Japanese Colonial Archaeology in the Korean Peninsula (1905-1945) Hyungiipai

East Asian History NUMBER 7 . JUNE 1994 THE CONTINUATION OF Papers on Far Eastern History Institute of Advanced Studies Australian National University Editor Geremie Barme Assistant Editor Helen Lo Editorial Board John Clark Mark Elvin (Convenor) Helen Hardacre John Fincher Andrew Fraser Colin Jeffcott W.J .F. Jenner Lo Hui-min Gavan McCormack David Marr Tessa Morris-Suzuki Michael Underdown Business Manager Marion Weeks Production Helen Lo Design Maureen MacKenzie, Em Squared Typographic Design Printed by Goanna Print, Fyshwick, ACT This is the seventh issue of East Asian Historyin the series previously entitled Papers on Far EasternHistory. The journal is published twice a year. Contributions to The Editor, East Asian History Division of Pacific & Asian History, Research School of Pacific & Asian Studies Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Phone +61 6 249 3140 Fax +61 6 249 5525 Subscription Enquiries Subscription Manager, East Asian History, at the above address Annual Subscription Australia A$45 Overseas US$45 (for two issues) iii CONTENTS 1 Creating the Frontier: Border, Identity and History in Japan's Far North TessaMorris-Suzuki 25 The Search for Korea's Past: Japanese Colonial Archaeology in the Korean Peninsula (1905-1945) HyungIIPai 49 Korean Echoes in the No Play Fum Royall Tyler 67 Emperors and Musume: China and Japan 'on the Boards' in Australia, 1850s-1920s Darryl Collins 93 Lu Xun, Leon Trotsky, and the Chinese Trotskyists GregorBenton 105 Unwitting Partners: Relations between Taiwan and Britain, 1950-1958 Steve Ts ang iv Cover calligraphy Yan Zhenqing MtJumn, Tang calligrapher and statesman Cover photograph Dolmen in Hwanghae-do Unyul-gun (ChOsen S6tokufu, ChOsen koseki zuJu [Album of ancient Korean sites and monumentsl, vol.2 [KeijO, 1915]) THE POLITICS OF KOREA'S PAST: THE LEGACY OF JAPANESE COLONIAL ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE KOREAN PENINSULA HyungII Pai The disciplines of archaeology and ancient histOlYwere instrumental in the process My 1992 research trip to Tokyo was aided by of Korean national identity formation in post-colonial South Korea. However, its a grant from the Social Science Research intellectual legacy can be traced to Japan's empire-building colonial administrators Council Comminee on Korean Studies, New York. The main sources for this study are and scholars dating from the period of invasion and colonial occupation of the found at the Taya Bunko [Oriental library], Korean peninsula in the early twentieth century. This article discusses how Tokyo, and the Tokyo University Institute of changing political agendas, shifting ideological positions of 'colonial racism' and Oriental Culture library. The former houses subsequent nationalistic anti-Japanese resistance movements in the Korean the Umehara Sueji Collection consisting of peninsula influenced the development of Korean archaeological and historical thousands of files of correspondence, orig theories. inal maps, diagrams, and photographs of excavated sites and artifactspublished in the Koseki Coosa HOkolm [Reports on Investi gations of Ancient Sitesl series (see Taya The Politics ofNational Historiographyand Archaeology Gakujutsu KyOkai [Asian Studies Conunineel, in Korea Taya Bunko, Tokyo, 19(6). Umehara Sueji was the premier archaeologist during the colonial era along with Sekino Tadashi, The history of the Korean peninsula in the past one hundred years can Hamada Kasaku, Fujita Ryasaku, and Ima nishi RyD, to name just a few. His works on be characterized as follows: its sovereignty and territory was lost to a fo reign Korean archaeology span more than sixty aggressor, namely Japan; it was subsequently subjugated as a colonial nation, years (Umehara Sueji, "Nikkan heiga no liberated by the United States and the Soviet Union, and then divided after kikan ni okonawareta hanta no koseki chOsa the Korean War. The succession of violent social and political upheavals has to hozon jigya ni tazusawana hito kakogaku to no kaisOroku" [Remembrances of archaeo influenced not only the course of Korean civilization, but also the intellectual logical investigatiOns and the preservation climate of Korean scholars. In the post-colonial period, academia has been of Korean sites during the Japanese colonial dominated by the school of nationalist histOriography (minjok sahak) period], COOsen galmOO 51 [19691: 95-148). represented by specialists in ancient Korea such as Yi Pyong-do, Kim Chae Many of the leading experts in Korean archaeology and ancient historywho became won, Yi Ki-baek, Kim Wol-lyong, Kim Ch'ol-jun, Ch'on Kwan-u, and Kim pioneers of Korean studies in the early Chong-bae. As leading scholars in the diSciplines of archaeology, ancient twentieth century were graduates of and history and arthistory, they were relied on to provide 'scientific' explanations professors at Tokyo University's history and and material evidence from excavated sites and monuments to prove the ori architecture departments, and their reports on and collections of Korean artifacts are gins of a unique and ancient 'Korean' identity. According to the nationalistic now preserved at Tokyo University Library scheme, Korea's history can be characterized as one of continuous national and Museum (Tokyo University OVER/ 25 26 HYUNG IL PAl /Museum, Sogo kenkyU shiry6kan tenji struggle (t'uchaengsa). Consequently, the major turning points in Korean gaisetsu [Catalogue of central materials history were pitched battles against foreign invaders: the Chinese dynasties collections] [Tokyo, 1983]). of the Sui (612)1 and T'ang (645), the nomad powers of the Khitans (018), 1 Dates in brackets indicate the years these Jurchen (1107), and Mongols 0231-73), and the Japanese warlord Hide powers invaded the peninsula. Most his yoshi Toyotomi 0592-97), Great generals who led Korean armiesand rebels torical works play down the fact that Korean dynasties and their invaders conducted many to victory are regarded as cultural heroes for having saved the Korean people diplomatic exchanges over such matters as from foreign subjugation,2 According to these scholars, the 'real' history of the hostage system and militaryand marriage Korean national struggle and the spirit of independence (Chos6n chuoi/ alliances, in addition to active trade and commerce. For example, the Tang military ch6ngsin) had been obscured by the centuries-old pro-Chinese attitude of alliance with Silla during the mid-seventh 'sadae (subservience [to a greater nation]) among traditional dynastic century was critical to Silla's success in uni histOriographers, They further emphasized that even worse damage was fying the Korean peninsula (John Jamieson, caused by the imposition for forty-fiveyears of a Japanese colonial historical "The Samguk Sagi and the unification wars" [PhD diss., University of CalifOrnia,Berkeley, framework that had deprived Koreans of their history and national identity.3 1969]). During the Silla and Kory6 dynasties, In the aftennath of the Korean War, these patriotic historians were res many heirs to the throne were sent to the ponsible for steering the direction of the cultural and historical education of Chinese courtfor education and as a symbol South Korea's students and citizens, Their textbooks determined school of Korea's tributary status. These very 'sini lied' princes, who later became kings, were curricula at all levels, emphasizing the teaching of national histories and instrumental in introducingmany aspects of literature that highlighted the bravery of heroes and martyrs who had fought higher Chinese civilizationinto Korea, includ for Korean independence since timeimmemoriaL 4 Asthey also served on com ing religion, the line arts, and literature. mittees for the management of cultural properties (munhwajae kwalliguk), They also sometimes became'double agents' while reSiding in Chinese courts since they they controlled, in addition, the selectionof monuments, fortresses, and shrines had close access to decision-making at the to be reconstructed, preserved and promoted as national sites and symbols center of power. Hence the hostage system of independence battles and struggles. These committees also determined served the twin purposes of cultural the days to be designated as national holidays, such as Kaech'6n-jOl (Korean exchange and intelligence-gathering for participating Korean dynasties throughout Creation Day) and Hangfll-nal (Korean Alphabet Day), which mark the the ages. founding of the Korean nation on October 3rd, 2333 BC and the invention 2 Yi S6n-gOn, "Uri minjoksasangkwa ilche of the Korean script on October 9th, 1446, respectively. mit IlbonmunhwaOikwankye" [The relations The historians' nationalistic agenda was avidly supported by military between our Korean national movement regimes headed by former generals who came to power through coups and and Japanese imperialism and culture under colonial occupation], in Ha n 'gukmin joksa influencing the outcome of presidential elections. The tenns in officeof presi sang taekye [A general introduction to the dents Park Chong-hee 0961-80), Chon Du-hwan 0982-86) and No Tae-woo history of Korean national philosophy] 0986--92) were successive one-man dictatorships that lasted a total of thirty (Seoul: Kory6 Taehakkyo, 1971), voU; Chang years.These rulersfocussed on enhancing their own political prestige and legiti Tae-mu, Ta ehan wiinjOn [Great heroes in Korea] (Seoul: Asea Munhwasa, 1981); Tanje macy by manipulating the government, education, the media, and cultural Sin Ch'ae-ho s6nsaeng Kiny6m-hoe [Sin resources,

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