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Fist 3-30 Transformer Maintenance

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Fist 3-30 Transformer Maintenance FIST 3-30 TRANSFORMER MAINTENANCE FACILITIES INSTRUCTIONS, STANDARDS, AND TECHNIQUES U0+,'&*5,7,'5*&'<7R,9'0,*1F*,'*+0,'R+1R �UR'7U*1F*R'/�797,+10 &'0'R*/1�1R7&1 F+5,*W F7/+�+,+'5*+05,RU/,+105 5,70&7R&5*70&*,'/0+3U'5 TRANSFORMER MAINTENANCE 1E%46*2WWW (&R1'�'/,R+/*R'5'7R/*70&* ,'/0+/7�*5'R+/'5*)R1U< &�HW U0+,'&*5,7,'5*&'<7R,9'0,*1F*,'*+0,'R+1R �UR'7U*1F*R'/�797,+10 &'0'R*/1�1R7&1 Acronyms and Abbreviations A air ANA self-cooled, nonventilated kW kilowatt ANSI American National Standards IEEE Institute of Electrical and Institute Electronic Engineers CEGB Central Electric Generating M/DW moisture by dry weight Board mg milligram cfm cubic feet per minute mva mega-volt-amps CH4 methane ND not detected C2 H2 acetylene N2 nitrogen C2 H4 ethylene O oil C2 H6 ethane O2 oxygen CO carbon monoxide OD outer diameter CO2 carbon dioxide ppb parts per billion CT current transformer ppm parts per million DBPC Ditertiary Butyl Paracresol psi pounds per square inch DGA dissolved gas analysis Reclamation Bureau of Reclamation EHV extra high voltage SCADA Supervisory Control and Data FA forced air (fans) Acquisition FO forced oil (pumps) STP standard temperature and G some type of gas pressure GA gas, self-cooled TDCG total dissolved combustible gas gm grams TOA Transformer Oil Analyst GSU generator step up TTR transformer turns ratio test H2 hydrogen TSC Technical Service Center ID inner diameter UV ultraviolet IFT interfacial tension V volts IEC International Electrotechnical W water/oil heat exchanger Commission IR infrared JHA job hazard analysis KOH potassium hydroxide kV kilovolt kVA kilovoltampere Contents Page 1. Purpose ....................................... Last updated October 2000 1 2. Introduction to Reclamation Transformers ........... Last updated October 2000 1 3. Transformer Cooling Methods ..................... Last updated October 2000 1 3.1 Dry Type Transformers ............................................ 3 3.1.1 Potential Problems and Remedial Actions for Dry Type Transformer Cooling Systems ....................................... 3 3.2 Liquid-Immersed Transformers ...................................... 6 3.2.1 Liquid-Immersed, Air-Cooled ................................... 6 3.2.2 Liquid-Immersed, Air-Cooled/Forced Liquid-Cooled ................. 7 3.2.3 Liquid-Immersed, Water-Cooled ................................. 7 3.2.4 Liquid-Immersed, Forced Liquid-Cooled ........................... 7 3.2.5 Potential Problems and Remedial Actions for Liquid Filled Transformer Cooling Systems ....................................... 8 3.2.6 Cooling System Inspections ..................................... 9 4. Oil-Filled Transformer Inspections ................. Last updated October 2000 10 4.1 Oil-Filled Transformers ............................................ 11 4.1.1 Transformer Tank ............................................ 11 4.1.2 Top Oil Thermometers ......................................... 11 4.1.3 Winding Temperature Thermometers ............................. 11 4.1.4 Oil Level Indicators ........................................... 13 4.1.5 Pressure Relief Devices ........................................ 14 4.1.6 Sudden Pressure Relay ........................................ 16 4.1.7 Buchholz Relay ............................................... 17 4.1.8 Transformer Bushings: Testing and Maintenance of High-Voltage Bushings ............................................ 18 4.2 Oil Preservation Sealing Systems .................................... 21 4.2.1 Sealing Systems Types ........................................ 21 4.2.2 Gas Pressure Control Components ............................... 23 4.3 Gaskets ......................................................... 28 4.4 Transformer Oils ................................................. 35 4.4.1 Transformer Oil Functions ..................................... 35 4.4.2 Dissolved Gas Analysis ........................................ 35 4.4.3 Key Gas Method .............................................. 37 4.4.4 Transformer Diagnosis Using Individual and Total Dissolved Key Gas Concentrations ........................................... 37 4.4.5 Rogers Ratio Method of DGA .................................... 48 4.5 Moisture Problems ................................................ 53 4.5.1 Dissolved Moisture in Transformer Oil ............................ 57 4.5.2 Moisture in Transformer Insulation .............................. 58 4.6 Transformer Oil Tests That Should Be Done Annually With the Dissolved Gas Analysis ....................................................... 61 4.6.1 Dielectric Strength ............................................ 61 v Contents (cont.) Page 4.6.2 Interfacial Tension (IFT) ....................................... 61 4.6.3 Acid Number ................................................ 62 4.6.4 Test for Oxygen Inhibitor ...................................... 62 4.6.5 Power Factor ................................................ 63 4.6.6 Furans ..................................................... 63 4.6.7 Taking Oil Samples for DGA .................................... 66 4.6.8 Silicone Oil-Filled Transformers ................................. 70 4.7 Transformer Testing ............................................... 76 4.7.1 Winding Resistances .......................................... 76 4.7.2 Core Insulation Resistance and Inadvertent Core Ground Test ........ 77 References ............................................................. 80 Tables Table No. Page Dry Type Transformer Maintenance Summary ........................ 2 Oil-Filled Transformer Maintenance Summary ........................ 5 1 Transformer Gasket Application Summary ........................... 31 2 Vertical Groove Compression for Circular Nitrile Gaskets ............... 31 3 Vertical Groove Compression for Rectangular Nitrile Gaskets ............ 33 4 Dissolved Key Gas Concentration Limits in Parts Per Million (ppm) ....... 38 5 Actions Based on Dissolved Combustible Gas ......................... 39 6 TOA L1 Limits and Generation Rate Per Month Alarm Limits ........... 44 7 Fault Types .................................................... 45 8 Dissolved Gas Solubility in Transformer Oil .......................... 47 9 Rogers Ratios for Key Gases ....................................... 50 10 Typical Faults in Power Transformers ............................... 54 11 Comparison of Water Distribution in Oil and Paper .................... 55 12 Doble Limits for In-Service Oils .................................... 64 13 Additional Guidelines for In-Service Oils ............................. 65 14 Comparison of Gas Limits ......................................... 73 15 Suggested Levels of Concern (Limits) ................................ 73 16 Doble and IEEE Physical Test Limits for Service-Aged Silicone Fluid ...... 75 17 Transformer Test Summary Chart .................................. 79 Figures Figure No. Page 1 Typical Oil Flow ................................................. 6 2 Oil Level Indicator ............................................... 13 vi Contents (cont.) Figures (cont.) Figure No. Page 3 Pressure Relief Device ............................................ 14 4 Sudden Pressure Relay ........................................... 16 5 Buchholz Relay .................................................. 17 6 Free Breathing Transformer ....................................... 21 7 Pressurized Breathing Transformer ................................. 22 8 Pressurized Inert Gas Transformer ................................. 23 9 Gas Pressure Control Components .................................. 23 10 Free Breathing Conservator ....................................... 25 11 Conservator with Bladder ......................................... 26 12 Bladder Failure Relay ............................................ 26 13 Auxiliary Sealing System ......................................... 27 14 Cross Section of Circular Gasket in Groove ........................... 32 15 Cross Section of Gasket Remains Constant Before Tightening and After .... 34 16 Bowing at Flanges ............................................... 35 17 Bolt Tightening Sequences ........................................ 36 18 Combustible Gas Generation Versus Temperature ..................... 41 19 Maximum Amount of Water Dissolved in Mineral Oil Versus Temperature ........................................... 56 20 Transformer Oil Percent Saturation Curves .......................... 57 21 Water Distribution in Transformer Insulation ......................... 58 22 Myers Multiplier Versus Temperature ............................... 59 23 Water Content of Paper and Oil Nomogram ........................... 60 24 Interfacial Tension, Acid Number, Years in Service .................... 62 25 Oil Sampling Piping .............................................. 68 26 Sample Syringe (Flushing) ........................................ 68 27 Sample Syringe (Filling) .......................................... 69 28 Sample Syringe Bubble Removal ................................... 69 29 Relationship of Oxygen to Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide as Transformer Ages ............................................ 71 vii 1. PURPOSE This document is to provide guidance to Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) powerplant personnel in maintenance, diagnostics, and testing of transformers and associated equipment. 2. INTRODUCTION TO RECLAMATION TRANSFORMERS Transformers rated 500 kilovoltamperes (kVA) and above are considered power transformers. Reclamation
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