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Index

ab epistulis Graecis 265 Althusser, Louis 25 Achaean era 179 amicitia 50 Achaia, Roman province 47, 225 Amphictyony see Delphic Amphictyony Nero’s liberation of 237 Amynandridae (Attic genos) 197–8 see also Greece Andanian mysteries see Messene (Carneasium) Acharnae (Attic deme) 65, 66 Antinous 242 Acropolis see Athena (statue), Athenian Antioch-on-the-Orontes 234 religion, Erechtheum, Parthenon, Antiochus III (Seleucid king) 16 Propylaea Antipater of Phlya 84 Actian era 179 antiquarianism see Aristocrates son of Actian games see Nicopolis Hipparchus, Augustus (Greek cults), Actium, battle of 3, 35, 68, 86, 120, 223 Pausanias, religion, Greek, religion, Salamis and 103 Roman, ritual, tradition, invention of, Spartan memorial of 121–3 Varro Aegina 81 Antonia Minor 51 Aegira 185 Antoninus Pius, emperor Aelius Aristides 64, 72, 154, 253 Eleusis and 273 Eleusis and 249 Ephesus and 209 Hadrian’s Wall and 260 Panhellenion and 272 Panathenaicus 265, 274 Antonius Aristocrates, M. (Argive orator) 25 Panhellenion and 253 Antonius Polemo (sophist) 137 Roman army and 260 Physiognomy 254, 269 Sparta and 264 Antony, Mark (triumvir) 16, 22–4, 29, 42, 105 Aemilius Paulus, L. (cos. 182 bc) 157, 182, 248 Athens and 81, 83, 145, 148, 149, 214, 231 Aeneas 33, 202 see also Palladium cult and 144, 145, 159 Aezani (Phrygia) 253, 261, 270 Greek athletics and 165 age, old, attitudes to 172 see also gerontes Greek studies and 71, 74 ager Dentheliatis 184 Olympia and 158 Agesilaus II, Spartan king 13 Sparta and 86 Agora (Athens) 65, 78 Apamea (Phrygian) 262 Classicising monuments 69, 84 see also aparchai see Eleusis Athens Aphrodite 224 Agrippa see Vipsanius Agrippa, M. Apollo 63 Agrippiastae (Spartan association) 99 Agyieus 184 Alcamenes (Greek sculptor) 19, 65 Athenian cult 83 Alcibia, Spartan matron 96–8, 187 Palatine, sanctuary of 6, 94, 104, 184 see also Alexander the Great 16, 34, 68, 105 Argos, Athenian religion, Delos, Delphi, Alexander of Seleucia (sophist) 63 Messene (Carneasium), Nicopolis Alexandria 75, 248 Ara Pacis 35, 36 Augustus and 233 archaism in inscriptions 136, 157 alphabet, Greek 199 Archelaus of Cappadocia 102

309

310 Index

Arellii (negotiatores) 75 Ares, temple of 65–7 Arellius Fuscus (declaimer) 52, 53, 75–7 Attalid Dedication (Acropolis) 109, 111 Areopagus (council) 112, 154, 262, 270, 273 Augustus and 67, 195, 214 Ares 66 building under Augustus 211–17, 218–20 Argentarius, M. (declaimer) 75–7 Ceramicus (identiﬁcation) 69 Argos 48, 54, 94, 253 coinage 196 Apollo Pythaeus 181, 185 Dionysus, theatre of 152, 196 civic identity 184 educational centre 29, 45, 53, 55, 70–81 gerousia 169–74, 179 elite intermarriage with Spartans 141 Palladium and 202, 204 epitaphios 32, 124 Polemo’s Physiognomy and 254 Euclea and Eunomia, cult of 108, 112 see also Lerna Euergetis (‘Benefactress’) 249–50 Ariobarzanes I of Cappadocia 62 Hadrian and 246–61 aristocracy, ‘aristocratising’ 39–41, 47, 96 Hadrian, Library of 247, 259 Aristocrates son of Hipparchus (Spartan writer) Hellenistic kings and 234 95, 184 Josephus and 238 Aristogiton see Harmodius Nero and 237 Aristomenes (Messenian king) 182, 184, 215 Odeum of Herodes Atticus 64 Arrian (historian) 262 Olympieum 102, 104, 254, 258 Artemidorus of Daldis, 47 Palladium (law court) 201 Artemis see Messene, Patrae, Sparta (whipping) Pantaenus, Library of 248 Artemisia (Carian queen) 119 Persian Wars commemoration 106–17 Asia Piraeus 108, 110 Antony removes cult property 159 Pnyx 69 Asian notables and Greece 262 Prytaneum 114, 205, 219 regional pride 240–1, 261, 273 revolt 262 Roman images of 12–26, 229–30, 237, 271 Roma and Augustus, temple of 83, 106–7, see also classicism, ethnicity, Greek 218 Asiani, Asianus, Asianism, in oratory 21–6, 75, Roman Agora 59, 60, 209, 218 78, 129, 174 Roman images of 13, 197, 219, 231 (see also Nero and 237 classicism, Sparta) see also Dionysius of Halicarnassus Roman senators from 48 Asiatici, Roman stereotype 269 South-West Baths 218 Asinius Pollio, C. (cos. 40 bc) 64, 72 Stoa of Zeus Eleutherius 132 Assos 52 Tholos 69 Assyria 262 tourism 54 Athena 103 see also Acropolis, Agora, Asia (regional gifts of 154 pride), Athenian religion, dialogos, statue of 81 gen¯e, Panhellenion, Salamis, see also Palladium Sparta Athenaeum (Rome) 265 athletes, athletics 32 Athenian religion 145, 192–204 race in armour (Plataea) 131 Apollo Pythius 147 Roman attitudes to 127, 132, 138, 165 Calendar Frieze 150 see also gymnasia, Hadrian Dodekais¯ 147 Atia (mother of Augustus) 94 Pythaids 148 Attalus i of Pergamum 109 see also Athens Vesta/Hestia 203, 219 (Attalid Dedication) Zeus in Palladium 149 Atthidographers 200, 201 Zeus Polieus 219 Attic, ‘Attic Muse’, Atticism (stylistic register) 18, see also Acropolis, Antony, Buzyges, Delphi, 70, 77, 100, 174, 225, 241, 264–7 Eleusis, gen¯e, humanitas, ploughing, Attica 266 sacred, Varro poverty of 230 Athens Attici (Roman orators) 20–1, 230 Agrippeum (‘Odeum of Agrippa’) 24, 59–81, ‘Atticus’, signiﬁcance as cognomen 101 127, 247 Augusta Traiana (Moesia) 270

Index 311

Augustus passim Buzygae (Athenian genos) 150, 201, 204, 263 Athens and 81–2, 214 Buzyges (Athenian priest) 149, 150, 155, 219, birthday 147, 213 258 ‘cunning’ 57 ritual imprecations 151 declamation and 74, 78 Buzyges (Attic hero) 150, 152, 154, 199 ‘divide et impera’ 274 Palladium and 201, 203 Eleusis and 167–9, 194–7 Buzygium 150 Greek athletics and 165 Greek cults and 159–69 Cadmus 148, 156 Greek world and 26–36 Caesar see Iulius Caesar Hadrian and 243 Caesarea, Syrian 270 Hellenism and 271 Calpurnius Piso, Cn. (cos. 7 bc), and Athens 231, marriage legislation 8, 10 239 Messene and 211–17, 218–20 Calpurnius Piso Frugi, L. (cos. 133 bc) 14 Persian Wars and 103–40 Campania 60 personal example 10, 27, 55 Capitoline games, Rome 238 restoration of public cults 109, 159, Caracalla, Spartan auxiliaries and 273 173 Carneasium see Messene Sparta and 86–102 Caryatids 6–8 tours of east 30, 89 Cassius (rhetor) 71 see also Agrippa, citizenship, Roman, Cassius Dio classicism, gerontes, Nicopolis, Res gestae, Athens and Sparta in 89 urbanism Cato see Porcius Cato Aurelius, Marcus, emperor 230, 267 Cecrops 154, 197–9 Areopagus and 273 censor (Roman ofﬁce) 29 Eleusis and 247, 273 Ceryces, Athenian genos 192, 196 Automedon (Greek poet) 114 Cestii (senatorial family) 75 Avidius Cassius (cos. ad 166) 167 Cestius, L. (tax-farmer) 75 Cestius Pius, L. (declaimer) 53, 75, 88, 127, 268 Baiae 156 choir, in ritual 188 barbarian, barbarians, barbarism 12, 103, 118, 130, Christianity 272 231, 273 see also Dacia, Hadrian (‘Eastern Cibyra 252 Hadrianic Breastplate Type’), Parthia, Cicero see Tullius Cicero Persian Wars, tripod dedications Cimon (Athenian general) 101 Bar-Kochba Revolt 260 citizenship, Roman bathing, baths 218 see also Agrippa (baths) Augustan Athens and 84 Beirut 103 Augustus and 4, 231 bilingual, bilingualism 23, 52, 73, 77, 99, 128 see Elis and 158, 164 also Latin,‘Paconius’, Roman diaspora Greeks and 36, 41–5, 56, 75, 115, 133 blood drinking see ritual Mantinea and 224 Boeotia, role in Persian Wars 274 Messene and 212 Boscoreale 14 Sparta and 99 Bourdieu, Pierre 25 civilisation 169 see humanitas Brasidas (Spartan general) 40, 111 civitas see citizenship, Roman brick, ﬁred classicism, classicising 18–26, 85 Athens and 218 architecture in Greece and 218, 219, 222 Mantinea and 226–7 see also Athens (Agrippeum) Nicopolis and 210 Claudia Philomathia, Argive matron 176–7 Sparta and 123 Claudius, Roman emperor 44–5, 49 Bruttius (Latin teacher) 71, 77 Delphi and 235 Brutus see Iunius Brutus Eleusis and 236 building techniques and materials (Roman) 123, Claudius Attalus Andragathus, Ti., of Synnada 209 see also brick, concrete, marble, opus 245, 262 reticulatum Claudius Atticus Herodes, Ti. (cos. suff. ad 133) Buphones 205 14

312 Index

Claudius Atticus Herodes, Ti. (cos. ord. ad 143) Hadrian and 244 46, 53, 265 Panhellenion and 253 Atticism and 267 Cythera 89 family ties with Sparta 141 nymphaeum at Olympia 166 Dacia 130 odea and 64 Damosthenea (Spartan matron) 98, 129, 141 see social ascension 101–2, 267 also Claudius Novius, Ti. Claudius Charax, A. (cos. suff. ad 147) 262 Danaids 6, 8, 177 see also Hypermestra Claudius Novius, Ti. 51, 98, 131, 133, 137, 138, Danaus 6, 8, 169, 174, 177 190 declaimers, declamation 24, 39, 52, 63–5, 267 Roman diaspora and 198 as public art-form in Rome 73–81, 127, 139 see also Damosthenea see also Athens (Agrippeum), dialogos Claudius Pulcher, Ap. (cos. 54 bc) 53, 60 (Plataean), Leonidea, Persian Wars, Greek cults and 144 prosopopoeia, Second Sophistic Cleopatra VII, 8, 15, 16, 105, 233 Delos 145, 148, 198 Artemisia and 120 Apollo, cult of, under Augustus 204 climate, theories about 15–17 Delphi 48, 104, 131 Panhellenion and 254 Athens and 147, 148 coinage Augustus and 147, 165 Roman emperors and 242 Claudius and 235 see also Hadrian Domitian and 238 colonisation, Greek see Panhellenion Gephyraei and 149 Commodus, Eleusinian initiate 273 Hadrian and 252 concrete 210 oracle 143, 144, 165 Athens and 218 Palladium and 200 Constantinople 273 Serpent Column 273 Corinth, Roman colony 45, 48, 53, 54, 227 Sparta and 191 barbarian imagery and 119 temple of Apollo 144, 162 Odeum of Herodes Atticus 64 Titus and 238 Polemo’s Physiognomy and 254 Delphic Amphictyony 191, 238 Cornelianus, ab epistulis Graecis, 265 Augustan reorganisation 160 Cornelius Fronto, M. (cos. suff. ad 143) 230 decree for Dionysiac artists (117 bc) 152 Cornelius Nepos 13 Hadrian and 252 Cornelius Nicatas, Cn. 43, 46 Roman image of 161 Cornelius Pulcher, Cn. (Roman knight) 45 Demeter see Athenian religion, Eleusis, Cornelius Scipio, P. (Augustan magistrate) 212, Tr i p t o l e m u s 216 democracy, Greek 38, 39, 231 Cornelius Sulla Felix, L. (dictator) 82, 84, 143 Demosthenes (Attic orator) 72, 111 Olympic games and 158 depopulation see Greece (poverty) corrector (Roman ofﬁcial) 32, 220 Deximachus see Iulius Deximachus court society, courtier mentality, courtiers 27, 51, Dexippus see Herennius Dexippus, P. 85, 106, 262 dialogos (Plataean) 133–8, 245 Crato, declaimer 78 diet, military see Sparta (syssitia) Cresphontes, Messenian king 175, 184 Dio of Prusa 91 Croesus 175 Athens and 113–15, 240, 274 ‘cultural arbitraries’ 26, 255 Atticism and 241 culture bringers see Buzyges, Cecrops, Egypt, Diodorus Siculus 65, 153, 191 Eumolpus, humanitas, Tr i p t o l e m u s Diogenes (Athenian sculptor) 6, 61 curses see Buzyges Dionysius of Halicarnassus 20–6, 30, 32–3, 41, Cydas, of Crete 42 57, 64, 77, 78, 174, 225, 240 Cyme 109, 173 Delphic Amphictyony and 161 Cyrenaica Olympia and 166 Diaspora revolt and 260 On Thucydides 111 Cyrene 91 Palladium and 203 Diaspora revolt and 261 Dionysus 63, 64

Index 313

Dioscuri see Spartan religion Euphrosynus son of Titus (Mantinean notable) Dioscuri (Roman) 190 see also Spartan religion 224–8 Diotimus of Halae 149, 196, 204, 219 see also Europe, in Roman thought see Asia, Atticism, Pammenes (ii) Panhellenion disciplina, (military) discipline 9, 10, 13, 87, 90, Eurycles see Iulius Eurycles, C. 167, 244 see also Sparta (training) Disciplina Augusta 244 family values 177–9, 227–8 see also ideology Domitian Favorinus of Arelate 253 Greece and 238 ﬂattery 49, 164 see also court society libraries and 248 Flavian emperors see also Flavian emperors ‘Flavian ideology’ 238 Drusus Caesar see Iulius Caesar, Drusus Greece and 238–9 Flavius Philostratus (sophist and author) 64 ‘Eastern Hadrianic Breastplate Type’ see Hadrian Lives of the Sophists 79, 267–9 Egypt, Egyptian, Egyptians 15, 23, 260 Florus, Roman historian 153 Augustus and 233–4 Forum of Augustus, Forum Augustum 6, 66, cultural civilisation and 153 104, 190 see also Cleopatra, Orientalism, Ptolemies Forum of Peace 248 elders, sacred see gerontes ‘Friends’ (Philoi) 41 Eleusis 60, 143, 261 friendship see amicitia, patronage aparchai 250 Fronto see Cornelius Fronto Augustus and 167–9 Claudius and 236 Gaius, Roman emperor gateway of Pulcher 144 Olympia and 235 Hadrian and 246–52 Galen 266 Messenian mysteries and 183 Gallienus, Roman emperor mysteries 143, 153, 166, 192–7, 236, 237, 272, Athens and 273 273 Eleusinian initiate 273 Panhellenion and 249–52 Gallograeci 16 Rarian meadow 150 Garland of Philip see Persian Wars Thriasian plain 155 Gauls 111 see also Favorinus, Trebellius Rufus see also Tr i p t o l e m u s Gellius, Aulus 80 Eleutheria (Plataean festival) see Plataea ‘Geminus’ (poet) 117, 127 (commemorations at) gender 2, 5, 17 Elis 54, 64, 156, 158, 223 see also Olympia, gen¯e,Athenian147–8 Vettuleni reform of (alleged) 193 elites see Greek provincial elites revival of 197–204 Epaminondas (Theban statesman) see also Amynandridae, Ceryces, 182 Eumolpidae, gentes, Gephyraei Ephesus gentes 197 gerousia 170 Gephyraei (Athenian genos) 148, 156 Panhellenion and 261 Germanicus see Iulius Caesar, Germanicus Tetragonos Agora 210 gerontes, gerousia 169–79 Epidaurus 48, 54, 142 gladiatorial shows 264 Epigone (Mantinean notable) 224–8 Gorgias (rhetor) 71, 78 Epirus 36 Graeca sacra 142 Erechtheum 6, 202, 218 Graecia 11 Eretria 81 Graeculus 272 ethnicity, Greek 1, 12 see also Panhellenion Graecus 11 ethnography, Greek 17 Great Gods and Goddesses see Messene Eucles of Marathon (ancestor of Herodes (Carneasium) Atticus) 148 ‘Grecianised’ 167, 230 Eumolpidae (Athenian genos) 83, 167, 262 see Greece also gen¯e Augustan urbanism and 209–29 Eumolpus (culture bringer) 154 popular culture 263

314 Index

Greece (cont.) Olympia benefactions 164 poverty of 229–30 Herodes Atticus see Claudius Atticus Herodes, revolts 262–4 Ti. Roman images of 11–18, 55 Herodotus 229 see also Delphic Amphictyony, laws, Sparta Plutarch and 274 Greek history, Roman knowledge of 110 hierophant see Mnasistratus Greek opposition to Roman cultural politics homosexuality see athletics 261–4 Horace 5, 9 Greek provincial elites 36–58 Hypermestra and 178 portraiture and 269 Olympia and 166 priests and 204 Hordeonius Lollianus, P. (sophist) 52 urbanism and 208 hospitium 53 see also priesthoods houses, Greek 46, 54 gymnasia, gymnasium, Greek 88, 133, 171 humanitas 13, 32, 142, 143, 199, 239, 272 Cyrene and 261 Athens and 146, 152–4, 205, 231, 237, Messene and 215, 216 248 see also athletes Hadrian and 259 Gytheum 51, 87, 125 see also Buzyges, Cecrops, Eleusis, Panhellenion, Tr i p t o l e m u s Hadrian (Roman emperor) 232 Hypermestra (daughter of Danaus) 169, 174 Athens and 246–61 Argive role model 177 Augustus as role model 246 Augustan poets and 178 Delphi and 252 Christianity and 272 Iamidae, Iamids, mantic lineage 318, 19, ‘Eastern Hadrianic Breastplate Type’ 255–61, 187 265, 272 ideology 5, 25, 27 see also ‘cultural arbitraries’, Eleusis and 169, 246–52 Flavian emperors, gender, luxury,‘ ‘Exercitus’ coin issues 259 symbolic violence’, urbanism imperial policy under 242–4 imperial cult 48–9, 146 Olympia and 238 Athens and 83 philhellenism 242, 259 disarray (alleged) in Greece 212 Plataea and 245 Ephesus and 170 ‘Province’ coin issues 242 Messene and 175, 212 provincial tours 242, 247 Panhellenion and 250 Sparta and 90, 244–5 Sparta and 125, 220 see also Athenaeum, Panhellenion see also Augustus (birthday) Hadrian Panhellenius, cult of 258, 261 imperial governance, Roman, nature of 30–2, Hadrian of Tyre (sophist) 265 232 see also Augustus, Hadrian Hadrian’s Wall 260 inscription(s) Harmodius (tyrannicide) 148 Augustan use of 163 oracle 155 performative 186 statue group at Athens 155 see also archaism, Latin see also Gephyraei Isocrates 249 hellenisation 2, 25, 52 Italians (in east) see Roman diaspora Hellenism Iulius Agesilaus, C. (Spartan), 130 interpretatio Romana of 259 Iulius Agricola, Cn. (governor of Britain) 56 national identity and 274 Iulius Caesar, C. (dictator) 42, 59, 60, 144, 145, Hellenistic kings 209, 220 Hellenism and 234 Iulius Caesar, C. (adopted son of Augustus) 66, patronage of Greek cults 159 67, 138 Heracles 41 Messene and 212 Herennius Dexippus, P. (Athenian historian) Iulius Caesar, Drusus (Drusus Caesar) 66 270 Iulius Caesar, Germanicus 158 Herod the Great (Judaean king) 84–5, 102 Athens and 239 Antioch-on-the-Orontes and 234 Iulius Deximachus, C. (Spartan) 99, 188, 190

Index 315

Iulius Eurycles, C. (Spartan dynast) 40, 50 Lysander (Spartan general) 13, 41 Augustus and 86–7, 160 Lysiades (Athenian with Roman citizenship) 42, benefaction in Athens 85, 101 82 Persian Wars commemoration and 127 Lysippus (Greek sculptor) 19 public works at Sparta 120, 121, 220 Spartan cults and 186–90 Macedon, Macedonia, Macedonians 13, 14, 15, Iulius Eurycles Herculanus, C. 86 65, 252 Iulius Hyginus, C. (Augustus’ librarian) 94 Macedonian ethnicity 253 Iulius Nicanor, C. (Syrian notable) 85, 138, macellum, alimentary market 88, 226 219 Magnesia-on-the-Maeander 116, 252 Salamis and 113–15 maiores 40 Iunius Brutus, M. (cos. des. 41 bc) 71 makellos 225, 226 see also macellum Athenian honours 155 Manlius Vulso, Cn. (cos. 189 bc) 15, 16 ius trium liberorum 97, 177 Mantinea 211 Augustan restoration 223–9 Jews 259 Marathon, battle of 108 Diaspora revolt 260 marble, symbolism of 104, 120, 163, 248 Josephus (historian) 140, 164, Maronea 52 238 Mars 66 masculinity Lachares (father of C. I. Eurycles) 86 Greek 132 laconicum 88 see also athletics, classicism, gender, virtus Latin language, Greeks and 44, 45, 71, 82, 99, 238 Massilia 70 see also bilingualism Medeius of Piraeus 145 laws, lawgiving, Athens as font of see Areopagus, Megalopolis, public works 210 Athenian religion (Zeus in Palladium, Messene 30, 48, 138 Zeus Polieus), Buzyges, Cecrops, Antony and 211 humanitas, Solon Augustan public works 211–17, 218–20 Leonidas (Spartan king) 13, 124, 126, 129 see also Carneasium 179–86, 217 Thermopylae gerontes 174, 175–6, 217 Leonidea, Spartan festival 124–9, 139 Sebasteum 213, 216, 217 Lerna (mysteries) 176 Miltiades (Athenian general) 101, 219 libraries see Athens (Hadrian’s Library) Mithradates vi, Mithradatic War 12, 16, 79 Licinius Calvus, C. (orator) 20–1, 98 Mnasistratus (son of Philoxenidas) 175, 179–86, Licinius Mucianus, L. (cos. iii ad 70) 185 189, 192, 217 Livia (wife of Augustus) 98, 218, mos, mores 4–11, 21, 28, 31 225 Nero and 236 Livy 13, 15–17 see also imperial governance; maiores Lucan 17 Mylasa 262 Lucian 269 Myron (Greek sculptor) 19 On Salaried Posts 266 mysteries see Eleusis, Lerna, Messene Lucius Verus (Carneasium), Phlya Eleusinian initiate 273 Spartan auxiliaries and 273 Naples Lupercalia 144 Sebastan games 165 luxuria, luxury 9–11, 14, 166, 173, 230, 238 see Nero (Roman emperor) also Asia Asianism and 241 Lycia 37 declaimer 74 Lycurgus (Athenian statesman) 192 Parthenon inscription 132 Lycurgus (Spartan lawgiver) 58, 91, 237 see also tours of Greece 89, 236–8 Sparta (training) Nicetes (Augustan declaimer) 78, 268 ‘customs of Lycurgus’, suppression and revival Nicetes (Neronian sophist) 268 91, 244 Nicopolis (Acarnania) 33–6, 61, 66, 122, 160–2, Lydia, ethnicity of 262 see Spartan religion 209 (Lydians, procession of) Actian games 86, 162, 233

316 Index

Nicopolis, Egypt 233 Athenian cults and 145, 149, 196 Nicocrates (Spartan declaimer) 98, 128–9 (?) Spartan ties 98 nomenclature, as index of Romanity 46, 52 see also Delos, Diotimus of Halae Pammenes (III), ((?) Athenian declaimer) 79, 98, Octavian see Augustus 128, 190 see also Damosthenea odeum, building type Panathenaea 63, 248 ‘Odeum of Agrippa’ see Athens (Agrippeum) Panhellenia 248 Olympia, Olympian games 34, 52, 54, 132, 196 Panhellenion, Attic 249–59 Agrippa/Augustus and 163–6, 221–3 Eleusis and 249–52 Capitoline games and 238 ethnic identity of 254 Echo Stoa 221 Greek opposition to 261–4 Gaius (emperor) and 235 headgear 250 inscribed lists of personnel 156–9 paideia and 270 ‘isolympic’ status 162, 165 Romanity of 249 see also Asia (regional Mark Antony and 144 pride), Eleusis, Tr i p t o l e m u s Metroon 222 Panopeus 208 Nero and 236 Pantheon 6, 61 nymphaeum of Herodes Atticus 166 pantomime artists 263 Phidian Zeus 157, 164, 166, 222, 235 Parthenon 35, 83, 115 public works under Augustus 221–3 Parthia, Parthians 16, 67, 105, 106, 130, 132, 169, stadium 166 234, 257, 273 temple of Zeus 157, 163 Patrae, Roman colony 48, 66 Olympian Zeus see Athens (Olympieum) Artemis Laphria at 93 Opous, public works 210 patronage 49–51, 158 opus reticulatum 209 Pausanias (periegete) 35, 49, 93, 107, 112, oracles see Aegira, Argos (Apollo Pythaeus), 116 Athens(ZeusinPalladium), Delphi, Iamids Athenian law and 201 orators, oratory European Greece in 274 Augustan debates about 20–6, 240 Messene and 182, 215 Mantinea and 228 Olympia and 156, 166, 223 Sparta and 126–9 Panhellenion and 253 see also Asiani, Athens (epitaphios), Attici, Persian Wars and 140 declaimers, Second Sophistic ritual, appeal of to 205 Orestes 94 urbanism and 208 Orientalism 12, 15, 16, 23 Pausanias (Spartan king) 118, 119, 124 Ovid 27, 31, 32, 178 pederasty see athletics Peloponnesian War 13, 110 ‘Paconius’, Ciceronian stereotype 29, 76 see also Peregrinus (Cynic philosopher) 166 Roman diaspora Pergamum 20 paideia Augustus and 234 ‘certiﬁcation’ of 262, 270 ‘new Athens’ 235 deﬁner of Hellenism 253 Panhellenion and 261 Palladium Pericles 111 Argive 202 Pericles, Odeum of 61, 63, 127 Athenian 201, 258 Perseus (Greek hero) 41 Augustan symbolism 202 Persia (Achaemenid) see Persian Wars Tro j a n 200, 256 Persian Wars, 13, 55, 161, 166, 269 see also Athenian religion (Zeus in Palladium), Attalids and 234 Hadrian (‘Eastern Hadrianic Breastplate commemoration through ritual 150 Type’) declamation and 127–9, 139 Pallene (Attic deme) 65 Garland of Philip and 117, 139–40 pallium (Greek cloak) 82 Phlya (mysteries) and 205 Pammenes (I) (Athenian archon and orator) 25 Plutarch and 274 teacher of Brutus 71, 72, 128 Roman views 103–40 Pammenes (II) (Athenian notable) 53, 72, 83, 107 see also Athens, Plataea, Sparta

Index 317

Phidias (Athenian sculptor) 19, 35, 85 see also prosopopoeia (rhetorical impersonation) 64, 136 Olympia Ptolemais Barca 253 Philagrus of Cilicia (sophist) 63 Ptolemies 68, 153, 168, 233, 237 see also Cleopatra philell¯en 159, 168 VII, Egypt philhellenism see Hadrian Hellenism and 234 Philip II of Macedon 58, 68 Philip of Thessalonice (Augustan poet) 35 Quintilian 20, 21, 230, 265 Philo of Alexandria 268 Phlya (Attic deme), mysteries of 205 recitation (recitatio) 62, 64 Phrynichus (grammarian), 266 religion, Greek, civic 142–206 Physiognomy see Antonius Polemo women and 228–9 Pindar 157 see also gen¯e, mysteries, priesthoods, religion, Pisistratus 247 Roman, ritual and under individual cities plague, Athenian, 430–426 bc 110 and sanctuaries Plataea religion, Roman 143, 146 battle of 118, 121, 136, 137 reform/restoration 145 commemorations at 130–8 see also Eleusis, Graeca sacra, Lupercalia, Hadrian and 245 Mars, ritual, Roma, Venus, Vesta see also dialogos, Persian Wars, Sparta Res gestae of Augustus 34, 160, 173, 243 Pliny the Elder 74 revolution see Augustus, oratory cultural civilisation and 154 Rhamnous 218 sympathy, Greek theory of 185 rhetoric see declamation Pliny the Younger 32, 144, 272 ritual(s), religious 146 letter to Maximus 239 blood-drinking 185 ploughing, sacred (Attica) 150, 155 see also Delphic validation of 191 Buzyges modern approaches to 149, 183, 192 Plutarch 47, 81, 116 see also aparchai, Buzyges, choir, oracle, Atticism and 241 ploughing, sacriﬁce attitude to Greek past 274 Roma (goddess) 256 Greek athletics and 132 Roman diaspora, Roman residents in east Quaestiones convivales 54 (Rhomaioi¯ , negotiatores) 29, 51–3, 71, 75–7 Quaestiones Romanae 54 assimilation 254 Themistocles 117 Athens and 198, 199 Polybius 55 building activity and 210 Polyclitus (Greek sculptor) 19, 85 Elis and 158 Pompeii 60 Mantinea and 224 Pompeius Theophanes, Cn. (historian) 42, 45 Messene and 211, 213, 216 Pompey the Great 34, 60 sophists and 268 Pomponius Atticus, T. 101 see also ‘Paconius’ popular culture see Greece Romanisation 2, 28, 40 Porcius Cato, M. (‘Cato the Elder’) 13, 14 Greek civic religion and 144 Porcius Cato, Eumolpid 167 see also building techniques, Roman, Poseidon see Spartan religion (Taenarii) urbanism Posidonius of Apamea 17, 78, 153 Rome see Agrippa, Augustus, Hadrian, Potamo of Mytilene (Greek orator and ideology, imperial governance, mos declaimer) 40, 77, 80 Rome (city) see Agrippa (baths), Apollo Pratolaus family, Sparta 96, 188, 189, 190, 270 see (Palatine sanctuary), Athenaeum, also C. Iulius Deximachus Caryatids, Dioscuri, Forum of Augustus, priesthoods, Greek civic 144 Forum of Peace, naumachia, Pantheon, Plataea and 245 Senate House, urbanism, Vesta see also gen¯e, Mnasistratus, Pammenes (II), Themistocles of Hagnous sacriﬁce(s) propaganda 26, 33 Messene and 180 (Carneasium); 215 Propylaea 218 (enagismos) Eleusinian copy 247 Olympia and 156

318 Index

Sparta and 187 Delphi and 191 Saethidae (Messenian family) 176, 212 Dioscuri, cults of 96, 98, 188, 189–90 Salamis hierothytai (magistrates) 96, 187–8 battle 3, 13, 103, 107 Lydians, procession of 118 island, Augustan restoration of 107–8, 110, Taenarii 188 114–15 Vespasian and 238 naumachia of 2 bc 105, 120 Spartan stadium 210 see also Persian Wars Stallii brothers (architects) 62 Samos 195 stasis 37, 41–5 see also Athens (revolt), Sparta Sardis, palace of Croesus 175 (neoterismoi¯ ) Scopelian (sophist) 79 Athenian 138 sculpture see classicism Statilii Tauri 41 Sebastan games see Naples Statilius Lamprias, T. (Epidaurian youth) 41, Second Sophistic, sophists 39, 64, 264–70 46 masculinity and 269 stola (female garment) 7, 97 see also declaimers Strabo 36, 37, 65, 70–81, 268 Seleucids 235 see also Hellenistic kings Asian chauvinism and 240 Senate, Greek cults of 172 Sunium 65 Senate House, Rome 259 symbolic violence 26 senatorial families, from east 47–8 Synnada 245, 262 Seneca the Elder 73, 76, 127, 129, 268 see also declamation Tacitus 48, 156, 184 Septimius Severus (Eleusinian initiate) 273 attitude to Greeks 239, 272 Sicyon 54 Tegea 136, 224 Smyrna 63, 75, 78, 79, 254, 268 Terentius Varro, M. (Roman scholar) Panhellenion and 261 Athens and 155 Solon 111, 135, 138, 154, 219, 247 Buzyges and 155 sophists see Second Sophistic Divine Antiquities 143, 197 Sparta, Spartans Greek etymologies 88 agora 220 Themistocles (Athenian statesman) 107, 108, 127 Augustan public works 220–1 descendants of 115–17 Augustus and 86–102, 211, 224 Phlya and 205 elite intermarriage with Athenians 141 statue of 114, 219 imperial cult 125 Themistocles of Hagnous (daduch) 116, 180 Josephus and 238 decree for 192–7 military obligations 87, 273 Theophanes see Pompeius Theophanes, Cn. neoterismoi¯ 263 Thermopylae 161 Nero and 237 Thermopylae, battle of (490 bc) Nicopolis and 160 declamatory theme 59, 78 Persian Stoa 117 Thespiae 48 Persian Wars commemoration and 117–30 Thessalonice 66 Roman image of 13, 87–9, 121, 127, 172, 231, Thucydides 111 271 Thuria (Messenian city) 176, 211 senators from 48 Tiberius (Roman emperor) 43, 51, 190 sphaireis (ball-players) 125 ‘Hellenistic’ tastes 235 syssitia (dining clubs) 90–1 Messene and 217 theatre 121–30, 210, 220, 263 Olympia and 164 tourism at 53 Tibur, Hadrian’s villa at 6 training (agog¯ ¯e) 91–5 Tisamenus of Elis (seer) 187 see Iamidae whipping contest 92–5, 100, 118, 130 Titus see Flavian emperors see also ager Dentheliatis, Alcibia, toga 42, 52, 82, 242, 269 Damosthenea, Iulius Eurycles, C., Tolosa (Toulouse) 113 Lycurgus, Pratolaus family tradition, invention of 192 see also Spartan religion antiquarianism Augustan age and 186–91 tragedy, Greek 64

Index 319

Trajan (emperor) 130 Vesta, Athenian cult see Athenian religion (Vesta) Tr a p e z u s 270 Vesta, temple of, Rome 202 Trebellius Rufus, Q. (Tolosan notable) 113, Vestal Virgins 202, 238 239 Athenian honours for 203 tripods, Augustan dedications 104, 130 Vettuleni (Elean family) 52, 159 Tr i p t o l e m u s 150, 169, 236, 249, 250, 251, 272 Victoria, statues of 259 Troy see Aeneas, Palladium Vipsanius Agrippa, M. (cos iii 27 bc), 24, 29, 30, Tullius Cicero, M. (orator) 9, 22, 24, 29, 42 46, 55 Athenian ties 53, 71, 111 Antioch-on-the-Orontes and 234 Attici and 230 Argos and 169–74, 179 Buzyges and 154 Athens and 59–81, 84 Eleusis and 143, 153 Greek religion and 159 Harmodius and Aristogiton and 155 Olympia and 60, 163–4, 223 On Old Age 172, 173 oratory and 74 Pro Flacco 12–14, 86, 88, 142, 239 Roman baths 88 Propylaea and 247 Sparta and 99 Spartan visit 88 see also Pantheon treatment by declaimers 128 virtus 4, 5, 8–10, 13, 119, 138, 231, 269 Tullius Cicero, M. (cos. 30 bc) 71 Vitruvius 6–7, 17 Twelve Tables 112 Odeum of Pericles and 127 Persian Stoa and 119 Ulpian 269 Sardis and 175 urbanism urbanism and 207 Attic origins of 154 Augustan Greece and 209–29 whipping, Spartan ritual see Sparta (training) Augustan ideology of 207, 215 wild-beast shows 264 Roman east and 207 womanhood, women see Alcibia, Augustus see also Athens, building techniques, (marriage legislation), Claudia Hadrian, Mantinea, Messene, Sparta Philomathia, Damosthenea, Epigone, family values, ius trium liberorum, Livia, Varro see Terentius Varro, M. Messene (Carneasium), religion, Greek, Venus 40, 224 stola Verres, C. 54 Vespasian (emperor) 237 see also Flavian Zeus see Athenian religion, Olympia, emperors Olympian Zeus