THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE OF THE REINHAUSEN-GROUP – 2006 ISSUE ON LOAD
VACUTAP® Worldwide Powering the Big Apple Pushing them to the Limit We are Family From offshore to arc-furnace Latest Reinhausen technology Doing a bit more for safety: Presenting the whole applications round the globe for Con Edison – New York Reinhausen’s test department VACUTAP® product range
VACUTAP® SPECIAL 02 EDITORIAL
Dear Customers, Dear Readers,
Among transformer operators throughout the world, the name Reinhausen stands for extremely
reliable, innovative products. Our development engineers have put all their experience and know-
ledge into a particularly ambitious project: They succeeded in creating a world premiere, the
VACUTAP® VR 1300. The first on-load tap-changer which is, under network application condi-
tions maintenance free during the entire life of the transformer. This means 300,000 switch
operations without any maintenance.
Learn more about the VACUTAP® product range in this special issue of our customer magazine
ON.LOAD. Get to know interesting VACUTAP® applications which have already been implemented
all over the world. Accompany our service specialists in action to faraway regions. And be impres-
sed with the products and services of Reinhausen and its subsidiary Messko.
There’s one thing you will notice when you browse through this magazine: In the end it always pays
off to invest in technology made by Reinhausen.
I hope you enjoy this issue and find its contents helpful for your daily work.
Yours truly,
Michael Rohde Managing Director CONTENTS 03
04 Consolidated Edison, Inc., New York Interview with Donald Chu, Section Manager 06 06 Powering the Big Apple A history of Con Edison 10 “A bit more for safety“ Interview with Dr. Dieter Dohnal, Director of R&D 12 Stable Voltage under the Eiffel Tower Reinhausen vacuum technology for the Paris Métro 14 The Future in Power Transmission Prestigious 1000 kV project of China State Power 14 VACUTAP® on the Beach Hainan Tropical Island uses VACUTAP® VR 15 Reliable Power Supply for China’s Cigarette Manufacturer No.1 VACUTAP® AVT for dry type transformers 16 A Wind Farm in the East Irish Sea 12 VACUTAP® for Barrow Offshore Substation 17 Power for Pippi Långstrump’s Home VACUTAP® VR advancing in Sweden 18 “Pushing them to the Limit“ Interview with Dr. Axel Krämer, Head of test department 20 Stress Test for Tap-Changers Hard conditions in a Russian steel mill 21 Switched: from OILTAP® to VACUTAP® Argentina’s main aluminium company ALUAR bets on latest Reinhausen technology 22 Tradition and Technology More than 200 VACUTAP® OLTCs for Kuwait Ministry of Energy (MoE) 23 Advantage VACUTAP® 16 HVDC-applications significantly improved by vacuum switching technology 24 World Premiere for Operation at Explosion-Prone Sites Reinhausen OLTCs made to Ex-standards 26 From Vision to Reality Sealed power transformers 30 Maintenance-Free Dehydrating Breather MTraB® - Worth the Switch A field report by German utility Mark-E company 32 Happy Birthday, On-Load Tap-Changer! Looking back on the development of resistor-type OLTCs 80 years ago 34 It’s a Long Way to Maricunga 20 A service job at the world’s highest gold mine in Chile 36 Service Down Under Impressions of Reinhausen Australia’s maintenance activities 38 Join us at MRcademy Sharing our knowledge with our customers 40 The VACUTAP®-Family 42 FAQ & References 44 Reinhausen Worldwide 45 Contact 47 Imprint 04 U.S.A.
Powering the Big Apple
Customer Portrait:
Consolidated Edison, Inc., N.Y.
An Interview with Donald Chu. He is ON.LOAD: What Reinhausen products do you use at Con Ed? D. Chu: We have about 360 regulated transformers, 90 of which Section Manager at Con Edison where are equipped with Reinhausen on-load tap-changers. I have to add that we have been using only Reinhausen on-load tap-changers for he is responsible for Equipment & Field the last 20 years. Engineering. The interview was conducted ON.LOAD: For about how long has Con Ed been using tech- by Markus Stank, Regional Manager Direct nology made in Regensburg? D. Chu: Larger exchange measures were already undertaken about Business Division. 30 years ago. There are still many older types in operation, such as, for example, TU, Siemens, older Reinhausen D, T, H on-load tap-changers as well as OILTAP® R and G. The most often used type is the OILTAP® M, followed by Reinhausen Manufacturing’s VACUTAP® RMV II, and – brand new – the VACUTAP® VR which we customize according to its specific application. We also use Messko products: From the pressure relief device MPreC® to the 05
maintenance-free breather MTraB®. Brand new in the field monitoring system at all times. That’s why even if a sensor fails, of voltage regulation is the TAPCON® XPA I together with the the trouble-free operation of transformers is assured. Our moni- TAPCON® 260 MD. toring policy has the same goal as our safety policy. We know which transformers are ready for use at any time so that they may ON.LOAD: Are your transformers also located at famous compensate weak points in the system and/or transformer break- sites in the city? downs effectively while at the same time not losing any other D. Chu: Our high power transformers are working, for example, transformers. And here the TM 100 concept is very helpful. at such world-famous places as Wall Street. They permit smooth and trouble-free operation at the world’s most important financial ON.LOAD: How do you see the future development of moni- center. However, they are also standing in the new World Trade toring systems? Center Area. They are to supply energy to the new facilities and D. Chu: All our monitoring systems are part of a system’s net via the buildings which are currently under con- Ethernet. This also applies to the TM 100. struction there. A large 575 MVA transformer, Together with Reinhausen, we have clearly equipped with an OILTAP® G tap-changer, structured all events which are displayed by helps to feed energy into the PSE&G power the TM 100. That’s how our service staff in supply net. Other well-known places are the substation will know immediately where Queens as well as Seaport Village. the cause of the problem is and what they have to look out for in particular. In the future, ON.LOAD: What is Con Ed ’s safety policy? we wish to apply the IEC61850 protocol as D. Chu: We put a lot of emphasis on the a standard in our system. That is what we reliability of the equipment. In emergency need in our future monitoring systems. situations, we have to be able to go all the way to the operational limits of our trans- “We have been ON.LOAD: What can Reinhausen do for you formers and tap-changers while, at the same in the future? time, assuring a high degree of safety. Thus, using only D. Chu: It is an immense challenge to launch our emergency plans require that transfor- electronic products which last as long as the mers are still able to run even when they transformer. In other words, more than 30 would have long been switched off in other Reinhausen OLTC´s years. Reinhausen should, above all, con- supply systems. Only this way can we ensure tinue to maintain its outstanding reliability that the people are given enough time to for the last which Con Ed has come to rely on in the leave, for example, elevators or the subway. on-load tap-changers, the OILTAP® M, R, and That’s why we put our trust into the relia- G, for more than 20 years now. This should, bility of Reinhausen products. In case of a 20 years.“ of course, also apply to the VACUTAP® transformer breakdown, we use our monito- OLTCs. ring system and supply net control system to find another transformer on short notice ON.LOAD: In your opinion, what is the which has the capacity to run under overload greatest benefit of your cooperation with conditions. That’s how we are able to com- Reinhausen? pensate such situations relatively quickly D. Chu: We have, for example, defined our and reliably. own motor-drive standard in order to reduce the training costs of our staff. The different ON.LOAD: Why are you relying on connection diagrams of the diverse manufac- Reinhausen’s TM 100 monitoring system? turers hindered the efficiency. They also D. Chu: Our safety policy is really simple: We want to know made the transformer exchange more complicated during trans- at all times the status of our systems. That’s why we changed former breakdowns. Reinhausen made sure that our standard was already from time-based maintenance to condition-based mainte- applied by various OEMs. This resulted in Con Ed as well as the nance a few years ago. This has turned out to be successful. With OEMs and Reinhausen saving a lot of effort and money. So when the help of our monitoring systems, we were able to reduce the a new transformer is ordered, this standard makes the verification number of service jobs from an average of 100 to only 40 per year. of the technical details very easy and quick.
ON.LOAD: What has been your experience with the TM 100? ON.LOAD: Any closing remarks? D. Chu: When Reinhausen introduced its TM 100 monitoring D. Chu: We are fully aware that it is very difficult to really meet concept to the market in 1999, Con Ed was a partner who showed all the specific needs and requirements of a customer with a new great interest and provided support in the continued development product. That’s why we really appreciate the close, open, and right from the start. Since it has been put into service, we’ve not honest relationship with the manufacturer. This allows us to had any problems with it. During the start-up phase, we had respond as quickly as possible to any problem which might arise initially some problems with temperature sensors. But once right from the start and possibly even prevent an error from Reinhausen started using the sensors of its subsidiary Messko, occurring in the first place. –––– even these problems were solved. We are able to switch off the 06 U.S.A.
Powering the Big Apple 07
Facts and Figures • The 91,000 miles of underground cable in the Con Edison system could wrap around the Earth 3.5 times. • 35,500 miles of overhead cables, if stretched from New York to Los Angeles, would make 5.6 round trips. • Customers in the Con Edison service area are using 20 percent more electricity than they did 10 years ago. • Over 1 million room air conditioning units to be added in the Con Edison service area over the next 5 years.
A History of Con Edison While the gas business in New York was well established by the late 1870s, the work of Thomas Edison, the "Wizard of Menlo Park," was soon to cause great changes.
xperiments in electric generation had Edison then concentrated on developing a Edison received more than two hundred been under way for decades, and by complete system of electric generation and patents between 1879 and 1882 as he solved E 1878, the Avenue de l'Opera in Paris distribution that would turn his light bulb numerous problems in the generation, was lit with electric arc lamps. But arc into a commercially efficient and econo- distribution, and metering of electric cur- lamps gave off a harsh light, and while mical business. The Edison Electric rent. He had to develop even the most many inventors tried to create a more Illuminating Company of New York was basic equipment — fuses, sockets, fixtures, pleasing and durable light, none met with incorporated on December 17, 1880, to switches, meters — and he had to build and success until Thomas Edison turned his develop and install a central generating test each part. Following the model for gas thorough and methodical attention to the station. Edison's system would consist of and water distribution, Edison was an problem. the large central power plant with its early proponent of underground electric Backed by financiers, including J. P. generators (called dynamos); voltage regu- mains and services, and the first street Morgan and the Vanderbilt family, Edison lating devices; copper wires connecting mains were installed in New York during established the Edison Electric Light Com- the plant to other buildings; the wiring, the summer of 1881. pany to own and license his patents in the switches, and fixtures in the interiors of At the Pearl Street station in lower electric light field. After more than a year those buildings; and the light bulbs them- Manhattan, Edison's team installed the lar- of experiments, Edison and his young selves. The method of supplying electricity gest dynamos ever built. Each "Jumbo" assistant, Francis Upton, finally developed from a central station to illuminate build- dynamo (named after a popular circus ele- a carbon filament that would burn in a ings in a surrounding district had already phant) weighed about 27 tons and had an vacuum in a glass bulb for forty hours. been demonstrated by Edison in London in output of 100 kilowatts — enough to power They demonstrated the light bulb to their 1881, and self-contained plants were in more than 1,100 lights. Each of the six backers early in December 1879, and by place in some of Edison's buildings and in dynamos was driven by a steam engine, the end of the month were exhibiting the a few private residences in New York, like which received steam from boilers located invention to the public. that of J.P. Morgan. in another part of the plant. § 08 U.S.A.
Even from space you can see: New York never sleeps
At 3 p.m. on September 4, 1882, Edison's Bridge opened on May 24, 1883, it was The New York Edison Company electric illuminating system went into lighted by seventy arc lamps operated by As with New York's gas businesses, compe- operation. With the opening of Pearl another competitor, the United States tition was strong, and mergers and acquisi- Street, it was now possible for homes and Illuminating Company. By 1886, some tions became common. The majority of businesses to purchase electric light at a 1,500 arc lights had been installed in Manhattan's electric companies were uni- price that could compete with gas. By Manhattan. ted under the umbrella of The New York October 1, 1882, less than a month after Gas, Electric Light, Heat & Power Company, the opening of the station, Edison Electric Thirty Generating Companies which later acquired a controlling interest boasted 59 customers. By December 1, it In 1887, H.H. Westinghouse (a younger in Edison Electric. Consolidated Gas ac- had 203, and a year later, 513. Pearl Street brother of George Westinghouse) and his quired these companies and others, and in became the model that led the way for associates incorporated the Safety Electric 1901 consolidated all of the electric utilities electrification in cities and towns across Light and Power Company (later called the it controlled at the time into a single the United States. The plant remained in United Electric Light and Power Company) subsidiary called The New York Edison operation until 1895, and a commemorative to generate and distribute alternating Company. plaque from 1917 marks the location current power in New York. Other electric The company's facilities continued to today. companies were created to serve nearby grow in response to the ever-increasing Edison was not alone in realizing both areas outside of Manhattan. Across the energy demands of New York. When it ope- the practical and business applications of East River, the Edison Electric Illuminating ned in 1901, Brooklyn Edison's Waterside electricity. In 1880, Charles Francis Brush Company of Brooklyn was incorporated in station was physically the world's largest and his Brush Electric Light Company 1887 and was soon competing with Kings generating plant. With a rated capacity of installed carbon arc lights along Broadway County Electric Light. By 1900, there were 120,000 kilowatts, it had more than 10 from 14th Street to 34th Street. Fed from a more than 30 companies generating and times the capacity of Pearl Street. Along with small generating station at 25th Street, the distributing electricity throughout the the even larger, 770,000-kilowatt Hudson electric arc lights went into regular service boroughs of New York City and in West- Avenue plant completed in the mid-1920s, on December 20, 1880. When the Brooklyn chester County. Waterside eventually became a pioneer of 09
All about Con Edison
Con Edison operates one of the most complex electric power systems in the world. It is also the world’s most reliable.
Con Edison delivers electricity to more than three million customers through a huge transmission and distribution network. The company has built the world's largest system of underground electric cables to accommodate the congested and densely populated urban area it serves.
Annual electric usage totals more than 53 billion kilowatt hours in Con Edison’s service area. Electricity accounts for about 77 percent of Con Edison’s total revenues.
Ongoing deregulation requires the restructuring of New York's electric power industry, and of Con Edison. The company has divested much of its electric generating Illuminated Christmas tree on Wall Street capacity. Instead of generating the bulk of its electrici- ty, Con Edison relies more on buying wholesale power from other suppliers. Industry and corporate restruc- turing will have little effect on Con Edison's extensive transmission and distribution system. what today is called cogeneration; the Lighting Company and Yonkers Electric plants produced steam for heating and Light & Power in 1951). In October 2003, PA Consulting Group named Con cooling with electricity as a by-product. Edison the “most reliable utility in North America” for Change into a Holding the second year in a row and presented the company Luncheon inside a Boiler In the late 1970s, statutes contained in the with the ReliabilityOne award. PA Consulting found that In the grand tradition of the Jumbo dyna- National Energy Act initiated a significant Con Edison’s reliability is approximately 9 times better mos, the six-story boilers installed at restructuring of the electricity industry. In than the national average. Fourteenth Street and East River were so 1994, the New York State Public Service Platts/BusinessWeek named Con Edison “Energy large that a luncheon for nearly 100 people Commission (PSC) started a Competitive Company of the Year” at the Fourth Annual Global was served inside one of them before the Opportunities Proceeding to prepare for an Energy Awards in November 2002. Judging criteria for renovated station went into operation in open energy market in New York. As part the award focused on overall excellence in safety, the the late 1920s. During the opening day of an agreement reached in 1997 among delivery of energy, customer care, technological ceremony in 1926, Queen Marie of Con Edison, PSC staff, and other parties, innovation, and environmental concern. Rumania flipped the switch to start the the company developed a plan to promote Con Edison engineers developed an award-winning 100,000 horsepower turbine generator. competition in its service area. The agree- innovation called a “smart regulator,” an automated By 1932, New York Edison's parent ment required Con Edison to sell the majo- device that efficiently and safely controls the distri- company, Consolidated Gas, was the largest rity of its electric generating plants, as bution of gas. –––– company in the world providing electrical well as some properties where future service. In 1936, with electric sales far plants might be built. On January 1, 1998, ahead of gas sales, Consolidated Gas Con Edison changed from a vertically inte- changed its name to the Consolidated grated utility into a holding company with Edison Company of New York, Inc. regulated and unregulated subsidiaries. ––– Between 1936 and 1960, Consolidated Edison acquired or merged with more than Contact: [email protected] a dozen companies (including Westchester www.coned.com 10 INTERVIEW
“We always do a bit more for safety“ Interview with Dr. Dieter Dohnal, Director of Engineering and R&D
ith its VACUTAP® series, which has been continuously experience in the development, design and production of these developed further and expanded with new types since components. Due to our continuous dialog with this manufacturer, W 1990, Reinhausen was the first manufacturer worldwide we succeeded in constantly making more perfect adjustments who successfully introduced vacuum switching technology for particularly in the design phase in the interrupters in order to the wide range of tap-changer applications. This new technology meet the specific requirements of our tap-changers. In order and the replacement of the mechanical main switching contacts to assure complete and comprehensive quality, we concluded which had been used up to that time literally revolutionized the specific agreements with this manufacturer. development of tap-changers. It, of course, also raises some ques- tions. We, therefore, decided to put the questions which are asked What does Reinhausen do to assure this quality? most often to Dr. Dieter Dohnal, the Director of our R&D department. We carry out a one hundred percent routine test for all the delivered vacuum interrupters. That means each and every one of them is tested with 3,000 switching operations. Within the scope Dr. Dieter Dohnal of the type tests, the vacuum interrupters undergo tests in the original tap-changer which are well beyond those required by IEC was born in Augsburg, Germany, on October 31, 1951. standard (60214-1). He earned his M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering at the Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Are there any additional measures? Braunschweig in Brunswick, Germany, in 1975 and Yes. We simply have to be absolutely sure. That is why we carried his Dr.-Ing. degree in electrical engineering in 1981. out up to 600,000 switching operations under operating current After joining Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen in Regensburg, conditions. The IEC requires only 50,000 switching operations. Germany, in 1981 as Manager of the Design Department, We were then able to successfully demonstrate the full workability he worked as the Engineering Manager at Reinhausen Manufacturing, of the vacuum interrupters with breaking capacity tests at twice Humboldt, TN, USA, for two years starting in 1987. In 1990, Dr. Dohnal the operating current. These tests are not required at all by the became Head of Research & Development at Reinhausen and has been IEC. We, however, want to go another step further. Director of Engineering and R&D since 1998. You are thinking about maintenance intervals? Yes. Within the scope of the maintenance, a scheduled first How much operating experience does Reinhausen have with inspection of the vacuum interrupters is carried out after vacuum switching technology? 300,000 switching operations in order to exclude any possible We can now look back on more than 15 successful years. remaining risk. We are also continuously improving the other components of the tap-changer in order to guarantee a smooth And what about the centerpiece of this technology, the vacu- interaction of all components with the vacuum interrupters. um interrupter? We are making sustained investments in both quality and quality How would you describe your safety policy? assurance of the vacuum interrupters. It starts already with the In principle, we always do much more than necessary. That means, construction and selection of the appropriate switch system and we not only fully comply with any and all binding regulations and continues with the delivery of the interrupters all the way to requirements of the IEC, but we also undertake any and all product surveillance of the delivered tap-changers. measures to safeguard the continuous functional safety of our VACUTAP® products. Put succinctly: Our customers can be assu- What does the manufacturer of the interrupters do to assure red that we really realize anything and everything that is techni- their quality? cally feasible. The failure probability of the vacuum interrupters We purchase all vacuum interrupters exclusively from a renowned which we use is significantly lower than that of many mechanical German manufacturer. This manufacturer has many years of components – and this not only applies to tap-changers. –––– 11 12 FRANCE
Reinhausen technology inside: a VACUTAP® VV on-load tap-changer with ED motor- drive are the main components delivered with a transformer for the Paris Métro.
VACUTAP® VV: Technical Data
Already more than 1,300 on-load tap-changers VACUTAP® VV operate reliably throughout the world. With its vacuum inter- ruptors, which are specially designed for Reinhausen the type VV is maintenance-free up to 300,000 switch operations and reduces the transformer life-cycle costs significantly.
Max. rated through-current: 250/400/600A Max. rated step voltage: 2,000V Max. rated switching capacity: 700kVA Max. voltage for operational equipment Um: 145kV Application: Star point (neutral point) for Um = 76kV or randomly selectable winding position up to Um = 145kV Operating positions: Without change-over selector: max. 12 With change-over selector: max. 23. 13
Stable Voltage under the Eiffel Tower Reinhausen vacuum technology for the Paris Métro
One of the world´s largest transportation companies, the Métro company in Paris (RATP), depends on the advantages of Reinhausen vacuum on-load tap-changers.
t is the night of the 2nd and 3rd of April, everything from above. Maneuvering at I 2005. The truck hauling the heavy load the transformer station can now begin - from Regensburg has been on the road for millimeter by millimeter. Forward! Reverse! hours now. Finally Paris is in sight. With A bit more to the side! Finished! The trans- orange warning lights blinking, the truck former is connected to the crane hook and creeps slowly towards its destination. heaved into place. Mission accomplished. Located in the Rue de Monttessuy, the The same spectacle was repeated again “Poste haute tension 10“ - an underground four times since RATP has ordered a transformer station of the Métro Asso- total of five new transformers - each one ciation RATP - is where the transformer of equipped with VACUTAP® VV. the Starkstrom Gerätebau (SGB) weighing Seven large substations of the RTE many tons is to be unloaded. Due to the (three with 225 kV, four with 63 kV) heavy traffic in the French capital, this supply the power for the Métro. On the can only be done at night. The on-load RATP side, there are 15 transformer tap-changer and the motor-drive unit also stations each with 2 transformers which come from Regensburg. Those responsible convert the voltage to 15 kV. A total of for technology at RATP - one of the largest 125 transformers spread throughout the local transportation associations in the city then convert the voltage to the world - have chosen the proven vacuum Métro's operating voltage of 750 V. –––– switching technology of Reinhausen. The technicians were impressed with the much lower maintenance requirements of the VACUTAP® VV (maintenance free up to Paris Métro: 300,000 switch operations). In addition, Facts and figures RATP's experience with Reinhausen on- load tap-changers has been very positive. Start of operation: 1900 For decades now, they have been reliably Track network: 211 km stabilizing the voltage throughout the Stops: 380 Métro network. Cars: 3500 Carefully the driver guides his tractor Employees: 15,000 trailer through the narrow street. The Passengers daily: 6,000,000 brightly lighted Eiffel Tower illuminates 14 CHINA More and more Chinese utilities are using Reinhausen vacuum technology. Our photo shows Engineer Qin Koucai and two workers in front of a 240MVA/220kV transformer in the Province of Ning Xia equipped with VACUTAP® VR and ED motor-drive unit.
The Future in Power Transmission
Prestigious 1000 kV project of China State Power
einhausen received the order for 3 the realization of a regulation range of this new development. Reinhausen vacuum R VACUTAP® VRs for an initial 1000 kV 1000 kV ± 10 %. This proves the high switching technology with its maintenance- application project in China. In the begin- acceptance of Reinhausen VACUTAP® in free performance will certainly help to ning of 2006, Wuhan High Voltage China. Reinhausen is proud to be a sole achieve reliable power supply in China. ––– Institute started a test basis project for supplier and to make its contribution to Contact: [email protected]. 1000 kV transmission. Wuhan High Volt- age Institute fully belongs to China State Power Grid. In order to guarantee the power supply in the future, China not only is building up its Ultra-HVDC power transmission but is also focussing on 1000 kV AC transmission lines. This test base project therefore is a milestone within the future development. After the public tendering process, Wuhan High Voltage ® Hainan Institute decided that the following three VACUTAP Tropical Island transformer manufacturers would parti- cipate in this project: Baoding Tianwei, uses TBEA Shenyang and Xi’an XD. on the Beach VACUTAP® VR All three manufacturers finally chose Reinhausen VACUTAP® tap-changers for 15
VACUTAP® AVT for dry type A Customer´s Report: transformers work perfectly
n September 2002, Yunnan Yuxi Hongta Reliable Power Supply I (Group) Co., Ltd. purchased 18 Rein- hausen VACUTAP® AVT on-load tap- changers. The reason for this was that four for China’s Cigarette Chinese tap-changers had blown up due to a short circuit. One of them exploded while the operator was only 2-3 meters Manufacturer No. 1 away. It was very dangerous. It has been three years since Hongta Group purchased the 18 Reinhausen tap- changers in November 2002, all of them still in perfect working order. According to a company spokesman Reinhausen tap- changers are easy to handle, stable and reliable. “This is quite rare among the whole electronic equipment Hongta Group is using. We are very confident of Reinhausen on-load tap-changers and satisfied with Reinhausen’s after-sales service. In the future, we will massively promote Rein- hausen tap-changers in branches such as cigarette, metal and power supply.” Yunnan Kunming Cigarette Factory purchased one Reinhausen tap-changer in December 2003 as well. There have been no problems since then. Recently, Kun- ming Cigarette Factory has signed another contract for 4 Reinhausen tap-changers Small photos show the situation at Hongta before which will replace 20 domestic tap-chang- (above) and after installing VACUTAP® AVT OLTCs. ers in 2006. –––– Contact: [email protected] www.hongta.com
he Power Supply Bureau of China’s and lovely sunsets. The 13,100sq km island to be retained for further expansion, the T tropical island paradise Hainan recently is almost the size of Taiwan and three cross-strait project consists of laying ordered two VACUTAP® VR tap-changers times larger than Bali. There is no heavy 31-km of undersea cable and altogether for its 220kV Yangpu transformer sub- industry or pollution, and with more than 144 km of over-strait cable. The cable con- station. Hainan has used Reinhausen pro- half of the island forested, the air is fresh nects two 500-kV converting substations, ducts for more than 25 years and recently and clean. About one million of the seven one in Haikou, the capital of Hainan, and decided to change to the new Reinhausen million people living here is made up of another in Guangdong's Zhanjiang City. vacuum technology. The authorities are in- Miao, Li and Hui minorities, whose tradi- With the order of the first two terested in promoting the tourist industry tional agricultural lifestyles continue VACUTAP® VRCs 400 Hainan Power and therefore invest in a safe and stable inland. The rest are Han Chinese. Moreover, Supply Bureau puts another brick in the power supply network. Hainan Island is as China’s southernmost island - Hainan wall to provide a safe and maintenance- certainly one of the true tropical island occupies the same latitude as Hawaii - it is low power supply network. Changzhou paradises and is famous for its wide- bikini hot all year round. Transformer Works will install the units in stretching beaches. Being China's most To provide a sufficient electricity supply two 120MVA transformers. These devices favorite tourist destination you would China Southern Grid last year finalized the are maintenance-free up to 300,000 tap- expect a billion people fighting over beach construction of a high-voltage cable to changing operations. This helps to space, but not at all… Scenes from the hotel cross the Qiongzhou Straits. Designed to significantly reduce service life costs and windows are like pages from glossy travel have 600 MW of power transmission increase transformer availability. –––– magazines. It’s all empty white sand beaches capacity with another potential 1200 MW Contact: [email protected] 16 GREAT BRITAIN
Facts and Figures • Wind turbine type (Vestas) V90/3.0 MW • Total output 90 MW • Expected average annual output 305,000 MWh • Rotor diameter 90 m • Hub height 75 m • Weight, blade 7 tonne • Weight, nacelle 91 tonne • Weight, tower 153 tonne • Total weight per wind turbine 765-845 tonne • Cut-in wind speed 4 m/s • Full power output from 14 m/s • Cut-out wind speed 25 m/s • Mean wind speed at 75 metres' height 9 m/s • Depth of water 15 – 20 m • Distance from shore 7.5 km • Distance between wind turbines 500 m (750 m between rows) • Wind farm site 10 km2
Electrical island in the Irish Sea: Barrow Offshore Substation (Photos courtesy BOW)
A Wind Farm in the Electrical Island BOW's rectangular site will cover an area of approximately ten square kilometres around 7 km from Walney Island and the East Irish Sea farm will have its own offshore substa- tion. It will consist of a total of 30 turbines in four rows, two with seven turbines and two with eight. The turbines ® VACUTAP for Barrow Offshore Substation will be spaced 500 metres apart. The rows will be spaced 750 metres apart. Centrica's subsidiary British Gas will n outstanding product for an outstand- wind farm in the East Irish Sea approxi- take all of the electricity produced by the A ing project: A VACUTAP® VR was the mately 7 km southwest of Walney Island, wind farm under a long-term power first choice for Barrow Offshore Wind near Barrow-in-Furness. purchase agreement. British Gas is the Farm (BOW). The generation of the first The wind farm will comprise 30 UK's biggest household electricity supplier green electricity from the 90 MW wind modern, efficient, wind turbines, each with around 6 million customers. farm became possible with the commis- capable of producing 3 MW of electricity, Centrica and DONG will keep local sioning of UK’s first offshore substation delivering power to the existing grid people informed about the development and with the completion of the first eight system at Heysham via buried subsea and plans and timescales, as more information turbines. This 480 tonne substation trans- onshore cables. When complete, anticipa- becomes available, through media an- forms the power generated from the wind ted annual production will be 305 GWh, nouncements and exhibitions. –––– turbines up to 132 kV for transmission to which is capable of supplying around the mainland. 65,000 homes. This figure is based on www.bowind.co.uk The British and Danish energy groups average wind availability and efficiency Centrica and DONG are developing the ratings of the wind turbines. Copy: Uwe Firnhaber SWEDEN 17
Stockholm Power for Pippi Långstrump’s Home
VACUTAP® VR advancing in Sweden
A small nation in a great country: this is Sweden, famous for IKEA furniture, Volvo automobiles and ABB technology. Not to forget Astrid Lindgren’s heroine Pippi Långstrump. Richly endowed with renew- able energy Sweden tries to replace oil wherever possible. Now, with Reinhausen vacuum switching technology, the solution is near at hand - as the latest transformer for Sydkraft shows.
ydkraft is the second largest utility in Wherever possible, this OEM equips its S Sweden and is constantly looking for transformers with Reinhausen VACUTAP® the most reliable power supply solutions. on-load tap-changers, especially when One of the reasons is the "Network they go to Scandinavian countries. Bernd Performance Assessment Model" of the Behrend, Reinhausen Key Account Manager Swedish Energy Agency. All network states: “Reinhausen has over 20 years of companies have to report to this agency experience with this technology and these figures like transmitted energy, customer tap-changers have proven their superiority coordinates, sums invoiced and number of compared to conventional types. Quality, interruptions. With all this data and via a reliability and environment-friendliness reference network the Energy agency then are the key factors for their success world- calculates the performance. If it is above wide." VACUTAP® VRCIII700Y on the shop floor of Slovenian 1.0, the utility has overcharged the Sweden generates about 4% of its transformer manufacturer ETRA33 customers and has to bear all the conse- electricity by renewable energy with a quences. back-bone of more than 200 larger hydro- Certainly maintenance-free components power stations. Hydropower generation like vacuum-type on-load tap-changers can be smoothly combined with wind help to achieve reliable power supply. power and Sweden invests heavily in wind Therefore for instance the latest power farms. This includes offshore wind parks transformer for Sydkraft, a 40MVA power like the 110MW Lillgrund from Vattenfall transformer, is equipped with a VACUTAP® AB. Hopefully this is also a project where VRCIII700Y. The Slovenian transformer the vacuum switching technology from manufacturer ETRA33 is a preferred quali- Reinhausen can show its strengths. –––– ty supplier and has delivered to other Swedish utilities like Fortum Distribution, Contact: [email protected] Vattenfall Västnät or Billerud AB. www.sydkraft.com 18 INTERVIEW 19
”We punish and push our OLTCs to their physical limits“
Interview with Dr. Axel Krämer, Head of the Reinhausen test department
or many decades now, Reinhausen customers around the to 630 kV, lightning impulse voltage tests up to 1.5 megavolts world have been counting on the absolute reliability of on- and switching impulse voltage tests up to 1.1 megavolts. F load tap-changers (OLTCs) from Regensburg. The durability which made these units so renowned in our branch is no mere Could you describe a typical test cycle, for example, for the coincidence. Until a new product gets its final blessings from VACUTAP® VR 1300? the test team headed by Dr. Axel Krämer, a lot of time will have Many different tests have to be carried out and passed. These run elapsed. Because before this happens, the tap-changer has to all the way from mechanical load tests to high voltage tests to enter the “torture chamber” – the test lab. Here, it will be checked switching tests. In addition, the tap-changers undergo temperature for possible teething problems until it is proven that the tap- tests (high and low temperatures), tests to observe the temperature changer no longer has any. The new VACUTAP® series got a rise of contacts, and short circuit tests. We have carried out a test particularly hard dose. And here you can find out what this entails. with more than 500,000 switching operations under operational current conditions, which ist particularly worth mentioning. Can one say that the Reinhausen test standards are exceptio- nally strict? Are there any additional external tests? This is definitely true. We want to assure our customers that the Yes. If we plan to carry out high voltage, short circuit, or tap-changers will work without any problems for the next switching tests with values higher than those possible in our test 30 years. That’s why we go beyond the limits all the time during lab. Then we go to independent test institutes such as the FGH testing. Which means we test, for example, the service life of (Engineering und Test GmbH) Mannheim and the Graz University mechanical components far beyond the typical international of Technology. In addition, we also cooperate with the IPH standards. (Berlin) and Arsenal Research (Vienna).
How do you conduct these tests? Do you also carry out random tests after the release for mass The on-load tap-changers complete hundreds of thousands of production? mechanical switching operations at various temperatures. The Before any tap-changer leaves our production site, it has to pass switching operations are automatically monitored and all test an IEC test cycle at the mechanical test stand. We record and file data are evaluated minutely. all the test data in our archives. Moreover, the diverter switches have to also undergo a trial run with 3,000 switching operations Where do you carry out these tests and what technical equip- prior to their final inspection before they can leave our plant. ment do you use? We have our own test laboratory, equipped with the most modern Are your experts available for specific and special questions? testing and measuring technology, where we can carry out almost Our specialists are, of course, available to answer and solve the any mechanical and electrical (power and high voltage) test. We technical application problems which our customers may have can conduct, for example, high voltage power frequency tests up regardless of how challenging the problems may be. ––––
Dr. Axel Krämer He was born in Oldenburg, Germany, on June 15, 1957. Axel Krämer graduated from the Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig in Bruns- wick, Germany, in 1982 (Dipl.-Ing.), and in 1987 he earned his Dr.-Ing. degree in electrical engineering. In 1987 he joined MWB Messwandler Bau AG in Bamberg, Germany, as head of the research laboratories. Later he headed the field of instrument transformers in the development department. In 1991 he joined Reinhausen in Regensburg as Head of the Test Department and Chief Consultant in the field of application engineering. As a specialist in the field of tap-changers, he is a member of various committees (CIGRÉ, IEC, IEEE, DKE). He has written several scientific papers and is the author of the book “On-Load Tap-Changers for Power Transformers“ which was published in 2000. 20 RUSSIA
A Customer´s Report: Stress Test for Tap-Changers Hard conditions in a Russian steel mill
Kamasteel: Facts and Figures “OOO MZ Kamastahl Ltd., Perm, Russia“ Executive Management: he most important facility at our plant by the Reinhausen representative Mr. Kulkov Director: Stecklein Vladimir Antonowitsch. T is the DSP-60 furnace with an annual of OOOMR in Moscow. Due to the very Senior Engineer: Klepikov Lev Valentinovitsch. capacity of 300,000 tons. An Elektrozawod strenuous operating conditions of the tap- Senior Power Engineer: Schaldunov Sergej (Moscow) 40-MVA transformer has been changer, we have revision and technical Vasiljevitsch. in operation there since 2002. When it came maintenance carried out on an annual Founded: 1995 to the tap-changer, we decided to use a basis – dependant upon the actual number Production Details: Reinhausen VACUTAP® VVIIID6007610192 G of performed switching operations. for the first time. This tap-changer is used We are completely satisfied with the Molten steel, sheet metal production, high quali- under very extreme operational conditions. quality of the maintenance. One has to ty rolled goods, forging and stamped products, During the melting process, it has to per- know that this work can only be done upgrading. The production program includes over form more than 50 switching operations – while the routine repair work is carried out 100 steel grades. “Kamasteel” is responsible for with a total of 17 melting processes per day! on the furnace. It is, thus, not possible to 16 % of the entire forging production in the Russian Federation and 13 % of the exports. It has already carried out more than one schedule the work too far in advance. Under The stamped products amount to 4.5 % of the million switching operations without a hitch. ideal conditions, the technical maintenance Russian market. And 1 % of the market share in To us, the most important features are work only requires two shifts which means sheet metal. “OOO MZ Kamasteel” is one of the the operational switching speed, the swit- less than one day! Since we have never largest steel mills in the Ural Mountain region. ching safety, and the general operating had any problems with Reinhausen It has been awarded the following certificates: safety. The Reinhausen tap-changer excels products and services, we will continue Det Norske Veritas (Norway), LloydRegister (UK), with its stable design. There has been no to use this supplier also in the future. –––– SLV Duisburg Baumaterialien (Germany). disturbance whatsoever during operation. The technical maintenance and repairs Senior Engineer Klepikov L.V. www.kamasteel.com of the tap-changer are carried out solely Senior Power Engineer Schaldunov S.V. Contact: [email protected] ARGENTINA 21
Switched: from OILTAP® to ® Argentina’s main aluminium company VACUTAP ALUAR bets on latest Reinhausen technology
einhausen supplies the only primary In 2004 ALUAR purchased a 140 MVA R aluminium producer of Argentina, power transformer which had previously ALUAR with OLTCs and the related been equipped with conventional OILTAP® service. Planned production for 2006 is technology. At the suggestion of Mr. 280,000 tons and 420,000 tons are fore- Pflugl this model was replaced by a new cast for 2008. Located in Southern Pata- VACUTAP® OLTC. gonia, Argentina, this factory is already The reason for the switch from OILTAP® operating a substantial number of OLTCs to VACUTAP® was that the latter requires manufactured by Reinhausen. A soon as practically no maintenance during its ent- the expansion phase has been completed ire lifetime. This is a great advantage for there will be more than 50 of them. companies like ALUAR which have to rely During the past 20 years Josef Pflugl, on continuous operation. Because of this an engineer at MR do Brasil, has been ALUAR has now informed Reinhausen that doing an excellent job providing reliable only VACUTAP® OLTCs will be used for the maintenance work and supplying spare new transformers which are to be installed parts to ALUAR. in the factory. This will eliminate produc- As a result of his work the devices have tion downtime which would otherwise always been functioning correctly without have been required for maintenance on the interruption. This is the reason why OILTAP® OLTCs. –––– ALUAR is now going to use OLTCs from Reinhausen in its new power transformers Contact: [email protected] Convincing products and services: Josef Pflugl (left) for its factory. www.aluar.com.ar with the responsible engineer at ALUAR. 22 KUWAIT Copy: Werner Fleischmann
Tradition and Technology More than 200 VACUTAP® OLTCs for Kuwait Ministry of Energy (MoE)
Arab culture and traditions, anchored in the Islam, are the foundations upon which the modern state of Kuwait is built. The metamorphosis in lifestyle brought about by the discovery of oil did not efface the identity of the people of Kuwait. The people and state of Kuwait have always paid special attention to the preservation of there culture and history.
he new architecture of the city, which Today Kuwait is covered by electrical nets, scientific methods and technologies. That T combines modern design with traditional aerial and underground, which are used to is why MoE has been specifying since the art, reflects this awareness. Kuwait has a transport electricity from power plants to very beginning the maintenance-free large variety of customs and traditions, substations and to the consumers. In 2004 VACUTAP® OLTCs for all their new trans- the bases for a colourful and extensive the installed power capacity was around former supplies. culture, reflected in the Diwaniya, the 9,700 MW, further 3,400 MW will become Up to now Reinhausen has supplied Bedouin traditions and Al Sadu weaving. necessary in the next few years. The con- more than 200 VACUTAP® OLTCs to Kuwait. Electric power first came to Kuwait in sumption of electricity increases by 7-9% The use of them became an important part 1913 when an agreement was signed by annually. of the MoE asset management to dramati- Sheikh Mubarak Al-Sabah for the electrifi- Reinhausen on-load tap-changers are cally reduce operation and maintenance cation of Seif Palace. The first power plant an important factor in the Kuwait network. costs. ––--- in Kuwait was established in 1934 by the Already before 1956 the first Reinhausen National Power Company. The government on-load tap-changers (OLTC) type CIIID250 Contact: [email protected] bought stakes in the National Power were supplied to MEW Kuwait. Since that Company in 1951 and accordingly a time the power demand and therefore Ministry for Electricity and Water (MEW) OLTC demand increased rapidly. Up to now was founded. In July 2003 the MEW was Reinhausen has delivered more than 1,800 taken over by the Ministry of Energy OLTCs to MoE Kuwait. The investment (MoE). strategy of MoE involves the use of modern SPECIAL APPLICATIONS 23
Advantage VACUTAP® HVDC-applications significantly improved by vacuum switching technology
owadays HVDC systems find wide given application for design reasons, there currents with power frequency. Therefore, to N application in the long distance trans- is a request for increasing switching match the higher switching duties in HVDC mission of electric energy with a high capacity per step of the OLTCs. applications the OLTC must be oversized. economic advantage. In China and India In HVDC transformers the valve-side The latest innovative development in several lines have been put into service in load current waveshape is not sinusoidal, the field of OLTCs is the introduction of the past decade. In both countries the efforts even under normal operation of the val- Reinhausen’s vacuum switching technology. are made to increase the DC voltage up to ves, and is transferred to the line side, This new generation of resistor type OLTCs 800 kV and to increase the transmission where the OLTC is electrically positioned. (VACUTAP®) with vacuum interrupters power per line up to 4500 MVA or higher. Such waveshapes significantly modify the instead of conventional arcing contacts Consequently the power rating per unit rate of rise of the load current (di/dt) under oil is designed for heavy switching of converter transformers is increased in flowing through the diverter switch of the duties, including those in converter trans- the sending as well as in the receiving OLTC. The steepness of the current rise is formers for HVDC applications. These new stations. On-load tap-changers (OLTCs) a design parameter and is limited by the tap-changers with vacuum interrupters do are important components for changing transformer short-circuit impedance and not only eliminate the oil contamination the transformer winding ratio to control the smoothing reactance. This steepness is due to arc extinguishing under oil, but are the firing angle and to compensate voltage much higher than the rate of rise of an also advantageous for high current steep- variations. The firing angle can be alternating current of 50Hz or 60Hz. The ness during the breaking operation. The optimized for a given power factor of the breaking of the load current at the main unique advantage of the vacuum switch- system in combination with the winding switching contacts of the diverter switch ing technology is that the arc extinction ratio change. The demand for operating takes place at current zero. The recovery and the regeneration of the switching/- the line with a reduced system voltage for voltage at this contact is the voltage drop insulating medium happens very rapidly. reasons of the system reliability can be across the transition resistors caused by With this technology, additionally, new realized by changing the turns ratio of the the load current and, therefore, the re- maintenance strategies with enlarged converter transformers with an OLTC. covery voltage shows the same steepness. inspection intervals bring significant When fulfilling all these requirements Consequently the switching duty of the benefits for the converter transformer together in a modern HVDC system, there OLTC in a converter transformer is higher manufacturers and utilities of modern is a need for a very large regulation range than in a standard power transformer. The extra and ultra HVDC transmission lines. – of the converter transformer. If the num- conventional OLTC with arcing contacts ber of service positions is limited in a under oil is usually designed for load Contact: [email protected]
Typical HVDC Applications: < Tianshengqiao – Guangzhou, China • Power rating: 1800 MW • Voltage level: ± 500 kV DC, AC: 230 kV, 50 Hz • Type of plant: Long distance transmission, Bipolar 960 km • Commercial operation started in 2000 Range of supply: 7 HVDC transformers, 354 MVA and 7 HVDC transformers, 337 MVA
Yangtze Kiang river “Three Gorges“ > – Changszhou/Shanghai, China • Power rating: 3000 MW • Voltage level: ± 500 kV DC • Type of plant: Long distance transmission, Bipolar 1000 km • Commercial operation started in 2003 Range of supply: 14 (12) HVDC transformers 283.7 MVA 3 smoothing reactors, 0,27 H, 500 kV
Photos courtesy SIEMENS 24 SPECIAL APPLICATIONS
World Premiere For Operation at Explosion-Prone Sites
VACUTAP® OLTCs made to Ex-standards
ffective immediately, VACUTAP® VV Benefits of Reinhausen's Ex Protection E and VACUTAP® VR, ED motor-drive, RS Concept: protective relay, drive shafts and oil filter • Simple and easy Ex certification of the are also available in Ex design for ex- entire transformer if Ex certified products plosion-prone sites such as oil rigs, the are used chemical industry, and transformers in • All of Reinhausen's Ex certified products closed areas. are delivered in fully finished and Reinhausen is the first OLTC manufac- ready-to-install condition, i.e. no addi- turer worldwide to certify its products in tional expense for work by the trans- accordance with Directive 94/9/EC (ATEX) former manufacturer (compliant with IEC and NEC 505 in North • All work with the ED-Ex motor-drive America). Incidentally, this also applies to mechanism involve compressed air, thus Reinhausen's internal quality assurance eliminating the need for time-consum- system. ing and labor-intensive replacement of Since, thanks to their vacuum interrup- the nitrogen bottles during nitrogen ters, none of Reinhausen's tap-changers of flushing the VACUTAP® series generates any shut- • IEC compliance, i.e. no limits of operation down arcs in the insulating oil, this type of in comparison to non-Ex applications. – innovative technology is particularly suit- able for applications in explosion-prone Contact: [email protected] ED-Ex motor-drive environments.
First ex-protected OLTC delivered to France Transfo At France Transfo the first explosion-protected VACUTAP® VV-Ex was built in a 20-MVA-transformer destined for an oil platform in Congo. Our photo shows the also delivered ex-protected ED motor-drive.
Contact: [email protected] 25
Equipment category* Temperature class* VACUTAP® VR-Ex 3G T3 VACUTAP® VV-Ex 3G T3 ED-Ex motor-drive 2G T3/T4 (T4 with reservations) Protective relay RS 2001-Ex 2G/3G T4 (depending on protection type) Drive shaft-Ex 2G T4 Oil filter unit OF 100-Ex 3G T4 (available as of October 2005)
*Please refer to the appendices for explanations on equipment categories and temperature classes: Table 1: Classification into zones Table 2: Classification of the gases and vapors in temperature categories
Table 1 Conditions in potentially explosive area Flammable materials Temporary behavior of the Division of the potentially explosive areas Required identification of the flammable material in Ex area usable resource as per CELENEC CELENEC / IEC US NEC 505 US NEC 500 Device group Equipment category Gases, fumes * Present continuously, over the ZONE 0 Class I Class I II 1 G long-term, or frequently Zone 0 Division 1 * Occur occasionally ZONE 1 Class I II 2G or 1G Zone 2 * Probably will not occur, but if they ZONE 2 Class I Class I II 3 G or 2 G or 1 G do, then only rarely or briefly Zone 2 Division 2 Dusts * Present continuously, over the ZONE 20 – Class II II 1 D long-term, or frequently Division 1 * Occur occasionally ZONE 21 – II 2D or 1D * Probably will not occur due to ZONE 22 – Class II II 3D or 2D or 1D swirling dust, but if they do, Division 2 then only rarely or breifly Methane, dust – Mining – Mining I M1 Mining – I M2 or M1
Table 2 Temperature classes and maximum surface temperature of the resources Temperature class => T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Surface temperature => < 450°C < 300°C < 200°C < 135°C < 100°C < 85°C Ignition temperature => > 450°C 450°C to 300°C 300°C to 200°C 200°C to 135°C 135°C to 100°C 100°C to 85°C I Methane ––––– II A Acetone Ethylalcohol* n-amylalcohol Acetyldehyde –– Ethane Ethyleneglycol* Primary gasolines Ether Ethylacetate i-amylacetate Diesel Ethylether* Ethylbromide* n-butane Heating oil Ethylchloride n-butylalcohol n-hexane Ammonia 1-butylene Hydrogen sulphide Aniline 1,2-dichlorethane Benzene Di-i-propylether Chlorbenzene Natural gas 1,2-dichlorbenzene Acetic anhydride Ethanoic acid n-propylacetate Natural gas N-prorylalcohol* Carbon oxide* i-propylalcohol o-cresol Vinylchloride Methane Methylacetate Methylalcohol Methylbromide Methylchloride Methylenechloride
Explosion group Naphthaline Nitrobenzene * Phenol Propane Toluol O-xylol II B Ethylbromide* Ethylalcohol* Dimethylether Ethylether* –– Hydrogen cyanide Ethylene Hydrogen sulphide* Carbon oxide* Ethyleneglycol* Nitrobenzene Ethyleneoxide City gas Butadiene-1,3 Dioxan-1,4 Divinylether Isoprene n-propylalcohol* II C Hydrogen Acetylene – – – Carbon disulphide * Materials are close to the measured values for assignment to the next higher explosion group or temperature class. For this reason, they are listed in both groups/classes. 26 SPECIAL APPLICATIONS Copy: Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Manfred Argus
From Vision to Reality Sealed power transformers
In the future, transformer efficiency, i.e. higher utilization, will become an increasingly important issue, and so will air-tight sealing. This paper describes the development of a sealed power transformer by the Schorch Transformer section of AREVA Energietechnik GmbH. The paper describes the technical features and benefits of sealed power transformers and provides a lifecycle cost analysis.
ower transformers represent an impor- the form of elastic bulging when the Technical differences P tant, although rather expensive link temperature rises and released when the In Germany, power transformers in the in the electricity supply chain. They are temperature drops through contraction. capacity range between 12.5 and 80 (100) characterized by long service life and high Sealed transformers therefore operate MVA and 110 kV are covered by DIN 42 508 reliability. During operation, transformers, under slight overpressure or slight negative and a document known as “BAT“, which or rather their insulation systems, are sub- pressure. In the factory, the transformers describes operational requirements for ject to temperature-dependent (and there- are filled with oil at room temperature and three-phase transformers and was pub- fore load-dependent) aging. Other factors at neutral pressure. Under rated load at a lished by VDEW in 1997. The standard are aging through oxygen and moisture maximum permissible cooling air temp- describes the design and external appear- intake from the atmosphere. erature of 40 °C, the pressure in the tank ance of transformers. Transformers based increases to approx. 0.35 bar. With the on this standard essentially consist of a Development and technology transformer switched off, and at a minimum tank containing the active components of sealed power transformers permissible ambient temperature of -25 °C, (core, windings, and on-load tap-changer the negative pressure is approx. 0.2 bar. if required), top and bottom connections, Development goal and history Transformers of this type have been an oil conservator with piping and de- The goal of the development of sealed operating reliably and trouble-free for hydrating breather, and radiators. Radiators power transformers was to reduce cellu- more than thirty years in industrial and are incorporated for the purpose of heat lose and oil aging. A further goal was to energy utility applications, and are today dissipation. (see Fig. 1). minimize transformer maintenance require- produced with capacities up to 6,300 – ments. 8,000 kVA. In the 1970s, the former In Germany, the development of sealed SCHORCH GmbH had already produced transformers started in the 1960s with sealed transformers with capacities bet- distribution transformers, usually in the ween 400 and 630 kVA and plate radiators. capacity range 50 - 1,600 kVA. By the These plate radiators were able to take up end of the 1960s, the familiar sealed excess oil through elastic deformation transformers had emerged through several during periods of increased temperature. In development steps. Unlike with traditional 1982, a 10 MVA transformer with a smooth transformers featuring oil conservators, tank and flanged expansion radiators was specially designed oil pockets in the trans- produced. former tank are used to deal with the In 2000, the development of sealed increase in insulation and cooling oil power transformers was picked up again. Fig. 1 Power transformer according to DIN 42 508 volume caused by temperature rises in the In the intermediate years, there was simply transformer. The tank is referred to as a no market for such transformers. Major Sealed power transformers were developed "Faltwellenkessel" (fluted tank). The oil changes in the operator scene over recent based on DIN 42 508 and BAT. They pockets are produced from thin-strip sheet years and further changes expected over have no oil conservator, no dehydrating steel using special folding machines. Four the next few years are likely to lead to breather, and no piping. The radiators are fluted walls are then welded together with significantly higher utilization and ex- specially designed expansion models with a base and a lid to form the tank. tended operation of power transformers. two functions, i.e. they dissipate heat from The difference in transformer oil volume Maintenance and lifecycle costs are likely the active section, and at the same time between the lowest and highest permissible to become increasingly important factors. they act as expansion elements to allow temperature is approximately 9 %. This Sealed power transformers are the answer for expansion of the transformer oil. This volume is taken up by the oil pockets in to these requirements. transformer type also features a newly 27
developed on-load tap-changer with vacu- Nevertheless, sealed power transformers fitted with a cover which has a collar and um cells, known as a VACUTAP® on-load are also subject to certain restrictions. For an oil discharge pipe leading into the tap-changer. With this on-load tap-chang- example, due to the production process the foundation tank or an oil sump (see Fig. 3). er, arc extinction during tap-changes no upper section of the expansion radiators longer takes place in oil, but in vacuum cannot be bevelled. As a result, the cells. As a result, no switching gases are transformers exceed the German railway generated, and diverter switch oil contami- loading gauge specified by Deutsche Bahn nation is avoided. In addition, wedge-type AG. However, apart from a few exceptional flat slide valves based on DIN 42 508, cases, this is not really an issue today, which all tend to leak to a greater or lesser since most substations are no longer degree, were replaced with stainless steel served by sidings, and transportation by ball valves (see Fig. 2). road has almost become the norm. Another Fig. 3 Buchholz relay and pressure relief valve issue is that hot galvanizing of the ex- pansion radiators is not possible due to the thermal stresses generated during this Basic principles of cellulose aging process, which would reduce the service life of expansion radiators. As an alterna- Aging of insulating paper tive, a zinc flake coating can be applied to In addition to insulating oil, power trans- the expansion radiators. formers also feature solid insulation, either in the form of paper wrapped round the Protection and monitoring devices winding conductors or particle board for A Buchholz relay is one of the main pro- winding cylinders or other insulating tection and monitoring devices for trans- parts. The insulating paper is made from Fig. 2 Sealed power transformer formers. It is incorporated in a pipe rising cellulose, which is made up of chain mole- from the transformer tank to the oil con- cules consisting of glucose rings that are Alternatively, a hydro-compensator or rub- servator. Dual-float versions of the relay linked via oxygen bridges (see Fig. 4). ber bag incorporated in the oil conservator feature two signalling and trip elements. of the transformer may be used to achieve The first trip element is a float switch that air-tight sealing. It is installed at the top of is activated in the event of gas accumula- the oil conservator via a flange and suitable ting in the Buchholz relay, or if the trans- holding devices. The inside of the rubber former oil level starts to drop (the oil level bag is connected to ambient air via the is also monitored via the oil gauges in the flange, piping and dehydrating breather, oil conservator). The second trip element is while the transformer oil is sealed off from a flap valve that is activated if the oil flow ambient air. The disadvantage of this solu- from the transformer tank to the expan- tion is that it requires installation of a sion vessel exceeds a certain value. This is further component, i.e. the rubber bag. generally the case if a severe fault occurs Moreover, the rubber bag only has a in the active section, causing conversion design life of approx. 10 years. In addition, of oil to large quantities of gas in the arc a dehydrating breather is required, since and associated increase in pressure. Since the rubber bag is sensitive to moisture. sealed power transformers have no oil conservator and therefore operate without Fig. 4 Structural formula and depolymerization of cellu- Sealed power transformers have cooling and insulating oil, transformer pro- lose the following clear benefits: tection now has two elements. A single- • No oil aging through oil oxidation float Buchholz relay is flange-mounted to The number of glucose rings contained in • No moisture absorption through the oil an angled pipe that is welded to the a cellulose molecule is referred to as the • Significant reduction of oxidative transformer cover. This Buchholz relay degree of polymerization (DP). For new cellulose aging (depolymerization) monitors the oil level and also gas accu- cellulose, this value is approximately • Significant increase in transformer mulation in the oil level tube. Gas samples 1,200. Cellulose is subject to aging due to service life, or higher load capacity (with can be taken via an adapter. In addition, a three factors: increased temperature range) with pressure relief valve is installed on the • Thermal aging or depolymerization similar service life cover. • Oxidative aging or depolymerization • Low-maintenance, since no dehydrating The valve opens if a preset pressure • Hydrolytic aging or depolymerization breathers are used value is exceeded, leading to rapid pressure • Low-maintenance through the application relief. The relief valve automatically closes Thermal aging leads to splitting of the of a VACUTAP® on-load tap-changer once the pressure has dropped below a glucose rings. This process starts at tem- • No hydro-compensator, which would set value. In order to prevent oil from peratures of around 105 °C. Typical aging have to be replaced after approx. 10 years escaping in an uncontrolled way during products are free glucose, water, carbon • Low lifecycle cost pressure relief, the pressure relief valve is monoxide, and carbon dioxide. 28 SPECIAL APPLICATIONS
During oxidative aging, oxygen leads to In any case, the dielectric strength of the between 0.25 bar negative pressure and further splitting of glucose rings, which in insulating oil drops significantly with 0.4 bar overpressure. While some radiators turn leads to formation of acids, ketones increasing water content (see Fig. 6). offered a large expansion volume, they and phenols. This process starts at normal Regular and thorough maintenance of the suffered from short service life compared transformer operating temperatures. dehydrating breather is therefore very with the service life of a transformer. The Studies on insulating paper samples indi- important for maintaining adequate in- expansion radiator design that was ulti- cate that the ageing rate increases about sulation. Dehydrating breathers that are mately approved had a satisfactory ex- threefold in the presence of oxygen. serviced inadequately or not serviced at pansion volume and reached a service life During hydrolitic aging, water is both a all, resulting in neglect of the insulating of 5,250 load cycles without any damage. cause and a product of cellulose aging. liquid, therefore represent a serious element According to the DIN 42 500-6, this corres- Aging is caused by water from dehydrating of uncertainty for safe grid operation [2]. ponds to a service life of approximately breathers that are serviced inadequately or 78 years of operation. In parallel to the not at all. The water splits the oxygen development work undertaken with and by bridges between the individual glucose Menk, theoretical strength analyses were rings. Studies indicate that the aging rate carried out at the mechanical engineering increases by a factor of 8 - 10 in the pre- faculty FB 8 of Aachen University. The sence of oxygen, with a paper insulation steady-load tests fully confirmed the water content of 2 %. theoretical results. Insulating paper has reached the end of A special welding process enables its useful life once a degree of polymeriza- expansion radiators to act as an oil conser- tion, DP, of approx. 250 has been reached. vator, in addition to their heat dissipation The insulating paper then loses its mechani- function. It was found that the expansion cal strength. A short circuit load would of the radiators with increasing temperature lead to tearing of the insulating paper and Fig. 6 Dielectric strength of insulating oil and therefore increasing pressure does not dielectric failure, i.e. failure of the trans- obstruct natural convection (which is former [1]. required for cooling purposes) between the Development of expansion radiators radiator elements. Paper moisture content Standard radiators are manufactured today Any moisture contained in a transformer is on automatic production lines offering Production of expansion radiators is sub- distributed across the oil and the solid consistently high quality at optimum cost. ject to two restrictions: insulation. A moisture equilibrium will The goal was therefore to develop an • The upper edges cannot be bevelled, occur, depending on the operating tempe- expansion radiator that could be produced which means the transformers exceed rature and based on the different rates of more or less like a standard radiator in the German railway loading gauge diffusion of water in paper/particle board order to make it economically viable, while specified by Deutsche Bahn AG. and oil (see Fig. 5). If the temperature offering maximum expansion volume and • They cannot be hot-dip galvanized. increases, water diffuses out of the solid long service life. insulation and into the oil, resulting in a Expansion radiators are currently not However, these restrictions do not present drop of the moisture content in the solid covered by DIN or other standards. The actual problems in practice, since alterna- insulation. If the temperature drops, this standard for distribution transformers, tive solutions are available. process is reversed. The laws of physics DIN 42 500-6, HD 428.1 "Requirements dictate that the water content of the solid and tests concerning pressurized tanks", Lifecycle cost analysis insulation is always much higher than which contains service life and steady- The following lifecycle cost analysis com- that of the insulating oil. Water diffusion load test details for sealed corrugated steel pares exactly the same active component therefore only leads to a small change in tanks, was therefore used as a basis for (identical transformation ratio, identical moisture content of the solid insulation, service life considerations. This standard impedance voltage, identical vector group, relative to the moisture content of the oil. states that 2000 load cycles covering a and identical losses) for three different pressure range between minimum operatio- transformer versions. nal negative pressure and maximum opera- Version 1 is a standard transformer tional overpressure correspond to a 30-year based on DIN 42 508 with conventional service life for sealed corrugated steel tanks. on-load tap-changer. Version 2 is the same Several radiator designs were developed, standard transformer, but with hydro- produced and subjected to steady-load compensator for producing an air-tight tests in collaboration with the company seal in the oil conservator. Version 3 is a Menk-Apparatebau GmbH, based in Bad sealed power transformer with VACUTAP® Marienberg, Germany. The radiators tested on-load tap-changer. had the same dimensions as radiators used Different transformer types have dif- in practice. The radiators were installed in ferent service requirements over a 40-year a test rig, filled with transformer oil, and service life. Therefore individual service Fig. 5 Balance between paper and oil moisture content subsequently subjected to pressure cycles packages are provided. Dehydrating breath- 29
ers have to be serviced, i.e. the silica gel breather has to be changed, about four times per year on average. Standard on- load tap-changers have to be serviced about every seven years, or after 50,000 - 100,000 switching cycles. Oil reconditioning may be required after about 20 years. In transform- ers with hydro-compensator, the rubber bag has to be replaced about every ten years. Sealed power transformers require no speci- al maintenance over their entire service life. VACUTAP® on-load tap-changers only have to be serviced every 15 years and then only Fig. 8 Maintenance cost savings, comparison of Fig. 11 Sealed power transformer 10 MVA, require limited servicing, since no switching sealed transformer and standard transformer with 120/17.25 kV, 16.7 Hz, for Deutsche Bahn AG gases are generated and no oil contamina- hydro-compensator tion occurs. For calculating the financial implications of the individual service Reference projects References packages, an annual interest rate of Since production of sealed power transfor- [1] Tenbohlen, St., Hofmann, F., Baum, J.: 5 % was assumed and an average annual mers commenced in 2002, 42 transformers Wartungsfreiheit und Alterungsstopp inflation of 2 % added, discounted and with capacities between 10 - 80 MVA have durch Hermetikabschluss bei Leistungs- accumulated, resulting in different mainten- been delivered or commissioned. Customers transformatoren (maintenance-free ope- ance costs over the service life for each include utilities such as E.ON, Stadtwerke ration and prevention of aging through transformer. The results for the three trans- Ingolstadt, Stadtwerke Aachen, Deutsche sealing of power transformers - in Ger- formers were then compared, and associa- Bahn AG, the French state-owned railway man), "Elektrizitätswirtschaft" journal, ted maintenance costs savings deduced. The company SNCF, and several wind farm Volume 102 (2003), Issue 5, pp. 28 - 32 diagrams clearly indicate that sealed power operators (see Figs. 9, 10 and 11). ––--- [2] VDEW-Ölbuch, Volume 2, Isolierflüssig- transformers not only offer significantly keiten (VDEW oil book, insulating reduced paper and oil ageing, but also liquids - in German), 7th edition 1996 significant maintenance costs savings, particularly compared with transformers with hydro-compensators (see Figs. 7 - 8). AREVA Energietechnik GmbH Schorch Transformer Section Rheinstrasse 73 41065 Mönchengladbach, Germany
Fig. 9 Sealed power transformer 80 MVA, 110/20 kV, for wind farm substation
Fig. 7 Maintenance cost savings, comparison of sealed transformer and standard transformer
Fig. 10 Sealed power transformer 40 MVA, 110/31.8 kV, for E.ON Westfalen Weser AG 30 MESSKO Copy: Henning Karl (Mark-E)
Maintenance-Free Dehydrating Breather
A field report sset Management is the magic word at Savings A utilities around the world. How can • work hours saved by German utility resources be utilised in as inexpensive and • vehicle cost savings nevertheless reliable manner as possible? • material cost savings (silica gel) Mark-E company One answer to this question is MTraB® by • savings on material sourcing and Messko. The Reinhausen subsidiary has handling, replacement materials introduced the very first maintenance-free dehydrating breather to the international Costs market. The principle is simple: Just attach • acquisition costs it to the transformer and forget the bother- • assembly costs some task of changing the silica gel. Forever. In Germany, one utility replaced 92 Result: conventional dehydrating breathers with Per dehydrating breather, Mark-E saves an MTraB®. Read the field report by Mark-E annual amount of approximately 300 Euros and all of its economic and business aspects. in relation to the expected service life of In a high-voltage network and 26 sub- the MTraB® of 15 years. That is a total stations, Mark-E operates a total of 64 annual savings of 27,600 Euro. This eco- 110kV-transformers and ten 220kV-trans- nomic aspect can certainly differ at other formers. The number of dehydrating utilities. It was only one aspect of our breathers amounts to 92. The expected decision. The replacement of the silica gel service life of these units is 15 years. In our had previously been performed at Mark-E economic efficiency calculation, we took by its own employees. Due to continual the following into consideration:
Mark-E Company, Hagen (Germany) Facts and Figures: Mark-E is the energy and infrastructure service provider for the Märkische Region in southern North-Rhine Westphalia. The principal sharehold- ers of the company include the City of Hagen (44.7 %), the City of Lüdenscheid (22 %) and the utility RWE (20 %). In 2004, the company, with its headquarters in Hagen, delivered approximately 6.7 billion kilowatt hours to more than 230,000 private and business customers, 1,800 industrial customers and power trading partners. In addition, Mark-E provides customers with district heating, heating and process steam, and, in Hagen, natural gas and drinking water. Mark-E is one of the largest independent regional power suppliers with power generation in North-Rhine Westphalia, and has approximately 1,200 employees. In power plants in the localities of Werdohl-Elverlingsen, Hagen-Kabel and Finnentrop Rönkhausen with an overall output of 1,000 megawatts, the company generates approximately 2.8 billion kilowatt hours of electricity per year from anthracite, natural gas, biomass and hydropower. MTraB® Dehydrating Breather: 31 • Cost reduction via improved determination of maintenance intervals. Customers have the choice between time and condition-dependent maintenance. • More effective utilisation of the dehydrating agent. ® • Decrease of environmental pollution and MTraB - Worth the Switch disposal problems. Characteristics: • Power supply 120/230 VAC 50Hz/60Hz personnel reductions in the network ment of the silica gel in a conventional • Metering precision +/– 2% relative humidity division, we are trying to distribute as dehydrating breather would have to be • Operating temperature – 40...+80 many jobs as possible to third-party firms. delayed until a later time. The dehydrating agent is white silica gel. For safety reasons, the replacement of the The housing is made of UV-resistant Duran glass. silica gel was not a suitable task for a In conclusion: third-party company, because comprehen- Due to the considerable advantages we see sive system and network knowledge is in the MTraB® unit, especially with regard required for the work, which is performed to improved personnel utilisation, we have in the direct vicinity of on-load compo- decided, effective immediately, to equip all nents. Under these circumstances, MTraB® Mark-E high-voltage transformers with the offered the ideal solution for the elimi- maintenance-free dehydrating breathers. nation of our own personnel having to The concept of MTraB® has convinced us perform this recurrent and uncomplicated to the extent that we are intensionally wai- task. Thus, the time gained can be used for ving an extensive testing period in order to other, more important projects that would take advantage of the unit’s benefits as otherwise have to be postponed due to a soon as possible. –––– lack of time or would generate additional overtime hours. Contact: [email protected] The mode of operation of the MTraB® www.messko.com contributes to a long service life of the www.mark-e.de transformers. There is no need to worry that, due to a lack of personnel, the replace- 32 HISTORY Copy: Dipl.-Ing. Gerald Meier
Happy Birthday, On-Load Tap-Changer!
Looking back on the n August 29th, 1831, Michael Faraday and Josiah Willard Gibbs who first present- was experimenting with a closed ed their secondary generator in 1883 to a development of magnetic circuit with several wind- stunned circle of experts in London. This resistor-type OLTCs O ings and discovered the principle of development already encompassed the magnetic induction on which all generators realisation of a voltage control, featuring a 80 years ago and transformers are based. He found that sliding iron core for the induction coils, electric current is induced in a conductor additionally combined with a turn-to-turn whenever magnetic fields are moved in switch. The years to follow saw a rapid the conductors proximity. This discovery and frenzied further development of opened up entirely new ways for the pro- apparatuses then referred to as converters duction of electricity. and voltage inductors, a development The initial development to follow this mentioned in connection with such dis- discovery were induction coils (Ruhmkorff tinguished names as Ganz, Siemens, coils). The first genuine transformer, Schuckert and Halske. The term trans- however, is attributed to Lucien Gaulard former, used for the first time in 1885 in
Richard Scheubeck, Anton Schunda, Oskar Scheubeck in front of type C selector switches
1831: Michael Faraday
1928: Bernhard Jansen, Dr. Sc.(Eng.)
1929: Regulating Transformer Throughput Rating 15,000 kVA 55,000 ± 6 x 1,100 V
Oskar and Richard Scheubeck 33
conjunction with patent applications, interconnections depending on differing contacts. This ground-breaking patent, quickly caught on and prevails until today. loads. One of AEG’s patents dating back to which until this very day continues to Another dramatic event to follow in 1889 1904 contains an in-depth treatise on the remain the basic principle of all high-speed was the first patent granted on a three- then prevalent principle of tap-changing resistor-type tap-changers manufactured phase transformer in response to a patent control according to which “one was com- worldwide, has been written about at such application submitted by AEGs Michael v. pelled to interrupt the power supply during great length that this issue requires no Dolivo-Dobrowolsky. Only a year later, tap-change” if one wished to avoid a short- further elaboration. Charles Brown, co-founder of the Swiss circuit within any of the winding groups. On May 21st, 1930, Dr. Jansen was the company Brown Boveri & Cie., was the first According to this invention, a genuine first to introduce an energy accumulator to build an oil-filled transformer designed uninterrupted tap-change between the in his Patent no. 496 564 which is charged to keep out atmospheric humidity and to individual winding sections was to involve by the movement of the driving shaft and provide outstanding insulating properties. an arrangement of the various winding ensures full operation of the diverter switch It was discovered only later, quite by groups on separate transformers, or at the briefly and unstoppably upon activation. chance, that the circulating oil was also an very least on separate magnetic circuits. Another visionary invention which also excellent means of dissipating heat. Even these types of solutions featuring continues to remain the chief principle Transformers had triumphed and were here auxiliary transformers, contactors, or pre- upon which nearly all of the on-load to stay. August 25th, 1891 saw the first-time ventive choke coil systems were becoming tap-changers produced worldwide are ever transfer of 100kW of three-phase cur- ever more complex and demanding. In based. Consequently, all functional groups rent with 15kV voltage over a distance 1924, a patent by Dresden’s Sachsenwerk of an on-load tap-changer have been of 175 kilometres from Lauffen to was published which casts a revealing light known since 1930 and have remained Frankfurt on the Main; even then, the on the situation at that time. It concerns essentially unchanged in their application power efficiency was as high as 76 %. itself with transition resistors and lists a until this day. It had become evident very early on that detailed description of damages prone to transformers with a rigid actual transform- occur should these resistors, which were The collaboration of Scheubeck-Jansen ation ratio were only rarely up to stand- not designed for continuous operation, At the time of the publication of his ards, and that it would be most welcome if remain switched on in the event of a failure. ground-breaking patents on high-speed this actual transformation ratio could be This is topped by a conclusion smacking a resistor-type tap-changers, Bernhard Jansen, modified. Generally, this task could be bit of resignation, suggesting that one Dr. Sc. (Eng.) was also dedicating himself accomplished in two ways: would be wise to do without danger- to the construction of the corresponding • by influencing induction and magnetic fraught tap-changes under load unless a prototypes. Having been a resident of circuit or way could be found to eliminate these Regensburg since late 1928 in his capacity • by selectively switchable windings dangers. The solution presented for this as a technical director of Oberpfalzwerke and/or winding sections. problem was a transition resistor with (today “E.ON Bayern“ is an East Bavarian Equal effort was given to the examination thermocouple assembly intended for power company), he had been awarding of both of these technical principles, which issuing a signal to switch off the trans- tenders also to local companies established commenced as early as the 19th century former on the event of overheating. Seeing in the area. In 1929, toothed wheels without and were the subject-matter of numerous as how no one was able to eliminate the boreholes were required, which turned out patents. reasons for any of the malfunctions, it was to be impossible to procure in the required Initially, transformers equipped with felt at the time that the least which could standard of quality. A suitable supplier winding taps – the connection of which be done was to find a way of minimising recommended at that time was Maschinen- entailed significant technical difficulties – the damage potential. Simply put, the one fabrik Reinhausen Andreas Scheubeck. The even appeared to be the less desirable thing missing was a suitable switch for proprietor´s son, Oskar Scheubeck, took the of the two alternatives. Instead, there uninterrupted transformer tap-change. order and delivered the toothed wheels, followed the development and subsequent Finally, in 1928, the first patent dealing manufactured by apprentice Franz Bauer in application of a vast number of the most with this issue was published by Bernhard perfect compliance with the requested diverse and increasingly complicated Jansen, Dr. Sc. (Eng.) under patent no. design parameters, on that very same day. induction controllers. Also, a combination 467 560. In this patent he suggested a solu- Impressed by such evident efficiency, of the two controlling principles was tion featuring only a single circuit-breaker Dr. Jansen paid a personal visit to the com- attempted: With coarse-step control pro- which is moved along the individual wind- pany on the following day and promised vided by the various winding taps and ing taps in conjunction with a transition further work. In light of the unfavourable precision control provided by the induction resistor and the selector switch principle, economic climate in Germany and follow- controller. However, even here the set-ups valid to this very day, was born. In addi- ing the phasing-out of the ripping saw turned out to be more and more complica- tion, Dr. Jansen was granted yet another production exacerbated by the lack of a ted, and it became obvious that the tech- patent, no. 474 613, first submitted for series fabrication product, the brothers nical development of induction control had application on July 13th, 1926, and pub- Oskar and Richard Scheubeck placed high come to a dead end. lished on April 6th, 1929, dealing with the hopes on this new business relationship. It had been suggested as early as 1894 uninterrupted tap-change under load Consequently, they dedicated all of their by Siemens & Halske to do split primary featuring two circuit-breakers moving in energies and all of their available means to and secondary windings with different opposite directions, with preliminary the issue of on-load tap-changers. –––– 34 SERVICE Copy: Marcelo Renato da Costa
It’s a Long Way to Maricunga A service job at the world’s highest gold mine in Chile
Sometimes life’s is rather tough for Reinhausen´s service specialists. For example when they have to do a job at the world's highest gold mine (5,000 meters above sea level). Maricunga is located in northern Chile, about 800 kilometers from Santiago. Two VACUTAP® RMV on-load tap-changers with two TAPCON® 230 voltage regulators are installed there. The task for Marcelo Renato da Costa, systems manager from MR do Brasil: commissioning the TAPCON®s for parallel operation. Join him on his trip to the top of the Andes.
Preparing for an “expedition“ more than three hours to reach the mine. Travel preparations take on a new import- I had heard lots of stories about how we ance when you plan to journey to the top would feel at the top of the Andes. But sto- of the “Cordilleira dos Andes.“ The car ries are different from the real experience. must have a 4-wheel drive, extra gasoline The temperature isn’t so bad - about 0 de- tanks, signalling flag with red lamp and grees Celsius when we arrive. The atmos- two sets of tires. pheric pressure is 0.6 bar above sea level The members of the “expedition“ must and at first I think my eyes are going Marcelo Renato da Costa of MR do Brasil have a medical check up involving exten- to pop out of their sockets. At this height, (center) took a trip to the top of the sive lab tests and numerous clinical exami- the air doesn't have much oxygen so “Cordilleira dos Andes“. nations before they are allowed to go on breathing is very difficult. First we have this journey and work above 3,500 meters. to pass another medical exam to confirm Travel preparations take one whole day. whether it is alright for us to work at this After the medical exams are over, we leave altitude. Viña del Mar, a city near Santiago, for Copiapó city. This part of the journey takes A simple job, but… 8 hours. We spend the night in Copiapó. The job does not seem to be difficult, but during the first afternoon I realize that this My eyes seem to pop out isn't so. The first problem is that the cables We wake up early to set off for Maricunga. to connect the various instruments aren't The dirt road is dangerous and it takes us installed. Before the trip I had ordered 300 TAPCON® 230 Automatic Voltage Regulator 35 For flush or projected panel mounting • Excellent reliability and long liftetime operation • Parallel control for up to 8 transformers (without additional parallel control device) • Easy commissioning, supported by the NORMSET – function • Parameterization and visualization with the “TAPCONtrol System“ software • Measuring value function: Announcement of one measuring value in the bottom display row • Manual operation Raise / Lower directly on the device • Simple, logical menu guidance
meters of control cables just to be on the The substation safe side. with the Another problem occurs: reality appears TAPCON® 230 (left) rather different from what we know from at Maricunga the drawings. On paper I have all the Gold Mine. connection points, but where are they in reality? Where are the relays? So I am unable to start commissioning on the first day. Together with the customer we over- During commissioning, I see that the Raise that the system was commissioned so come all the small problems, install the and Lower cable of one motor-drive unit quickly and even without disconnecting the missing devices and of course update the (MDU) is inverted. So I change the Raise transformer. The hunt for gold had not been drawings. and Lower commands in the MDU. It takes interrupted, not even for one second. By At the end of the day, the temperature is 2 or 3 minutes to invert both cables but noon everything is finished. minus 10 degrees Celsius and I am freezing. when I go around to the front of the TAP- Both doctors (in Viña del Mar and in the CON® I see that the tap position indication Paradise in the Andes mine) told me that I would probably only had changed too! But I hadn’t touched that A Maricunga engineer tells us about an- sleep 3 hours and then wake up with a cable! All I did was open the MDU door. other way to get back to get back. Even terrible headache. I didn’t believe them. Temperature! That´s the culprit! I close the so it takes one or two hours longer, the They told me to breathe deeply for 5 door of the MDU and watch the TAPCON® landscape is spectacular. We make our minutes and the headache would gradually display. The tap signal changes gradually preparations and take the new route to subside. After 3 hours and 15 minutes I (the MDU has a heater). I run the same test Copiapó. The road is worse than the one we wake up with the worst headache of my on another transformer: I open the MDU came on. Many parts are covered in snow, life… After that, I sleep and wake up every door and the same thing happens. During ice and rocks. Finally we reach paradise hour to breathe. normal operation there is no problem. But if in the Andes: The Santa Rosa Lake. We somebody opens an MDU door, the Master- see Guanaco (a kind of llama), exotic birds, Strange things occur Follower method won't work. So I talk to wild horses and donkeys. After 4 hours We get up at 6 am. The temperature is the customer and he agrees to change the we arrive in Copiapó. The following day, minus 20 degrees. The water bottle in control principle from “Master/Follower“ to we start the 12-hour return trip to the car is frozen. After breakfast we start “circulating current“. I test the circuit breaker Santiago. It’s a long way to Maricunga. But working. All cables are installed now and cables and connect the TAPCON®. After a it was worth it. –––– I start to make the TAPCON® connections. few minutes we have both transformers I individually commission both TAPCON®s. working in parallel. The client is surprised Contact: [email protected] 36 AUSTRALIA Copy: Tim Farrell
Service Down Under Impressions of Reinhausen Australia’s maintenance activities
Sometimes it takes time to reach Reinhausen Australia’s remote customers. But our Sydney-based team of service specialists travel vast distances in wildly varying landscapes to ensure the job gets done. Here’s a snapshot of their work in this great country.
Olympic Dam
einhausen Australia plays an impor- 17th-largest copper producer and third- R tant role at Olympic Dam, one of the largest uranium producer, accounting world’s largest mines on the rim of for 9.4 percent of current world mine South Australia’s arid Lake Eyre Basin. production of uranium oxide. Owned and operated by BHP Billiton, Reinhausen Australia has been ser- Pacific islands the mine is Australia’s largest and one vicing Olympic Dam’s OLTC’s since of only two uranium mines presently in 2002, our most recent visit required two operation (the other is Ranger). service engineers to work six days And there are some more superlatives: straight to complete the service of the Olympic Dam is the world’s fourth- four transformers (two units fitted with largest remaining copper resource, the 3x OILTAP® MI and two units fitted ost substations are tucked away in fourth-largest remaining gold resource with OILTAP® V-type) in the given shut M industrial areas. Not so in Tahiti, and the largest remaining uranium down. –––– (French Polynesia) where this substation resource, accounting for more than has a backdrop of one of nature’s most one-third of the known global uranium Contact: [email protected] idyllic views. –––– resource. Olympic Dam is the world’s www.bhpbilliton.com 37
Country Energy
Installing new motor-drive units ED 100 at Country Energy in New South Wales.
ountry Energy set up a program to three substations in Western New South C replace a number of old motor-drive Wales. When the first ED100S motor- units; Reinhausen Australia visited all drive arrived Reinhausen Australia the sites to view the current units. This assisted Country Energy with the on- required a “short“ car ride of 2000 kilo- site commissioning. –––– meters over a 2-day period to visit the 38 MRCADEMY
Join us at
Sharing our MRcademy means: No sales, no PR. We try to learn more knowledge with about your problems and offer you field- our customers tested solutions. Every MRcademy is different because customers’ requirements differ from country to country. hen it comes to on-load tap-changers W Reinhausen has quite a reputation. 80 What awaits you? years ago we created the very fundamen- • A unique communication platform for tals of this technology. And we haven’t experts stopped innovating since. Our vacuum • Your personal copy of the convention switching technology is only one example report with all presentations of the creativity of our engineers and • Wherever possible demonstrations or designers. Not to mention our state-of-the- visits (e.g. substations, power plants) art voltage regulators and transformer accessories made by our subsidiary Messko. Comprehensive presentations We would like to share this ongoing on topics like: progress with you – the experts, working • Condition-based maintenance for utilities, transformer manufacturers or • Asset management industrial companies. That’s why we have • Voltage regulation launched MRcademy, our worldwide clients’ • Monitoring academy. There you will get the latest • Power quality information on new technologies and • Transformer accessories trends related to the transformer. (e.g. maintenance-free breathers) WWW.REINHAUSEN.COM 39
How long does it take? Get support You should calculate one and a half days.
What about the cost? Attendance and catering are free of charge. whenever You only pay for your own travel expenses and hotel accommodations. you need it Where to register? Please refer to www.mrcademy.com, choose You need a manual of operating instructions in your own an MRcademy and fill out the online language in a hurry? You want to subscribe to INSIGHT, registration form. You will then receive a confirmation E-mail from us. our newsletter? You would like an installation video of the VACUTAP® VV? You want to quick look up a technical term? Any more questions? No problem. Please contact: Go to www.reinhausen.com and you will find [email protected] everything you need. This First Aid Center is open for you around the clock. And if you have questions, just send us an E-mail to [email protected]
www.mrcademy.com 40 VACUTAP® PRODUCT RANGE
The VACUTAP®-Family
VACUTAP® RMV-II VACUTAP® AVT VACUTAP® VT Our reactor on-load tap-changer with vacu- The on-load tap-changer VACUTAP® AVT The on-load tap-changer VACUTAP® VT um interrupters and the most impressive with vacuum interrupters and integrated with vacuum interrupters serves for setting performance history since its introduction motor-drive serves for setting the ratio of the ratio of dry-type transformers of larger in the 80ies. Area of application: primarily smaller dry-type transformers under load. capacity under load. the North American continent.
Max.rated through-current: 1,500/2,000/2,500A Max. rated through-current*: 500A Max. rated step voltage: 2,000V Max. rated through-current: 170A Max. rated step voltage: 900V Highest voltage for Max. rated step voltage: 500V Max. rated switching capacity: equipment Um: 70kV Max. rated switching capacity: 75kVA (single-phase) 250kVA Application: At any selectable winding position Highest voltage for Highest voltage for Operating positions: equipment Um: 11,5kV equipment Um: 40,5kV Without change-over selector*: 17 Application: at any selectable winding position Application: at any winding position With change-over selector: 33 Operating positions: (linear) 9 max. Operating positions: (linear) 9 max. * incl. bridging positions * (3-phase) 41
VACUTAP® VRD and VRF/VRG VACUTAP® VRC and VRE VACUTAP® VV The VACUTAP® VR family is a real alternative for almost all on-load tap-changers from The on-load tap-changer VACUTAP® VV our extensive OILTAP® R/RM and M-program. As the first on-load tap-changer in the operates throughout the world. With its world, the VACUTAP® VR is maintenance-free up to 300,000 operations. Since it doesn’t vacuum interrupters it serves for setting require time based maintenance your transformer will show increased availability. The the ratio of oil-filled transformers under Reinhausen vacuum switching technology is proven throughout the world since the 80ies. load. The VACUTAP® VV is maintenance- In addition, you will benefit from the various applications of the VACUTAP® VR: free up to 300,000 operations. Thus your It is the first choice for regulating transformers, auto-transformers, HVDC converter transformer life-cycle costs are reduced transformers, arc furnace transformers and for many other applications. significantly.
Max. rated through-current*: 400/550/700A Max. rated step voltage: 4,000V Max. rated through-current*: 1,000/1,300A Max. rated switching A perfect couple: ® Max. rated step voltage: 4,000V capacity: 3,000kVA VACUTAP VV Max. rated switching Highest voltage for installed in transformer capacity: 6,000kVA equipment Um: 72,5-300kV Highest voltage for Application at neutral point (three-phase) equipment Um: 72,5-362kV or at any selectable winding position Application at neutral point (three-phase) (single-phase up to 2,600A) Max. rated through-current*: 250/400/600A or at any selectable winding position Operating positions: Max. rated step voltage: 2,000V (single-phase up to 2,600A) Without change-over Max. rated switching capacity: 700kVA Operating positions: selector: 18 max. Highest voltage for Without change-over With change-over equipment Um: 40-145kV selector: 18 max. selector: 35 max. Operating positions: With change-over With multiple coarse Without change-over selector: 12 max. selector: 35 max. selector: 107 max. With change-over selector: 23 max. * (3-phase) 42 FAQ VACUTAP®. You ask. We answer.
What experience does Reinhausen have with vacuum switching technology? Are regular checks necessary on the OLTC VACUTAP® VR 1300? We have already been using this technology successfully since the 1980s. Within the scope of the routine inspections of the transformer, only functional checks of the motor-drive mechanism and the protection relay How many vacuum on-load tap-changers has Reinhausen delivered so far? need to be carried out. The insulating oil of the on-load tap-changer has to More than 8,000 VACUTAP® on-load tap-changers of different types are be monitored in accordance with the appropriate regulations. working reliably throughout the world. Is an oil filter unit necessary? What happens if a vacuum interrupter fails? No. The vacuum interrupter has a minimum life cycle of 600,000 switch opera- tions. Considering the fact that the Reinhausen vacuum interrupters can Do the contacts show wear? actually look back on 23,000 trouble-free operational years so far, failures Compared to traditional OILTAP® on-load tap-changers, there is only are downright unlikely. In the theoretical case of a leakage, the RS 2001 minimum contact wear; and it remains in the hermetically closed vacuum protection relay would intercede to reduce the damage. interrupters. How do you assure the reliability of the vacuum interrupters? Do the VACUTAP® VV and VR need transition resistors? We are the only manufacturer in the world to stringently test our equipment Yes; since these types operate on the principle of high-speed, resistor-type well beyond the requirements of the IEC 60214-1. Even under these extreme tap-changers. load conditions, we were able to successfully demonstrate the operation of Why is the tap-changer immersed in oil? the vacuum interrupters. The manufacturer guarantees the consistently high It is necessary to ensure a high level of dielectric strength in this high quality of the interrupters due to its primarily automated manufacturing voltage tap-changer. Even the VACUTAP® VR may only be switched when it process and its decades of experience. As an additional quality assurance is immersed in oil. Reinhausen has special tap-changer designs both for measure, we also carry out a 100% outbound piece inspection. transformers with insulating liquids (VACUTAP® RMV, VV, and VR) as well Does Reinhausen test the vacuum interrupters? as for dry-type transformers (VACUTAP® VT and AVT). The latter do not We conduct random tests when the vacuum interrupters are delivered. After need an oil compartment. the vacuum interrupters have been installed in the tap-changer, an outbound Is an oil compartment also required for VACUTAP® on-load tap-changers? inspection is carried out with 3,000 switch operations on each completed It actually holds the diverter switch. And the oil compartment also separa- device. Each vacuum interrupter is routinely tested at the end of the test cycle. tes the tap-changer oil from the oil of the transformer. In other words, it must pass a dielectric test and a vacuum test. It is only then that the VACUTAP® OLTC is ready to be delivered. This quality assurance Why does the oil need to be separated from the oil conservator of the measure permits inspection intervals of up to 300,000 switch operations. tap-changer and the oil conservator of the transformer? The temperature of the transition resistors rises during the switching opera- What stress are the vacuum interrupters exposed to in the on-load tion. Non-separated oil conservators would lead to false readings during tap-changer? DGA monitoring of the transformer. The electrical stress resembles that of vacuum interrupters in circuit breakers, and the switching frequency (mechanical stress) is comparable to that of Can you also use vegetable oil? vacuum interrupters in contactors. The VACUTAP® VR 1300 can basically use alternative insulating liquids. Please contact us. Does the operation of vacuum interrupters in the on-load tap-changer have any negative impact on the other electrical equipment? What is the price difference to Reinhausen’s traditional OILTAP® on-load Since the load current is, in principle, only commuted and not interrupted, tap-changers? reactions in the form of, for example, overvoltages in other electrical If you also consider its life cycle and maintenance costs, then the VACUTAP® equipment can be ruled out. This was demonstrated through external tests is almost always the more cost effective solution. which we had carried out on our behalf. Can the VACUTAP® VR replace traditional oil tap-changers? Can the vacuum interrupter initiate oscillations in the transformer’s This is generally possible as the dimensions are often identical. Please winding as a result of the “current chopping“ phenomenon? contact us. No; we had external tests done, and they excluded this. Does the VACUTAP® VR 1300 need a different motor-drive mechanism? When do the interrupters have to be changed? No. Of course, you can continue to use our approved ED motor-drive With the VACUTAP® VR 1300, they only need to be changed after 600,000 mechanism. This is also true for other accessories and, of course, for the switch operations. A service is only required after 300,000 switch operations. voltage regulators of our TAPCON® series. This means, with 7,500 switch operations per year, service would only be Do the vacuum interrupters need to be tested during service, and is the due after approx. 40 years of operation. contact wear measured? When do you have to change the diverter switch unit of the VACUTAP® VR For up to 600,000 switch operations, no test and/or measurement of the 1300? vacuum interrupters in the VACUTAP® VR 1300 are necessary. A change only becomes necessary after 1,200,000 switch operations. When do you have to change the energy accumulator spring? Does the vacuum technology work reliably even under extreme With the VACUTAP® VR 1300, the energy accumulator spring does not temperatures? need to be changed. The VACUTAP VR® 1300 is released for service in accordance with IEC 60214-1. In other words, the temperature of the surrounding oil may range Any other questions: [email protected] between – 25° C and 105° C (overload 115° C). REFERENCES 43
® Reference list VACUTAP VR for Industry and Utilities July 2006
Abu Dhabi Gas Liquefaction Company (ADGAS), U.A.E. AES Corporation, USA Agsm Energia Srl, Italy Altos Hornos de México, Mexico Aluar Aluminio Argentino S.A.I.C., Argentina Anshan Iron & Steel Group Corporation, China Apex Silver Mines (San Cristóbal), Bolivia Barrow Offshore Wind Ltd. (BOW), Great Britain Central Networks, Great Britain Compañía General de Electricidad, Chile ConEdison, USA Degussa AG, Germany EDF Energy, Great Britain Egechilca - Generación Eléctrica de Chilca S.A., Peru Elektro Primorska d.d., Slovenia E.ON Westfalen Weser, Germany Electricity of Viet Nam (EVN), Viet Nam Elektro Gorenjska d.d., Slovenia Elektroprivreda Bosne i Hercegovine, Bosnia & Herzeg. Eletronorte – Centrais Elétricas do Norte do Brasil, Brazil EnBW Regional AG, Germany Energex, Australia EnergyAustralia, Australia Entreprises Electriques Fribourgeoises (EEF), Switzerland Eskom, South Africa Genesis Energy, New Zealand ® July 2006 Innsbrucker Kommunalbetriebe AG, Austria Reference list VACUTAP VR for OEM Mainova AG, Germany Ministry of Housing, Electricity and Water (MHEW), Oman ABB Power T&D Co., Inc., USA Mosenergo, Russian Fed. ABB Powertech Transformers, South Africa N1 A/S, Denmark ABB Sp. z.o.o., Poland Nesa A/S, Denmark ABB Transformatoren GmbH, Germany Ningxia Electric Power Company, China AREVA Schorch Transformatoren GmbH, Germany Nord-Trøndelag Elektrisitetsverk, Norway AREVA T&D, Great Britain Nordostschweizerische Kraftwerke (NOK), Switzerland Balikesir Elektromekanik Sanayi Tesisleri A.S., Turkey npower (Yorkshire Electricity), Great Britain Baoding Tianwei Group Co. Ltd., China NUON Technisch Bedrijf, Netherlands Brush Transformers Ltd., Great Britain Polskie Sieci Elektroenergetyczne SA, Poland Crompton Greaves Ltd., India Qingdao Power Supply Bureau, China Dông Anh Electrical Equipment Manufacturing Plant (EEMP), Viet Nam Salzburg AG, Austria Efacec Energia, Portugal Scottish & Southern Energy, Great Britain Elektrozavod, Russian Fed. SP AusNet (SPI PowerNet), Australia Elettromeccanica Tironi S.R.L., Italy Stadtwerke Düsseldorf AG, Germany ETRA 33 Energetski transformatorji, d.d, Slovenia Stadtwerke München GmbH, Germany Faraday S.A., Argentina Stadtwerke Münster GmbH, Germany Hyosung Corporation, Korea Stadtwerke Nettetal GmbH, Germany Hyundai Heavy Industries Co. Ltd., Korea Städtische Werke Magdeburg GmbH, Germany ILJIN Heavy Industries Co., Ltd., Korea Statnett SF, Norway Koncar – Distribution and Special Transformers, Inc.,Croatia SWU Stadtwerke Ulm/Neu-Ulm GmbH, Germany Pauwels Trafo Belgium N.V., Belgium Sydkraft Konsult AB (E.ON), Sweden Prolec GE, S. de RL de CV, Mexico Taiyuan Iron and Steel (Group) Co., Ltd., China PT Pauwels Trafo Asia, Indonesia TEAG Thüringer Energie AG, Germany Qingdao Transformer Group Co. Ltd., China TenneT bv, Netherlands sea S.p.A. Società Elettromeccanica Arzignanese, Italy TIWAG – Tiroler Wasserkraft AG, Austria Siemens AG, Germany Transend Networks Pty Ltd., Australia Siemens SA, Columbia Trasmissione Elettricità Rete Nazionale S.p.A. (Terna), Italy Siemens SA, Portugal Türkiye Elektrik Íletim A.S (TEIAS), Turkey Smit Transformatoren BV, Netherlands Vattenfall Europe Transmission Germany Starkstrom-Gerätebau GmbH, Germany Vectren Energy Delivery (SIGECO), USA Tamini Trasformatori S.r.l., Italy Ventotec GmbH, wind park Lüdersdorf, Germany TBEA Xinjiang Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Co. Ltd., China Wacker Chemie AG, Germany TELK – Transformers and Electricals Kerala Ltd., India Western Power Distribution, Great Britain VA TECH EBG Transformatoren GmbH & Co, Austria Wisconsin Public Service Corporation, USA Xi’an XD Transformer Co. Ltd., China Wuhan High Voltage Research Institute, China WEG Indústrias SA, Brazil Xstrata South Africa (Pty) Ltd, South Africa Wilson Transformer Company Pty. Ltd., Australia 44 CONTACT
Reinhausen Worldwide
GERMANY Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen GmbH Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen GmbH Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen GmbH Falkensteinstrasse 8 Servicepoint Dortmund Power Quality Management 93059 Regensburg, Germany Dortmunder Feld 51 Alte Chaussee 73 Phone +49 941 4090 0 44147 Dortmund, Germany 99102 Erfurt-Waltersleben, Germany Fax +49 941 4090 111 Phone +49 231 863 3946 Phone +49 361 3010 30 E-Mail: [email protected] Fax +49 231 863 3947 Fax +49 361 3010 320
MESSKO GmbH Gablonzer Strasse 25–27 61440 Oberursel, Germany Phone +49 6171 6398 0 Fax +49 6171 6398 98
AUSTRALIA BRAZIL JAPAN Reinhausen Australia Pty. Ltd. MR do Brasil MR Japan Ltd. 6–10 Geeves Avenue, Ground Floor Indústria Mecânica Ltda. Shin Yokohama Daini Center Building 10F Rockdale NSW 2216, Australia Av. Elias Yazbek, 3035 3-19-5, Shin Yokohama Phone +61 2 9556 2133 06800 Embu – São Paulo, Brazil Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 222-0033, Japan Fax +61 2 9597 1339 Phone +55 11 4785 2171 Phone +81 4 5478 0071 Fax +55 11 4785 2185 Fax +81 4 5478 0072 MALAYSIA Reinhausen Asia-Pacific Sdn. Bhd. INDIA RUSSIA Suite 9.02, Level 9, Wisma Technip Easun-MR Tap Changers (P) Ltd. OOO MR 241, Jalan Tun Razak No. 232 M.T.H. Road Kasatschij pereulok 5/2 50400 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Tiruninravur - 602024, India Building 1 Phone +60 321 426 481 Phone +91 4 4639 0863 109017 Moscow, Russia Fax +60 321 426 422 Fax +91 4 4639 0881 Phone +70 495 234 4115 Fax +70 495 234 4116 ITALY PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA Reinhausen Italia S. r. l. MR China Ltd. SOUTH AFRICA Via Alserio, 16 No. 360, South Pu Dong Road SBR Engineering (Pty.) Ltd. 20159 Milan, Italy Room E, 4th floor, Pudong New District No. 15, Third Street Phone +39 2 6680 6755 Shanghai PC 200120, Booysens Reserve Fax +39 2 6085 7231 Peoples Republic of China Johannesburg, South Africa Phone +86 21 6163 4500 Phone +27 11 835 2077 USA Fax +86 21 6163 4521 Fax +27 11 835 3806 Reinhausen Manufacturing Inc. 2549 North 9th Avenue Humboldt, Tennessee 38343, USA Phone +1 73 1784 7681 Fax +1 73 1784 7682
Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen GmbH, Falkensteinstrasse 8, 93059 Regensburg, Germany, E-mail: [email protected] CONTACT Ê We are looking forward to hearing from you!
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ON.LOAD is the International Magazine of the Reinhausen Group
Published by: Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen GmbH Falkensteinstrasse 8, 93059 Regensburg Phone: +49 941 4090 648, Fax: +49 941 4090 666 Contact: [email protected] www.reinhausen.com
Coordinator and editor-in-chief: Otmar Reichmeyer, Marketing Communications
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© Copyright: Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen GmbH (Germany 2006)
Reproduction is subject to prior authorization and must carry the reference "ON.LOAD Reinhausen Magazine". Reinhausen may reproduce the content without restriction. www.reinhausen.com