Chromatographic Analysis of Gases from the Transformer the Process of Creating and Detecting Gases in the Transformers

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Chromatographic Analysis of Gases from the Transformer the Process of Creating and Detecting Gases in the Transformers EVENTSDIAGNOSTICS Photo courtesy of Končar D&ST, Zagreb, Croatia Zagreb, D&ST, Končar of courtesy Photo Chromatographic analysis of gases from the transformer The process of creating and detecting gases in the transformers 1. Introduction ABSTRACT Given the demands of today’s power systems, the question ince the beginning of production of oil for transformers of the transformer reliability is one of the top priorities. it has been shown that during their work, due to various The need for monitoring the performance of transformers Sphenomena, certain gases may appear [1]. In 1928, Buch- is imposed since the beginning of their use. This article holz relay was first used to collect gas bubbles passing through aims to analyse the impact of the gases released during the oil to the conservator. Due to the occurrence of gas in the breakdowns and energy discharge within the transformer transformer, the oil is gradually being displaced, which in a cer- that could accelerate the degradation of the insulation sys- tain amount pulls down the float and turns on a warning signal. tem and gradually lead to major faults and incidents. In larger amounts of gas, Buchholz relay trips the transformer. Consequently, there was a need for a quality analysis of the situ- ation inside the transformer in order to detect and eliminate po- KEYWORDS tential failures. In the early sixties gas chromatograph appeared, transformer, analysis, oil, gas, insulation a device used to identify gases dissolved in transformer oil. Since the seventies, this analysis is used to detect a number of different 36 TRANSFORMERS MAGAZINE | Volume 2, Issue 1 Emir ŠIŠIC Chromatography is a separation me- thod in which components are sepa- rated and isolated in stationary and mobile phases of materials (out of which many are forming gases in the oil and above), damage to the insulation, reduction of operational safety, and ultimately failure or breakdown. Mineral transformer oil and cellulosic materials (paper) are usu- ally used for the transformer insulation. Cellulose insulation gives the transformer dielectric strength and spacing between windings as well as the space between windings which are at a different potential. Mineral transformer oil, due to the impreg- nation in paper, increases its dielectric strength. The oil is mainly composed of saturated hydrocarbons linked by C-C and C-H bonds which crack as a result of faults with the formation of unstable parts, radicals or ions as well as other com- pounds. They are easily recombined in gas molecules, like in or- der by energy activation: hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), ethylene (C2H4), and acetylene (C2H2). Causes for forming gases can be classified into three categories: corona or partial discharge, pyrolysis (decomposition of subs­ tances under the influence of high temperatures), thermal de­ composition and sparks. Most of the energy is released during sparks, followed by overheating, and lastly due to the appearance of the corona. Gases that appear during fault are typical for de- gases. Seven of them are characteristic for degradation of transfor- gradation of the insulation system: hydrocarbons, carbon oxides mer oil-paper insulation: hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), ethane and gases which do not come from failures [3]. Mentioned gases (C2H6), acetylene (C2H2), ethylene (C2H4), carbon monoxide (CO) begin to form at certain temperatures as shown in Fig. 1. and carbon dioxide (CO2). In addition, some gases (C3Hy) can also appear but they do not affect the work of the transformer much. Today chromatographic analysis of the transformer’s gases is one of the most important and the most sensitive methods for the early detection of changes in state of oil-paper insulation and thus repre- sents an excellent indicator of the existence of potential failure [2]. Chromatography (derived from the Greek words chroma - colour and grafein - write) is the collective name for a group of techniques used for separating mixtures. It is a physical separation method in which the tested components are separated and isolated in two phases: stationary (fixed) and mobile (movable). Chromato- graphy as a laboratory technique can be: analytical (works with small samples and attempts to assess the contribution of indivi- dual components in the mixture) and preparative (separation of components from the mixture and a kind of purification). 2. Occurrence of gases in the transformer During the work transformers are exposed to electrical, thermal and mechanical stresses, leading to degradation of the insulation. Figure 1: The appearance of flammable gases at average temperature of The consequences are rapid chemical reactions and degradation oil decomposition www.transformers-magazine.com 37 DIAGNOSTICS Following the ratio of gases, it is important to consider the so- Modern gas chromatographs consist lubility of gases as a function of temperature. Fig. 2 shows that over the temperature range from 0 to 80 °C, solubility of some of the gas supply unit, the sampling gases increases above 79 %, while the solubility of other decre- unit with automatic injector, the co- ases below 66 %. lumn and the oven. It is equipped with temperature controllers and microprocessor systems Figure 3: Distribution between the two phases: A) equilibrium of molecules between stationary phases Figure 2: Solubility of gases as a function of temperature B) model of chromatographic process 3. Test methods tion of the two phases: fixed immobilised in a column or on a flat surface and movable, carrying the ingredients of the mixture Oil swabs are conditioned by constructional features of the trans- through the system. Different travel speed of individual compo- former. Well equipped devices have valves for sampling from nents will lead to separation (Fig. 3). In the initial phase the tested three levels of tank height as well as from the Buchholz relay and sample is introduced to a stream of inert carrier gas into a chro- the tap changer tank. It is important to emphasise that gases from matography column filled with solid or liquid stationary phase. the oil develop only when it is in operation, thus a quality repre- Liquid stationary phase may be absorbed on an inert solid sup- sentative sample should be taken while it is working, or soon af- port or can be immobilised on the walls of the capillary (capillary ter it has been shut down from service. column). The separation of mixtures will be carried out provided that they have different solubility in the liquid stationary phase. In case of sudden gas evolution, depending on the location and The first component that comes out is the one that is the least intensity of appearance, their distribution is uneven at first, but soluble in the stationary phase. equalises after a while. Therefore, in some cases it is necessary to take more samples of oil from different places immediately after Modern gas chromatographs consist of four units supported by the observed phenomena and again after a certain time. For con- temperature controllers and microprocessor systems [4]. The tinuous monitoring of results from the same transformer, it is im- first unit (gas supply unit) provides all the necessary gas supplies portant that samples are taken in the same way at the same place which may involve a number of different gases, depending on the and examined with the same test method. To examine and analy- chosen detector. Some detectors require hydrogen, air or oxygen se the gas composition, the sample must be taken from Buchholz to support combustion and a mobile phase supply that could be Relay or must be extracted from the oil. helium, nitrogen or some other inert gas. The second unit is the sampling unit with automatic injector with its own oven. The co- Testing is carried out using gas separation or chromatography. lumn represents the third unit, the important device that achieves Chromatography principle is based on equilibrium distribu- separation and an oven to control process temperature. Oven is used to maintain the temperature of the process at the optimum level and to improve separation of components. It should operate Gases from the oil develop only when over a wide temperature range (5 °C - 400 °C), but in practice the maximum oven temperature needed is usually less than 250 °C. the transformer is in operation, thus The oven often has air circulation driven by a powerful fan to en- a quality representative sample sure even temperature throughout the oven. The temperature in all parts should be stable at ± 0.5 °C.The fourth part of chromatograph should be taken while it is working, is the detector with wide range of available types. The output from or soon after it has been shut down the detector is usually electronically modified with data processing from service computer which processes the data and prints out report. After insertion of the components (mixed only with inert gas – mobile phase) and their separation at the exit of the column, 38 TRANSFORMERS MAGAZINE | Volume 2, Issue 1 they are placed in the detector. Detectors help visualising the Based on the results of gas analysis components eluted from the column. The obtained result after processing represents an input signal to the printer. The detector it is possible to diagnose three fun- registers a series of symmetric peak evaluations whose respon- damental causes of the insulation se depends on the concentration of ingredients in the sample which is recorded as a function of time. The position of the peak degradation which are divided into on time axis
Recommended publications
  • Maintenance Manuals
    1ZVN460100 – D Maintenance Manuals 1ZVN460100 – D 2 / 3 Table of contents 1 Maintenance............................................................................................................... 3 2 Trouble Shooting ....................................................................................................... 5 1ZVN460100-D 1. Maintenance: Subject Check Time period Remarks Year Month Insulating oil Dielectric strength 3 Moisture content 1 Neutralisation value 1 Interfacial surface tension 1 Water content 1 Sludge content 1 Gas analysis 1 Oil tightness Tank 3 Conservator 3 Cooling equipment 3 Piping 3 Bushings 3 Cable sealing ends 3 If applicable Cable boxes 3 If applicable Buchholz relay 3 Gate valves 3 Valves 3 Oil level Tank 1 Conservator 1 Bushings 1 Cable sealing ends 1 If applicable Cable boxes 1 If applicable Thermometer pockets 1 Venting devices Tank 1 Release vent screws until Cooling equipment 1 Oil emerges. Afterwards Intermediate piping 1 screw plugs tight Bushings 1 Piping 1 Buchholz relay 1 Cable sealing ends 1 If applicable Earthing devices All metal parts 1 Tank 1 Motors 1 Star points 1 If applicable Surge arresters 1 If applicable Control cabinet 1 Steal armoured cabling 1 Shut-off devices In position “service” As required See plan “Position of shut off devices” (if provided) Buchholz relay Direction of oil flow At erection Float 1 Contacts 1 Gas sampling device 1 If applicable Functional test 1 Dial-type thermometers Contact setting 1 See the Technical data Position of maximum pointer 1 Functional test 1 Current
    [Show full text]
  • Power Transformer Protection
    Power Transformer Protection Course No: E06-003 Credit: 6 PDH Velimir Lackovic, Char. Eng. Continuing Education and Development, Inc. 22 Stonewall Court Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677 P: (877) 322-5800 [email protected] POWER TRANSFORMER PROTECTION The advancement of electrical power systems has been reflected in the developments in power transformer manufacturing. This has led to a wide range of power transformers. Their ratings range from a few kVA to several hundred MVA and are used for a wide variety of applications. Power transformer protection varies with the application and transformer importance. In the case of a fault within the power transformer it is important to minimize tripping time in order to decrease the impact of thermal stress and electrodynamic forces. Distribution power transformers can be protected by using fuses or overcurrent protection relays. This leads to time-delayed protection due to downstream co-ordination requirements. Nevertheless, time delayed short circuit clearance is unacceptable on larger power transformers due to system operation/stability and cost of repair. Power transformer short circuits are typically grouped into five categories: - Winding and terminal short circuits - Core short circuits - Tank and transformer accessory short circuits - On–load tap changer short circuits - Prolonged or uncleared external short circuits Summary of short circuit causes initiated in the power transformer itself, is shown in Figure 1. Winding and Terminal Core Tank and Accessories OLTC Figure 1. Power transformer short circuit statistics TRANSFORMER WINDING FAULTS A transformer winding fault is limited in magnitude by the following factors: - source impedance - neutral grounding impedance - winding connection arrangement - fault voltage - power transformer leakage reactance Few distinct cases come up and are described below.
    [Show full text]
  • B. Tech Electrical.Pdf
    JECRC University Course Structure for Electrical Engineering (B.Tech.) JECRC UNIVERSITY Faculty of Engineering & Technology B.Tech in Electrical Engineering Teaching Scheme Semester III Subject Code Subject Contact Hrs Credits L-T-P Electronics Devices & Circuits 3-1-2 5 Circuit Analysis – I 3-1-0 4 Electrical Machines – I 3-1-2 5 Electrical Measurements 3-1-2 5 Mathematics – III 3-1-0 4 Computer Programming – I 3-0-2 4 Total 18-5-8 27 JECRC UNIVERSITY Faculty of Engineering & Technology B.Tech in Electrical Engineering Teaching Scheme Semester IV Subject Code Subject Contact Hrs Credits L-T-P Analogue Electronics 3-1-2 5 Digital Electronics 3-0-2 4 Circuit Analysis – II 3-1-0 4 Electrical Machines – II 3-1-2 5 Advanced Mathematics 3-1-0 4 Generation of Electric Power 3-0-0 3 Total 18-4-6 25 JECRC UNIVERSITY Faculty of Engineering & Technology B.Tech in Electrical Engineering Teaching Scheme Semester V Subject Code Subject Contact Hrs Credits L-T-P Power Electronics-I 3-1-2 5 Microprocessor & Computer 3-0-2 4 Architecture Transmission & Distribution – I 3-1-0 4 Control Systems 3-1-2 5 Utilization of Electrical Power 3-0-0 3 Digital Signal Processing 3-0-0 3 Total 18-3-6 24 JECRC UNIVERSITY Faculty of Engineering & Technology B.Tech in Electrical Engineering Teaching Scheme Semester VI Subject Code Subject Contact Hrs Credits L-T-P Power Electronics –II 3-1-2 5 Power System Analysis 3-1-2 5 EHV AC/DC Transmission 3-0-0 3 Switch Gear & protection 3-0-0 3 Instrumentation 3-0-0 3 Transmission & Distribution – II 3-1-0 4 Economics 0-0-2 1
    [Show full text]
  • Section 5 Protection Related Functions
    1MAC050144-MB C Section 5 Protection related functions Section 5 Protection related functions 5.1 Three-phase transformer inrush detector INR 5.1.1 Identification IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2 Function description identification identification device number Three-phase inrush detector INRPHAR 3I2f> INR 5.1.2 Function block Figure 184: Function block 5.1.3 Functionality The transformer inrush detection INR is used to coordinate transformer inrush situations in distribution networks. Transformer inrush detection is based on the following principle: the output signal BLK2H is activated once the numerically derived ratio of second harmonic current I_2H and the fundamental frequency current I_1H exceeds the set value. The trip time characteristic for the function is of definite time (DT) type. The function contains a blocking functionality. Blocking deactivates all outputs and resets timers. 5.1.4 Operation principle The function can be enabled and disabled with the Operation setting. The corresponding parameter values are Enable and Disable. The operation of an inrush current detection function can be described by using a module diagram. All the blocks in the diagram are explained in the next sections. 615 series ANSI 383 Technical Manual Section 5 1MAC050144-MB C Protection related functions Figure 185: Functional module diagram. I_1H and I_2H represent fundamental and second harmonic values of phase currents. I_2H/I_1H This module calculates the ratio of the second harmonic (I_2H) and fundamental frequency (I_1H) phase currents. The calculated value is compared with the set Pickup value. If the calculated value exceeds the set Pickup value, the module output is activated.
    [Show full text]
  • Fist 3-30 Transformer Maintenance
    FIST 3-30 TRANSFORMER MAINTENANCE FACILITIES INSTRUCTIONS, STANDARDS, AND TECHNIQUES U0+,'&*5,7,'5*&'<7R,9'0,*1F*,'*+0,'R+1R �UR'7U*1F*R'/�797,+10 &'0'R*/1�1R7&1 F+5,*W F7/+�+,+'5*+05,RU/,+105 5,70&7R&5*70&*,'/0+3U'5 TRANSFORMER MAINTENANCE 1E%46*2WWW (&R1'�'/,R+/*R'5'7R/*70&* ,'/0+/7�*5'R+/'5*)R1U< &�HW U0+,'&*5,7,'5*&'<7R,9'0,*1F*,'*+0,'R+1R �UR'7U*1F*R'/�797,+10 &'0'R*/1�1R7&1 Acronyms and Abbreviations A air ANA self-cooled, nonventilated kW kilowatt ANSI American National Standards IEEE Institute of Electrical and Institute Electronic Engineers CEGB Central Electric Generating M/DW moisture by dry weight Board mg milligram cfm cubic feet per minute mva mega-volt-amps CH4 methane ND not detected C2 H2 acetylene N2 nitrogen C2 H4 ethylene O oil C2 H6 ethane O2 oxygen CO carbon monoxide OD outer diameter CO2 carbon dioxide ppb parts per billion CT current transformer ppm parts per million DBPC Ditertiary Butyl Paracresol psi pounds per square inch DGA dissolved gas analysis Reclamation Bureau of Reclamation EHV extra high voltage SCADA Supervisory Control and Data FA forced air (fans) Acquisition FO forced oil (pumps) STP standard temperature and G some type of gas pressure GA gas, self-cooled TDCG total dissolved combustible gas gm grams TOA Transformer Oil Analyst GSU generator step up TTR transformer turns ratio test H2 hydrogen TSC Technical Service Center ID inner diameter UV ultraviolet IFT interfacial tension V volts IEC International Electrotechnical W water/oil heat exchanger Commission IR infrared JHA job hazard analysis KOH potassium hydroxide kV kilovolt kVA kilovoltampere Contents Page 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Power Transformer Protection Author Application Guide R Nylen Senior Application Engineer
    A GO3-5005 E March 1988 Power Transformer Protection Author Application Guide R Nylen Senior application engineer ) ABB Relays Power transformer protection AGO3-5005 E Page 2 List of contents 1. INTRODUCTION 2. CONDITlONS LEADING TO FAULTS 4.4 Grou~d fault protection 2.1 Insulation breakdown 4.4.1 General 2.2 Aging of insulation 4.4.2 Low irrnpedance residual overcurrent relay 2.3 Overheating due to overexcitation 4.4.3 Harmonic restraint relay 2.4 Oil contamination and leakage 4.4.4 High impedance restricted relay 2.5 Reduced cooling 4.4.5 Low impedance restricted relay 3. FAULT CURRENT 4.4.6 Tank protection 3.1 Ground faults in a solidly grounded 4.4.7 Residual voltage relay star-connected secondary winding 4.5 Overexcitation protection 3.2 Ground faults in a high impedance grounded star-connected 4.6 Flashover and ground fault protections for low voltage systems secondary winding 3.3 Ground faults in a delta-connected 4.6.1 Systems without rectifiers or frequency converters winding 3.4 Turn-to-turn faults 4.6.2 Systems with rectifiers and frequency converters without 3.5 Phase-to-phase faults pulse'width-modulation 4. PROTECTIVE RELAVS 4.6.3 Systems with rectifiers and pulse- 4.1 General width-modulated frequency converters 4.2 Differential relays 4.2.1 General 5. MONITORS ) 4.2.2 Differential relays for fully insulated 5.1 Gener,al transformers 5.2 Gas d~tector relay 4.2.3 Differential relays for auto- 5.3 Temperature monitoring transformers 5.4 PresslUre relay for on-load tap- 4.3 Overcurrent protection and changsrs impedance relays 5.5 PresslUre relief valve 4.3.1 Time-overcurrent relays 5.6 Oil level monitor 4.3.2 Under-impedance relays 5.7 Silica gel dehydrating breather 4.3.3 Distance relays 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Numerical Differential Protection of 220/132KV, 250 MVA Auto Transformer Using Siemens Make Differential Relay 7UT612
    International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 07 | July 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 Numerical Differential Protection of 220/132KV, 250 MVA Auto Transformer using Siemens make differential relay 7UT612 Hashmat Hussain1, Dr. Muhammad Naeem Arbab2, Junaid Khalil3 1Senior Engineer NPCC NTDC Islamabad, Pakistan 2Professor, Deptt of Electrical Engg, UET Peshawar, Pakistan 3Senior Engineer Protection GSO Training Centre NTDC Tarbela, Pakistan ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract – Differential protection of power transformer is 1. Power T/F phase shift between HV & LV Currents as the main protection of power transformer. First generation of per Vector group of Power T/F. Electromechanical differential relays were difficult to balance 2. Different CT Ratios on HV & LV side of T/F. and had limited setting ranges while 3rd Generation 3. Power T/F Magnetization Inrush current [2] microprocessor based Numerical Differential relays are multi 4. Zero sequence current elimination [3] functional, has user friendly HMI, more sensitive, reliable and 5. CT saturation on external faults [4]. have vast setting ranges & options. Setting calculation and 6. Tap change operation. balancing of differential relay for a power transformer is a 7. CT Errors. difficult job for protection engineers. Methods used in field for 8. Through fault stability of differential relay. elimination
    [Show full text]
  • 22/0.415 Kv, 1000Kva Transformer Technical Specification
    ARCHIVISTA ENGG. PROJECTS PVT. BLC223_ELEC_TS_TR_00 LTD. 1000 KVA TRANSFORMER – SECTION ELECTRICAL TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION Balmer Lawrie & Co. 22/0.415 KV, 1000KVA TRANSFORMER TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION Client : M/s Balmer Lawrie & Co. Project : Temperature Controlled Warehouse Project Location : At Patalganga, MIDC, Dist- Raigarh, Maharashtra Engineering Consultants : ARCHIVISTA Engineering Projects Pvt. Ltd. Pune Page: 1 of 13 ARCHIVISTA ENGG. PROJECTS PVT. BLC223_ELEC_TS_TR_00 LTD. 1000 KVA TRANSFORMER – SECTION ELECTRICAL TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION Balmer Lawrie & Co. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DETAILS Transformers fed with 22kV, 3phase, 50Hz. Fault Level assumed @ 500 MVA. 1. CONSTRUCTION 1.1. TANKS The tanks shall be fabricated from mild steel plates and shall be designed to withstand the pressure, which will be encountered under normal operation and abnormal conditions such as short circuit. Base channels shall be suitably reinforced to prevent any distortion during lifting. Oil tight gaskets shall be provided between the joints. The tank and other accessories shall be painted with heat resistant synthetic enamel paint of approved shade. Robust skid under base and fixing angles shall be provided to prevent bulging / warping. Tanks shall be mounted on bi-directional rollers. When detachable radiators are fitted, isolating valves shall be provided to permit removal of any radiator unit without emptying the tank. Radiators shall be securely braced to prevent undue vibrations. In case of separate cooling units, isolating valves shall be fitted in both top and bottom of connecting pipes. Tanks shall be shot-blasted internally and externally to remove rust and welding scale. All tanks shall be tested at a pressure of 0.35 kg/sq.cm. in addition to the normal oil head.
    [Show full text]
  • ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 6TH SEMESTER THEORY-1 ENTREPRENEURESHIP & INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT (Common to Mechanical, ETC Engg
    ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 6TH SEMESTER THEORY-1 ENTREPRENEURESHIP & INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT (Common to Mechanical, ETC Engg. Branch) TEACHING & EVALUATION SCHEME (2010 - 2011) DISCIPLINE: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING SEMESTER: SIXTH Teaching Scheme Evaluation Scheme Subject Theory Practical SL. Internal Assesment Total NO End Class End Marks Theory L T P Exam Test Assignment Exam Sessional Th- Enterprenurship & Industrial Mgmt. 4 0 0 80 15 5 100 1 Th- Switch Gear & Protective Devices 4 1 0 80 15 5 100 2 Th- Utilization of Electrical Energy & 4 1 0 80 15 5 100 3 Traction Th- Electrical Installation & Estimating 5 1 0 80 15 5 100 4 Th- Elective 4 1 0 80 15 5 100 5 a Microcontroller & Plc b Control System Engineering c Power system operation d HVDC transmission & distribution Practical Pr- Electrical Works Practice 6 50 50 100 1 Pr- Project & Seminar 8 100 50 150 2 Grand Total 21 4 14 150 100 750 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 6TH SEMESTER THEORY-2 3. SWITCH GEAR AND PROTECTIVE DEVICES Total Period – 75 Examination : 3 Hours Theory : 4p/w Total Marks : 100 Tutorial : 1p/week Theory – 80, I.A : 15 + 5 A. RATIONALE : Switch gear and protection plays an important role in the protection of electrical power system. Since the demand of electrical power is increasing the job of generation, transmission & distribution of electrical energy is becoming very completed. To maintain the energy supply to the consumer switching producer with protection are to be maintained moreover new models of switch gear and protection circuits are also being developed. The use of interconnection bus with National power grid type of switch gear and protecting devices need to be trained in proper manners.
    [Show full text]
  • Generator Protection REG650 Application Manual
    Relion® 650 series Generator protection REG650 Application Manual Document ID: 1MRK 502 033-UEN Issued: February 2011 Revision: - Product version: 1.1 © Copyright 2011 ABB. All rights reserved Copyright This document and parts thereof must not be reproduced or copied without written permission from ABB, and the contents thereof must not be imparted to a third party, nor used for any unauthorized purpose. The software or hardware described in this document is furnished under a license and may be used or disclosed only in accordance with the terms of such license. Trademarks ABB and Relion are registered trademarks of ABB Group. All other brand or product names mentioned in this document may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders. Warranty Please inquire about the terms of warranty from your nearest ABB representative. ABB AB Substation Automation Products SE-721 59 Västerås Sweden Telephone: +46 (0) 21 32 50 00 Facsimile: +46 (0) 21 14 69 18 http://www.abb.com/substationautomation Disclaimer The data, examples and diagrams in this manual are included solely for the concept or product description and are not to be deemed as a statement of guaranteed properties. All persons responsible for applying the equipment addressed in this manual must satisfy themselves that each intended application is suitable and acceptable, including that any applicable safety or other operational requirements are complied with. In particular, any risks in applications where a system failure and/ or product failure would create a risk for harm to property or persons (including but not limited to personal injuries or death) shall be the sole responsibility of the person or entity applying the equipment, and those so responsible are hereby requested to ensure that all measures are taken to exclude or mitigate such risks.
    [Show full text]
  • (Electronics & Electricals Engineering) 2015 Iii
    B. E. II YEAR (ELECTRONICS & ELECTRICALS ENGINEERING) 2015 III SEMESTER EXAMINATION _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Branch Subject Subject Units Credits L T/p Exam H. Marks Code Code _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ A. Written Paper Ma 201 A : Applied Engineering Mathematics –I (EEE) 1 3 2 - 3 50 EEE 202 A : Network Theory (EEE) 1 3 2 1 3 50 EEE 203 A : Electronic Devices & Circuits (EEE) 1 3 2 1 3 50 EEE 204 A : Direct Current Machines (EEE) 1 3 2 1 3 50 EEE 205 A : Digital Electronics –I (EEE) 1 3 2 1 3 50 EEE 206 A : Measurement and Instruments – I (EEE) 1 3 2 1 3 50 ____________________________________________________ Total (A) 6 18 12 5 - 300 ____________________________________________________ B. Practicals & Sessionals EEE 211 B : Network Laboratory - - - 2 - 50 EEE 212 B: Electronic Circuits Lab. - - - 2 - 50 EEE 213 B : D. C. Machine Lab. - - - 2 - 50 EEE 214 B : Digital Electronic Lab – I - - - 2 - 50 EEE 215 B : Measurement Lab. - - - 2 - 50 EEE 216 B : Computer Programming 1 2 - 2 - 50 _____________________________________________________ Total (B) 1 2 - 12 - 300 _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Total of III Semester 7 20 12 17 - 600 ______________________________________________________ B. E. II YEAR (ELECTRONICS & ELECTRICALS ENGINEERING) - 2015 IV SEMESTER EXAMINATION _______________________________________________________________________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • SIPROTEC 5 Process Bus Solutions
    Merging Unit and Process Bus solution Unrestricted © Siemens 2020 siemens.com/processbus Content 1 General Information 2 Merging Unit 3 Process Bus Client 4 Applications 5 Sample Synchronization (IEEE 1588v2/PTP and PPS) 6 Network architectures 7 Definitions Unrestricted © Siemens 2020 Page 2 January 21 Smart Infrastructure | Digital Grid Content 1 General Information 2 Merging Unit 3 Process Bus Client 4 Applications 5 Sample Synchronization (IEEE 1588v2/PTP and PPS) 6 Network architectures 7 Definitions Unrestricted © Siemens 2020 Page 3 January 21 Smart Infrastructure | Digital Grid Conventional solution Unrestricted © Siemens 2020 Page 4 January 21 Smart Infrastructure | Digital Grid Conventional Technology Unrestricted © Siemens 2020 Page 5 January 21 Smart Infrastructure | Digital Grid Process Bus solution Unrestricted © Siemens 2020 Page 6 January 21 Smart Infrastructure | Digital Grid Process Bus Technology Unrestricted © Siemens 2020 Page 7 January 21 Smart Infrastructure | Digital Grid Digital Substation Process Bus Overview Unrestricted © Siemens 2020 Page 8 January 21 Smart Infrastructure | Digital Grid Principle and benefits of process bus Protection devices Process bus Merging units 6MU85 6MU85 6MU85 Unrestricted © Siemens 2020 Page 9 January 21 Smart Infrastructure | Digital Grid Content 1 General Information 2 Merging Unit 3 Process Bus Client 4 Applications 5 Sample Synchronization (IEEE 1588v2/PTP and PPS) 6 Network architectures 7 Definitions Unrestricted © Siemens 2020 Page 10 January 21 Smart Infrastructure | Digital
    [Show full text]