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Universidade Federal Da Paraíba Centro De Ciências Humanas, Letras E Artes Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Filosofia UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA PARAÍBA CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS, LETRAS E ARTES PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM FILOSOFIA Uma leitura política das Teses sobre a Filosofia da História de Walter Benjamin TALES SALES DA SILVA Orientador: Dr. Giovanni da Silva de Queiroz Linha de Pesquisa: História da Filosofia JOÃO PESSOA – PB MARÇO – 2012 Uma leitura política das Teses sobre a Filosofia da História de Walter Benjamin TALES SALES DA SILVA Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia do Centro de Ciências Humanas, Letras e Artes da Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, em cumprimento às exigências para obtenção do título de Mestre em Filosofia. Orientador: Dr. Giovanni da Silva de Queiroz Linha de Pesquisa: História da Filosofia JOÃO PESSOA – PB MARÇO – 2012 S586u Silva, Tales Sales da. Uma leitura política das teses sobre a Filosofia da História de Walter Benjamim / Tales Sales da Silva.-- João Pessoa, 2012. 101f. Orientador: Giovanni da Silva de Queiroz Dissertação (Mestrado) – UFPB/CCHLA 1. Benjamin, Walter – crítica e interpretação. 2. Filosofia. 3. História da filosofia. 4. Messianismo. 5. Teoria crítica. Uma leitura política das Teses sobre a Filosofia da História de Walter Benjamin TALES SALES DA SILVA Dissertação de Mestrado avaliada em ___/___/____ com conceito ______ BANCA EXAMINADORA _______________________ Dr. Giovanni da Silva de Queiroz UFPB Orientador ________________________ Dr. Romero Venâncio da Silva UFS _______________________ Dr. Antônio Rufino Vieira UFPB AGRADECIMENTOS Não poderia me esquecer de agradecer primeiramente o inestimável trabalho de acompanhamento realizado por meu orientador Giovanni da Silva Queiroz. Desnecessário lembrar seu invejável conhecimento filosófico e seu extremo rigor. Agradeço também aos meus colegas de Mestrado e professores com os quais empreendi longuíssimas discussões que certamente contribuíram com a minha formação. Em especial, gostaria de agradecer aos amigos Wálber e João Paulo, parceiros da boêmia e ótimas conversas, que por meios desconhecidos as veredas da vida nos reuniram e que certamente me ensinaram o valor de uma amizade verdadeira baseada no respeito, solidariedade e união. Gostaria de estender aqui também os agradecimentos aos meus queridíssimos pais – o caboco Sales e a minha mãezona Nilza, aqueles que me deram carinho e amor e incutiram em mim o valor do conhecimento. Agradeço ainda aos membros da banca de qualificação, prof. Dr. Antônio Rufino Vieira e prof. Dr. Romero Venâncio da Silva, pela leitura e pelos comentários dedicados ao nosso texto. Este trabalho não seria possível sem o benefício da bolsa de estudos concedida pela CAPES. “My fault, my failure, is not in the passions I have, but in my lack of control of them.” ― Jack Kerouac RESUMO A presente dissertação faz uma análise política das Teses sobre a filosofia da história de Walter Benjamin. A primeira parte consiste em uma contextualização histórica sobre os principais acontecimentos que balizaram o século XX e foram determinantes para a experiência formativa do pensador em questão. Deste modo, escolhi a III Internacional Comunista, a Revolução Russa de 1917, a Revolução Alemã, o Nazismo e o Pacto Molotov-Ribbentrop de 1939 para ilustração do período que envolve a vida política e intelectual de Walter Benjamin. A narrativa começa pelo imbróglio da Primeira Guerra Mundial que causou uma enorme polêmica dentro da cúpula da Segunda Internacional. Uma ala considerável desta se opôs ferozmente à indicação de apoio dada pela II Internacional à guerra. A razão levantada foi que tratava-se de uma disputa imperialista e burguesa, que não tinha nenhum interesse ao proletariado internacional. Logo, as cisões se tornaram mais agudas e a pressão para a derrubada do apoio aumentou. Houve três fatores principais para a renovação da Internacional: a Primeira Guerra Mundial, a Conferência de Zimmerwald e a Revolução Russa. Com a costura do apoio com a esquerda alemã, Lenin, Trotsky, entre outros, levou à criação da III Internacional Comunista com um projeto político socialista em vez do antigo social-democrata. A Revolução Russa pode ser considerada um evento demarcador da história do século XX. Na mesma linha, a Revolução Alemã foi ainda mais impactante para Walter Benjamin em razão da proximidade geográfica. No entanto, houve uma reviravolta intrigante da situação política da esquerda com a assinatura do Pacto Molotov-Ribbentrop, que aniquilou todas as esperanças para o filósofo frankfurtiano. A leitura que realizei das Teses sobre a filosofia da história foi calcada nestes eventos. Como apoio para o comentário, utilizei o método marxista. Tese por tese, desenvolvi os conceitos de mônada, redenção, messianismo, história a contrapelo, sob uma ótica eminentemente política. Palavras-chave: Messianismo – História – Walter Benjamin – Teoria crítica ABSTRACT This dissertation analyzes the Theses on the Philosophy of History by Walter Benjamin. The first part is a historical contextualization about the main events that buoyed the 20th century and were decisive to the building up for this thinker. Thus, I have chosen the Third International Communist, the Russian Revolution, the Nazism and the Molotov- Ribbentrop Pact for illustration of Benjamin´s intellectual and political life. The narrative starts with the imbroglio of the World War I which caused a great controversy in the Second International. The left wing of that made a furious opposition to the decision of supporting the war. The reason was raised that it was an imperialist and bourgeois struggle, who had no interest to the international proletariat. Therefore, the division became more acute and the pressure to overthrow the support increased. There were three main factors for the renewal of the International: World War I, the Zimmerwald Conference and the Russian Revolution. With the sewing with the support of the German left, Lenin, Trotsky, among others, led to the creation of the Third Communist International with a socialist political project instead of the old social democrat. The Russian Revolution can be considered a groundbreaking event in the history of the twentieth century. In the same vein, the German Revolution was even more striking for Walter Benjamin on the grounds of the geographical proximity. However, there was an intriguing twist of the political left with the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, which destroyed all hopes for the frankfurtian philosopher. The reading I made of the Theses on the philosophy of history was grounded in these events. As support for the comment, I used the Marxist method. Thesis by thesis, I developed the concepts of monad, redemption, messianic, history against the grain, in a highly political perspective. Key-words: Messianism – History – Walter Benjamin – Critical Theory Sumário Introdução......................................................................................................................02 I. A III Internacional ....................................................................................................06 1.2 A revoada dos movimentos de massa.......................................................................07 1.3 Breviário de um mártir.............................................................................................09 1.4 Os coadjuvantes.......................................................................................................10 1.5 As ligações internacionais........................................................................................11 1.6 Fim de partida...........................................................................................................12 1.7 Pausa para um terremoto...........................................................................................12 1.8 Rumo à Estação Finlândia........................................................................................14 1.9 Ponto de partida.......................................................................................................15 2.0 A orquestração da paz..............................................................................................16 2.1 Interlúdio revoltoso..................................................................................................18 2.2 O caso EUA.............................................................................................................20 2.3 O grupo húngaro.......................................................................................................22 2.4 Grupos marginais......................................................................................................23 2.5 A Revolução Alemã..................................................................................................24 II. A III Internacional – parte II..................................................................................39 1.0 Os partidos e os conselhos operários.........................................................................39 1.1 O mastodonte alemão................................................................................................41 1.2 Uma nova instituição.................................................................................................42 1.3 Um breve apêndice....................................................................................................44 1.4 Um novo instituto......................................................................................................45 1.5 A Internacional..........................................................................................................49
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