation in the evaluatetherespectiveadvantagesof Sirioprogramme. The stationwillbe various narrow-band modulations: equipped with aparabolicCassegrain frequency modulation (16 kHz band- antenna, 10 m in diameter. The antenna width) and single-sideband modulation can be steered in all directions witl; the aid fortelephoneselectivecalling and of automatic and programmed trackmg facsimile transmissions; systems. frequency-shift modulation (85 Hz shift) The accuracy of the main antenna surface for multi-channel direct printing radio- permits working on frequencies up to telegraphy. 40 GHz.

PORTUGAL

Economic and technical studies are in pro- (Angola and Mozambique) and the third gress with a view to the construction of for Lisbon; all are to work with the thre._! earth stations. Two of these stations INTELSAT Atlantic Ocean satellite. are for the Portuguese Oversea Provinces

FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

1.Satellite telecommunication service new transmission parameters in the spring of 1972. 1.1Satellite telecommunications via the Raisting earth station continued to expand Construction of the Raisting 3 antenna, in 1971. In the Indian Ocean region, new begun in mid -1970, is at such an advanced links were opened to Australia, Hong Kong stage that mechanical and telecommunica- and the Philippines; traffic with Iran was tion equipment can already be installed in establis'ied in the Atlantic region. it. During the 1972 Olympic Games, this The Raisting 2 antenna equipments were antenna will be used for television trans- replacedby others conforming to the mission in the Atlantic region. There will parameters oftheIntelsat-IVsatellite be four television channels for the Munich system. Operation will be adjusted to the Games,routedthroughtheRaisting

103 . 112

Raisting 3 antenna (Bundesministcrium fiir das Post- und Fernmeldcwcsen) 4 .* /6 antennae; after the Games, Raisting 3 will Tests on various preliminary models and he used as a second antennaforthe theconstruction and assemblyof the Atlantic region. prototype were almost completed in 1971 1.2 Work on the Franco-German Sym- and the construction of two flight models phonic, satellite project continued according was also begun. to plan. On completion of the planning 1.3 An experimental earth station is n)w stage, a contract was placedforthe being builtat Leeheim intheFederal Raisting Symphonic earth station. This %%ill Republic of Germany for the study of have a Cassegrain antenna with a figure of propagation conditionsinbands above merit G/T 31.5 dB/K for an antenna 10 GHz. This experimental station, which diameter of 15.5 m and a maximum e.i.r.p. will be ready in June 1972, and a trans- of 88 dBW. The installation is to be used mitting station situated some distance away for an experimental Franco - German pro- will initially be used to investigate precipi- gramme. The German earth station should 'ation scattering of microwaves, with a be brought into service by early 1973. view to ascertaining the best bases for After theproject and feasibility study co-ordination of frequencies between the phases, the development of the Symphonic, satellite radiocommunication service and satellite was completed at the end of 1970. terrestrial radio services. After the Italian

4*"Op 41111.1.11,11. *Ow . tae r e p

a'Are,!4',14 t issi'30111 : 01 :74 ' .1111. rj

Receiving and recording equipment of the monitoring and measuring service

105 I1 .040 ;1:::1 ..1-7,- .+,6nollIP, , 41b rl. 411.411. ", t---- a 110 1 IL...... 1 CTA" oaf iiiimii 1).1 issi

d ... . t 110404 6 "--P6r471 yr,Ai"I

Other receiving and recording equipment of the monitoraig and measuring service (Bundesministerium fiir das Post- and Fernmeldewesen)

experimental satellite Sirio is launched, the track the satellite, either automatically by Deutsche Bundespost will take part in this the monopulse system, by programmed experimentalprogrammethrough the control,by manual steering,or bya Leeheim station. combination of these methods. For satellite location, it is planned to have an antenna andreceiverautomatic 2.Monitoring and measuring service station- finding system. The Bundespost Monitoring and Measur- ing Service has an installation at Darmstadt 3.Radioastronomy service for receiving space radio emissions bet,%cen 20 MHz andI GHz. Itis equipped for The fully controllable radiotelescope of the measuring field strength, frequencies and Max-Planck-histittit far Radioastrollomie bandwidths and also for automatic moni- was brought into service on 12 May 1971 toring of spectrum occupancy in the SO to at ElTelsberg (Eifel). Its average deviation 470 MHz range. of the parabolic reflector from the parabola form is only 1 mm for a diameter of 100 in. A largerr, _eiving installationis to be The antenna gain a, I() GHz is 70 dB for a constructed which should be completed in half-value beamwidth of the main lobe of 1975. It will cover the 135 MHz to 13 GHz about I arc minute. The antenna is com- range, divided into two sub-ranges, formanded by a processor with a tracking which a common parabolic mirror antenna, accuracy of 2 arc seconds. A parametric 13 in in diameter, will be used. amplifier cooled by helium gas is used as a The antenna of this installation is able to pre-amplifier. 106 lb< e,

Antenna of the monitoring and measuring service (Bundesministerium fur das Post- and Ferntneldcwesen)

107 it? 4.Space research radio service The programme comprises two probes 4.1 " Acros which are to he placed in elliptical orbit The scientific mission of the :tyros aero- round the sun at a 16-month interval from nomic satellite is to study phenomena of each other in 1974 and 1975, The scientific the upper atmosphere. This is a bilateral mission of these probes is to mesure solar project carried out in co-operation with winds, the interplanetary magnetic field, cosmic radiation, zodiacal light and cosmic NASA. The satellite is now being developed and should he launched in the autumn of dust in interrianetary space. 1972 by a NASA Scout launcher. The launcherwillbe of theTitan-111 4.2 " Helios " D-Centaur type. Provisional analyses indi- The Heliosproject,intended for solar cate that with its aid it will he possible to research, is also being carried out in co- approach the sun to within 0.25 of an operation with NASA. astronomical unit.

UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, THE CHANNEL ISLANDS AND THE ISLE OF MAN

A.Satellite cc rnmunications Imp Construction of the third aerial system at Goonhilly (described in the 1970 Report) a. Operationalactivitiesandearthstation . developments is nearing the final stages and the terminal will he in service (with an Atlantic /we/mi- 1. The United Kingdom continues toll/satellite)by mid -1972.Soonafter participate fully in the INTELSAT Con- Goonhilly 3is brought into service, the sortium and to make extensive use of its Goonhilly 2 system willbe rearranged facilities. Terminals I and 2 at Goonhilly to carry the heavy stream transatlantic earth station are operating with the Indian services via a second hstelsat-I V satellite. andAtlantic Oceanregion/ate /sal -Ill Spade equipment for 24 channels will be satellites respectively. During 1971, direct availab:for use in the Atlantic zone by satelliteservices were establishedwith early 1973. Nigeria, Trinidad, India, Singapore and Hong Kong. Satellite service with Iran and Other innovations being .ntroduced at Nigeria was re-routed via Italy when those Goon hillyinclude processor- controlled administrations transferred their operations switching and signalling equipment for the to the Intelstst-1 V satellite in late 1971. engineering service circuits and a computer- By September, the United Kingdom had controlled monitoring and data logging 262directtelephonecircuitsviathe system. Atlantic and 129 circuits via the Indian 3. Experimental and development work Ocean satellites and the Goonhilly earth is being expanded. A 9 m diameter steer- station. In addition, Goonhilly carried 72 ableaerialfor experimental work has circuitsfor administrations and other recentlybeen installed at Goonhilly. provided occasional television service. Studies of methods of improving the 2. Throughout 1971 Goonhill:, continued efficiency and reliability of earth stations to provide the (interim) technical and are in hand; in particular, a development operational control c mire and the asso- contract has been placed for work on the ciated monitoring facilities for the Indian linearization of high dower travelling wave Ocean region of the INTELSAT system. tubes and a studyis being made " in- 108 j r -

Goonhilly aerial No. 3 during filial stages of construction. April /972 (United Kingdom Post Office) for 109 house " of the practicability of computer- to withstand typhoon conditions of winds aided control of earth stations. up to 338 km per hour, when their respec- tive27 and 29 m diameter dishes are 4. In the Overseas Territories for whose " parked in a horizontal position. The external relations the United Kingdom is earth stations can also operate successfully responsible, Cable and Wireless Limited is in winds of up to 112 km per hour. currently operating three earth stations. The Ascension Island earth station works b. Propagation studies into the Atlantic Ocean region hildsto-/V satellite and is used primarily for NASA 5. During 1971, measurements were communications. The Hong Kong I earth carriedoutatIIand37 GHz to station operates in the Pacific Ocean regic9 evaluatetheperformanceofthe 6 111 Intelsat-111 satellite zone. By the end of apert Lire steerable offset Cassegrain antenna 1971, Hong Kong I was working circuits constructed at the United Kingdom Post to Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, Office Research Department at Martlesham South Korea, Thailand and the United Heath, Suffolk. Plans for equipping this States. The Hong Kong 11 earth station antenna for use with the Sirio satellite are operates with the Indian Ocean region well advanced. Development rf a suitable Intelsat-III satellite. The station came into broadband helium-cooled parametric am- service on 21 October 1971, and at the end plifier centred on 11.6 G Hz, is being carried of 1971 was working circuits to Bahrain, out at Martlesham. Germany, Indonesia, Singapore, and the Mnasurements using a12 GHz solar United Kingdom. During 1972, it is also radiometer, set up to measure atmospheric India,Malaysia, expected toworkto attenuation for a range of elevation angles, Pakistan and Switzerland. have continued. The analyzed results of Hong Kong I and II earth station each these measurements for a period of two provide one unidirectional television years have been made available to the channel. These common channels allow CO R. service with all countries working to the Pacific and Indian Ocean satellites provided c. ITU Space Conference their earth stations are equipped to transmit 6. The United Kingdom took an active and receive television signals. Subject to part in the World Administrative Radio the availability of facilities, each channel is Conference for Space Telecommunications available 24 hoursdaily, betweenthe held in Geneva in June and July, and in international television centre of Cable and the Special Joint Meeting of CCIR Study Wireless in Hong Kong and the satellite, Groups held in February, to prepare the at which point the channel provided by the technical basis for the Conference. company connects with the channel provided by the overseas company or admi- d. ESRO applications satellite studies nistration. Telecine facilities are available at both earth stations,in addition to 7.Along with other European nations, normal services. Each is equipped for the United Kingdom has taken part in processing and monitoring 625-line 50- studies of potential applications satellites cycle PAL and 525-line 60-cycle NTSCwithin the framework of the European television signals for either transmission or SpaceResearch Organisation (ESRO). reception. One wideband audio programme Applications for which programmes have channel, together with nine voice co- been prepared are in the fields of aero- ordinating channels, can also be handled nautical and meteorologiLal satellites, and in either direction. Both Hong Kong I for a telecommunications satellite (see e) and II earth stations have been designed below). 110 toy Automatic picture transmission (APT) ground receiving equipment

The 6 m steerahle aerial used for satellite propagation studies in the 10-40 GHz frequency range at the Post Office research station, Martlesham Heath (near Ipswich), Suffolk (United Kingdom Post Office)

111 e. European telecommunications sz'eltite project

8. The United Kingdom has participated in studies carried out within the framework of the European Space Conference (ESC) by representatives of the European Space Research Organisation, the European Con- ference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) and the European Broadcasting Union (EBU). The studies have been concerned with the development of a European satellite system for telephony and television using frequencies in the 12 to 14 GHz range. Discussions are currently proceeding in ESRO Committees on the relative technical merits of possible options.

1. Consultancy servicesUnited Kingdom Post Office and Crown Communications

9. Crown Communications, an association of the United Kingdom Post Office 'nd Crown Agents, have recently completed their advisory services in connection with the installation of Singapore's earth stationatSentosaandassistedthe Singapore TelecommunicationsDepart- ment in the acceptance testing and com- missioning of the station. Crown Communications, through the United Kingdom Post Office, is currently providing a complete consultancy service forthe Zambia earthstationproject. Complete tender documents have been prepared and issued on a world-wide basis and tenders are now being evaluated in London. g. United Kingdom Post Office training courses 10.The United Kingdom PostOffice Engineering Training School at Leafield near Oxford continued to provide resi- dential courses for technicians on satellite earthstationprinciplesandpractice. During 1971, four courses were p :ovided for 84 students from nine different administrations. Further courses are plannedCloud systems received by APT for 1972 and although the demand for seats is heavy, a few vacancies still exist. (United Kingdom Post Office)

112 The United Kingdom Government, at will be the last American observational the July meeting of the Scientific and satellite to carry the daylight APT system, Technical Sub-Committee of the United and any that are put into service during Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses 1972 willprovideread-outbasedon of Outer Space, offered to students from scanning radiometer techniques. To meet developing countries a number of scholar- this situation action is in hand to procure ships for the United Kingdom Post Office suitable ground recording equipment. satellite training courses at Leafield. The United Kingdom Government will meet thesubsistence andtrainingcostsof B.Space research relevant to radiocom- candidates while the travelling costs to and munications from the United Kingdom are to be met by the nominating administrations. 12. A further satellite in the United King- dom national programme was successfully launched on 11 December 1971. Known as h. Meteorology Ariel-I V, this satellite will study the inter- actions between the plasma, electromag- 11. The offices in the United Kingdom netic waves and charged particle streams and those at locations abroad equipped in the topside of the ionosphere. The with suitable receiving equipment have scientific payload comprises a closely inter- continued to make the fullest possible use related set of experiments measuring iono- of pictorial information obtained from spheric and cosmic radio noise, electron availablemeteorological satellites. In temperature and density, VLF radiation addition, the United Kingdom Govern- and lightning discharge noise and low- ment undertheVoluntaryAssistance energy proton and electron intensities. Programme of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has provided and Inaddition, throughthe launch of installed suitable equipment for receiving sounding rockets in its national programme automaticpicturetransmissionsfrom and through participation in the scientific weather satellitesat Addis Ababa activities of ESRO and of NASA, the (Ethiopia) and Amman (Jordan) duringUnited Kingdom has supported various 1971. Agreements have been made to studies which have relevance to radiocom- provide andinstallsimilar equipment municat ions. early in 1972 at Kano (Nigeria) and Legon (Ghana). In all cases, training is given to The radio and space research station at the operators of the equipment. Slough is participating in the Italian Sitio project,in collaboration also with the During the latter part of 1971, only one United Kingdom Post Office, by which the American meteorological satellite( Essa- propagation of millimetre radio waves 8 ) continued to provide an operational between a satellite and earthwillbe service, and this has daylig,it automaticstudied. The station will be particularly picture transmission (APT) by vidicon interested in meteorological influences, in cameras only. Night-time satellite observa- space-diversity reception on the ground, tions, as well as APT, were obtained from and in frequency dispersion in wideband the American Noaa-1 (also known as transmissions. Ground equipment is being hos-2) satellite as long as it was in service. assembled in preparation for the launch, A number of other American meteoro- expected to be in 1973. logical satellites either ceased to provide a service or, in the case of Nona-2 (also Millimetre-wave radiometer measure- known as has -B), failed to go into orbit ments of radiation from the sun have during the year. It is thought that Essa-8 shown that in some circumstances bursts

113 40- of noise are precursors of the incidence ofincident energy not exceeding about 3 arc protons from solar flares. The radiometer minutes. observationsarealsoprovidingdata relevant to the influence of meteorological In the investigation of deformations of factors, notably precipitation, on radio- dish aerials, it has been found convenient communication links. to use lasers as the basis of an optical technique. By this means, for example, it Interferometer-measurements are being has been shown that the deformations of made onthe136 MHz transmissions the 25 in dish aerialat Chilbolton are from the satellite Intelsat-II F2. The phase sufficientlysmalltomakctheaerial fluctuations obtained so far during periods potentially of useful efficiency at a wave- of scintillation correspond to a spread of length of 1 cm.

SWITZERLAND (CONFEDERATION OF)

Work on the project for building a Swiss in 1971. earth station progressed according to plan

THAILAND The Government of Thailand, as the sig- first world telecommunication exhibition natory to the Agreement Establishing In- TELECOM 71. terim Arrangements for a Global Com- mercial Communication Satellite System, 1971 was also a year of great progress in as well as to the Special Agreement, signed space radiocommunication. An additional the Agreement relating to the International nine direct satellite circuits were brought Telecommunication Satellite Organization into use for operation withAustralia, "INTELSAT" and the Operating Agree- Singapore and Italy. As regards live tele- ment relating to theInternational Tele- casts, many important events, such as the communication Satellite Organization landing on the moon of Apollo-I4, the INTELSAT " on 20 August 1971. World Champion Boxing Match, "Chil- Two months before that date, Thailand dren of the World", etc. were televised participated in the World Administrative via satellite to viewers in Thailand. There Radio Conferencefor Space Telecom- were also transmissions of news to foreign munications held in Geneva and also in the countries.

UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS For the operation of the long-distance 23 July and 20 December 1971 (to sup- radio telephone and telegraph system and plement the report for 1970, it should be for the transmission of central television noted that a launching also took place on programmes over the network of Orbita 25 December 1970). stations located in remote and inaccessible New Orbita stations became operational areas of the Soviet Union, Molnya-I com- inthereport year bringing thetotal munication satellites were launched on number of stations in service up to 37.

114 yti it f

View of the "Orbita" network Novosibirsk earth station (APN)

Work continues on the construction and was launched in the Soviet Union on planning of new stations. 24 November 1971 on a high elliptical orbit. The number of hours of transmission of central television programmes over the This new Molnya-II satellite is designed for Orbita station network via Molnya-I satel- the operation of the long-distance radio lites roughly doubled in the period 1968- telephone and telegraph system inthe 1972. Soviet Union and the transmission of Under the programme for the expansion central television programmes over the of the communication system by means network of Orbita stations, which in the of satellites, a new Molnya-II satellite, next few yearswill be modernized for equipped for operation in the SHF range, operation in the SHF range and also for

115 international co-operation in space tele- The instruments of ratificat ion are deposited communications. with the Government of the USSR. On 15 November 1971, the Intersputnik The Intersputnik Agreementwill be Agreement on the establishment of an registered with the United Nations under international system and organization for Article 102 of the United Nations' Charter. space telecommunications was signed in On 30 September 1971, an Agreement was Moscow. The founder members of Inter- signed in Washington between the Union sputnik are: Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslo- of SovietSocialistRepublics and the vakia, the German Democratic Republic, United States of America on measures to the Hungarian People's Republic, Mon- improve the line of direct communication golia, the People's Republic of Poland, between the two countries. In order to Roumania and the USSR. improve the reliability of the direct line established in accordance with the memor- The purpose of the organization is to meet andum signed on 20 June1963,this the requirements of the Member States for Agreement provides for the establishment telephone and telegraph channels, colour of two additional channels via satellites. and black and white television and the exchange of other types of information. On the Soviet side, a channel will be provided by the Molnya system, while the The Agreement, which is open tothe United States Government will use the signature or accession of other States, INTELSAT system. Earth stations will be provides that the organization shall co- builtinthe USSR for operation with ordinate its activity with the International INTELSAT satellites and in the United Telecommunication Union and co-operate States for operation with Molnya system with other organizations. satellites.

ZAIRE (REPUBLIC OF)

1. The bringing into service of the earthreception hall, a drive and so on. A site station at N'Sele for satellite communica- has been reserved for the installation-at a tionsisthe biggest telecommunications later date of a second antenna directed project to have been executedin the towards the satellite Intelsat-111, stationed Republic of Zaire. The foundation stone above the Indian Ocean, for communica- for this station was laid on 30 June 1970. tion with the Far East. Twelve months later, on 29 June 1971, it The present antenna is directed towards was inaugurated by the President of the the Intelsat-1V satellite above the Atlantic. Republic and from that moment became operational. 1.1.Capacity It is a real achievement to have built, in a The capacity is adjustable and may be matter of 12 months, within the Presidential extended up to 300 channels or more, domain at N'Sele 65 km from Kinshasa, depending on the equipment added. At this vast complex consisting of an antenna present, the station operates 24 telephone 33 m in diameter, a central block housing circuits of which 17 are in operation, and the control units, another block for the has a television band for transmission of power station, a water-pumping station as Eurovision and Mondovision programmes well as many other amenities such as a in black-and-white and in colour.

116 The following international circuits are 2. The second important achievement in operated: 1971was the automation of thetelex toBrussels,viaFrance (Pleumeur- network which, from Kinshasa, provides Bodou) direct accessto the international telex to the United States (via huelvai-IV) network. to Italy k, hue The balance for the past year reflects a The annexed statistics show the impact very satisfactory state of affairs. 'rite result that the earth station has already had on of the introduction into service of this the volume of international traffic, which extensive infrastructure will be even more has increased by 20% since June. The users striking when the terminal equipment has welcomeparticularlytheclarityand been installed and when the radio-relay quality of transmission and the fact that axes are all in operation; the first of these the waiting time for a call is now shorter has been in service since 1970, the second because there are more circuits available. is now being installed and the third and fourth are in the course of study. 1.2Reception By means of its repeater 12 the station N'Sele earth station receives foreign television programmes on 525lines/60frames NTSC which are Characteristics converted by the station transformer to the625line/50framestandard.The location: programmes are transmitted by coaxial 04° 11' 50.71" S cable and then by a radio circuit to the 15° 36' 21.31" E Voice of Zaire studio (Ministry of Infor- transmission frequency: mation) which receives them in colour on 6006.25 MHz closedcircuit and broadcasts themin bandwidth: black and white because there is no colour 2.5 MHz equipment available. capacity: The Apo llo-15 programme and the landing 60 circuits on the moon of the astronauts Scott, spot beam East transponder: Warden and Irwin as well as many sports 2 events, have been received live in Kinshasa. The Olympic Games of 1972 will likewise number of circuits available: be retransmitted live. 24 1.3Telemetry Baseband distribution The stationisalso equipped with tele- channels I to 8: metric systems which are not at present in 8 telephone channels use. KinshasaBrussels 1.4Spade equipment Spade equipment, which will be one of the Supergroup lot first of its kind available in Africa, is to channels 9 and 10: be ordered shortly. It has been chosen so 2 telephone channels carrying voice- as to establish direct contact between the frequency telegraphy N 'Sele earth station and the other stations KinshasaBrussels on the African continent. It will provide an intermittent connection with a number Group 5 of countries which at present maintain a channels 11 and 12: direct, permanent and very costly, link with 2 telephone channels the Republic of Zaire. KinshasaParis (transit) Group A frequency telegraphy KinshasaParis channels 8-10: -- channel 12: 2 telephone channels Kinshasa-Paris I channel Kinsnasa-New York channel I : I channel I telephone channel carrying voice- Kinshasa Italy and Southern Europe.

KinshasaBrussels telephone traffic statistics

KinshasaBrussels BrusselsKinshasa totals

1971 direct TST total direct TST total direct TST total

June * C 2445 672 3117 1 386 485 1 871 3831 1 157 4988 M 19573 5 0642463710 219 3498 1375729737 8 56238354

July * 3098 I 059 4157 1 501 642 2143 4599 I 701 6300 27529 9 09836627 12 968 5441 184094049714 53955036

August 3292 923 4215 1 661 667 2328 4953 I 590 6548 30151 8 57638727N 251 6088203394440214 66459066

September 3360 1 012 4372 2 057 693 2750 5417 I 705 7121 31736 9 899 41241 18 241 677024011 4997716 66966646

October 3636 927 4563 I 973 590 2563 5609 1 517 7126 35297 9 01444411 16 956 51932214952753 14 20766560

November 3534 I 297 4831 1 726 617 2343 5260 1 914 7174 3479612 97347769 14 801 53982019949597 18 371 67968

December 3859 1 362 5221 1 898 703 2601 5757 2 065 7822 3635212 7474909915 062 6191 21253 5141418 93870352

1972

January 3427 1 267 4694 1 745 768 2513 5172 2 035 7207 3337311 0324440515 332 72222255448705 18 25466959

Source: Kinshasa Telecommunication NetworkC = number of ca Is M = duration of calls in minutes

* For purposes of comparison, the total traffic in June and July 1970 respectively was 4 165 calls lasting 29 857 min and 3 871 calls lasting 29 998 min.

118 Distribution of service channels pl C23 TOCC teletype CongoFrance Atlantic via Pleumeur-Bodou. pi telephony Pleumeur-Bodou Note.Thetelegraphcircuitsareall pl C20 teletype Pleumeur-Bodou operated with a modulation speed of pl C23 TOCC teletype 50 bauds and are in conformity with the standards prescribed by CCITT Recom- Atlantic via Pleumeur-Bodou mendat n R.35 with60 Hzspacing betweeni wo characteristic frequencies. FranceCongo The signalling current of the telephone pl telephony Pleumeur-Bodou circuits is at frequency 500/20 Hz (CCITT pl C20 teletype Pleumeur-Bodou Recommendation Q.1).

KinshasaParis telephone traffic statistics

KinshasaParis ParisKinshasa totals

1971 direct TST total direct TST total direct TST total

June 710 261 971 367 I1 1 478 1077 372 1 449

5530 1 905 7435 2820 913 3733 8350 2818 11168

July 2144 16972

August 985 587 1 572 572 223 795 1 557 810 2367

8794 6223 15017 5305 1 739 7044 14099 796222061

September 1 030 681 1 719 720 241 961 1 758 922 2680

9403 6909 16312 5594 1830 742414997 873923736

October 991 652 1 643 625 191 816 1 616 843 2459 9773 6089 15862 4982 I537 6519 14755 762622381

November 807 661 1 468 634 180 814 1 441 841 2281

6990 6013 13003 5069 1 515 6584 12059 7528 19587

December 948 621 1 569 658 165 823 1 606 786 2392

8344 5451 13795 5071 1 195 6266 13415 664620061

1972

January 973 622 1 595 728 199 927 1 701 821 2522

8307 5351 13658 5099 1 556 6655 13406 6907 2031

119 Telecommunication statistics

9 months services year

1970 1971

Telecommunications

I.Telephony internal traffic outgoing: number of calls 307500 230625 261367

number of minutes 2347935 1 760949 1 249420 -- incoming: number of calls 115966 86973 155088

number of minutes 1 143789 857841 929277 total: nut Aber of calls 423466 317598 416455 number of minutes 3491724 2618790 2178697 international traffic outgoing: number of calls 72576 44121 51253 number of minutes 862172 330060 380025 incoming: number of calls 40854 29136 26034 number of minutes 321490 207503 199242 total: number of calls 113430 73257 77287

number of minutes 1 183662 537563 579267

2.Telex internal traffic outgoing: number of calls 21278 15957 22538 number of minutes 235033 176274 209748 international traffic outgoing: number of calls 49150 36 Z.( 56621 number of minutes 363430 272371 429781

3.Telegraphy internal traffic

outgoing: number of calls I 410734 1 058049 1 149546

incoming: number of calls 1 440562 I 080420 !270278 total: number of calls 2851296 2138469 2615824 international traffic outgoing: number of calls 108359 71849 94106 incoming: number of calls 115159 65655 109093 total: number of calls 223518 137504 203199

ZAMBIA (REPUBLIC OF) An earth station operating via the Indian adjudicated andthe contract may be Ocean satellite is planned to come into awarded shortly. service in late 1973. Tenders are now being

120 ANNEX 2

Resolutions adopted by the United Nations UNITED NATIONS

Resolutions adopted by the General Assembly at its Twenty sixth Session

Resolution 2776 (XXVI) 2776 (XXVI)

Internationalco-operationin nepeacefuluses of outer space

The General Assembly, Bodies and the Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts Recalling its Resolution 2733 (XXV) ofand the Return of Objects launched into 16 December 1970, Outer Space to give early consideration flaring considered the report of the Com- to ratifying or acceding to those agree- mittee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer ments so that they may have the broadest Space', possible effect; 3. Reiterates the importance of the goal Reaffirmingthecommon interestof of making satellite communications avail- mankind infurtheringtheexploration able to States on a world-wide and non anduse of outer spaceforpeaceful as expressed purposes, discriminatory basis, in General Assembly Resolution1721 D Continuing to believe thatthebenefits (XVI) of 20 December 1961; deriving from space exploration -an be 4. Takes note of the agreements relating extended to States at all stages of economic to space communications recently con- andscientific developmentif Member cluded between a number of States and States conduct their space programmes of the desirability of keeping the United in a manner designed to promote maxi- Nations currentlyinformed concerning mum international co-operation, including activities and developments in this field; the widest possible exchange of information in this field, 5. Notes the action taken by the Inter- national Telecommunication Union, Convinced of theneedforcontinued through the World Administrative Radio international efforts to promote practical Conference for Space Telecommunications applications of space technology, held in June and July 1971, to allocate frequencies and to adopt administrative 1. Endorses the report of the Committee procedures for all kinds of space com- on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space; munications, and recommends thatthe 2. InvitesStates which have not yet Union and its specialized bodies, as well become parties to the Treaty on Principles as the members of the Union, should Governing the Activities of States in the apply these provisions with a view to Exploration and Use of Outer Space, promoting the use of space communi- including the Moon and Other Celestial cations for the benefit of all countries in accordance wit' he relevant resolutions of the General misembly; ' official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-sixthSession,Supplement No. 20 6. Welcomes the progress achieved by (A14'420). the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of / 123 Outer Space initsefforts to encourage uses of outer space and endorses the internationalprogramme,topromote appeal made to other States by the Com- practical applications of space technology mittee on thePeacefulUses or Outer for the benefit of all countries and com-Space for similar contributions to inter- mends to the attention of Member States, national education and training inthis specialized ager:les and interecteJ United field ; Nations bodies the programme contained in the report of the Scientific and Technical 12, Approves continuing sponsorship by Sub-Committee of the Committee 2; theUnitedNationsoftheThumba equatorialrocketlaunching stationin 7. Takes note with appreciation of the India and the Celpa Mar del Plata Station valuable work carried out by the Secretary- inArgentina,expressesitssatisfaction General withinthe framework of the atthe work being carried out at these programme for promoting the application ranges in relation to the use of sounding of space technology in accordance with rocketfacilitiesforinternationalco- therelevant recommendationsofthe operation and traininginthepeaceful Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outerand scientific exploration of outer space, Space andresolutionsof the General and recommendsthatMember States Assembly; continue to give consideration to the use of these facilities for appropriate space 8. Endorses the resolution contained in research activities; paragraph 15 of the report of the Com- mittee on thePeaceful Uses of Outer 13. Welcomes theeffortsofMember Space and recommends the continuation States to keepthe Committee on the and development of the programme for Peaceful Uses of Outer Space fully in- promoting the practical applications of formedoftheirspaceactivitiesand space technology taking into account the invites all Member States to do so; needs of the developing countries; 14. Notesthat,inaccordance with 9. Welcomes the efforts of a number of GeneralAssemblyResolution 1721 B Member Statestosharewithother (XVI) of 20 December 1961, the Secretary- interested Member Statesthepractical General continues to maintain a public benefits that may be derived from pro-registry of objects launched into orbit grammes in space technology; or beyond on the basis of information furnished by Member States; 10. Weomes the progress achieved in international co-operation among Member 15. Takes note with appreciation of the States in space research and exploration, activitiesof the World Meteorological including the exchange and analysis ofOrganization during thepastyear,as lunar material on a broad international reported to the Committee on the Peaceful basis and studies of the development Uses of Outer Space ",in particular the of compatible rendezvous and docking measurestakeninimplementationof systems for manned spacecraft; General Assembly Resolution 2733 D (XXV) requesting the World Meteorolo- 11. Welcomes also the action of a number gical Organization to mobilize technical of States and of the Food and Agriculture resources in order to discover ways aid Organization of the United Nations in means of mitigating the harmful effects promoting international co-operationin anddestructivepotentialoftropical education and training inthe peaceful storms;

2 A1A ".105195, section I. 'See AlAC.1051PV.100.

124 16. Takesnote ofthe programmes on their work relating to the peaceful uses currently being undertaken by the United of outer space and to examine and report Nations Educational, Scientific and Cul- totheCommittee ontheparticular tural Organization and the International problems which arise or may arise from TelecommunicationUnion insatellite the use of outer space in the fields within broadcastingforthe purpose of con- their competence and which should,in tributing to the advancement of education their opinion, be brought to the attention and training, and draws attention to the cf the Committee; fact that questions relating to the legal implicationsofspacecommunications 18. Endorses the recommendations con- are also on the agenda of the Legal Sub- tained in paragraph 38 of the report of Committee ofthe Committee onthe the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Peaceful Uses ifOuterSpace,with Outer Space concerning the future work which the two agencies should Lo-ordinate of its Legal Sub-Committee; their activities in this field; 19. RequeststheCommitteeon the 17. Requeststhespecializedagencies Peaceful Uses of Outer Space to continue andtheIntel 1:ationalAtomic Energy its work as set out in the present resolution Agency to continue, as appropriate, to and in previous resolutions of the Genera! provide the Committee on the Peaceful Asrembly and to report to the Assembly Uses of Outer Space with progress reports at its twenty-seventh session. es Resolution 2778 (XXVI) 2778 (XXVI) Convening of the Working Group on Remote Sensing of the Earth by Sattilites The General Assembly, session that the potential benefits from technologicaldevelopmentsinremote Recalling its Resolution 2733 C (XXV) sensing of the earth from space platforms of 16 December 1970 in which it requested could be extremely ieaningful for the theScientific and Technical Sub -Com-economic development of allcountries mittee of the Committee on the Peacefulespecially the developing countries, and Uses of Outer Space, as authorized by the for the preservation of the global environ- Committeeto determine at what time ment 2, and in ua specific frame of reference a working group on earthresources Noting that the Working Group on Remote surveying, with special reference to satel- Sensing of the Earth by Satellites had a lites, should be convened, first organizational meeting in connexion with the fourteenth session of the Com- Welcomingthedecisionof theSub- m;:tee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Committee at its eighth session to establish Space, and convene a Working Group on Remote Looking forward to the early initiation Sensing of the Earth by Satellites ', of the substantive work of the Working Sharing the view expressed by the Com- Group, keeping in mind that experiments mittee c tthePeaceful Uses of Outer to test the feasibility of remote sensing Spacei11 the report on itsfourteenth 2 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-sixthSession, Supplement No, 20 ' AlAC.105 195, paragraphs 15-22. (A/8420), paragraph 10, /A 3 125 of the earth from space platforms are Working Group solicit the views of ap- scheduled to begin early in 1972, propriateUnitedNationsbodiesand specialized agencies, and other relevant Expressing confidence that in discharging international organizations; itsresponsibilitytheWorking Group would seektopromote the optimum 3. RequeststheSecretary-Generalto utilization of this space application for providethe Working Group withhis the benefit of individual States and of the comments on this subject and to submit international community, working papers on matters falling within 1. Requests Member States to submit the terms of reference of the Group; information on theirnational and co- 4. Requests the Committee on the Peace- operative activities in this field, as well as ful Uses of Outer Space and its Scientific comments and working papers, through and Technical Sub-Committee tobring the Secretary-Generaltothe Working about the early initiation of the Working Group on Remote Sensing of the Earth Group's substantive work and to keep by Satellites; the General Assembly informedina 2. Endorses the request of the Scientific comprehensive fashion on the progress and Technical Sub-Committee that the of its work.

124