Understanding and Exploiting MYCN Addiction in High-Risk Neuroblastoma Using the Example of CDK13
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Systematic Screening for Potential Therapeutic Targets in Osteosarcoma Through a Kinome-Wide CRISPR-Cas9 Library
Cancer Biol Med 2020. doi: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0162 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Systematic screening for potential therapeutic targets in osteosarcoma through a kinome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 library Yuanzhong Wu*, Liwen Zhou*, Zifeng Wang, Xin Wang, Ruhua Zhang, Lisi Zheng, Tiebang Kang Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China ABSTRACT Objective: Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor. However, the survival of patients with osteosarcoma has remained unchanged during the past 30 years, owing to a lack of efficient therapeutic targets. Methods: We constructed a kinome-targeting CRISPR-Cas9 library containing 507 kinases and 100 nontargeting controls and screened the potential kinase targets in osteosarcoma. The CRISPR screening sequencing data were analyzed with the Model-based Analysis of Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout (MAGeCK) Python package. The functional data were applied in the 143B cell line through lenti-CRISPR-mediated gene knockout. The clinical significance of kinases in the survival of patients with osteosarcoma was analyzed in the R2: Genomics Analysis and Visualization Platform. Results: We identified 53 potential kinase targets in osteosarcoma. Among these targets, we analyzed 3 kinases, TRRAP, PKMYT1, and TP53RK, to validate their oncogenic functions in osteosarcoma. PKMYT1 and TP53RK showed higher expression in osteosarcoma than in normal bone tissue, whereas TRRAP showed no significant difference. High expression of all 3 kinases was associated with relatively poor prognosis in patients with osteosarcoma. Conclusions: Our results not only offer potential therapeutic kinase targets in osteosarcoma but also provide a paradigm for functional genetic screening by using a CRISPR-Cas9 library, including target design, library construction, screening workflow, data analysis, and functional validation. -
Investigating the Role of Cdk11in Animal Cytokinesis
Investigating the Role of CDK11 in Animal Cytokinesis by Thomas Clifford Panagiotou A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Molecular Genetics University of Toronto © Copyright by Thomas Clifford Panagiotou (2020) Investigating the Role of CDK11 in Animal Cytokinesis Thomas Clifford Panagiotou Master of Science Department of Molecular Genetics University of Toronto 2020 Abstract Finely tuned spatio-temporal regulation of cell division is required for genome stability. Cytokinesis constitutes the final stages of cell division, from chromosome segregation to the physical separation of cells, abscission. Abscission is tightly regulated to ensure it occurs after earlier cytokinetic events, like the maturation of the stem body, the regulatory platform for abscission. Active Aurora B kinase enforces the abscission checkpoint, which blocks abscission until chromosomes have been cleared from the cytokinetic machinery. Currently, it is unclear how this checkpoint is overcome. Here, I demonstrate that the cyclin-dependent kinase CDK11 is required for cytokinesis. Both inhibition and depletion of CDK11 block abscission. Furthermore, the mitosis-specific CDK11p58 kinase localizes to the stem body, where its kinase activity rescues the defects of CDK11 depletion and inhibition. These results suggest a model whereby CDK11p58 antagonizes Aurora B kinase to overcome the abscission checkpoint to allow for successful completion of cytokinesis. ii Acknowledgments I am very grateful for the support of my family and friends throughout my studies. I would also like to express my deep gratitude to Wilde Lab members, both past and present, for their advice and collaboration. In particular, I am very grateful to Matthew Renshaw, whose work comprises part of this thesis. -
A Computational Approach for Defining a Signature of Β-Cell Golgi Stress in Diabetes Mellitus
Page 1 of 781 Diabetes A Computational Approach for Defining a Signature of β-Cell Golgi Stress in Diabetes Mellitus Robert N. Bone1,6,7, Olufunmilola Oyebamiji2, Sayali Talware2, Sharmila Selvaraj2, Preethi Krishnan3,6, Farooq Syed1,6,7, Huanmei Wu2, Carmella Evans-Molina 1,3,4,5,6,7,8* Departments of 1Pediatrics, 3Medicine, 4Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, 5Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, the 6Center for Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases, and the 7Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; 2Department of BioHealth Informatics, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202; 8Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202. *Corresponding Author(s): Carmella Evans-Molina, MD, PhD ([email protected]) Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS 2031A, Indianapolis, IN 46202, Telephone: (317) 274-4145, Fax (317) 274-4107 Running Title: Golgi Stress Response in Diabetes Word Count: 4358 Number of Figures: 6 Keywords: Golgi apparatus stress, Islets, β cell, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes 1 Diabetes Publish Ahead of Print, published online August 20, 2020 Diabetes Page 2 of 781 ABSTRACT The Golgi apparatus (GA) is an important site of insulin processing and granule maturation, but whether GA organelle dysfunction and GA stress are present in the diabetic β-cell has not been tested. We utilized an informatics-based approach to develop a transcriptional signature of β-cell GA stress using existing RNA sequencing and microarray datasets generated using human islets from donors with diabetes and islets where type 1(T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) had been modeled ex vivo. To narrow our results to GA-specific genes, we applied a filter set of 1,030 genes accepted as GA associated. -
The Combination of the PARP Inhibitor Olaparib and the Wee1 Inhibitor AZD1775 As a New Therapeutic Option for Small Cell Lung Cancer
Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on June 25, 2018; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-2805 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. The combination of the PARP inhibitor olaparib and the Wee1 inhibitor AZD1775 as a new therapeutic option for small cell lung cancer Alice Lallo1,*, Kristopher K Frese1,*, Christopher J Morrow1, Robert Sloane1, Sakshi Gulati1, Maximillian W Schenk1, Francesca Trapani1, Nicole Simms1, Melanie Galvin1, Stewart Brown1, Cassandra L Hodgkinson1, Lynsey Priest1, Adina Hughes4, Zhongwu Lai5, Elaine Cadogan4, Garima Khandelwal3, Kathryn L Simpson1, Crispin Miller3, Fiona Blackhall2, Mark J O’Connor4,#, and Caroline Dive1,# 1 Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK. 2 Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom. Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK. 3 RNA Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK. 4 Oncology Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK. 5 Oncology Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Waltham, 02451, USA. *These authors contributed equally to this work Running title: PARP and Wee1 inhibition in patient-derived models of SCLC C. Dive receives funding from the Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute core (C5759/A27412), the Cancer Research UK Manchester -
Cyclin-Dependent Kinases and Their Role in Inflammation, Endothelial Cell Migration
Cyclin-Dependent Kinases and their role in Inflammation, Endothelial Cell Migration and Autocrine Activity Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Shruthi Ratnakar Shetty Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences The Ohio State University 2020 Dissertation Committee Dale Hoyt, Advisor Liva Rakotondraibe Moray Campbell Keli Hu Copyrighted by Shruthi Ratnakar Shetty 2020 Abstract Inflammation is the body’s response to infection or injury. Endothelial cells are among the different players involved in an inflammatory cascade. In response to an inflammatory stimuli such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), endothelial cells get activated which is characterized by the production of important mediators, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) which, catalyzes the production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive nitrogen species and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) that catalyzes the production of prostaglandins. Though the production of these mediators is required for an inflammatory response, it is important that their levels are regulated. Continued production of iNOS results in increased accumulation of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) that might lead to cytotoxicity, whereas lack of/suppression results in endothelial and vascular dysfunction. On the other hand, severe cardiovascular, intestinal and renal side effects are observed with significant suppression of COX-2. Thus, studying factors that could regulate the levels of iNOS and COX-2 could provide useful insights for developing novel therapeutic targets. Regulation of protein levels involves control of protein induction or turnover. Since protein induction requires transcription, in this dissertation we studied the role of a promoter of transcription “Cyclin- dependent kinase 7 (CDK7)” in iNOS and COX-2 protein induction. -
Bioinformatics-Based Screening of Key Genes for Transformation of Liver
Jiang et al. J Transl Med (2020) 18:40 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-020-02229-8 Journal of Translational Medicine RESEARCH Open Access Bioinformatics-based screening of key genes for transformation of liver cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma Chen Hao Jiang1,2, Xin Yuan1,2, Jiang Fen Li1,2, Yu Fang Xie1,2, An Zhi Zhang1,2, Xue Li Wang1,2, Lan Yang1,2, Chun Xia Liu1,2, Wei Hua Liang1,2, Li Juan Pang1,2, Hong Zou1,2, Xiao Bin Cui1,2, Xi Hua Shen1,2, Yan Qi1,2, Jin Fang Jiang1,2, Wen Yi Gu4, Feng Li1,2,3 and Jian Ming Hu1,2* Abstract Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver tumour, and is closely related to liver cirrhosis. Previous studies have focussed on the pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis developing into HCC, but the molecular mechanism remains unclear. The aims of the present study were to identify key genes related to the transformation of cirrhosis into HCC, and explore the associated molecular mechanisms. Methods: GSE89377, GSE17548, GSE63898 and GSE54236 mRNA microarray datasets from Gene Expression Omni- bus (GEO) were analysed to obtain diferentially expressed genes (DEGs) between HCC and liver cirrhosis tissues, and network analysis of protein–protein interactions (PPIs) was carried out. String and Cytoscape were used to analyse modules and identify hub genes, Kaplan–Meier Plotter and Oncomine databases were used to explore relationships between hub genes and disease occurrence, development and prognosis of HCC, and the molecular mechanism of the main hub gene was probed using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) pathway analysis. -
Targeting Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 9 and Myeloid Cell Leukaemia 1 in MYC-Driven B-Cell Lymphoma
Targeting cyclin-dependent kinase 9 and myeloid cell leukaemia 1 in MYC-driven B-cell lymphoma Gareth Peter Gregory ORCID ID: 0000-0002-4170-0682 Thesis for Doctor of Philosophy September 2016 Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne Doctor of Philosophy Submitted in total fulfilment of the degree of Abstract Aggressive B-cell lymphomas include diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma and intermediate forms. Despite high response rates to conventional immuno-chemotherapeutic approaches, an unmet need for novel therapeutic by resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The proto-oncogene MYC is strategies is required in the setting of relapsed and refractory disease, typified frequently dysregulated in the aggressive B-cell lymphomas, however, it has proven an elusive direct therapeutic target. MYC-dysregulated disease maintains a ‘transcriptionally-addicted’ state, whereby perturbation of A significant body of evidence is accumulating to suggest that RNA polymerase II activity may indirectly antagonise MYC activity. Furthermore, very recent studies implicate anti-apoptotic myeloid cell leukaemia 1 (MCL-1) as a critical survival determinant of MYC-driven lymphoma. This thesis utilises pharmacologic and genetic techniques in MYC-driven models of aggressive B-cell lymphoma to demonstrate that cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) and MCL-1 are oncogenic dependencies of this subset of disease. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, dinaciclib, and more selective CDK9 inhibitors downregulation of MCL1 are used -
The Genetic Complexity of Prostate Cancer
G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Review The Genetic Complexity of Prostate Cancer Eva Compérat 1,2,3,*, Gabriel Wasinger 3 , André Oszwald 3 , Renate Kain 3 , Geraldine Cancel-Tassin 1 and Olivier Cussenot 1,4 1 CeRePP/GRC5 Predictive Onco-Urology, Sorbonne University, 75020 Paris, France; [email protected] (G.C.-T.); [email protected] (O.C.) 2 Department of Pathology, Hôpital Tenon, Sorbonne University, 75020 Paris, France 3 Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] (G.W.); [email protected] (A.O.); [email protected] (R.K.) 4 Department of Urology, Hôpital Tenon, Sorbonne University, 75020 Paris, France * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-658246024 Received: 28 September 2020; Accepted: 23 November 2020; Published: 25 November 2020 Abstract: Prostate cancer (PCa) is a major concern in public health, with many genetically distinct subsets. Genomic alterations in PCa are extraordinarily complex, and both germline and somatic mutations are of great importance in the development of this tumor. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of genetic changes that can occur in the development of PCa and their role in potential therapeutic approaches. Various pathways and mechanisms proposed to play major roles in PCa are described in detail to provide an overview of current knowledge. Keywords: prostate cancer; germline mutations; somatic mutations; PTEN; TMPRSS2; ERG; androgen receptors 1. Introduction Prostate cancer (PCa) is a major concern in public health, with more than 1.1 million cases worldwide detected every year [1]. -
NIH Public Access Author Manuscript J Theor Biol
NIH Public Access Author Manuscript J Theor Biol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 March 07. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptPublished NIH-PA Author Manuscript in final edited NIH-PA Author Manuscript form as: J Theor Biol. 2013 March 7; 320: . doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.12.011. A predictive mathematical model of the DNA damage G2 checkpoint Kevin J. Kesselera, Michael L. Blinovb, Timothy C. Elstonc, William K. Kaufmanna, and Dennis A. Simpsona,* aDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Center for Environmental Health and Susceptibility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7255, USA bCenter for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-1507, USA cDepartment of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7260, USA Abstract A predictive mathematical model of the transition from the G2 phase in the cell cycle to mitosis (M) was constructed from the known interactions of the proteins that are thought to play significant roles in the G2 to M transition as well as the DNA damage- induced G2 checkpoint. The model simulates the accumulation of active cyclin B1/Cdk1 (MPF) complexes in the nucleus to activate mitosis, the inhibition of this process by DNA damage, and transport of component proteins between cytoplasm and nucleus. Interactions in the model are based on activities of individual phospho-epitopes and binding sites of proteins involved in G2/M. Because tracking phosphoforms leads to combinatorial explosion, we employ a rule-based approach using the BioNetGen software. The model was used to determine the effects of depletion or over-expression of selected proteins involved in the regulation of the G2 to M transition in the presence and absence of DNA damage. -
Small-Molecule Binding Sites to Explore New Targets in the Cancer Proteome
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Molecular BioSystems. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 Small-molecule binding sites to explore new targets in the cancer proteome David Xu, Shadia I. Jalal, George W. Sledge Jr., and Samy O. Meroueh* Supplementary Text Druggable Binding Sites across all 10 Diseases. Using the previously established cutoffs, we identified genes that were overexpressed across multiple cancer types and featured druggable binding sites. We ranked these genes based on the total number of tumors that overexpressed the gene (Fig. S1). Using a simple PubMed query, we then counted the number of articles in which either the gene symbol or gene name was co-mentioned with the term ‘cancer’. Most of the most frequently occurring differentially-expressed genes correspond to proteins of well- established cancer targets. Among them are matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), including MMP1, MMP9, and MMP12, which are implicated in tumor invasion and metastasis (1). There are several protein kinases, including TTK, AURKA, AURKB, and PLK1, that are involved in cell signaling and well-established oncology targets (2). Some genes among this list that have not been extensively studied nor targeted in cancer. These include the serine/threonine kinase PKMYT1 (MYT1) is a regulator of G2/M transition in the cell cycle, but lacks focused small molecule inhibitors that specifically target the kinase. Recent efforts in developing small molecule inhibitors involve repurposing of available kinase inhibitors to specifically target the kinase (3). A subunit of the GINS complex GINS2 (PSF2) is involved in cell proliferation and survival in cancer cell lines (4,5). -
Ser 15 of WEE1B Is a Potential PKA Phosphorylation Target in G2/M Transition in One-Cell Stage Mouse Embryos
MOLECULAR MEDICINE REPORTS 7: 1929-1937, 2013 Ser 15 of WEE1B is a potential PKA phosphorylation target in G2/M transition in one-cell stage mouse embryos CHAO LIU1,2, YANCHUN LIU1, YANG LIU2, DIDI WU1, ZHIDONG LUAN2, ENHUA WANG3 and BINGZHI YU1,3 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang; 2Department of Developmental Biology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou; 3Institute of Pathology and Pathopysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China Received December 17, 2012; Accepted March 28, 2013 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1437 Abstract. The WEE1 kinase family has been shown to be the Introduction major kinase family responsible for phosphorylating Tyr 15 on cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1). WEE1 homolog 2 (WEE2, M phase-promoting factor (MPF) is a universal regulator of M also known as WEE1B) was first identified in Xenopus laevis phase in the eukaryotic cell cycle (1,2). Its activation induces and more recently in humans and mice, and is responsible for entry into M phase and its subsequent inactivation is necessary phosphorylating the CDK1 inhibitory site and maintaining to exit from M phase. The activity of MPF in higher eukary- meiotic arrest in oocytes. However, the mechanism by which otic cells is primarily regulated by the formation of a complex WEE1B is regulated in one-cell stage mouse embryos remains between the catalytic cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1, to be elucidated. In the present study, we examined the role previously known as CDC2) subunit and the regulatory of WEE1B-Ser 15 in G2/M transition of one-cell stage mouse CCNB1 (previously known as cyclin B) subunit, and further embryos. -
Biomarkers, Master Regulators and Genomic Fabric Remodeling in a Case of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article Biomarkers, Master Regulators and Genomic Fabric Remodeling in a Case of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Dumitru A. Iacobas Personalized Genomics Laboratory, CRI Center for Computational Systems Biology, Roy G Perry College of Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA; [email protected]; Tel.: +1-936-261-9926 Received: 1 August 2020; Accepted: 1 September 2020; Published: 2 September 2020 Abstract: Publicly available (own) transcriptomic data have been analyzed to quantify the alteration in functional pathways in thyroid cancer, establish the gene hierarchy, identify potential gene targets and predict the effects of their manipulation. The expression data have been generated by profiling one case of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and genetically manipulated BCPAP (papillary) and 8505C (anaplastic) human thyroid cancer cell lines. The study used the genomic fabric paradigm that considers the transcriptome as a multi-dimensional mathematical object based on the three independent characteristics that can be derived for each gene from the expression data. We found remarkable remodeling of the thyroid hormone synthesis, cell cycle, oxidative phosphorylation and apoptosis pathways. Serine peptidase inhibitor, Kunitz type, 2 (SPINT2) was identified as the Gene Master Regulator of the investigated PTC. The substantial increase in the expression synergism of SPINT2 with apoptosis genes in the cancer nodule with respect to the surrounding normal tissue (NOR) suggests that SPINT2 experimental overexpression may force the PTC cells into apoptosis with a negligible effect on the NOR cells. The predictive value of the expression coordination for the expression regulation was validated with data from 8505C and BCPAP cell lines before and after lentiviral transfection with DDX19B.