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LENIN the DICTATOR an Intimate Portrait

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LENIN the DICTATOR an Intimate Portrait LENIN THE DICTATOR An Intimate Portrait VICTOR SEBESTYEN LLeninenin TThehe DDictatorictator - PP4.indd4.indd v 117/01/20177/01/2017 112:372:37 First published in Great Britain in 2017 by Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 © Victor Sebestyen 2017 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher. The right of Victor Sebestyen to be identifi ed as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. HB ISBN 978 1 47460044 6 TPB 978 1 47460045 3 Typeset by Input Data Services Ltd, Bridgwater, Somerset Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY Weidenfeld & Nicolson The Orion Publishing Group Ltd Carmelite House 50 Victoria Embankment London EC4Y 0DZ An Hachette UK Company www.orionbooks.co.uk LLeninenin TThehe DDictatorictator - PP4.indd4.indd vvii 117/01/20177/01/2017 112:372:37 In Memory of C. H. LLeninenin TThehe DDictatorictator - PP4.indd4.indd vviiii 117/01/20177/01/2017 112:372:37 MAPS LLeninenin TThehe DDictatorictator - PP4.indd4.indd xxii 117/01/20177/01/2017 112:372:37 NORTH NORWAY London SEA (independent 1905) F SWEDEN O Y H C D U N D A D L Stockholm AN IN GR F Tammerfors FRANCE GERMANGERMAN EMPIRE Helsingfors EMPIRE BALTIC Berlin SEA Potsdam Riga St Petersburg (Name changed 1914 to ‘Petrograd’) Warsaw Vilnius Vienna Minsk Kracow HABSBURG Moscow Lemberg EMPIRE Y L A T I Kiev Kursk Kharkov Odessa RUSSIAN B l a Yalta c k S e M a e Sochi d i Nalchik t a e Vladikavkaz e r S r a Batumi n n a Gori i e OTTOMAN p a Tiflis s n a EMPIRE S C e a Baku EGYPT Tehran ARABIA PERSIA The Russian Empire 1878–1917 LLeninenin TThehe DDictatorictator - PP4.indd4.indd xxiiii 117/01/20177/01/2017 112:372:37 The Russian Empire 1878–1917 BARENTS SEA N R iv e r Y e n i s e i Kureika Monastyrskoe Solvychegodsk Kostino Perm Narym S I B R I A S I B E R I A Novaya Krasnoyarsk Uda EMPIRE Omsk Aral Sea Western border of the Russian Empire before 1914 0 500 1000 miles 0500 1000 1500 km Gori St Petersburg Gori Moscow LLeninenin TThehe DDictatorictator - PP4.indd4.indd xxiiiiii 117/01/20177/01/2017 112:372:37 W H I T E S E A N NORWAY ARCHANGEL FINLAND SWEDEN OLONETS VOLOGDA ESTLAND OGRAD NOVGOROD PERM PETR KURLAND PSKOV AV KOSTROMA VIATKA Baltic Sea LIVLAND YAROSL TVER VITBSK KOVNO VLADIMIR GERMANY MOSCOW NIZHNY KAZAN VILNA NOVGOROD UFA SMOLENSK SIMBIRSK RIAZAN POLISH KALUGA MINSK TULA PENZA PROVINCES GRODNO MOGILEV OREL SAMARA ORENBURG TAMBOV SARATOV VOLHYNIA CHERIGOV KURSK KIEV POLTAVA AUSTRIA- PODOLIA VORONEZH HUNGARY KHARKOV BESSARABIA EKATERINOSLAV DON KHERSON ASTRAKHAN TAURIDA RUMANIA KUBAN STAVROPOL Black Sea TEREK Caspian Sea TRANS-CAUCASIAN PROVINCES TURKEY 0 200 Miles 0 300 Kms Mediterranean Sea European Russia 1917 LLeninenin TThehe DDictatorictator - PP4.indd4.indd xxvv 117/01/20177/01/2017 112:372:37 S E A A A R K Olkson B A R E N T S K S o E A t u y Murmansk Y enisey Pe c b o r O a R U S S I A O Helsinki b Tallin Leningrad (1924) Irty sh Riga Moscow Vilius Gorky Minsk Warsaw Irkutsk L’viv Kiev Kharkov Volgograd Rostov Lake Balhash Constanta Aral C Sea Sevastopol a Bishket s Tbilisi p Almaty lack Sea B ia n S Baku e a Ashgabat M Tehran edi terr Herat anea n Sea s u Persian d Gulf In Ganges Red Sea Arabian Sea USSR 1920–36 LLeninenin TThehe DDictatorictator - PP4.indd4.indd xxvivi 117/01/20177/01/2017 112:372:37 N E A S T S I B E Tiksi R I A N S E A bar na A Lena Magadan Okhotsk Sea of Okhotsk Lake Baikal Petropavlovsk r u Am Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Vladivostok P A C I F I C O C E A N Sea of Japan Ho g- Hwa n Yellow Russian border Sea Yangtze 0 500 1000 Miles East China Sea 0500 1000 1500 Kms LLeninenin TThehe DDictatorictator - PP4.indd4.indd xxviivii 117/01/20177/01/2017 112:372:37 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Vladimir Ulyanov as a baby (PA Images) The Ulyanov family in 1879 (Sputnik/Alamy) Alexander ‘Sasha’ Ulyanov (Sputnik/Topfoto) Anna Ilyinichna (Interfoto/Alamy) Maria Ilyinichna (Interfoto/Alamy) Nadezhda Krupskaya, aged twenty-one (TASS Photo Chronicle Photas/Tass/PA Images) Vladimir Ulyanov police mugshot (PA Images) Yuli Martov (Jakov Vladimirovich Shteinberg/Bridgeman Images) Leon Trotsky (Heritage Images/Getty Images) Nadezhda Krupskaya, aged twenty-six (Sputnik/Alamy) Inessa Armand (ITAR-TASS Photo Agency/Alamy Stock Photo) Grigory Zinoviev (Hulton Deutsch/Getty Images) Lev Kamenev (Granger Collection/Topfoto) Joseph Stalin (ITAR-TASS/Topfoto) Lenin in hiding (ITAR-TASS Photo Agency/Alamy) Lenin in Red Square (Granger Historical Picture Archive/Alamy) Felix Dzerzhinsky (Laski Collection/Getty Images) Lenin’s last days (ITAR-TASS/Topfoto) Lenin in state (Interfoto/Alamy) xix LLeninenin TThehe DDictatorictator - PP4.indd4.indd xxixix 117/01/20177/01/2017 112:372:37 7 3 : 2 1 7 1 0 2 / 1 0 / 7 117/01/2017 12:37 Petr ovsky Prospekt Military School Barracks People’s New Arsenal r Palace Finland e Station Prison v Old Arsenal i R Fortress of N e v a St Peter & St Paul Smolny Institute Cathedral S h p a l e r n a y a Mint S e r g i e v s k a y a British Tauride Palace Embassy (Duma) Exchange Champ de Mars Preobrazhensky Barracks t M a l y P r o s p e k t Winter Artillery Military College Palace Barracks (Cadets) Ministry of B a s s e i n a y a P r o s p e k t Admiralty Foreign Affairs y S r e d n y P r o s p e k N e v s k y P r o s p e k t Astoria y a Catherine hotel Hall G o r o k h o v a y a Town a Post & Teleg. Kazan B o l s h o i P r o s p e k t Cath. Hall War Office S u v o r o v s k Office . Anichkoff N e v s k y P r o s p e k t Palace Nicholas Marie S a d o v Station Palace Ministry of L i t e i n y P r o s p e k t Interior znesensky Prosp Vo v a y a S a d o Tsarskoye Selo Station L i g o v s k a y a Z a g o r o d n y P r o s p e k t 6 d d n i . 4 P - R i z h s k y P r o s p e k t r o Petrograd 1917 Petrograd t a t c i D e h T n i n e LLenin The Dictator - P4.indd 6 As a baby, Vladimir Ulyanov was ‘top-heavy’ – his head seemed too big for his body, according to his sister Anna. And ‘he was very noisy, a great bawler’. LLenin_inserts.inddenin_inserts.indd 1 006/01/20176/01/2017 111:511:51 The nest of gentlefolk: the Ulyanov family in 1879. From left to right: Olga, Maria Alexandrovna (with daughter Maria on her lap), Alexander (standing), Dmitry (seated), Ilya Nikolayevich, Anna and Vladimir. LLenin_inserts.inddenin_inserts.indd 2 006/01/20176/01/2017 111:511:51 Alexander ‘Sasha’ Ulyanov, a brilliant natural sciences student, a few months before he was hanged at the age of twenty-one. Lenin’s older sister, Anna Ilyinichna, in His other sister, Maria. Both sisters her early twenties. were active revolutionaries who were repeatedly jailed and exiled and who made big sacrifi ces for Lenin’s career. Lenin_inserts.indd 3 06/01/2017 11:51 Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya (Nadya) aged twenty-one, three years before she met her future husband Vladimir. ‘He could never have loved a woman whose opinions he totally disagreed with and who was not a comrade in his work.’ LLenin_inserts.inddenin_inserts.indd 4 006/01/20176/01/2017 111:511:51 The police ‘mugshot’ of Vladimir Ulyanov taken when he was arrested for the fi rst time in 1895. LLenin_inserts.inddenin_inserts.indd 5 006/01/20176/01/2017 111:511:51 Yuli Martov (Julius Osipovich Tsederbaum), Lenin’s closest male friend for many years until the two became bitter enemies and political opponents. Leon Trotsky around the time he and Lenin fi rst met in 1902, when his affectionate conspiratorial pseudonym was ‘Pen’. Lenin_inserts.indd 6 10/01/2017 12:38 Nadya aged twenty-six. LLenin_inserts.inddenin_inserts.indd 7 006/01/20176/01/2017 111:511:51 Inessa Armand, Lenin’s mistress. ‘She seemed to be an inexhaustible spring of life . the fi ery fl ame of revolution,’ according to one of her comrades. LLenin_inserts.inddenin_inserts.indd 8 006/01/20176/01/2017 111:511:51 Grigory Zinoviev (Hirsch Apfelbaum), Lenin’s most loyal sidekick and lick- spittle in their exile years. Later, after the Revolution, he became head of the Communist International.
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