Empathy and Dignity

What Israel and Diaspora Owe Each Other

David Ben-Gurion wrongly believed that American , while an asset for Israel, were incapable of truly meaningful Jewish life. Today, should show more respect for the Diaspora – and vice versa

n August 1950, the president of the American Jewish Committee, Jacob IBlaustein, traveled to Israel on what he regarded as an urgent mission of clarification. Israel’s UN ambassador, Abba Eban, had called for the mass of young American Jews, and Blaustein feared that American Jewry would be vulnerable to accusations of dual loyalty. Unless Israel changed its attitude toward American Jewry, Blaustein wrote to AJC members, it risked forfeiting “not only the continuance of American [Jewish] philanthropic and economic assistance, but also the general good will of American Jewry." {By YOSSI KLEIN HALEVI

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For Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion, limits of the Israel-Diaspora relationship, not maintaining good relations with the non- its creative potential. And it was motivated, on Zionist but pro-Israel AJC was crucial to Israel’s side, by pragmatic considerations – the Israel’s relationship with American Jewry. need to ensure continued American Jewish And so, uncharacteristically, he conceded a support for the struggling state – rather than key ideological principle. At a luncheon given by the need to meaningfully engage American in Blaustein’s honor, Ben-Gurion implicitly Jews as partners in the Jewish future. endorsed the AJC’s position that American In Ben-Gurion’s paradigm, which for decades Jewry was not living in exile. American Jews, defined Israeli attitudes, Diaspora communities he declared, “owe no political allegiance to were relegated to the role of appendage, whose Israel … the State of Israel represents and vibrancy was measured by the extent of their speaks only on behalf of its own citizens … support for Israel’s needs, rather than by their We, the people of Israel, have no desire and own intrinsic spiritual and cultural vitality, one no intention to interfere in any way with of whose natural expressions would be support the internal affairs of Jewish communities for Israel. This model, though never adequate, abroad.” As for aliyah, Ben-Gurion noted that was at least understandable for the generation Israel needed the expertise of American Jews of the Holocaust and Jewish national rebirth, and hoped that at least some would come – and it reflected Israeli self-confidence and “permanently or temporarily.” Hardly a ringing Diaspora demoralization. call for the ingathering of the exiles from New The long-term result is an increasingly York and Boston. dysfunctional relationship. Aside from The Ben-Gurion-Blaustein “exchange,” as periodically confronting crises in Israel, it came to be known, was a key moment in American Jews and Israelis have little in defining the relationship between Israel and common. They largely view each other’s Jewish American Jewry. However reluctantly, Israel lives through the stereotypes of another era – an accepted the distinction between exile and insecure American Jewry devoid of meaningful Diaspora: that a Jewish community enjoying Jewish life, and an Israeli society divided conditions of equality and acceptance could between Orthodoxy and secularism with little not be defined as exilic. Today, following the space for modern religious expressions. fall of the Iron Curtain, most Diaspora Jews no Dealing with crises is an essential facet of a longer live in exile – the condition of enforced shared Jewish identity, especially in a time when separation from the land of Israel. In the 21st Israel again faces existential threats. But that century, the Ben-Gurion-Blaustein exchange can only be an outgrowth of, not a substitute remains relevant not only to American Jewry, for, a healthy Israeli-Diaspora relationship. but to Jewish communities around the world, Instead of learning from and nurturing each as they seek to define their relationship with other’s cultural achievements, we rely on crisis Israel. to maintain an increasingly fragile connection. The result is a depletion of that connection and, ironically, a growing reluctance among Beyond Utilitarianism young Diaspora Jews to support Israel even in times of crisis. Israelis and Diaspora Jews Ben-Gurion’s concession to Blaustein reflected urgently require a contemporary version of the the anxieties and limitations of its time. It Ben-Gurion-Blaustein exchange, to address the failed to adequately address the need for Israel growing drift between them and to affirm the to respect not just the American identity of values that need to guide their relations. American Jews, but their distinctive Jewish In the past, Israel has seen its responsibility identity. The exchange deals with the formal to world Jews being fulfilled by its very

HAVRUTA | 33 existence. Israel’s achievements empowered of Auschwitz. The Six-Day War inspired the Diaspora Jews with pride and invigorated rebirth of Jewish identity in the Soviet Union their communal life. The founding of Israel and the enhancement of Jewish political clout immediately after the Shoah offered a in the United States. To a large extent, the compelling response to apocalypse: military reinvigoration of the Diaspora is a direct result prowess against defenselessness, ingathering of Israel’s success. against deportation and, for some Jews, the Practically, Israel defined its responsibilities biblical God of battle against the hidden God to Jews abroad in terms of rescue and

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protection. These remain Israel’s ongoing case of Soviet Jewry, to include a commitment commitment, whether expressed in the rescue to nurture Jewish identity. Beginning in and absorption of Ethiopian Jewry, or in the the 1950s, Israeli emissaries engaged in a way Israeli ambassadors perceive monitoring clandestine campaign, coordinated from the local anti-Semitism as a natural part of their prime minister’s office, to resist the Soviet diplomatic mission. Union’s policy of enforced Jewish assimilation “The Last Supper.” Israel’s commitment to rescuing endangered by disseminating Jewish books and ritual Photograph by Adi Nes, Jewish communities was expanded, in the items. The immediate goal was to restore a 1999. Courtesy of the artist.

HAVRUTA | 35 basic Jewish identity to Soviet Jews; the long- at worst virtual traitors, a certain dismissal term goal was to stimulate aliyah. persists, exemplified by the term yored“ ,” a Israeli emissaries in the West have long “descender” from the land. A new relationship tried to nurture Zionist sentiment among between Israel and the Diaspora requires a young Jews. In recent years, those efforts change in the ideological language of contempt. have taken the form of a partnership with By contrast, the term “oleh,” an “ascender” to Diaspora groups, especially Birthright. Along the land, remains appropriate. “Yored” demeans; with strengthening attachment to Israel, “oleh” affirms. Birthright aims to strengthen Diaspora life Israelis have much to learn from – a goal that Israel endorses. Shlilat hagolah, Diaspora creativity. Jewish feminism, trans- the negation of Exile, has been replaced with denominational community schools, the an ethos of what can be called hizuk ha-tfutsot, synthesis of mysticism and ecology created strengthening the Diaspora. by the Jewish renewal movement – all offer models of the sort of expansiveness often To a large extent, the lacking in Israeli Judaism. American Jewry in particular is engaged in the most remarkable reinvigoration of the experiment in the history of the Diaspora. Diaspora is a direct result Jews are helping shape the public space of the most powerful country in the world, which of Israel’s success. welcomes their ideas and values and political input. American Jewry influences and is in That shift needs to become ideologically turn influenced by the general culture and explicit. Strengthening Jewish life abroad politics. No Jewish minority – and perhaps should not be seen solely in Zionist utilitarian no minority in any society – has ever enjoyed terms – as a means to enhance support for Israel a more influential stage. – but as an inherent necessity for the Jewish Still, celebrating the vitality of Diaspora life people. That means embracing the Diaspora as doesn’t mean accepting the notion, advocated a Jewish good. The Diaspora doesn’t only need by various Jewish thinkers in Israel and abroad, to be strengthened for Israel’s sake, but for its of the existence of two equal centers –Israel and own. Not only is the Diaspora responsible for Diaspora – in Jewish life. Indeed, some now helping maintain Israel’s well-being; Israel is reject the very term “Diaspora” and prefer the responsible for helping maintain the well-being phrase “world Jewry,” which implicitly reduces of the Diaspora. Israel to one Jewish community among many. Israel owes Diaspora Jews an affirmation of But even as we reject the term “exile” to define the worthiness of their Jewish lives. As the state the condition of Jews outside the land, the founded by Zionism, whose goal was to restore term “Diaspora” remains valid, upholding the the dignity of the Jewish people, Israel must be centrality of Israel in Jewish life. mindful of the dignity of Jews worldwide. That The Land of Israel is central to Jewish includes, for example, affirming the rebirth of thought, prayer, and aspirations. And the State Jewish life in Germany and Poland – despite of Israel – where Jewish life and public space the understandable ambivalence of many Jews are interchangeable and where a majority of after the Shoah toward resurrecting Jewish the world’s Jews may soon live – is the practical life there. expression of that centrality. In fulfilling the It also must include the Israelis who leave dream of return that helped sustain the Jews the Jewish state and settle abroad. While public in exile, the State of Israel has assumed the attitudes have evolved from the days when responsibility of validating Jewish longing. émigrés were regarded as at best failures and What happens in Israel will help determine

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whether Jewish faith and persistence were Israeli actions undermine Diaspora pride, that justified. No other Jewish community carries is an expression of hillul Hashem. such risks and opportunities. But while Israel remains the center of When official Israel Jewish life, the Diaspora is central to Jewish life. And what is happening in the Diaspora, excludes and demeans especially in America, is historically compelling. non-Orthodox forms of American Jews can test the power of Judaism in a competitive market of identities and create Judaism, it weakens the Jewish alternatives free of coercive fears for Jewish people. survival. At the same time, the persistence of those fears in Israeli life remains an ongoing An Israeli government committed to challenge to the success of the Zionist empowering the Diaspora would embrace vision. liberal forms of Judaism that are strengthening Jewish identity among those Jews who are most integrated into the general culture. Israeli Policies and When official Israel excludes and demeans non-Orthodox forms of Judaism, it weakens the Diaspora Identity Jewish people – surely undermining Diaspora The concerns that led to the Ben-Gurion- attachment to Israel and ultimately to Jewish Blaustein exchange – especially the fear of the identity. accusation of dual loyalty – have been replaced The Diaspora owes Israel what Israel owes by new Diaspora anxieties regarding Israel. the Diaspora: unconditional commitment to Growing numbers of Diaspora Jews feel their its survival and well-being. Diaspora Jews are Jewish identity being compromised by Israeli partners in the ongoing creation of a Jewish policies. state. Like Israelis, they disagree about what A Jewish state intent on nurturing Jewish defines Israel’s well-being. And so commitment peoplehood must consider the consequences of to Israel cannot mean uncritical support. its policies in the Diaspora. That is not to say that Critiquing the wisdom and ethics of Israel’s Israel should sacrifice essential security needs policies isn’t just the right of Diaspora Jews to assuage the uneasy conscience of Diaspora but their responsibility. critics. But Israel’s impact on the Diaspora needs to be part of government deliberations and of the public debate over government A Distance that Divides policies. Assessments of the consequences, say, For Israelis, on the frontline of a seemingly of expanding settlements need to include the endless war, the danger exists of a kind of impact not only on the American government moral exhaustion. The distance of Diaspora can but on American Jews. provide a clear-eyed look at Israel’s dilemmas, Israel’s powerful influence – sometimes which is much needed. But distance can also positive, sometimes negative – on the distort: Diaspora critics who fear for Israel’s willingness of Jews in an open society to soul need to show no less concern for Israel’s identify with the Jewish people provides a body. One example: when the 2009 Gaza War new dimension to the traditional concepts of began, the American Jewish group J Street kiddush Hashem (sanctification of God’s name) immediately condemned Israel’s invasion. By and hillul Hashem (desecration of God’s name). contrast, the left-wing Israeli party, Meretz, When Israeli actions strengthen Diaspora pride, which is ideologically close to J Street, supported that is an expression of kiddush Hashem; when the invasion, at least initially. Meretz was

HAVRUTA | 37 Illustration for Havruta by Moran Barak.

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mindful of Israel’s responsibility to protect Judaism is enriched by encountering the self- its civilians from terror attack and of Israel’s confidence of a sovereign Jewish public space relative restraint in the face of eight years of in which Jewish identity is the starting point rocket attacks from Gaza. In its instinctive and Jewish creativity an inevitable result. criticism of Israel’s right to self-defense, J Street One example is the Jewish spiritual music placed itself outside the Israeli mainstream not being created by Israel’s leading musicians – a just politically but emotionally. phenomenon so natural that it merges with the general Israeli rock culture. Diaspora critics who fear Were a similar phenomenon to occur in the Diaspora, Jews there would be hailing a for Israel’s soul need to Yossi Klein Halevi cultural renaissance; in Israel it is taken for is a writer, political show no less concern for granted. commentator, and Israel’s body. fellow at the Shalom Israel is a testing ground Hartman Institute. A To be taken seriously as partners in Israel’s worthy of an ancient contributing editor of debates, Diaspora Jews need to appreciate the New Republic, he the agonizing complexity and uniqueness of people and a practical is the author of At the Israel’s dilemmas. Israel is not an ordinary Entrance to the Garden conqueror: it fears that territorial withdrawal faith. of Eden: A Jew’s Search won’t merely diminish but destroy it. Israel for God with Christians is also the only country that is expected to Finally, Judaism insists on being applied and Muslims in exchange tangible assets for recognition of its to daily life, and Israel offers the opportun ity the Holy Land and Memoirs of a Jewish right to exist and the mere promise of peace. to test Jewish values and aspirations under Extremist. He is now And the IDF faces terrorist enemies who fire the most intense conditions. With its often completing a book against Israel’s civilian population from within excrutiating dilemmas – between security on the paratroopers their own civilian populations. and morality, competing national claims, who fought in Finally, Diaspora Jews need to accept that a secular state and a holy land – Israel is a in 1967. the final decisions on matters of war and peace testing ground worthy of an ancient people belong to Israelis. That places limits on the and a practical faith. ability of Diaspora Jews to influence the For all the inevitable tensions between outcome of Israel’s debates. Any attempt by Israel and the Diaspora, the opportunities Diaspora Jews to apply external pressure on for Jewish renewal that both options offer are the democratically elected government of Israel unprecedented. Each in its way is a laboratory – say, by lobbying Congress to withhold funds for Jewish responses to modernity. Previous or joining in international efforts to isolate generations of Jews could hardly have imagined the Jewish state – will rightly be regarded by a Diaspora community as successful as American Israelis as a violation of trust. In that case, Jewry or a sovereign Jewish state as successful Diaspora critics would remove themselves from as Israel – let alone both emerging more or the privileged position of participants in a less simultaneously. Realizing the potential family debate, whose concerns require special of Israel and the Diaspora depends in large consideration by Israel. measure on the quality of their relationship. When criticism becomes the predominant David Ben-Gurion and Jacob Blaustein took expression of a Diaspora Jew’s connection to that relationship as far as either man was able Israel, that is merely a variation of the distorted, within his ideological constraints. Israeli and crisis-driven relationship. Diaspora Jews today can surely take the next Genuine engagement requires exposure step toward creating a mature and mutually to contemporary Hebrew culture. Diaspora affirming conversation.

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