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The Relationship Between the Western Satraps and the Greeks University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2018-11-08 East Looking West: the Relationship between the Western Satraps and the Greeks Ward, Megan Leigh Falconer Ward, M. L. F. (2018). East Looking West: the Relationship between the Western Satraps and the Greeks (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/33255 http://hdl.handle.net/1880/109170 doctoral thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY “East Looking West: the Relationship between the Western Satraps and the Greeks.” by Megan Leigh Falconer Ward A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN GREEK AND ROMAN STUDIES CALGARY, ALBERTA NOVEMBER, 2018 © Megan Leigh Falconer Ward 2018 Abstract The satraps of Persia played a significant role in many affairs of the European Greek poleis. This dissertation contains a discussion of the ways in which the Persians treated the Hellenic states like subjects of the Persian empire, particularly following the expulsion of the Persian Invasion in 479 BCE. Chapter One looks at Persian authority both within the empire and among the Greeks. Chapter Two focuses on political corruption and acculturation due to extended cohabitation. Chapter Three discusses financial corruption and the loss of Hellenic identity through money. Chapter Four looks at the treatment of the Greek states as Persian subjects by means of diplomatic intervention. A brief conclusion states that the stability of the Persian Empire directly resulted in satrapal interest in expanding their borders and intervention in Greece. The treatment of the Greeks as if they were subjects of the empire provided a stabilizing influence to the Hellenic states despite the image of the Persians often depicted in literary sources. Keywords: Achaemenid satraps, Greco-Persian relations, Greek political corruption, Persian intervention i Acknowledgements This is the product of many long, hard years of work. I should thank the people who have gotten me through this, although so few have been there since the beginning. For their support when my original plan fell apart, my co-supervisors, Drs. Reyes Bertolin Cebrian and Frances Pownall, deserve my profound gratitude. Neither of these professors had to take me on, especially Dr. Pownall, who works at a different university altogether. They both allowed me to develope my ideas, and helped me determine where they were lacking. This work never could have come to fruition without the support of my family, both new and old. You know who you are, and I love you all. My husband, Nigel, kept me going on the worst days with his unwavering faith in my skills and his insistence that he would someday read this document. I’m still waiting for that day. Our children, Cyrus and Helen, whose names will commemorate my time as a Classicist, have been a great joy and distraction from this process. In any case, thank you, reader. I hope you find something worthwhile in my undertaking. ii Dedication In memoriam: Francis J. Doyle 1925-2017 Erin K. Vance 1986-2012 Two of the most strong-willed people I’ve ever known. iii Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... ii Dedication ......................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. iv List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... vi Introduction ........................................................................................................................1 Source Criticism .......................................................................................................2 Ancient Sources ..................................................................................................3 Achaemenid History ...............................................................................................11 Culture, Perception, and the “Other” ..................................................................14 Greco-Persian Political Relationships ..................................................................16 Panhellenism ...........................................................................................................18 Chapter One: The authority of the Persians in Greece ................................................22 1.1 Persia’s Power ........................................................................................................24 1.1.1 Positions of authority ....................................................................................28 1.1.2 Persian Reach Outside the Empire: The Case of Thrace ..........................40 1.1.3 Satrapal Reach into Greece ..........................................................................45 1.1.4 Satrapal Revolt and Satrapal Authority .....................................................55 1.2 Employing Greeks as Persian Subjects ................................................................61 1.3 Direct Interference in Greek Politics ...................................................................80 1.4 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................91 Chapter Two: Medism, Corruption, and Cohabitation ...............................................92 2.1 The Image of Acculturation ..................................................................................96 2.2 Use and Abuse of Medism by Poleis and Satraps .............................................102 2.2.1 The Greeks in Asia ......................................................................................104 2.2.2 The Greeks in Europe .................................................................................109 2.2.2.1 Thebes ..................................................................................................110 2.2.2.2 Thessaly ...............................................................................................115 2.3 Medism and Politicians .......................................................................................121 2.3.1 Pausanias and Themistocles: Heroic Demise? ..........................................125 2.3.2 Pericles and his Persian-Sympathizing Friends ........................................132 2.3.3 An attitude shift in Greece ..........................................................................137 2.4 The Freedom of the Greeks .................................................................................141 2.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................154 Chapter Three: Money’s De-Hellenizing Force ..........................................................156 3.1 What Does Bribery Mean? ..................................................................................161 3.2 The Purchase of the Greeks ................................................................................168 3.2.1 Bribery’s Consequences in Athens .............................................................169 iv 3.2.2 Money, Corruption, and Context: the historic tradition .........................174 3.2.3 Bribery of 5th and 4th Century Politicians .................................................181 3.2.4 Bribery of (gifts to) Ambassadors ..............................................................190 3.3 Mercenaries ..........................................................................................................204 3.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................214 Chapter Four: Diplomacy, Peace, and Division ..........................................................217 4.1 What does Peace Mean? ......................................................................................220 4.2 Diplomacy and the Divine ...................................................................................228 4.3 Established Peaces and Their Consequences ....................................................233 4.3.1 The Peace of Callias .....................................................................................234 4.3.2 After Callias .................................................................................................240 4.3.3 The Peace of Antalcidas (387/6) .................................................................252 4.3.4 Common Peaces After the King’s Peace ...................................................260 4.4 Persian Alliances with non-Greeks ....................................................................266 4.5 Conclusion
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