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1 the Stone Sculpture of Anglo-Scandinavian Yorkshire in Its Landscape Context Robert Halstead Submitted in Accordance With

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1 the Stone Sculpture of Anglo-Scandinavian Yorkshire in Its Landscape Context Robert Halstead Submitted in Accordance With 1 The Stone Sculpture of Anglo-Scandinavian Yorkshire in its Landscape Context Robert Halstead Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of Fine Art, History of Art and Cultural Studies August 2016 2 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. © 2016 The University of Leeds and Robert Halstead The right of Robert Halstead to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. 3 Acknowledgements My thanks go to my supervisors, Professors Catherine Karkov and Ian Wood at the University of Leeds. I must also thank the Arts and Humanities Research Council for funding this research, and Dr Derek Craig at Durham University for kindly providing the images from the Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture. Thanks also to my family, especially Rosa. 4 Abstract This thesis considers the Anglo-Scandinavian stone sculpture produced in Yorkshire in the ninth to eleventh centuries. Six sculpture-producing sites are examined in detail: York Minster, Nunburnholme, Kirkleavington, Brompton, the related sites at Otley and Weston and Leeds. The landscape setting of each site is considered, looking back to the pre-historic and Roman as well as Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Scandinavian contexts, and the sculpture analysed within this landscape setting. For a number of sites, including Nunburnholme and Leeds, this is the first sustained analysis of the sculpture with reference to its landscape setting. This methodology leads to a number of conclusions concerning the sculptural material and how it is best studied. The importance of studying the carvings with reference to their landscape settings is demonstrated. Within this context the Anglo-Scandinavian sculpture of Yorkshire is shown to be an innovative and hybrid body of work, not merely an ephemeral and relatively minor variant of the dominant Anglian sculptural tradition. It is also demonstrated from the analysis of a number of the sites that the patrons and carvers of Anglo-Scandinavian stone sculpture were consistently using these monuments to make statements about their power in the landscape, from which the stone itself was derived. The sites and sculpture considered in this thesis also show that the region’s stone sculpture was not a static body of work, but one which was repeatedly refashioned and given new meanings by successive waves of settlement and colonisation. 5 Table of contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 3 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... 4 Table of contents .......................................................................................................................... 5 List of illustrations ......................................................................................................................... 8 Thesis introduction ..................................................................................................................... 12 Historical introduction ............................................................................................................ 12 The sculptural context ............................................................................................................ 13 Introduction to the sculpture ................................................................................................. 15 Previous scholarship ............................................................................................................... 17 Geographical scope ................................................................................................................. 19 Terms and definitions ............................................................................................................. 21 Landscape ............................................................................................................................ 21 Hybridity ............................................................................................................................... 22 Anglo-Scandinavian .............................................................................................................. 23 Other terms .......................................................................................................................... 24 Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 25 The sites .................................................................................................................................. 25 Chapter 1: The Metropolitan Capital .......................................................................................... 29 Chapter 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 29 Chapter 1, Part 1: York Minster .............................................................................................. 30 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 30 Landscape ............................................................................................................................ 33 Material and Form ............................................................................................................... 42 Reused Roman Stone ........................................................................................................... 46 Hybrid Monuments .............................................................................................................. 49 The Hogbacks ....................................................................................................................... 68 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 69 Chapter 1, Part 2: Nunburnholme .......................................................................................... 71 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 71 Landscape ............................................................................................................................ 78 6 Material and Form ............................................................................................................... 86 Face A .................................................................................................................................. 87 Face B ................................................................................................................................... 95 Face C ................................................................................................................................... 97 Face D ................................................................................................................................ 100 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 104 Chapter 1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 106 Chapter 2: Northern Yorkshire .................................................................................................. 108 Chapter 2 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 108 Chapter 2, Part 1: Kirkleavington .......................................................................................... 109 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 109 Landscape .......................................................................................................................... 111 Material and Form ............................................................................................................. 117 Heroic Imagery .................................................................................................................. 119 Irish Influence .................................................................................................................... 129 The Cross-Heads ................................................................................................................ 133 Other Fragments................................................................................................................ 138 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 139 Chapter 2, Part 2: Brompton ................................................................................................. 141 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 141 Landscape
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