Notes on Lopharia Mirabilis (Berk. & Broome) Pat. in China

Fung. Sci. 17(1, 2): 31–38, 2002 Notes on Lopharia mirabilis (Berk. & Broome) Pat. in China

Yu-Cheng Dai*

Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China

(Accepted May 2, 2002)

ABSTRACT

Lopharia mirabilis was re-collected from Northeast and Southwest China. The species was poorly known in China, and it was earlier known as Licentia yaochanica from Shanxi Province only. Its emended description is given based on the new collections and previous material. Specimens of the species from China, India, Ja- pan and Thailand are studied. The fungus is characterized by resupinate basidiocarps, irregularly poroid to irpicoid and partly labyrinthine hymenophore, dimitic hyphal system, dextrinoid and cyanophilous skeletal hyphae, prominent and distinctly amyloid cystidia, and ellipsoid basidiospores. The relationships between Lopharia and related genera are discussed.

Key words: Basidiomycota, China, Lopharia mirabilis, taxonomy, wood-inhabiting fungi.

Introduction and illustrations are presented here based on the type specimen of Licentia yaochanica, re- Lopharia mirabilis (Berk. & Broome) Pat. cent collections from China, and many other was re-collected from the temperate forest of specimens from India, Japan and Thailand. In Northeast China and subtropical forest of addition, specimens of Lopharia cinerascens Southwest China. The species was first re- from Kenya, Australia and New Zealand are ported in China as Licentia yaochanica Pilát studied, and relationships between Lopharia (Pilát, 1940). Over the past 60 years it has mirabilis and L. cinerascens are discussed. been cited by Tai (1979), but otherwise has remained almost forgotten in China. Boidin Materials and Methods (1960) treated Licentia as a synonym of Lo- pharia Kalch. & McOwan, and Lopharia mir- The Chinese material for the present study abilis is an earlier name for L. yaochanica. was collected during field trips to China in Hjortstam and Ryvarden (1990) accepted two 1993 and 2000. Type and other important col- species in Lopharia: L. mirabilis and L. cin- lections were studied from herbaria H, NMNS, erascens (Schwein.) G.H. Cunn. Because pre- O and PRM (for herbarium abbreviation, see vious descriptions of L. mirabilis have lacked Holmgren et al., 1990). The studied Chinese some salient features, a modern description material is deposited at the Botanical Museum

Email: [email protected] 32 Fung. Sci. 17(1, 2), 2002 of the University of Helsinki (H); duplicates cream or pale straw-coloured to pale brownish are preserved in the Mycological Herbarium of with age, when dry greyish cream, pale Academia Sinica (HMAS), and in National brownish or greyish isabelline; margin white Museum of Natural Science in Taiwan (TNM). or cream when fresh, becoming cream to pale Some specimens from other herbaria are cited greyish cream with age, up to 1 mm wide; in the following text. The microscopic routine hymenophore irregular, poroid when juvenile, used in the study was presented by Dai and pores 0.3–1 per mm, later irregularly poroid to Niemelä (1995). In the text the following ab- irpicoid and partly labyrinthine, dissepiments breviations are used: L = mean spore length thin. Subiculum duplex, the upper layer (close (arithmetical mean of all spores), W = mean to substrate) pale greyish, felty to tomentose, spore width (arithmetical mean of all spores), soft, the lower layer wood-coloured or greyish Q = quotient of the mean spore length and the isabelline, corky, both layers separated by a mean spore width (L/W ratio), n = the number thin dark brown zone; the whole subiculum at of spores measured from given number of most 0.3 mm thick; tube trama corky, tubes specimens. In presenting the variation in the shallow, up to 2.5 mm long. size of spores and cystidia, 5% of the meas- Hyphal system dimitic, generative hyphae urements were excluded from each end of the mostly with clamp connections, occasionally range, and are given in parentheses; the length simple septate in trama, hyaline, thin-walled, of a cystidium was measured from the apex to frequently branched; skeletal hyphae domi- the basal septum. IKI stands for Melzer's re- nant, thick-walled, dextrinoid, CB+, un- agent and KOH for 5% potassium hydroxide, changed in KOH. and CB is the abbreviation of Cotton Blue. Subiculum. Hyphae in the upper felty CB+ means cyanophilous and CB– acyanophi- layer hyaline, thick-walled with a narrow lu- lous; IKI– means both inamyloid and indextri- men or subsolid, bearing no clamp connec- noid. All the studied specimens are listed. tions, unbranched, flexuous, interwoven, 2.5– 4.2 µm in diam; generative hyphae in the Results lower layer hyaline, thin-walled, frequently branched and clamped, 1.5–3.2 µm in diam, Lopharia mirabilis (Berk. & Broome) Pat. skeletal hyphae dominant, hyaline, thick- Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 11: 14, 1895. walled with narrow lumen or subsolid, occa- (Figs. 1−3) sionally branched, sometimes covered by fine Radulum mirabile Berk. & Broome, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. encrustations, flexuous, interwoven, 3–5.5 µm 14: 61, 1873. in diam; hyphae in the dark brown zone simi- Licentia yaochanica Pilát, Ann. Mycol. 38: 66, 1940. lar to those in the lower layer, but pale Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adnate, brownish and strongly agglutinated. inseparable, soft corky to more or less leathery Tubes. Generative hyphae hyaline, thin- when fresh, without odour or taste, becoming walled, frequently branched, usually bearing corky and light-weight upon drying, up to 45 clamp connections, occasionally simple- cm or more in longest dimension, 25 cm or septate, 1.5–3 µm; skeletal hyphae hyaline, more wide and 3 mm thick. Hymenophore µm in diam. Cystidia abundant, gigantic, aris- cream when juvenile, becoming pale yellowish ing deep from the trama, subulate, straight, Notes on Lopharia mirabilis 33

Fig. 1. Young basidiocarps of Lopharia mirabilis (Berk. & Broome) Pat., specimen Dai 3218, in situ, x ca. 0.5.

Fig. 2. A mature basidiocarp of Lopharia mirabilis (Berk. & Broome) Pat., specimen Dai 3219, in situ, x ca. 0.3. 34 Fung. Sci. 17(1, 2), 2002

Fig. 3. Anatomical details of Lopharia mirabilis (Berk. & Broome) Pat. (drawn from Dai 3219). a. Basidiospores. b. Cystidia. c. Basidia and basidioles. d. Generative hyphae from subiculum. e. Skeletal hyphae from subiculum. Notes on Lopharia mirabilis 35 thick-walled with a narrow lumen or subsolid, spores bearing a big guttule. occasionally branched, interwoven, 2.8–4.6 Lopharia mirabilis is closely related to L. strongly covered by crystals, distinctly thick- cinerascens, and has even been merged as a walled, sharp-pointed, IKI+, walls CB+, (75– single species (Welden, 1975), but Boidin )80–130(–150) × (16–)18–35(–38) µm (n = (1960) and Hjortstam and Ryvarden (1990) 40/2); basidia clavate, with a basal clamp and treated them as two independent species. Ac- four sterigmata, 30–44 × 11–14 µm; basidioles cording to my study the two species differ in dominating in hymenium, in shape similar to the following way: L. mirabilis is usually re- basidia, but smaller. supinate; its hymenophore is irregularly poroid Spores. Basidiospores ellipsoid, hyaline, to irpicoid and partly labyrinthine; its cystidia thin-walled, smooth, bearing a large guttule, are frequent, but not abundant; its spores are IKI–, CB–, (8–)9–12(–13) × (5–)5.5–7.2(–8) basically ellipsoid, and the quotients of the µm, L = 10.54 µm, W = 6.40 µm, Q = 1.60– mean spore length and the mean spore width 1.72 (n=101/3). are 1.60 to 1.72. Lopharia cinerascens is usu- Specimens examined. China, Hunan ally effused-reflexed; its hymenophore is Prov., Sangzhi County, Badagongshan Nat. smooth or slightly tuberculate; its cystidia are Nat. Res., angiosperm, 19.IX.2000, Härkönen abundant; its spores are basically cylindrical, 501 ( H). Jilin Prov., Huinan County, on fallen and the quotients of the mean spore length and trunk of angiosperm, 10.X.1993, Dai 1489. the mean spore width are 2.07 to 2.42. Guizhou Prov., Shuiyang County, Kuankou- Hjortstam and Ryvarden (1990) mentioned shui Nature Reserve, on fallen trunk of angio- that Lopharia mirabilis has effused-reflexed sperm, 17.VI.2000, Dai 3218 & 3219. Shanxi basidiocarps, and is a tropical species, but the Prov., Yaochan, alt. 2178 m, 27.VIII.1935, Li- Chinese material is resupinate, and it was cent 4416 (PRM 741039, holotype of Licentia found in temperate and subtropical areas. yaochanica). Japan, Ibaraki Pref., Kasama, Welden (1975) expressed a broad concept 5.XI.1991, Ryvarden 30379 (O). India, Tamil of the genus Lopharia, but Hjortstam and Ry- Nadu, Thirunelveli Distr., Mundanthurai sanc- varden (1990) dealt with the genus by a re- tuary, 18.II.1979, Kolandavelu 748 (O). Thai- stricted sense. The present paper follows the land, Chanwat Chiang Doo, Doi Chiang Doo concept of the latter authors, with emphasis on Nat. Park, 22.II.1979, Ryvarden 17962 (O); some important microscopic characters: Cangwat Chiang Mai, Amphoe Mae Rim, dimitic hyphal system, generative hyphae with 15.II.1979, Ryvarden 17593 (O). clamp connections, dextrinoid and cyanophilous skeletal hyphae, prominent and distinctly Discussion amyloid cystidia, and large basidiospores. These characters link the genus to several well Lopharia mirabilis has many distinguishing known genera, in particular Irpex Fr., Stec- characters—resupinate basidiocarps, irregu- cherinum Gray, Basidioradulum Nobles, larly poroid to irpicoid and partly labyrinthine Megasporoporia Ryvarden & Wright, Gram- hymenophore, a dimitic hyphal system, mothele Berk. & M.A. Curtis, and Theleporus cyanophilous and dextrinoid skeletal hyphae, Fr. gigantic and amyloid cystidia, and ellipsoid Lopharia externally resembles Irpex or 36 Fung. Sci. 17(1, 2), 2002

Basidioradulum by having an irregularly por- Venezuela, Amazonas, Yutajé, on dead wood oid to irpicoid and partly labyrinthine hy- of angiosperm, 12-19.VI.1997, Ryvarden menium. 40512 (O). Steccherinum ochraceum (Fr.) The dimitic hyphal system and encrusted Gray: China, Jilin Prov., Antu County, Chang- skeletal cystidia link Lopharia with Irpex, baishan Nat. Res., on fallen trunk of Betula, Basidioradulum, and Steccherinum, but the 13.IX.1995, Dai 2078 (H). Finland, Etelä- latter three genera have smaller basidiospores Häme, Lammi Biological Station, on fallen (< 9 µm in length), non-dextrinoid skeletal trunk of Corylus, 8.X.1992, Dai 197 & Nie- hyphae, and cystidia that are negative in Mel- mela (H). Theleporus calcicolor (Sacc. & zer's reagent. Syd.) Ryvarden: Japan, Okinawa Pref., Megasporoporia, Grammothele, Thele- Iriomote Island, Urauchi River, 20.VI.1994, porus, and Lopharia share the dimitic hyphal Nunez 435 (O). Indonesia. Sumatra, Bengkulu, system and dextrinoid skeletal hyphae, but the Sungai Riang, 1.VI.1995, Nunez 875 (O). first three genera have a distinctly poroid the Taiwan, NanTou, Shiang, Sun Moon Lake, on hymenophore, and they lack cystidia. fallen trunk of angiosperm, 26.X.1988, Wu Additional material examined. Basidio- 881026-20 (O). radulum radula (Fr.:Fr.) Nobles: China, Jilin Prov., Antu County, Changbaishan Nat. Res. Acknowledgements on fallen trunk of Acer, 17.IX. 1998, Dai 2966 & Niemelä (H). Finland, Etelä-Häme, Lammi I thank Dr. Jan Holec (PRM, Czech Repub- Biological Station, on fallen trunk of Betula, lic), Prof. Leif Ryvarden (O, Norway) and Dr. 8.X.1992, Dai 195 & Niemelä (H); on fallen Sheng-Hua Wu (TNM, Taiwan) for the loans. trunk of Alnus, 8.X.1992, Dai 201 & Niemelä I am grateful to Dr. Tuomo Niemelä (H, (H). Grammothele lineata Berk. & M.A. Cur- Finland) for improving the manuscript. tis: China, Yunnan Prov., Xishuangbanna, Tsuipingshan Nat. Res., on branch of angio- References sperm, 11.VIII.1995, Wu 9508-202 (NMNS). Irpex lacteus (Fr.:Fr.) Fr.: China, Jilin Prov., Boidin, J. 1960. Le genre Stereum s.l. au Antu County, Changbaishan Nat. Res., on Congo Belge. Bull. Jard. Bot. Belg. 30: fallen trunk of Tilia, 1.IX.1993, Dai 944 (H); 283–355. on fallen twig of angiosperm, 11.IX.1995, Dai Dai, Y.C. and T. Niemelä. 1995. Changbai 2023 (H). Lopharia cinerascens: New Zea- wood-rotting fungi 4. Some species de- land, Waikanae, 15.V.1949, Cone 542 (O). scribed by A.S. Bondartsev and L.V. Lyu- Kenya, Njolo, 1933, Thorold (O). Australia, barsky from the Russian Far East. Ann. Bot. New South Wales, Wollenir Nat. Park, Fennici 32: 211–226. Wheeney creek, 13.VI.1983, Coveny 183 (O). Hjortstam, K. and L. Ryvarden. 1990. Lo- Megasporoporia setulosa (Henn.) Rajchenb.: pharia and Porostereum (Corticiaceae). Jamaica, Trewlany Crowlands, on dead wood, Synopsis Fungorum 4: 1–68. 10.VI.1999 Ryvarden 41574 (O). Taiwan, Holmgren, P.K., N.H. Holmgren, and L.C. Kaosiung, Liukuei, Shanping, on branch of Barnett (eds.). 1990. Index herbarium 1, the angiosperm, 22.12.1993, Wu 9312-54 (TNM). herbaria of the world. 8th ed. New York Notes on Lopharia mirabilis 37

Bot. Garden, Bronx, 693 pp. Science Press, Beijing, 1527 pp. (In Chi- Pilát, A. 1940. Basidiomycetes chinenses. nese). Ann. Mycol. 38: 61–82. Welden, A.L. 1975. Lopharia. Mycologia 67: Tai, F.L. 1979. Sylloge Fungorum Sinicorum. 530–551.

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