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Prefer Wet Forests, and They Are Frequent to Lowland Rain Forests

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Prefer Wet Forests, and They Are Frequent to Lowland Rain Forests BLUMEA 22 (1974) 20—29 FloraeMalesianaePraecursores LIV. Apocynaceae III F. Markgraf Institut fur Systematische Botanik der Universitat, Zurich, Switzerland 9. ALSTONIA R. BR. Pacif. —182. Monograph: Monachino, Sc. 3 (1949) 133 About in Central the others from India to China and 40 species, 2 Africa, SW. through the whole of Malesia till northern Australia, the Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, the New Hebrides, the Fiji-, Samoa-, Cook-, Society-, and Marquesas Islands. Almost all Malesian Alstonias prefer wet ground, some even peat swamp forests, and tolerate open water. They are frequent to common in lowland rain forests, some in mountainrain forests too.Themost widely distributed species, A. scholaris and.A. spectabilis, have wider of also in woods and a range water requirement, occurring sclerophyllous wood patches in savannas. Because oftheir frequency andcharacteristic habit the Alstonias have obtained a popular generic name: pulai. The leaf shape is extremely variable in this genus. On the same twig, and even in the the from and same whorl, leaves may vary obovate and obtuse to elliptic acuminate. Sometimes, after the fruits have shed their seeds, short shoots with much smaller leaves spring between the branches of the inflorescence from the axils of fallen leaves. The in- florescence is often terminal, pleiochasial, short-peduncled or sessile, its branches springing from the axils of small these inflorescences have and scales; partial a long peduncle 1—3 nodes giving rise to secondary cymes. KEY TO MALESIAN FLOWERING SPECIMENS I. Leaves velvety-papillose and pale below, in whorls of 4—8, lateral nerves numerous distant. (ca. 40—100 pairs), straight, 1—4(—5) mm Flowers predominantly yellow. Corolla the left. lobes overlapping to Seeds obtuse at both ends, their borders glabrous or very short-haired section Pala (Adr. Juss.) Benth. Corolla obtuse at least the lobes subor- 2. in bud, pubescent outside, in upper part, bicular, 2 —4 mm in diam. Leaves above when dry with distinct reticulation I. A. scholaris tertiary .... 2. Corolla obtuse or acutish, glabrous outside, lobes oblong-ovate, 3 —8(—11.4) mm in long. Tertiary reticulation of leaves dry state very indistinct or none. Inflorescence branches with nodes ofcrowded flowers and subsessile 3. 2 ramifica- tions. Pedicels o—3 mm. Calyx hirtellous. Corolla bud conspicuously obtuse. Follicles last Lateral of leaves pubescent, at glabrate. nerves patent. 4. Leaves elliptic, subacuminate or obtuse. Follicles puberulent to glabrous 2. A. angustiloba 4. Leaves spathulate, rounded or retuse. Follicles puberulent 3. A. pneumatophora VOL. 22 BLUMEA 22, No. I, 1974 Inflorescence with ramifications. 3. branches loose, stalked Pedicels 2—10 mm. Calyx glabrous. Corolla bud obtuse or acutish. Follicles glabrous or nearly so. 5. Leaves spathulate, obtuse. Inflorescences stout. Corolla bud conspicuously obtuse, corollatube shorter than or as long as the lobes. Angle betweenlateral of nerves leaves and midrib ca. 8o° 4. A. spatulata slender. 5. Leaves lanceolate, acute or subobtuse. Inflorescences Corolla bud less obtuse, slender, corolla tube longer than the lobes. Angle between lateral and midrib nerves of leaf ca. 70° 5. A. actinophylla Leaves in lateral 1. not velvety-papillose below, whorls of 3 or 4 or decussate, nerves less less distant. Flowers numerous (ca. 10—20 pairs), more or arcuate, (4—)8 —15 mm white or cream-coloured. Corolla lobes overlapping to the right. Seeds acuminate at the upper end, their borders long-haired section Monuraspermum Mon. 6. Calyx urceolate, its lobes reflexed, tomentose inside and outside, broader than long, 0.5—1 mm high, cup 1—2 mm high. Corolla outside its lobes — X — 7. tomentose, nearly orbicular, 1.5 2 1.5 2.5 mm, their bud broad the tube globose, as as 6. A. angustifolia Corolla outside lobes — — their 7. nearly glabrous, its oblong, 3.7 5 X 1.4 2.9 mm, bud oblong, slightly narrowed towards the top 7. A. parvifolia its lobes reflexed than the 6. Calyx turbinate, or not, longer or as long as cup. 8. Calyx and corolla outside white-tomentose.Corolla lobes completely tomentose inside. Petioles mostly long, (5 —)i5—20 mm*). inside 9. Calyx lobes ovate, 1—2 mm, often reflexed, laxly hairy to subglabrous. lobes — often —8 Corolla ovate, obtuse, 1.5 X 1 1.2 mm. Leaves 5 cm broad 8. A. spectabilis 9. Calyx lobes oblong, 2 mm, not reflexed, inside tomentose. Corolla lobes — Leaves broad. linear-oblong, acute, 3 4 X 0.7 mm. mostly 2 —3 cm 9. A. muelleriana 8. Calyx lobes glabrous to laxly puberulous, ciliate. Corolla glabrous outside, its lobes with hairs inside the lower half. Petioles in mostly shorter, 3—15 mm*). 10. Corolla lobes oblong, acutish, 4—7 mm. Leaves ratio — 11. mostly oblong-lanceolate, ca. 3 —4, 8—30 X 3 9 cm. Calyx its lobes laxly puberulous, broad-ovate, 0.5—0.75 mm high, I mm broad, cup 0.5—1 mm high 10. A. macrophylla 6 —8 11. Leaves obovate to oblanceolate, ratio ca.2—3, —19 x 2 cm. Calyx glabrous or nearly its lobes I X so, ovate, 1 mm, cup 1 mm high. 11. A. brassii Corolla lobes 10. ovate, obtuse, 1.5—3 mm 12. A. glabriflora KEY TO MALESIAN FRUITING SPECIMENS (the measurements of fruit breadth refer to closed follicles) 1. Leaves with numerous straight lateral nerves mutually 1—3(—5) mm distant, pale to white-papillose below. 2. Leaves chartaceous,broadly lanceolate, 5 —12 X I—3 cm. Infructescence glabrous, slender branches and Follicles lax,with pedicels. glabrous, 200 X 3 mm. 5. A. actinophylla In New A. *) Guinea and Waigeo occur presumable hybrids brassii x spectabilis with intermediate floral w # characters. See page 29. F. Maekgraf: Apocynaieae 111 23 2. Leaves coriaceous, spathulate or broad-elliptic. follicles or —6 mm broad. 3. Ripe glabrous nearly so, 4 4. Leaves spathulate, obtuse, 5.5—9 x 1.5—4.5 cm, tertiary reticulation in- distinct above. Branches of infructescence with 2 nodes, glabrous, pedicels lobes Follicles 5 —10 mm long. Calyx obtuse, glabrous. 250 mm long 4. A. spatulata Leaves —28 4. elliptic to oblanceolate, short-acuminate, 7 x 2 —11 cm, tertiary reticulation distinct above (in dry state). Branches of infructescence thyrsoid, often with than lobes more 2 nodes, pubescent, pedicels 3 —6 mm long. Calyx acuminate, hirsute. Follicles 500 mm long I. A. scholaris follicles broad old ret- 3. Ripe pilose, 3—4 mm (glabrate in empty fruits). Tertiary iculation of leaves indistinct above. Follicles 5. Leaves elliptic, acuminate, rarely obtuse, 7—23 X 3—8 cm. pubescent to glabrate, 200 X 4 mm 2. A. angustiloba Leaves Follicles 5. spathulate, obtuse, 4—11 X 2—4.5 cm. pubescent, 170 X 3 mm 3. A. pneumatophora with lateral 1. Leaves spaced nerves 5 —15 mm distant, not pale papillose below. Follicles glabrous. 6. lobes Leaves oblong-elliptic or oblong-obovate, 12—30 x 3—8 cm. Calyx pubescent, Follicles in diam broad, 1—1.5 mm long. 4 mm 10. A. macrophylla 6. Leaves elliptic or obovate. acuminate 7. Leaves conspicuously or acute, mostly elliptic or oblanceolate. Calyx lobes, ifpreserved, forming merely an annular rim. 8. decussate whorls of —8 Follicles diam. Leaves or in 3, 8—19 X 2 cm. 3 mm in 6. A. angustifolia Leaves in whorls of or Follicles in diam. 8. 3 4, 8 —15 x 2 —5.5 cm. 4—5 mm 7. A. parvifolia often obovate. if 7. Leaves shortly acuminate or obtuse, elliptic or Calyx lobes, preserved, I—2 mm long, distinctly separated. with of 9. Petioles (5 —)ij—20 mm. Infructescenses remnants a tomentose in- dument. Calyx lobes pilose, 1.5—2 mm long. ends the 10. Leaves 9 —15 X 1.5—3 cm. Infructescences slender, their lax, fruits therefore spaced. Follicles 3 mm in diam.. 9. A. muelleriana Infructescences their ends 10. Leaves 10—30 X 1.5—3 cm. stout, condensed, Follicles the fruits therefore agglomerated. 4 mm in diam. 8. A. spectabilis Petioles Infructescences lobes 9. 5 —15 mm. glabrous. Calyx glabrous, 0.5—1 mm long. Follicles 11. Leaves long-acuminate, 12—18 by 4—8 cm. 3—4 mm across II. A. brassii Leaves 11. short-acuminate or obtuse, 6—19 by 2—8 cm. Follicles 4 —6 mm across 12. A. glabriflora 1. Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. A. R. Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. scholaris (L.) Br., 1 (1811) 76; BL, Bijdr. (1826) 1036; Decne, Herb. Timor. Descr. (1835) 50; G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4 (1838) 86; A. DC., Prodr. 8 (1844) 408; Hassk., Flora 28 Bat. Sum. (1845) 299, sphalm. 267; Miq., Fl. Ind. 2 (1856) 436; (i860) 229, 555; F.-Vill., Novis. App. (1880) 129; Hook./., Fl. Br. Ind. 3 (1882) 642; Forbes, Wand. (1885) 510; Vidal, Phan. Cuming. (1885) 126; Rev. PI. Vase. K. 116; Minah. Filip. (1886) 183; & V., Bijdr. 1 (1894) Koord., (1898) 527; Bocrl., 24 BLUMEA VOL. 22, No. 1, 1974 Inst. Bot. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. K. Sch. Handl. 2 (1899) 395; Bull. Btzg. 5 (1900) 15; Ridl.,J. 33 (1900) no; For. Born. Bur. & Laut., Fl. Schutzgeb. (1901) 501; Becc., (1902) 580; Merr., Bull. For. Philip. 1 (1903) Sc. K. & Mat. Pen. 49; Philip.J. 1 (1906) Suppl. 116; G., Fl. Mai. (1907) 436; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 372; Exk. Int. Koord., Fl. Java 3 (1912) 72; Atlas 1 (1913) t. 77; Merr., Rumph. (1917) 427; Sp. Blanc. (1918) 308; En. Born. (1921) 497; Troup, Silvicult. Ind. Trees 2 (1921) 668; "White, Proc. R. Soc. Queensl. 34 Pen. En. For Res. (1922) 49; Ridl., Fl. Mai. 2 (1923) 346; Merr., Philip. 3 (1923) 323; Lane-Poole, (1925) 134; Heyne, Nutt. PI. ed. 2 (1927) 1277; Tsiang, Sunyatsenia 2(1934) 97; Kanjilal, Fl.
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