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SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION of WOOD and NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS Proceedings of the IUFRO Division 5 Research Groups 5.11 and 5.12, Rotorua, New Zealand, March 11–12, 2003

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SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION of WOOD and NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS Proceedings of the IUFRO Division 5 Research Groups 5.11 and 5.12, Rotorua, New Zealand, March 11–12, 2003 United States Department of Agriculture SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION Forest Service OF WOOD AND NON-WOOD Pacific Northwest Research Station FOREST PRODUCTS General Technical Report PNW-GTR-604 Proceedings of the IUFRO Division 5 February 2004 Research Groups 5.11 and 5.12, Rotorua, New Zealand, March 11–15, 2003 Technical Coordinators: Ellen M. Donoghue is a USDA Forest Service Research Social Scientist, and Gary L. Benson is a USDA Forest Service Staff Ecologist, Pacific Northwest Research Station, P.O. Box 3890, Portland, OR 97208. James L. Chamberlain is a USDA Forest Service Non-Timber Forest Products Technologist, Southern Research Station, 1650 Ramble Road, Blacksburg, VA 24060 Design and Layout: Cover design/graphic layout of proceedings: Jenny Beranek, Beaverton, Oregon, USA Cover graphic: Frank Vanni and Gary Benson, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. Cover photo credit: Robert Szaro, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station; Arvind Boaz, Forest Department, Devendra Nagar, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India; Olga Boaz, University of Central India, Raipur, India. On the cover: Central photo taken in area of Rotorua, New Zealand, site of the 2003 IUFRO Conference. Surrounding photos depict global examples of wood and non-wood forest products and activities related to these products. Products and activities (clockwise from upper left corner) include: Alaskan log products, birch-bark peeling; wood milling, preparation and transport, rubber tree tapping; and Tendu leaf transport and picking. Papers were provided in camera-ready form for printing by the authors, who are therefore responsible for the content and accuracy. Opinions expressed may not necessarily reflect the position of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The use of trade or firm names is for information only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service. SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION OF WOOD AND NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS Proceedings of the IUFRO Division 5 Research Groups 5.11 and 5.12, Rotorua, New Zealand, March 11–12, 2003 Ellen M. Donoghue, Gary L. Benson, and James L. Chamberlain, Technical Coordinators Published by: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Portland, Oregon General Technical Report PNW-GTR-604 February 2004 In Cooperation with: International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) ABSTRACT Donoghue, E.M.; Benson, G.L.; Chamberlain, J.L., tech. coords. 2004. Sustainable production of wood and non-wood forest products: Proceedings of IUFRO Division 5 Research Groups 5.11 and 5.12, Rotorua, New Zealand, March 11–15, 2003. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-604. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 120 p. This proceedings is a collection of 18 papers and extended abstracts based on talks presented at the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) All Division 5 Conference, held in Rotorua, New Zealand, March 11–15, 2003. This conference emphasized the many ways that forest products research can contribute to sustainable choices in forest management. The two IUFRO Research Groups represented in this proceedings are the Sustainable Production of Forest Products Research Group (5.12) and the Non-wood Forest Products Research Group (5.11). The papers address many aspects of wood and non-wood forest products including: forest manage- ment; product development; economic development implications; local, national, and international protocols; assessments; and research strategies. KEY WORDS: Forest products, non-timber forest products, non-wood products, sustainable forest management, wood products. ENGLISH/METRIC EQUIVALENTS When you know: Multiply by: To find: Centimeters (cm) 0.394 Inches (in) Cubic feet (cf) 5 Board feet (bf) Cubic meters (m3) 35.3 Cubic feet (ft3) Grams (g) 0.0352 Ounces Grams (g) 0.0022 Pounds Hectares (ha) 2.47 Acres (ac) Kilograms (kg) 2.205 Pounds (lbs) Kilometers (km) 0.62 Miles (mi) Meters (m) 3.28 Feet (ft) Milliliters (ml) 0.03378 Ounces (fluid) Square kilometers (km2) 0.386 Square miles (mi2) Trees per hectare (t/ha) 0.405 Trees per acre (t/ac) When you know: Multiply by: To find: Acres (ac) 0.405 Hectares (ha) Inches (in) 2.54 Centimeters Proceedings from IUFRO Division 5, Research Groups 5.11 and 5.12 CONTENTS Introduction . .1 Ellen M. Donoghue, Gary L. Benson, and James L. Chamberlain, Technical Coordinators A. WOOD PRODUCTS ASIA 1. The Future of Plantation Forests and Forest-Based Industry in Indonesia . .5 Aulia L.P. Aruan 2. Reduced Impact Logging: the Tropical Forest Foundation Experience in Indonesia . .15 A.W. Klassen 3. Succession of Fallows after Shifting Cultivation in Sungai Sarawak Basin, Kuching, Sarawak . .19 I.B. Ipor and C.S. Tawan NORTH AMERICA 4. Sustainable Wood Production in the Pacific Northwest . .29 Robert Deal, and R. James Barbour 5. Integrating Social Science with Forest Products Research: The Benefits of Addressing All Dimensions of Sustainability . .35 Ellen M. Donoghue MULTINATIONAL 6. Life Cycle Assessment of Wood Floor Coverings . .39 B. Nebel, B. Zimmer, and G. Wegener B. NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS ASIA 7. Conservation and Management of Himalayan Medicinal Plants in Nepal . .45 Nirmal K. Bhattarai and Madhav B. Karki 8. Community Based Sustainable Management of Tendu Leaves (Diospyros Melanoxylon Roxb.) A Case Study of Harda District of Madhya Pradesh, India . .51 Arvind Boaz and Olga Boaz 9. The Economic Aspects of Agave Americana: A Case Study of its Sustainable Management by a Tribal Co-Operative Society in Jagdalpur District of Chhattisgarh, India . .63 Olga Boaz and Arvind Boaz 10. Gum Tapping in Sterculia Urens Roxb. (Sterculiaceae) using Ethephon . .69 M.N.B. Nair 11. The Endangered Bark . .75 Bikash Rath AFRICA 12. Developing Inventory Methodologies for Non-Wood Forest Products: Lessons Learned from an Analysis of Case Studies in African Countries . .83 Wulf Killmann, Francois Ndeckere, Paul Vantomme, and Sven Walter NORTH AMERICA 13. The U.S. Nontimber Forest Products Assessment: Overview and Issues . .89 Susan J. Alexander 14. A Strategy for Nontimber Forest Products Research and Technology Transfer for Southern United States . .91 James L. Chamberlain 15. Many Voices, Many Values: Community Economic Diversification through Nontimber Forest Products in Coastal British Columbia, Canada . .93 Darcy Mitchell 16. Co-Management for Nontimber Forest Products in Coastal British Columbia, Canada . .99 Brian D. Titus, Wendy Cocksedge, Charlotte E. Bell, Darcy A. Mitchell, and William T. Dushenko MULTINATIONAL 17. Developing Methodologies for the Elaboration of National Level Statistics on Non-Wood Forest Products: Lessons Learned from Case Studies and from a Global Assessment . .103 Wulf Killmann, Francois Ndeckere, Paul Vantomme, and Sven Walter 18. Benefit Sharing Arrangements in the Field of Non-Wood Forest Products: Status and Links to Certification . .111 Sven Walter, Paul Vantomme, Wulf Killmann, and François Ndeckere Proceedings from IUFRO Division 5, Research Groups 5.11 and 5.12 INTRODUCTION Ellen M. Donoghue1, Gary L. Benson2, and James L. Chamberlain3, Technical Coordinators The International Union of Forest Research Organizations Although all research groups of Division 5 participated in (IUFRO) All Division 5 Conference in Rotorua, New the conference, this proceedings includes only those papers Zealand, March 11–15, 2003, focused on issues surround- from the 5.11 and 5.12 Research Groups. ing sustainable forest management and forest products research. As the conference title “Forest Products Research: The Sustainable Production of Forest Products Research Providing for Sustainable Choices” suggests, the purpose Group 5.12 focuses on global issues regarding sustainably of the conference was to consider scientific progress produced forest products. It provides a forum for researchers towards meeting the rapidly increasing demands for forest who study the production of wood and other forest products products in the context of social, economic, and environ- in a sustainable manner. Among other things, the group mental considerations associated with sustainable forest members examine questions regarding green certification, management. Conference attendees addressed challenges life cycle analysis, wood products from sustainable man- and opportunities of sustainable forest management through aged forestry, and the economic contribution of wood exchanges of knowledge and experience from presentations, products to sustainable forestry. field trips, and formal and informal discussions about forest The Non-Wood Forest Products Research Group 5.11 products research at national and international levels. focuses on the discovery, development, and wise use of This publication is the 3rd proceedings of the IUFRO non-wood products found in forests around the world. This Division 5 Sustainable Production of Forest Products Group conducts research on medicinal and aromatic plants, Research Group 5.12. Two prior proceedings were from the edible plant products and forest fungi, resins and gums, and 1997 All Division 5 conference in Pullman, Washington, many other non-wood products that have long been impor- USA (Barbour and Skog 1997) and the 2000 IUFRO World tant for rural and native people for cultural, subsistence, Congress in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (Barbour and Wong and economic reasons. The research focuses on a variety of 2001). New to this proceedings, however, is the inclusion topics including
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