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NASA Science Mission Directorate Presentation to the Board of Physics & Astronomy Dr. Edward Weiler, Associate Administrator April 23, 2010 2 Upcoming Launches

3 Astrophysics Earth Science Total Missions / Spacecraft 2/16/10 Heliophysics 84 / 98 Planetary Science

Formulation Implementation Primary Ops Extended Ops 12 / 12 15 / 18 19 / 19 38 / 49

JPL GSFC MSFC JPL GSFC DFRC ARC JPL GSFC MSFC LaRC JPL GSFC MSFC 2 7 3 6 8/12 1/0 1 8 7 2 1 12/15 24/32 2

SMAP ICESat-II LADEE NuSTAR JWST SOFIA(1/0) Kepler WISE Fermi MESSENGER CALIPSO GALEX HST Chandra Herschel New Horizons Spitzer OCO-2 IRIS NF-3 ST-7 LDCM Aquarius GPM Planck TWINS-A Cloudsat Integral Strofio Solar Probe + MSL OSTM~ CINDI ACRIMsat RXTE GEMS NPP TWINS-B GRACE (2) WMAP Astro H GRAIL SET-1 IBEX Jason-1 XMM MAVEN RBSP (2) EPOXI* SDO Voyager (2) SWIFT MMS (4) NExT* Mars Express Mars Odyssey SORCE MER (2) EO-1 Cassini MRO TRMM In concept development/pre-formulation: SOFIA is a mission but does not add RHESSI SOHO ~ spacecraft JDEM, SIM-Lite, LISA, Con-X, Mars 2016/ExoMars, THEMIS (5) Mars 2018, OPF, CLARREO, DESDynI, GRACE FO, TIMED TRACE Italics = US instruments on foreign mission SAGE III ACE STEREO (2) X / Y = # of missions / # of spacecraft AIM * New missions for and , respectively NOAA Reimbursable: Cluster-2 (4)4 ~ Operated by another agency GOES-R, Jason-3 (pre-formulation) GRACE DETECTS UNSUSTAINABLE GROUNDWATER LOSS Water Storage Anomaly

Drawdown by 31 km3 (= 1 Lake Mead) in 66 months

Famiglietti et al., 2009

Observed trends in groundwater levels, October, 2003 – March, 2009

Loss of 109 km3 (3 Lake Meads) over 72 months

Pattern of groundwater depletion in NW Rodell et al., 2009 India 5 Two Views of Crackling Sunspot Producing First M-class Flares of the New

STEREO

SOHO

Image on left from the STEREO Behind spacecraft shows flare in Image on left from SOHO spacecraft shows flare in progress from vantage progress from vantage point trailing Earth’s position by 70 degrees. point at L1 point (1.6 million kilometers from Earth on -Earth line). Sunspot #1041 crackled with activity. In a few days, it produced five M-class flares. The ongoing sequence of flares signals a sharp upturn in solar activity. Before January 17, 2010, the last time the Sun produced even a single M-class was in March 2008--almost two years ago. M-class solar flares effect the Earth. Mainly, they boost the ionization of Earth's upper atmosphere and disturb the propagation of terrestrial radio signals. In this case, there was a greater than 2000 times increase over a quiet Sun. This flare also caused a geomagnetic event. 6 This sunspot emerged over the Sun's southeastern limb…Stay tuned…this is only the beginning! Martian Ice Found Just below the Surface

43.3° N 164.2° E • Fresh small impact craters show: • Ice layer ~0.5 – 1m below surface • Sublimates over 88 days several weeks • Spectral analysis 46.2° N 188.5° E shows ~99% pure water • Ice more extensive than expected from current climate

50 days • Mars had a wet history

7 35m Early Science Results from Kepler and WISE

NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, or WISE, has NASA's , designed to find Earth- captured its first look at the starry sky that it will soon begin size planets in the habitable zone of sun-like stars, has surveying in infrared light. discovered its first five new exoplanets, or planets beyond The infrared was taken shortly after the space our solar system. The new exoplanets are named Kepler 4b, telescope's cover was removed, exposing the instrument's 5b, 6b, 7b and 8b. detectors to starlight for the first time. The picture shows The new exoplanets range in size from similar to about 3,000 stars in the Carina constellation. to larger than Jupiter, and are known as "hot Jupiters" Launched on Dec. 14, WISE will scan the entire sky for because of their high masses and extreme temperatures. millions of hidden objects, including asteroids, "failed" stars They have orbits ranging from 3.3 to 4.9 days. Estimated and powerful galaxies. WISE data will serve as navigation temperatures of the planets range from 2,200 to 3,000 charts for other missions, such as NASA's Hubble and degrees Fahrenheit, hotter than molten lava and much too Spitzer Space Telescopes, pointing them to the most hot for life as we know it. All five of the exoplanets orbit stars hotter and larger than Earth's sun. interesting targets the mission finds. The discoveries are based on approximately six weeks' worth of data collected since science operations began on8 May 12, 2009. The WISE Sky Survey is Underway

WISE launched First Light Image in the 14 Dec 2009 constellation Carina 3.4, 4.6,12 & 22 microns

WISE began its 9-month sky survey on 14 Jan 2010 M31 - stars 3.4 microns

M31 - dust 12 and 22 microns

Comet Siding Spring Previously unknown near-Earth Object

Be 59 star forming region 9 9 10 12/18/09 – 100% Door Open Flight Test James Webb Space Telescope SMD FY11 Budget Strategy

• Be responsive to the science community by supporting the priorities established in the NRC Decadal Surveys. • All missions should be chosen through Decadal Surveys or competitive peer review • Responsive to national priorities, such as OCO-2 • Per usual SMD practice, each Theme manages within its existing budget envelope, with the exception of minor near-term zero-sum trades (rephasing) to address pressing issues. • Projects in development are budgeted to a LCC reflecting a 70% cost confidence (CL) or, more conservatively, a joint-cost-and-schedule confidence (JCL) level. • SMD is actively refining the cost ranges for projects in formulation to improve budget estimates as these projects make their way through Phases A and B.

12 SMD Budget by Theme (RY $M)

$6,000

$5,500

$5,000 Heliophysics $4,500

$4,000 Astrophysics $3,500

$3,000

$2,500 Planetary Science

$2,000

$1,500 Earth Science $1,000

$500

$0 FY2009 FY2010 FY2011 FY2012 FY2013 FY2014 FY2015 Change FY10-15 Science $4,903.1 $4,493.3 $5,005.6 $5,248.6 $5,509.6 $5,709.8 $5,814.0 $1,320.7 29% Heliophysics * $607.8 $627.4 $641.9 $647.6 $679.8 $704.4 $750.8 $123.4 20% Astrophysics $1,304.9 $1,103.9 $1,076.3 $1,109.3 $1,149.1 $1,158.7 $1,131.6 $27.7 3% Planetary Science $1,288.1 $1,341.3 $1,485.7 $1,547.2 $1,591.2 $1,630.1 $1,649.4 $308.1 23% Earth Science $1,702.3 $1,420.7 $1,801.7 $1,944.5 $2,089.5 $2,216.6 $2,282.2 $861.5 61%

* includes future Astro Explorers 13 SMD Total Budget Trace ($M)

FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15

FY10 President's Budget 4903.0 4477.2 4747.4 4890.9 5069.0 5185.4 5256.1

OCO-2 171.0 91.0 51.0 13.0 4.0

Climate Initiative 150.0 309.0 449.0 587.0 646.0

Near Earth Object Observations 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0

Reductions for Agency issues (CM&O, etc.) -35.1 -54.1 -71.1 -87.1 -103.4

IT Infrastructure: transfer without impact -3.3 -4.2 -4.3 -4.5 -4.7

CoF transfers -40.4

FY10 Appropriation (net of all changes) 16.1

FY11 President's Budget 4903.0 4493.3 5005.6 5248.6 5509.6 5709.8 5814.0 14 Astrophysics Program Content

FY09 FY10 * FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY11 President's Budget 1,304.9 1,103.9 1,076.3 1,109.3 1,149.1 1,158.7 1,131.6

Astrophysics Research 136.0 147.7 156.1 178.1 188.4 194.6 199.6 Research and Analysis 60.0 60.0 60.2 64.7 65.8 67.4 69.1 Balloons 25.6 26.7 27.1 32.4 32.7 35.3 36.8 ADCAR / ADP / Senior Review / Admin 50.4 61.1 68.7 80.9 89.8 91.9 93.7

Cosmic Origins 850.0 686.3 687.7 669.4 667.5 640.5 599.2 James Webb Space Telescope 466.9 440.3 444.8 379.2 335.2 259.3 119.2 HST 203.1 112.6 102.7 104.5 99.8 98.0 98.6 SOFIA 77.4 72.8 79.6 80.1 79.2 81.1 81.3 Spitzer 61.7 27.1 22.6 14.0 0.3 SR&T 3.2 5.2 7.0 10.1 11.5 12.5 15.0 Herschel 17.2 23.0 24.5 24.0 20.8 15.8 5.8 Future Missions/Servicing/Management 20.5 5.3 6.5 57.6 120.8 174.0 279.3

Physics of the Cosmos 111.1 115.8 103.3 114.4 151.7 176.4 202.0 Fermi (GLAST) 13.2 22.2 22.7 25.9 25.5 25.1 25.1 Planck 6.4 8.9 8.1 6.5 6.5 3.0 0.8 Chandra / INTEGRAL / XMM 69.7 64.8 59.4 59.0 59.3 59.7 59.8 SR&T 2.8 4.3 5.6 9.8 11.7 13.0 15.0 JDEM 8.5 4.4 LISA, IXO, Future and Management 10.5 11.1 7.5 13.2 48.7 75.6 101.3

Exoplanet Exploration 72.1 46.2 42.5 54.1 83.0 93.8 117.6 Kepler 31.7 20.1 16.9 19.1 13.8 0.2 SIM 20.0 2.0 Keck/LBTI 3.7 5.3 4.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 SR&T 11.0 13.3 12.7 16.3 17.8 18.2 18.8 Future Missions/Management 5.7 5.6 8.8 15.5 48.0 72.0 95.4

Astrophysics Explorer 135.7 107.9 86.7 93.3 58.5 53.3 13.2 WISE 69.2 13.0 6.8 2.7 0.2 NuSTAR 38.7 59.9 32.1 10.8 6.2 Astro-H 6.4 10.9 12.5 7.0 7.4 12.6 11.1 GEMS 1.7 21.0 57.7 44.7 40.8 2.1 Operating Explorers 19.6 24.0 14.4 15.1 15 * FY10 Enacted Budget 15 Astrophysics Budget Changes

FY10-14 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 Total

Changes from FY10 Budget -17.0 2.2 66.6 22.7 19.1 93.6

GEMS transfer from Helio 21.0 57.7 44.7 40.8 164.2

JWST 59.7 24.5 -0.5 -0.5 83.2

HST / SOFIA / Astro-H / WISE 9.5 19.1 13.9 17.6 60.1

Fermi / Chandra / Keck / Kepler -0.8 7.8 16.4 7.5 30.9

Future Missions / SR&T / Mgmt -10.4 -76.6 -54.1 -51.1 -47.6 -239.8

All other -6.6 -10.7 11.5 -0.6 1.4 -5.0

16 FY2011 Budget Request: Astrophysics

• Fund missions in development phase, including JWST, SOFIA, NuSTAR, Astro-H, and GEMS

• Reflect results of Senior Review for Operating Missions, scheduled for April 2010, in support of missions in extended science phase during FY2011 and beyond

• Respond to decadal survey results, due to be released late-summer 2010 (technology investments and Future Mission lines) • Engage in strategic technology investments and portfolio roadmapping • Negotiate relevant interagency/international collaborations for future mission initiatives • Identify relevant mechanisms and schedule for selecting investigations based on decadal priorities

17 FY2011 Budget Request: Heliophysics

• Enable a robust schedule of small, medium and flagship mission launches, funded to a 70% confidence level, to achieve the vision for heliophysics set forth in the 2003 NRC Decadal Survey. • Develop and launch SDO and RBSP, the first 2 missions in the LWS Program, with the goal of creating a predictive capability for . • Continue formulation and development of MMS, the number 1 priority moderate class mission and Solar Probe Plus, the number 1 priority large class mission in the decadal survey. • Preserve the availability of Explorer Program missions to provide frequent, low cost flight opportunities that target focused science topics and fill important science gaps in Heliophysics and Astrophysics. • Based on the FY2010 Senior Review, continue to fund existing mission operations to achieve maximum science return. • Maintain robust Research Program (including competitively selected science investigations, suborbital program, supporting research and technology and science data archiving and computing) and E/PO Program. • Develop cutting edge research Space Weather Models and make available to NOAA, DoD, and NASA operational space weather groups. 18 FY2011 Budget Request: Planetary Science

• Pursue partnership with ESA for Mars Program & OPF based on shared interests and common goals • Accommodate new liens without mission cancelations/delays: • MAVEN ELV • MSL launch vehicle acceleration and added funding for the 2011 LRD to resolve MSL technical problems with the actuators, avionics and the titanium • Prepare for potential rebalancing of priorities based on the Planetary Science Decadal Survey coming in 2011 • Ensure specific technology programs can support expected future missions (e.g.: ASRG, NEXT etc.) • Maintain Planetary R&A program and operating missions

19 FY2011 Budget Request: Earth Science

• Present infusion enables significant mission accelerations and program expansions • OCO-2 development and launch by 2/2013 • Accelerates selected Decadal Survey systematic missions, launching all 4 Tier-1 missions between 2014 and 2017 • Expands and accelerates Venture-class competitive, PI-led program • ANNUAL solicitations for major flight instruments PLUS biannual alternating airborne and small-mission solicitations • First small-sat selections in 2012 • Develops selected Climate Continuity Missions • SAGE-III refurbishment/hexapod development, ready for flight to ISS late CY2013 • GRACE-FO (GRACE Follow-on), launch late CY2015 (joint with DLR) • Enables key non-flight activities • With US Global Change Research Program, identifies and enables additional selected Tier-2 Decadal Survey missions to be developed for flight in 2019-2020 time frame 20 NASA Science Mission Launches (Fiscal Years 2009-19)

NASA Mission Joint NASA - International As of 3/23/10 on US ELV Partner Mission For planning purposes only Reimbursable International Mission for NOAA with Substantial NASA Contribution • = Early science flights begin = Mission successfully launched Red Text = new or accelerated in FY11 Budget Request

CLARREO-1

DESDynI

NuSTAR Venture MoO

Glory RBSP SAGE III Discovery-12 New Front 3 JEO

WISE NPP LWS SET-1 LDCM MAVEN EX-1 Solar Probe + EX-3

SOFIA* Juno IRIS OCO-2 GEMS SMAP ICESat-2 Venture 2 EX-2 CLARREO-2

SDO GRAIL MSL LADEE JWST MMS GRACE FO GOES-S Astro-1 ES Tier 2-1 Venture MoO NASA/ESA GOES-P Aquarius ST-7 GPM Core Astro-H GOES-R ESA/NASA Solar Orbiter Venture MoO ES Tier 2-2 Mars 2016 Mars 2018 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 21 Back-up Charts

22 22 FY2010 Enacted Budget TOPIC Funding ($M) Astrophysics Research 150.8 Research & Analysis 60.0 Balloon Project 26.7 Other Missions & Data Analysis 64.1

Cosmic Origins 667.2 Line items in the FY10 Hubble Space Telescope 112.6 Astrophysics budget, James Webb Space Telescope 441.4 as passed by SOFIA 72.8 Congress Other Missions & Data Analysis 40.4 Physics of The Cosmos 147.7 JDEM 6.4 Other Missions & Data Analysis 141.3

Exoplanet Exploration 46.2 Other Missions & Data Analysis 46.2

Astrophysics Explorers 107.9 WISE 13.0 NuSTAR 59.9 Astro-H 10.9 Other Missions & Data Analysis 24.1

Total Astrophysics 1119.8 *General Reduction* (SMD-wide) -59.223 23 FY2011 Budget Request: Astrophysics

Fully funds JWST for launch in summer 2014.

Fully funds SOFIA towards Full Operational Capability by 2014.

Operates Hubble and other operating missions.

Fully funds Explorer missions NuSTAR and Astro-H/SXS (with JAXA) for launches in 2012 and 2014, respectively.

Supports newly selected GEMS Explorer mission for launch in 2014.

Awaiting NRC decadal for new priorities in Astrophysics beyond current missions. 24 24 Astrophysics: What’s Changed and What’s the Same

What changed: Augment SOFIA and JWST cost reserves towards 70% JCL. NuSTAR LRD Jan 2012 (external Agency commitment, project working to earlier delivery date) reflects 70% JCL. Astro-H LRD projected to be Feb 2014. Gravity and Extreme Magnetism Small Explorer (GEMS) selected as a SMEX for launch in 2014. Kepler funding augmentation to Phase E budget (more robust ground follow-up, lessons learned from COROT; image artifact mitigation) Herschel/Planck launched May 2009, now in routine science ops. HST SM4 launched May 2009, on-orbit check out complete Sept 2009. All new and repaired systems performing at or above expectations. Rebalanced Future Missions lines and reallocated funds to support Senior Review results, strategic technology. R&A, suborbital payloads allocated steady funding at FY10 levels. Missions & grant programs adjusted (re-phased) to reduce unobligated/uncosted carryover. What’s the same: LISA, JDEM, IXO (International X-ray Observatory), and SIM/SIM-Lite continuations depend on results of Astro2010 decadal survey JWST launch in June 2014 25 Reach SOFIA Full Operational Capability in 2014 25 Astrophysics R&A Funding History

26 Projections for Supporting Research & Technology

FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 actual enacted FY11 President's Budget Request

Cosmic Origins SR&T 3.2 5.2 7.0 10.1 11.5 12.5 15.0 Tech, core+competed 0.6 1.9 5.0 6.3 7.2 9.6 Fellows 3.2 4.6 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Physics of the Cosmos SR&T 2.8 4.3 5.6 9.8 11.7 13.0 15.0 Tech, core+competed 0.9 1.8 5.8 7.7 8.8 10.6 Fellows 2.8 3.4 3.8 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.4 Exoplanet Exploration SR&T 11.0 13.3 12.7 16.3 17.8 18.2 18.8 Tech, core+competed 7.3 10.2 9.3 12.5 14.0 13.5 13.9 Fellows 3.7 3.1 3.4 3.8 3.8 4.7 4.9 BALLOON PROJECT 25.6 26.7 * 27.1 32.4 32.7 35.3 36.8 ASTROPHYSICS RESEARCH & ANALYSIS 60.0 60.0 * 60.2 64.7 65.8 67.4 69.1 Rocket and MoO payloads 6.0 5.9 5.8 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Balloon payloads 17.3 16.8 16.7 17.9 18.2 18.7 19.2 Detectors, technology 18.0 17.6 17.4 18.7 19.0 19.5 20.0 Lab astrophysics 3.0 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Ground-based observing 3.0 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Astrophysics theory 11.2 12.4 13.1 14.1 14.2 14.6 15.0 Program support, other 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 Astrophysics Data Program 14.7 13.3 14.5 17.8 19.3 19.8 20.3 ADCAR: data archives 10.9 19.6 20.8 20.0 19.8 19.9 20.9 Total research and analysis 128.2 142.4 147.9 171.1 178.6 186.1 195.9 * Congressional line items pale blue = “core” Research & Analysis items from previous slide 27 27 Astrophysics Division - Science Mission Directorate

28 28 Astrophysics: Budget forward look

Astrophysics FY2010 President's Budget and Estimates for 2011 - 2023 1,600.0

1,400.0

1,200.0 Future Missions

1,000.0 Form, Dev & Op

800.0 Missions $M 600.0 Mission Enabling 400.0

200.0 Program Mgmt & Other 0.0

FY07 FY 08 FY 09 FY 10 FY 11 FY 12 FY 13 FY 14 FY 15 FY 16 FY 17 FY 18 FY 19 FY 20 FY 21 FY 22 FY 23 Fiscal Year

• Assumed operating missions beyond 2016 include JWST, SOFIA • HST De-orbit mission development ramps up ~2020 29 • “Future Missions” wedge would be used for new mission initiatives, R&A/technology augmentations, extended missions, etc. • The amount of “Future Missions” funding available between 2013 – 2020 is ~$4B 29 Astro2010 Decadal Survey – Notional Forward Look

• Assumed operating missions beyond 2016 include JWST, SOFIA; plus HST, Chandra, Fermi, etc. (e.g., Astro-H) • HST De-orbit mission development ramps up ~2020 • “Future Missions” wedge is for strategic missions recommended by the Astro2010 decadal survey • The amount of “Future Missions” funding available between 2013 – 2020 in such a scenario would be ~$2.3B 30 30 SMD Practices Conform to the Highest Standards of Scientific Integrity

“…Finally, agencies are expected to conduct programs in accordance with the highest standards of ethical and scientific integrity and to have clear principles, guidelines, and policies on issues such as scientific openness, scientific misconduct, conflicts of interest, protection of privacy, and the appropriate treatment of human subjects.” 31 Astrophysics Division Missions

Update in progress

Current status

32